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Kueck PJ, Morris JK, Stanford JA. Current Perspectives: Obesity and Neurodegeneration - Links and Risks. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2023; 13:111-129. [PMID: 38196559 PMCID: PMC10774290 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s388579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasing in prevalence across all age groups. Long-term obesity can lead to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases through its effects on adipose, skeletal muscle, and liver tissue. Pathological mechanisms associated with obesity include immune response and inflammation as well as oxidative stress and consequent endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent evidence links obesity to diminished brain health and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Both AD and PD are associated with insulin resistance, an underlying syndrome of obesity. Despite these links, causative mechanism(s) resulting in neurodegenerative disease remain unclear. This review discusses relationships between obesity, AD, and PD, including clinical and preclinical findings. The review then briefly explores nonpharmacological directions for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kueck
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jill K Morris
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - John A Stanford
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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Tan NFMX, Tham KW, Ho CKE, Ng CLW. Resting metabolic rate in healthy Singaporeans: Performance of the Harris-Benedict equation and a new predictive model. Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/20101058231156628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prediction equations for resting metabolic rate (RMR) are valuable in managing patients’ weight; however, no accurate equation exists for Singaporeans. Objective To develop and cross-validate a predictive regression equation for RMR in Singaporeans, using indirect calorimetry as the reference method. Methods 104 healthy Singaporeans (34.3 ± 12.2 years) participated, comprising 34 men and 70 women. Anthropometric measurements and demographics information were obtained from participants. RMR was measured via indirect calorimetry (TrueOne 2400 system). Stepwise regression analysis was used to develop the most parsimonious predictive equation. Performance of the equation was evaluated using ordinary least products (OLP) regression and Bland–Altman analysis, whilst internal cross-validation was performed by use of the predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS) method. To compare the new equation with existing ones, the performance of the Harris-Benedict equation was also evaluated. Results The best predictive equation takes the form RMR(kcal) = 918 + 16.5(weight)-135.7(gender) - 1152(Waist-to-height-ratio) +0.014(International Physical Activity Questionnaire Score), where gender = 1 (female) or 0 (male). OLP regression revealed no systematic bias for the new equation. Bland–Altman analysis showed that its total (systematic and random) error was 212 kcal. Internal model validation using the PRESS method revealed minimal reduction in predictive accuracy. In contrast, OLP regression showed a significant pattern of over-prediction by the Harris-Benedict equation (y-intercept = −280 kcal; 95%CI, −100 to −461 kcal). Conclusions Our new equation outperformed the Harris-Benedict equation in accurately predicting RMR in Singaporeans. Comprising easily obtained anthropometric and self-reported measures, we envisage its potential relevance in clinical and epidemiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kwang Wei Tham
- Endocrinology Services, National Healthcare Group Woodlands Health Campus, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chun Keong Eric Ho
- Allied Health, National Healthcare Group Woodlands Health Campus, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cindy Li Whye Ng
- Department of Physiotherapy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Andersen SSH, Zhu R, Kjølbæk L, Raben A. Effect of Non- and Low-Caloric Sweeteners on Substrate Oxidation, Energy Expenditure, and Catecholamines in Humans-A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:2711. [PMID: 37375615 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of non- and low-caloric sweetener(s) (NCS and LCS) as a means to prevent overweight and obesity is highly debated, as both NCS and LCS have been proposed to have a negative impact on energy homeostasis. This systematic review aimed to assess the impact of NCS and LCS on fasting and postprandial substrate oxidation, energy expenditure, and catecholamines, compared to caloric sweeteners or water, across different doses and types of NCS and LCS, acutely and in the longer-term. A total of 20 studies were eligible: 16 studies for substrate oxidation and energy expenditure and four studies for catecholamines. Most studies compared the acute effects of NCS or LCS with caloric sweeteners under non-isoenergetic conditions. These studies generally found higher fat oxidation and lower carbohydrate oxidation with NCS or LCS than with caloric sweeteners. Findings for energy expenditure were inconsistent. With the limited number of studies, no convincing pattern for the remaining outcomes and comparisons could be seen. In conclusion, drinks or meals with NCS or LCS resulted in higher fat and lower carbohydrate oxidation compared to caloric sweeteners. No other conclusions could be drawn due to insufficient or inconsistent results. Further studies in this research field are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina S H Andersen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ruixin Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Louise Kjølbæk
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
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Scott JPR, Green DA, Weerts G, Cheuvront SN. Effects of body size and countermeasure exercise on estimates of life support resources during all-female crewed exploration missions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5950. [PMID: 37045858 PMCID: PMC10097614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Employing a methodology reported in a recent theoretical study on male astronauts, this study estimated the effects of body size and aerobic countermeasure (CM) exercise in a four-person, all-female crew composed of individuals drawn from a stature range (1.50- to 1.90-m) representative of current space agency requirements (which exist for stature, but not for body mass) upon total energy expenditure (TEE), oxygen (O2) consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) and metabolic heat (Hprod) production, and water requirements for hydration, during space exploration missions. Assuming geometric similarity across the stature range, estimates were derived using available female astronaut data (mean age: 40-years; BMI: 22.7-kg·m-2; resting VO2 and VO2max: 3.3- and 40.5-mL·kg-1·min-1) on 30- and 1080-day missions, without and with, ISS-like countermeasure exercise (modelled as 2 × 30-min aerobic exercise at 75% VO2max, 6-day·week-1). Where spaceflight-specific data/equations were not available, terrestrial equivalents were used. Body size alone increased 24-h TEE (+ 30%), O2 consumption (+ 60%), CO2 (+ 60%) and Hprod (+ 60%) production, and water requirements (+ 17%). With CM exercise, the increases were + 25-31%, + 29%, + 32%, + 38% and + 17-25% across the stature range. Compared to the previous study of theoretical male astronauts, the effect of body size on TEE was markedly less in females, and, at equivalent statures, all parameter estimates were lower for females, with relative differences ranging from -5% to -29%. When compared at the 50th percentile for stature for US females and males, these differences increased to - 11% to - 41% and translated to larger reductions in TEE, O2 and water requirements, and less CO2 and Hprod during 1080-day missions using CM exercise. Differences between female and male theoretical astronauts result from lower resting and exercising O2 requirements (based on available astronaut data) of female astronauts, who are lighter than male astronauts at equivalent statures and have lower relative VO2max values. These data, combined with the current move towards smaller diameter space habitat modules, point to a number of potential advantages of all-female crews during future human space exploration missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P R Scott
- Institut Médecine Physiologie Spatiale (MEDES), Toulouse, France.
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany.
| | - David A Green
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany
- KBR GmbH, Cologne, Germany
- Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Guillaume Weerts
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany
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Genêt F, Salga M, De Brier G, Jouvion AX, Genêt G, Lofaso F, Prigent H, Obrecht M, Dziri S, Théfenne L. Accuracy of Resting Energy Expenditure Estimation Equations in Polio Survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2023; 104:418-424. [PMID: 36270514 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy of 4 equations validated for the general population to determine resting energy expenditure (REE) in polio survivors. DESIGN A descriptive, ambispective, single-center observational cohort study of minimal risk care. SETTING Tertiary university care hospital. PARTICIPANTS DATAPOL database of polio survivors followed up in a specialist department (N=298). INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES REE measurement by indirect calorimetry and estimated REE using 4 equations and comparing the values with indirect calorimetry. Analysis of correlations between measured REE and weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) and indicators of severity of polio sequelae. RESULTS Of the 298 polio cases in the database between January 2014 and May 2017, 41 were included (19 men and 22 women). Mean±SD BMI was 26.0±5.6 kg/m2 (56.1% below 25). Measured REE correlated significantly and positively with weight and weaker with BMI. Correlations between measured and estimated REE were strong (between 0.49 and 0.59); correlations were strongest for the simplified World Health Organization and the Harris and Benedict equations. However, the equations systematically overestimated REE by more than 20%, especially in men. We calculated a correction factor for the World Health Organization scale: -340.3 kcal/d for women and -618.8 kcal/d for men. CONCLUSION Analysis of REE is important for polio survivors; The use of estimation equations could lead to the prescription of a nonadapted diet. We determined a correction factor that should be validated in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Genêt
- Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, "End:icap" U1179 Inserm, UFR des sciences de la santé-Simone-Veil, Versailles, France; Département Parasport Santé, Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Garches, France; UPOH (Unité Péri Opératoire du Handicap, Perioperative Disability Unit), Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Garches, France.
| | - Marjorie Salga
- Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, "End:icap" U1179 Inserm, UFR des sciences de la santé-Simone-Veil, Versailles, France; Département Parasport Santé, Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Garches, France; UPOH (Unité Péri Opératoire du Handicap, Perioperative Disability Unit), Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Garches, France
| | - Gratiane De Brier
- Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Laveran, Marseille, France
| | - Arnaud-Xavier Jouvion
- Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Laveran, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Genêt
- Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, "End:icap" U1179 Inserm, UFR des sciences de la santé-Simone-Veil, Versailles, France; Département Parasport Santé, Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Garches, France
| | - Frédéric Lofaso
- Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, "End:icap" U1179 Inserm, UFR des sciences de la santé-Simone-Veil, Versailles, France; Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Laveran, Marseille, France; Service d'explorations fonctionnelles, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Garches, France
| | - Hélène Prigent
- Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, "End:icap" U1179 Inserm, UFR des sciences de la santé-Simone-Veil, Versailles, France; Service d'explorations fonctionnelles, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Garches, France
| | - Maxime Obrecht
- Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Laveran, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Dziri
- Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, "End:icap" U1179 Inserm, UFR des sciences de la santé-Simone-Veil, Versailles, France; UPOH (Unité Péri Opératoire du Handicap, Perioperative Disability Unit), Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Garches, France
| | - Laurent Théfenne
- Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, "End:icap" U1179 Inserm, UFR des sciences de la santé-Simone-Veil, Versailles, France; Military Educational Establishment of the Army Health Service, Ecole du Val de Grâce, 1 Pl. Alphonse Laveran, 75005 Paris, France
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Widmer A, Mercante MG, Silver HJ. TG/HDL Ratio Is an Independent Predictor for Estimating Resting Energy Expenditure in Adults with Normal Weight, Overweight, and Obesity. Nutrients 2022; 14. [PMID: 36501139 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors that determine resting energy expenditure (REE) remain under investigation, particularly in persons with a high body mass index (BMI). The accurate estimation of energy expenditure is essential for conducting comprehensive nutrition assessments, planning menus and meals, prescribing weight and chronic disease interventions, and the prevention of malnutrition. This study aimed to: (a) determine the contribution of cardiometabolic biomarkers to the inter-individual variation in REE in persons categorized by BMI; and (b) assess the contribution of these biomarkers in the prediction of REE when persons of varying BMI status were categorized by their glycemic and metabolic syndrome status. Baseline data from 645 adults enrolled in diet intervention trials included REE measured by indirect calorimetry, body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, anthropometrics, and cardiometabolic biomarkers. Multivariate linear regression modeling was conducted to determine the most parsimonious model that significantly predicted REE by BMI category, metabolic syndrome status, and glycemic status. Modeling with the traditional predictors (age, sex, height, weight) accounted for 58-63% of the inter-individual variance in REE. When including age, sex, height, weight and fat-free mass as covariates, adding TG/HDL to regression modeling accounted for 71-87% of the variance in REE. The finding that TG/HDL is an independent predictor in estimating REE was further confirmed when participants were categorized by metabolic syndrome status and by glycemic status. The clinical utility of calculating the TG/HDL ratio not only aids health care providers in identifying patients with impaired lipid metabolism but can optimize the estimation of REE to better meet therapeutic goals for weight and disease management.
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Soriano JM, Sgambetterra G, Boselli PM. Proposal of a Mathematical Model to Monitor Body Mass over Time in Subjects on a Diet. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173575. [PMID: 36079828 PMCID: PMC9460375 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, slimming diet methodology works within a reduction of body mass using a decrease of dietary energy intake. However, there is no suitable method for understanding the dynamic process of body mass metabolic transformation over time. In the present paper, we have developed a biomathematic model to explain the temporal trend of body mass and its variations of people who have undergone a change in their diet using the solving equation of the model. Data relating to sex, age, body mass, and BMI were collected, and the compartmental model used to interpret the body mass trends was constructed by assuming that the mass results from the sum of the metabolic processes: catabolic, anabolic, distributive. The validation of the model was carried out by variance analysis both on the total and individual data sets. The results confirm that the trend of body mass and its variations over time depends on metabolic rates. These are specific to each individual and characterize the distribution of nutritional molecules in the various body districts and the processes catabolic, anabolic, distributive. Body mass and its variations are justified by the metabolic transformations of the nutritional quantities. This would explain why energetically equal diets can correspond to people of different body mass and that energy-different diets can correspond to people of body mass at all similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Soriano
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Basolo A, Magno S, Santini F, Ceccarini G. Ketogenic Diet and Weight Loss: Is There an Effect on Energy Expenditure? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091814. [PMID: 35565778 PMCID: PMC9105638 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A dysregulation between energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE), the two components of the energy balance equation, is one of the mechanisms responsible for the development of obesity. Conservation of energy equilibrium is deemed a dynamic process and alterations of one component (energy intake or energy expenditure) lead to biological and/or behavioral compensatory changes in the counterpart. The interplay between energy demand and caloric intake appears designed to guarantee an adequate fuel supply in variable life contexts. In the past decades, researchers focused their attention on finding efficient strategies to fight the obesity pandemic. The ketogenic or “keto” diet (KD) gained substantial consideration as a potential weight-loss strategy, whereby the concentration of blood ketones (acetoacetate, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone) increases as a result of increased fatty acid breakdown and the activity of ketogenic enzymes. It has been hypothesized that during the first phase of KDs when glucose utilization is still prevalent, an increase in EE may occur, due to increased hepatic oxygen consumption for gluconeogenesis and for triglyceride-fatty acid recycling. Later, a decrease in 24-h EE may ensue due to the slowing of gluconeogenesis and increase in fatty acid oxidation, with a reduction of the respiratory quotient and possibly the direct action of additional hormonal signals.
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Christoffersen BØ, Sanchez‐Delgado G, John LM, Ryan DH, Raun K, Ravussin E. Beyond appetite regulation: Targeting energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and lean mass preservation for sustainable weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:841-857. [PMID: 35333444 PMCID: PMC9310705 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
New appetite-regulating antiobesity treatments such as semaglutide and agents under investigation such as tirzepatide show promise in achieving weight loss of 15% or more. Energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and lean mass preservation are important determinants of weight loss and weight-loss maintenance beyond appetite regulation. This review discusses prior failures in clinical development of weight-loss drugs targeting energy expenditure and explores novel strategies for targeting energy expenditure: mitochondrial proton leak, uncoupling, dynamics, and biogenesis; futile calcium and substrate cycling; leptin for weight maintenance; increased sympathetic nervous system activity; and browning of white fat. Relevant targets for preserving lean mass are also reviewed: growth hormone, activin type II receptor inhibition, and urocortin 2 and 3. We endorse moderate modulation of energy expenditure and preservation of lean mass in combination with efficient appetite reduction as a means of obtaining a significant, safe, and long-lasting weight loss. Furthermore, we suggest that the regulatory guidelines should be revisited to focus more on the quality of weight loss and its maintenance rather than the absolute weight loss. Commitment to this research focus both from a scientific and from a regulatory point of view could signal the beginning of the next era in obesity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Linu Mary John
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease ResearchGlobal Drug DiscoveryNovo Nordisk A/SMåløvDenmark
| | - Donna H. Ryan
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Kirsten Raun
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease ResearchGlobal Drug DiscoveryNovo Nordisk A/SMåløvDenmark
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
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Carrasco NF, Carrasco NG. Identificación del fenotipo ahorrador para la personalización del manejo del sobrepeso y la obesidad. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes 2022; 33:154-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Drabsch T, Junker D, Bayer S, Wu M, Held C, Karampinos DC, Hauner H, Holzapfel C. Association Between Adipose Tissue Proton Density Fat Fraction, Resting Metabolic Rate and FTO Genotype in Humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:804874. [PMID: 35295982 PMCID: PMC8919670 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.804874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The difference of proton density fat fraction (PDFF) between supraclavicular and gluteal adipose tissue might indicate the presence of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between PDFF over the supraclavicular fat region as a proxy of BAT proportion and resting metabolic rate (RMR). In addition, the association between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1421085 at the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene locus and both PDFF and RMR was investigated. METHODS Anthropometric, clinical, and lifestyle data from 92 healthy adults (66.3% females, mean age: 36.2 ± 13.0 years, mean body mass index: 24.9 ± 5.4 kg/m2) were included in the analysis. The RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used for the measurement of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT, SAT) volumes and for the measurement of adipose tissue PDFF. RESULTS Mean RMR of the whole group was 1 474.8 ± 242.2 kcal. Genotype data was available for 90 participants. After adjustment for age, sex, weight change and fat-free mass (FFM), no association was found between supraclavicular PDFF (p = 0.346) and gluteal PDFF (p = 0.252), respectively, and RMR, whereas statistically significant evidence for a negative association between delta PDFF (difference between gluteal PDFF and supraclavicular PDFF) and RMR (p = 0.027) was obtained. No statistically significant evidence was observed for per FTO risk allele change in RMR, gluteal and supraclavicular PDFF maps or volumes of VAT and SAT. CONCLUSIONS Supraclavicular PDFF as a surrogate marker of BAT presence is not a determinant of RMR under basal conditions. In the present study, the FTO rs1421085 variant is not associated with either RMR or PDFF. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effect of BAT on RMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Drabsch
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Junker
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Bayer
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mingming Wu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cora Held
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dimitrios C. Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Else-Kroener-Fresenius Centre of Nutritional Medicine, Chair of Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Christina Holzapfel
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christina Holzapfel,
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Wulan SN, Raza Q, Prasmita HS, Martati E, Maligan JM, Mageshwari U, Fatima I, Plasqui G. Energy Metabolism in Relation to Diet and Physical Activity: A South Asian Perspective. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113776. [PMID: 34836031 PMCID: PMC8617748 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity is on the rise around the world, not only in the West, but also in Asian countries. South Asian countries in particular are experiencing a rapid increase in overweight and obesity, that coexists with the rapid increase in non-communicable diseases linked to obesity such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease than any other country in Asia. The phenomena observed in South Asian countries are due to the size of the population, the ageing of the population, the high degree of urbanization and the lifestyle changes in favor of increased energy consumption and reduced physical activity. The imbalance between energy consumption and energy expenditure results in the development of a positive energy balance that, over time, accumulates in higher body fat. South Asians were reported to have a more unfavorable body composition with a higher percentage of body fat than Caucasians with an equivalent BMI. Body composition is a major determinant of resting energy expenditure. It has been reported that South Asians have a lower resting energy expenditure than Caucasians with the same BMI. Resting energy expenditure accounts for the majority of total daily energy expenditure and, therefore, plays a crucial role in achieving the balance between energy intake and expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti N. Wulan
- Study Program of Food Science and Technology, Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia; (H.S.P.); (E.M.); (J.M.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.N.W.); (Q.R.); Tel.: +92-30-0247-9044 (Q.R.)
| | - Qaisar Raza
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (S.N.W.); (Q.R.); Tel.: +92-30-0247-9044 (Q.R.)
| | - Hera S. Prasmita
- Study Program of Food Science and Technology, Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia; (H.S.P.); (E.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Erryana Martati
- Study Program of Food Science and Technology, Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia; (H.S.P.); (E.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Jaya M. Maligan
- Study Program of Food Science and Technology, Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia; (H.S.P.); (E.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Uma Mageshwari
- Department of Food Service Management and Dietetics, Faculty of Home Science, Avinashilingham University, Coimbatore 641043, India;
| | - Itrat Fatima
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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Basolo A, Bechi Genzano S, Piaggi P, Krakoff J, Santini F. Energy Balance and Control of Body Weight: Possible Effects of Meal Timing and Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation. Nutrients 2021; 13:3276. [PMID: 34579152 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation of the energy equilibrium can be considered a dynamic process and variations of one component (energy intake or energy expenditure) cause biological and/or behavioral compensatory changes in the other part of the system. The interplay between energy demand and caloric intake appears designed to guarantee an adequate food supply in variable life contexts. The circadian rhythm plays a major role in systemic homeostasis by acting as “timekeeper” of the human body, under the control of central and peripheral clocks that regulate many physiological functions such as sleep, hunger and body temperature. Clock-associated biological processes anticipate the daily demands imposed by the environment, being synchronized under ideal physiologic conditions. Factors that interfere with the expected demand, including daily distribution of macronutrients, physical activity and light exposure, may disrupt the physiologic harmony between predicted and actual behavior. Such a desynchronization may favor the development of a wide range of disease-related processes, including obesity and its comorbidities. Evidence has been provided that the main components of 24-h EE may be affected by disruption of the circadian rhythm. The sleep pattern, meal timing and meal composition could mediate these effects. An increased understanding of the crosstalk between disruption of the circadian rhythm and energy balance may shed light on the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying weight gain, which may eventually lead to design effective strategies to fight the obesity pandemic.
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Allerton TD, Carnero EA, Bock C, Corbin KD, Luyet PP, Smith SR, Ravussin E. Reliability of measurements of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation using whole-room indirect calorimetry. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1508-1515. [PMID: 34355521 PMCID: PMC9178907 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This analysis aimed to measure the intraparticipant reliability-the intraclass correlation coefficient-of all the components of daily energy expenditure (EE) (24-hour EE, sleep EE, resting EE, basal EE, and thermic effect of food) over a period of 3 consecutive days in 35 study participants. METHODS The components of daily EE and substrate use (respiratory exchange ratio) were measured over 3 consecutive days before and after a 3-week 1,000-kcal/d caloric restriction/weight-loss intervention. RESULTS There was a high degree of reliability for sleep EE (96.8%), 24-hour EE (97.8%), basal EE (90.6%), and resting EE (93.2%) during the run-in period. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the follow-up period after weight loss (3.67 ± 1.10 kg) remained high for sleep EE (95.6%), 24-hour EE (100%), basal EE (96.1%), and resting EE (92.5%). The minimal detectable differences in EE were reduced by 30% for both 24-hour EE and sleep EE when comparing 2 days versus 1 day spent in the whole-room indirect calorimeter. CONCLUSIONS The reliability of the daily components of EE is very high both prior to and after a weight-loss intervention. We here provide instrumental data for investigators to adequately power studies investigating energy metabolism using whole-room indirect calorimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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15
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Hummel J, Fritsche L, Vosseler A, Dannecker C, Hoene M, Kantartzis K, Häring HU, Stefan N, Machann J, Birkenfeld AL, Weigert C, Wagner R, Peter A, Fritsche A, Heni M. Free fatty acids, glicentin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide as potential major determinants of fasting substrate oxidation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16642. [PMID: 34404813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The selection of carbohydrates or fat to generate intracellular energy is thought to be crucial for long-term metabolic health. While most studies assess fuel selection after a metabolic challenge, the determinants of substrate oxidation in the fasted state remain largely unexplored. We therefore assessed the respiratory quotient by indirect calorimetry as a read-out for substrate oxidation following an overnight fast. This cross-sectional analysis consisted of 192 (92 women, 100 men) either lean or obese participants. Following an overnight fast, the respiratory quotient (RQ) was assessed, after which a 5-point 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Unlike glucose and insulin, fasting free fatty acids (FFA) correlated negatively with fasting RQ (p < 0.0001). Participants with high levels of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyric acid had significantly lower RQ values. Fasting levels of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glicentin were positively associated with fasting RQ (all p ≤ 0.03), whereas GLP-1 showed no significant association. Neither BMI, nor total body fat, nor body fat distribution correlated with fasting RQ. No relationship between the RQ and diabetes or the metabolic syndrome could be observed. In the fasting state, FFA concentrations were strongly linked to the preferentially oxidized substrate. Our data did not indicate any relationship between fasting substrate oxidation and metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. Since glicentin and GIP are linked to fuel selection in the fasting state, novel therapeutic approaches that target these hormones may have the potential to modulate substrate oxidation.
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16
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Milani GP, Silano M, Mazzocchi A, Bettocchi S, De Cosmi V, Agostoni C. Personalized nutrition approach in pediatrics: a narrative review. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:384-388. [PMID: 33230198 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Dietary habits represent the main determinant of health. Although extensive research has been conducted to modify unhealthy dietary behaviors across the lifespan, obesity and obesity-associated comorbidities are increasingly observed worldwide. Individually tailored interventions are nowadays considered a promising frontier for nutritional research. In this narrative review, the technologies of importance in a pediatric clinical setting are discussed. The first determinant of the dietary balance is represented by energy intakes matching individual needs. Most emerging studies highlight the opportunity to reconsider the widely used prediction equations of resting energy expenditure. Artificial Neural Network approaches may help to disentangle the role of single contributors to energy expenditure. Artificial intelligence is also useful in the prediction of the glycemic response, based on the individual microbiome. Other factors further concurring to define individually tailored nutritional needs are metabolomics and nutrigenomic. Since most available data come from studies in adult groups, new efforts should now be addressed to integrate all these aspects to develop comprehensive and-above all-effective interventions for children. IMPACT: Personalized dietary advice, specific to individuals, should be more effective in the prevention of chronic diseases than general recommendations about diet. Artificial Neural Networks algorithms are technologies of importance in a pediatric setting that may help practitioners to provide personalized nutrition. Other approaches to personalized nutrition, while promising in adults and for basic research, are still far from practical application in pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio P Milani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Silano
- Unit of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Food Safety Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mazzocchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Bettocchi
- Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina De Cosmi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy. .,Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
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17
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Chen KY, Smith S, Ravussin E, Krakoff J, Plasqui G, Tanaka S, Murgatroyd P, Brychta R, Bock C, Carnero E, Schoffelen P, Hatamoto Y, Rynders C, Melanson EL. Room Indirect Calorimetry Operating and Reporting Standards (RICORS 1.0): A Guide to Conducting and Reporting Human Whole-Room Calorimeter Studies. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:1613-1625. [PMID: 32841524 PMCID: PMC7526647 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Whole-room indirect calorimeters have been used to study human metabolism for more than a century. These studies have contributed substantial knowledge to the assessment of nutritional needs and the regulation of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in humans. However, comparing results from studies conducted at different sites is challenging because of a lack of consistency in reporting technical performance, study design, and results. In May 2019, an expert panel was convened to consider minimal requirements for conducting and reporting the results of human whole-room indirect calorimeter studies. We propose Room Indirect Calorimetry Operating and Reporting Standards, version 1.0 (RICORS 1.0) to provide guidance to ensure consistency and facilitate meaningful comparisons of human energy metabolism studies across publications, laboratories, and clinical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Y. Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda MD USA
| | - Steve Smith
- Translational Research Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Shigeho Tanaka
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter Murgatroyd
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert Brychta
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda MD USA
| | - Christopher Bock
- Translational Research Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Elvis Carnero
- Translational Research Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Paul Schoffelen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yoichi Hatamoto
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Corey Rynders
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Edward L. Melanson
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Eastern Colorado Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Denver, CO, USA
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18
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Scott JPR, Green DA, Weerts G, Cheuvront SN. Body size and its implications upon resource utilization during human space exploration missions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13836. [PMID: 32796944 PMCID: PMC7429865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this theoretical study was to estimate the effects of body size and countermeasure (CM) exercise in an all-male crew composed of individuals drawn from a height range representative of current space agency requirements upon total energy expenditure (TEE), oxygen (O2) consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) and metabolic heat (Hprod) production, and water requirements for hydration, during space exploration missions. Using a height range of 1.50- to 1.90-m, and assuming geometric similarity across this range, estimates were derived for a four-person male crew (age: 40-years; BMI: 26.5-kg/m2; resting VO2 and VO2max: 3.3- and 43.4-mL/kg/min) on 30- to 1,080-d missions, without and with, ISS-like CM exercise (modelled as 2 × 30-min aerobic exercise at 75% VO2max, 6-d/week). Where spaceflight-specific data/equations were not available, terrestrial data/equations were used. Body size alone increased 24-h TEE (+ 44%), O2 consumption (+ 60%), CO2 (+ 60%) and Hprod (+ 60%) production, and water requirements (+ 19%). With CM exercise, the increases were + 29 to 32%, + 31%, + 35%, + 42% and + 23 to 33% respectively, across the height range. Compared with a 'small-sized' (1.50-m) crew without CM exercise, a 'large-sized' (1.90-m) crew exercising would require an additional 996-MJ of energy, 52.5 × 103-L of O2 and 183.6-L of water, and produce an additional 44.0 × 103-L of CO2 and 874-MJ of heat each month. This study provides the first insight into the potential implications of body size and the use of ISS-like CM exercise upon the provision of life-support during exploration missions. Whilst closed-loop life-support (O2, water and CO2) systems may be possible, strategies to minimize and meet crew metabolic energy needs, estimated in this study to increase by 996-MJ per month with body size and CM exercise, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P R Scott
- KBR, 511147, Cologne, Germany.
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, 51147, Cologne, Germany.
| | - David A Green
- KBR, 511147, Cologne, Germany
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, 51147, Cologne, Germany
- Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Guillaume Weerts
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, 51147, Cologne, Germany
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19
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Alkahtani S, Aljuhani O, Alkhalidi N, Almasuod N, Hezam O, Aljaloud I, Dawoud HAH, Abdusalam A. Impact of Acute Eccentric versus Concentric Running on Exercise-Induced Fat Oxidation and Postexercise Physical Activity in Untrained Men. Biomed Res Int 2020; 2020:2608730. [PMID: 32766306 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2608730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed at comparing the rate of exercise-induced fat oxidation and postexercise free-living physical activity after constant-load flat running (FR) and downhill running (DHR) bouts at an intensity that elicited maximal fat oxidation. Methods Participants were 11 healthy untrained men (mean age 25.6 ± 3.3 years; VO2max39.11 ± 8.05 ml/kg/min). The study included four visits. The first two visits determined the intensity of maximal fat oxidation during incremental FR and DHR tests. The second two visits involved constant-load FR or DHR at the intensity that elicited maximal fat oxidation in a counterbalanced order separated by two weeks. Gas exchange analysis was used to measure substrate oxidation during all exercise sessions. Sedentary time and physical activity were measured using ActiGraph triaxial accelerometers for three days including the day of exercise tests (the second day). Results During the incremental exercise tests, fat oxidation was significantly greater during the first stage of FR (P < 0.05) but started to increase during the fourth stage of DHR, although this did not reach significance. Of the 11 participants, 7 had greater fat oxidation during DHR. During continuous constant-load running, fat oxidation was higher during DHR than FR but at only two stages was either significant or borderline significant, and the time/group interaction was not significant. There was no significant effect on sedentary time of time/group interaction (P = 0.769), but there was a significant effect of time (P = 0.005), and there was no significant effect on total physical activity of time/group interaction (P = 0.283) or time (P = 0.602). Conclusion Acute aerobic eccentric exercise at an intensity eliciting maximal fat oxidation enhanced exercise-induced fat oxidation without worsening postexercise free-living physical activity, indicating it could be a useful training modality in weight management programs.
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20
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Bañales-Luna M, Figueroa-Vega N, Marín-Aragón CI, Perez-Luque E, Ibarra-Reynoso L, Gallardo-Blanco HL, López-Aguilar I, Malacara JM. Associations of nicotidamide-N-methyltransferase, FTO, and IRX3 genetic variants with body mass index and resting energy expenditure in Mexican subjects. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11478. [PMID: 32651404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme nicotidamide-N-methyltransferase (NNMT) regulates adipose tissue energy expenditure through increasing nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD+) content. NNMT methylates nicotinamide to N1-methylnicotidamide (MNA-1) using S-adenosyl methionine. The rs694539 NNMT polymorphism is associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and rs1941404 is associated with hyperlipidemia. The rs1421085 FTO is related to poor eating behaviors, and rs3751723 IRX3 is associated with obesity. To investigate the association of rs694539 and rs1941404 NNMT, rs140285 FTO and rs3751723 IRX3 polymorphisms with MNA-1 concentrations, resting energy expenditure (REE) and BMI, we included clinically healthy Mexican subjects 30 to 50 years old, 100 subjects (35 men/65 women) with BMI > 30 kg/m2 and 100 subjects (32 men/68 women) with BMI < 25 kg/m2. Glucose, lipid profile, insulin, leptin, acylated ghrelin, and MNA-1 (LC–MS) were quantified. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was estimated using indirect calorimetry with a Fitmate instrument. Genotyping was performed using PCR–RFLP, and allelic discrimination was examined using TaqMan probes. MNA-1 concentrations and REE were significantly higher in obese subjects. Subjects with the rs694539AA NNMT genotype (recessive model) had lower weight, BMI, and REE. BMI showed an association with HDL-C, triglycerides, MNA-1, acetylated ghrelin, leptin, insulin concentrations, HOMA-IR, REE, and rs1421085. Subjects with the TC or CC genotypes of rs1421085 FTO showed 6 kg and 2 units of BMI more than did those with the TT wild type. The CG of the rs1421085 and rs3751723 haplotypes was associated with BMI. These findings showed that BMI was strongly associated with REE, rs1421085 FTO and the CG rs1421085 FTO and rs3751723 IRX3 haplotypes. We used the GMDR approach in obesity phenotype to show the interaction of four SNPs and metabolic variables.
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21
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Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR), the reduction of dietary intake below energy requirements while maintaining optimal nutrition, is the only known nutritional intervention with the potential to attenuate aging. Evidence from observational, preclinical, and clinical trials suggests the ability to increase life span by 1-5 years with an improvement in health span and quality of life. CR moderates intrinsic processes of aging through cellular and metabolic adaptations and reducing risk for the development of many cardiometabolic diseases. Yet, implementation of CR may require unique considerations for the elderly and other specific populations. The objectives of this review are to summarize the evidence for CR to modify primary and secondary aging; present caveats for implementation in special populations; describe newer, alternative approaches that have comparative effectiveness and fewer deleterious effects; and provide thoughts on the future of this important field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Flanagan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA;
| | - Jasper Most
- Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob T Mey
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA;
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA;
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22
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Bzikowska-Jura A, Szulińska A, Szostak-Węgierek D. Resting Energy Expenditure during Breastfeeding: Body Composition Analysis vs. Predictive Equations Based on Anthropometric Parameters. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051274. [PMID: 32365825 PMCID: PMC7282268 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate estimation of energy expenditure in a breastfeeding woman is crucial for maintaining the proper nutritional status of the woman and healthy development of the infant. The current literature does not contain data regarding resting energy expenditure (REE) in breastfeeding women. Using mathematical equations is the most common method of REE assessment. However, due to changes in metabolism and body composition during pregnancy and lactation, the mathematical equations used among the general population may not apply. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resting energy expenditure of exclusively breastfeeding women by using body composition analysis–estimated REE (eREE) and to provide the most appropriate predictive equations–predicted REE (pREE) based on anthropometric parameters to estimate it. This was a pilot study with 40 exclusively breastfeeding women. Height and weight were measured and body composition analysis was performed. We predicted REE using fourteen self-selected equations, based on anthropometric parameters and/or age, and/or sex. The median eREE was 1515.0 ± 68.4 kcal (95% Cl, 1477–1582 kcal) and the pREE ranged from 1149.7 kcal (95% Cl, 1088.7–1215.0) by Bernstein et al., to 1576.8 kcal (95% Cl, 1479.9–1683.4), by Müller et al. Significant differences between eREE and all pREE were observed (p < 0.001, except Korth et al. equations). The Müller et al. equation was the most accurate with the smallest individual variation. All predictive equations showed low agreement, and in most cases, the results were underestimated. These findings indicate the need for further studies to propose more suitable methods to determine the energy requirements for breastfeeding women.
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Hollstein T, Basolo A, Ando T, Votruba SB, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Urinary Norepinephrine Is a Metabolic Determinant of 24-Hour Energy Expenditure and Sleeping Metabolic Rate in Adult Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5718326. [PMID: 32002540 PMCID: PMC7055738 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interindividual variability in 24-hour energy expenditure (24EE) during energy-balance conditions is mainly determined by differences in body composition and demographic factors. Previous studies suggested that 24EE might also be influenced by sympathetic nervous system activity via catecholamine (norepinephrine, epinephrine) secretion. Therefore, we analyzed the association between catecholamines and energy expenditure in 202 individuals from a heterogeneous population of mixed ethnicities. METHODS Participants (n = 202, 33% female, 14% black, 32% white, 41% Native American, 11% Hispanic, age: 36.9 ± 10.3 y [mean ± SD], percentage body fat: 30.3 ± 9.4) resided in a whole-room calorimeter over 24 hours during carefully controlled energy-balance conditions to measure 24EE and its components: sleeping metabolic rate (SMR), awake-fed thermogenesis (AFT), and spontaneous physical activity (SPA). Urine samples were collected, and 24-h urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion rates were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Both catecholamines were associated with 24EE and SMR (norepinephrine: +27 and +19 kcal/d per 10 μg/24h; epinephrine: +18 and +10 kcal/d per 1 μg/24h) in separate analyses after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, fat mass, fat-free mass, calorimeter room, temperature, and physical activity. In a multivariate model including both norepinephrine and epinephrine, only norepinephrine was independently associated with both 24EE and SMR (both P < .008), whereas epinephrine became insignificant. Neither epinephrine nor norepinephrine were associated with adjusted AFT (both P = .37) but epinephrine was associated with adjusted SPA (+0.5% per 1 μg/24h). CONCLUSIONS Our data provide compelling evidence that sympathetic nervous system activity, mediated via norepinephrine, is a determinant of human energy expenditure during nonstressed, eucaloric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hollstein
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, US
| | - Alessio Basolo
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, US
| | - Takafumi Ando
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, US
| | - Susanne B Votruba
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, US
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, US
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, US
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Paolo Piaggi, PhD, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, NIDDK, NIH, 4212 North 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85016. E-mail: ;
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Begaye B, Vinales KL, Hollstein T, Ando T, Walter M, Bogardus C, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Impaired Metabolic Flexibility to High-Fat Overfeeding Predicts Future Weight Gain in Healthy Adults. Diabetes 2020; 69:181-192. [PMID: 31712321 PMCID: PMC6971489 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to switch fuels for oxidation in response to changes in macronutrient composition of diet (metabolic flexibility) may be informative of individuals' susceptibility to weight gain. Seventy-nine healthy, weight-stable participants underwent 24-h assessments of energy expenditure and respiratory quotient (RQ) in a whole-room calorimeter during energy balance (EBL) (50% carbohydrate, 30% fat) and then during 24-h fasting and three 200% overfeeding diets in a crossover design. Metabolic flexibility was defined as the change in 24-h RQ from EBL during fasting and standard overfeeding (STOF) (50% carbohydrate, 30% fat), high-fat overfeeding (HFOF) (60% fat, 20% carbohydrate), and high-carbohydrate overfeeding (HCOF) (75% carbohydrate, 5% fat) diets. Free-living weight change was assessed after 6 and 12 months. Compared with EBL, RQ decreased on average by 9% during fasting and by 4% during HFOF but increased by 4% during STOF and by 8% during HCOF. A smaller decrease in RQ, reflecting a smaller increase in lipid oxidation rate, during HFOF but not during the other diets predicted greater weight gain at both 6 and 12 months. An impaired metabolic flexibility to acute HFOF can identify individuals prone to weight gain, indicating that an individual's capacity to oxidize dietary fat is a metabolic determinant of weight change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Begaye
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Karyne L Vinales
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ
- Endocrinology Division, Medicine Department, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Tim Hollstein
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Takafumi Ando
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Mary Walter
- Clinical Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Clifton Bogardus
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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25
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Magkos F, Tetens I, Bügel SG, Felby C, Schacht SR, Hill JO, Ravussin E, Astrup A. The Environmental Foodprint of Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:73-79. [PMID: 31858737 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) are linked to global warming and adverse climate changes. Meeting the needs of the increasing number of people on the planet presents a challenge for reducing total GHG burden. A further challenge may be the size of the average person on the planet and the increasing number of people with excess body weight. We used data on GHG emissions from various sources and estimated that obesity is associated with ~20% greater GHG emissions compared with the normal-weight state. On a global scale, obesity contributes to an extra GHG emissions of ~49 megatons per year of CO2 equivalent (CO2 eq) from oxidative metabolism due to greater metabolic demands, ~361 megatons per year of CO2 eq from food production processes due to increased food intake, and ~290 megatons per year of CO2 eq from automobile and air transportation due to greater body weight. Therefore, the total impact of obesity may be extra emissions of ~700 megatons per year of CO2 eq, which is about 1.6% of worldwide GHG emissions. Inasmuch as obesity is an important contributor to global GHG burden, strategies to reduce its prevalence should prioritize efforts to reduce GHG emissions. Accordingly, reducing obesity may have considerable benefits for both public health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inge Tetens
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Gjedsted Bügel
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Felby
- Section for Forest, Nature and Biomass, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Rønnow Schacht
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James O Hill
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Mahizir D, Briffa JF, Wood JL, Anevska K, Hill-Yardin EL, Jefferies AJ, Gravina S, Mazzarino G, Franks AE, Moritz KM, Wadley GD, Wlodek ME. Exercise improves metabolic function and alters the microbiome in rats with gestational diabetes. FASEB J 2019; 34:1728-1744. [PMID: 31914625 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901424r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication, particularly prevalent in obese women. Importantly, exercise has beneficial impacts on maternal glucose control and may prevent GDM in "at-risk" women. We aimed to determine whether a high-fat diet (HFD) exacerbates metabolic dysfunction and alters gut microbiome in GDM and whether endurance exercise prevents these changes. Uteroplacental insufficiency was induced by bilateral uterine vessel ligation (Restricted) or sham (Control) surgery on E18 in Wistar-Kyoto rats. Female offspring were fed a Chow or HFD (23% fat) from weaning (5 weeks) and at 16 weeks randomly allocated to remain Sedentary or to an exercise protocol of either Exercise prior to and during pregnancy (Exercise); or Exercise during pregnancy only (PregEx). Females were mated (20 weeks) and underwent indirect calorimetry (embryonic day 16; E16), glucose tolerance testing (E18), followed by 24-hr feces collection at E19 (n = 8-10/group). HFD consumption in female rats with GDM exacerbated the adverse metabolic adaptations to pregnancy and altered gut microbial populations. Specifically, the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio was increased, due to an underlying change in abundance of the orders Clostridiales and Bacteroidales. Maternal Exercise, but not PregEx, prevented the development of metabolic dysfunction, increased pancreatic β-cell mass, and prevented the alteration of the gut microbiome in GDM females. Our findings suggest that maternal exercise and diet influence metabolic and microbiome dysfunction in females with GDM, which may impact long-term maternal and offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Mahizir
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica F Briffa
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Kristina Anevska
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Jefferies
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sogand Gravina
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gisella Mazzarino
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ashley E Franks
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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27
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O’Driscoll R, Turicchi J, Hopkins M, Gibbons C, Larsen SC, Palmeira AL, Heitmann BL, Horgan GW, Finlayson G, Stubbs RJ. The validity of two widely used commercial and research-grade activity monitors, during resting, household and activity behaviours. Health Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12553-019-00392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWearable devices are increasingly prevalent in research environments for the estimation of energy expenditure (EE) and heart rate (HR). The aim of this study was to validate the HR and EE estimates of the Fitbit charge 2 (FC2), and the EE estimates of the Sensewear armband mini (SWA). We recruited 59 healthy adults to participate in walking, running, cycling, sedentary and household tasks. Estimates of HR from the FC2 were compared to a HR chest strap (Polar) and EE to a stationary metabolic cart (Vyntus CPX). The SWA overestimated overall EE by 0.03 kcal/min−1 and was statistically equivalent to the criterion measure, with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 29%. In contrast, the FC2 was not equivalent overall (MAPE = 44%). In household tasks, MAPE values of 93% and 83% were observed for the FC2 and SWA, respectively. The FC2 HR estimates were equivalent to the criterion measure overall. The SWA is more accurate than the commercial-grade FC2. Neither device is consistently accurate across the range of activities used in this study. The HR data obtained from the FC2 is more accurate than its EE estimates and future research may focus more on this variable.
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28
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Shaw E, Leung GKW, Jong J, Coates AM, Davis R, Blair M, Huggins CE, Dorrian J, Banks S, Kellow NJ, Bonham MP. The Impact of Time of Day on Energy Expenditure: Implications for Long-Term Energy Balance. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2383. [PMID: 31590425 PMCID: PMC6835928 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence to indicate that the central biological clock (i.e., our endogenous circadian system) plays a role in physiological processes in the body that impact energy regulation and metabolism. Cross-sectional data suggest that energy consumption later in the day and during the night is associated with weight gain. These findings have led to speculation that when, as well as what, we eat may be important for maintaining energy balance. Emerging literature suggests that prioritising energy intake to earlier during the day may help with body weight maintenance. Evidence from tightly controlled acute experimental studies indicates a disparity in the body's ability to utilise (expend) energy equally across the day and night. Energy expenditure both at rest (resting metabolic rate) and after eating (thermic effect of food) is typically more efficient earlier during the day. In this review, we discuss the key evidence for a circadian pattern in energy utilisation and balance, which depends on meal timing. Whilst there is limited evidence that simply prioritising energy intake to earlier in the day is an effective strategy for weight loss, we highlight the potential benefits of considering the role of meal timing for improving metabolic health and energy balance. This review demonstrates that to advance our understanding of the contribution of the endogenous circadian system toward energy balance, targeted studies that utilise appropriate methodologies are required that focus on meal timing and frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Shaw
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia.
| | - Gloria K W Leung
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia.
| | - Jessica Jong
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia.
| | - Alison M Coates
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5072, Australia.
| | - Rochelle Davis
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia.
| | - Merran Blair
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia.
| | - Catherine E Huggins
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia.
| | - Jillian Dorrian
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5072, Australia.
| | - Siobhan Banks
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5072, Australia.
| | - Nicole J Kellow
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia.
| | - Maxine P Bonham
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia.
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29
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Abstract
For a given positive energy balance, a low capacity to oxidize fat could contribute to weight gain (low fat oxidation hypothesis). This hypothesis is based on the arguments that for a given stable diet and food quotient (FQ), the respiratory quotient (RQ) is higher in obesity prone (OP) than in obesity resistant individuals (OR) and that a high RQ predicts higher future weight gain. A review of 42 studies shows that there is no convincing experimental support to these arguments and thus for the low fat oxidation hypothesis. A power analysis also shows that this hypothesis might be impossible to experimentally confirm because very large numbers of subjects would be needed to reject the null hypotheses that the 24-h RQ is not different in OP and OR or that future weight gain is not different in individuals with a low and high 24-h RQ at baseline. A re-examination of the significance of the 24-hour and fasting RQ also shows that the assumption underlying the low fat oxidation hypothesis that a high RQ reflects a low capacity to oxidize fat is not valid: For a stable diet, the 24-h RQ entirely depends on FQ and energy balance, and the fasting RQ mainly depends on the FQ and energy balance and on the size of glycogen stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Péronnet
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - François Haman
- École des sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté des sciences de la santé, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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30
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Clamp LD, Mendham AE, Kroff J, Goedecke JH. Higher baseline fat oxidation promotes gynoid fat mobilization in response to a 12-week exercise intervention in sedentary, obese black South African women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:327-335. [PMID: 31449758 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This 12-week exercise intervention study assessed changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), energy expenditure (EE), and substrate utilisation at rest and during exercise in obese, black South African (SA) women and explored associations with changes in body composition. Black SA women (body mass index: 30-40 kg·m-2, age: 20-35 years) were randomised into control (CTL; n = 15, maintaining usual activity) or exercise (EXE; n = 20; 12 weeks, 4 days·week-1, 40-60 min·day-1 at >70% peak heart rate) groups. Pre- and post-intervention testing included peak oxygen consumption, resting and steady state (50% peak oxygen consumption) EE, respiratory exchange, and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). Dietary intake (4-day) and daily step-count (ActivPAL, activPAL3c; PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK) was collected at pre-testing and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. EXE increased peak oxygen consumption (24.9 ± 2.4 to 27.6 ± 3.4 mL·min-1·kg-1; p < 0.001) and steady state fat oxidation rates (7.5 ± 2.5 to 9.0 ± 2.7 mg·min-1·kg-1 fat-free soft tissue mass; p = 0.003) (same relative exercise intensity). CTL remained unchanged (p > 0.05). EXE reduced proportional gynoid fat mass (percentage total fat mass, p = 0.002). Baseline resting carbohydrate oxidation rates (p = 0.036) and steady state fat oxidation rates (p = 0.021) explained 60.6% of the variability in Δgynoid fat mass (p < 0.001) in EXE. This 12-week exercise intervention improved CRF and steady state fat oxidation rates. Greater reliance on fat oxidation at baseline promoted proportional reductions in gynoid, not visceral, fat mass in response to exercise training. Novelty Combined exercise training in obese black South African women increased cardiorespiratory fitness and rates of fat oxidation during steady state exercise. Exercise training reduced proportional gynoid, not visceral, fat, potentially representing an ethnic/sex-specific response. Baseline substrate utilisation (resting and steady state exercise (50% peak oxygen uptake)) predicted changes in gynoid fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise D Clamp
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Western Cape 7725, South Africa
| | - Amy E Mendham
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Western Cape 7725, South Africa.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Jacolene Kroff
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Western Cape 7725, South Africa
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Western Cape 7725, South Africa.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Western Cape, South Africa
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31
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Reneau J, Obi B, Moosreiner A, Kidambi S. Do we need race-specific resting metabolic rate prediction equations? Nutr Diabetes 2019; 9:21. [PMID: 31358726 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-019-0087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is a key determinant of daily caloric needs. Respirometry, a form of indirect calorimetry (IC), is considered one of the most accurate methods to measure RMR in clinical and research settings. It is impractical to measure RMR by IC in routine clinical practice; therefore, several formulas are used to predict RMR. In this study, we sought to determine the accuracy of these formulas in determining RMR and assess additional factors that may determine RMR. Methods We measured RMR in 114 subjects (67% female, 30% African American [AA]) using IC. Along with standard anthropometrics, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to obtain fat-free mass(FFM) and total fat mass. Measured RMR (mRMR) by respirometry was compared with predicted RMR (pRMR) generated by Mifflin–St.Joer, Cunningham, and Harris–Benedict (HB) equations. Linear regression models were used to determine factors affecting mRMR. Results Mean age, BMI, and mRMR of subjects were 46 ± 16 years (mean ± SD), 35 ± 10 kg/m2, and 1658 ± 391 kcal/day, respectively. After adjusting for age, gender, and anthropometrics, the two largest predictors of mRMR were race (p < 0.0001) and FFM (p < 0.0001). For every kg increase in FFM, RMR increased by 28 kcal/day (p < 0.0001). AA race was associated with 144 kcal/day (p < 0.0001) decrease in mRMR. The impact of race on mRMR was mitigated by adding in truncal FFM to the model. When using only clinically measured variables to predict mRMR, we found race, hip circumference, age, gender, and weight to be significant predictors of mRMR (p < 0.005). Mifflin–St.Joer and HB equations that use just age, gender, height, and weight overestimated kcal expenditure in AA by 138 ± 148 and 242 ± 164 (p < 0.0001), respectively. Conclusion We found that formulas utilizing height, weight, gender, and age systematically overestimate mRMR and hence predict higher calorie needs among AA. The lower mRMR in AA could be related to truncal fat-free mass representing the activity of metabolically active intraabdominal organs.
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Abstract
One of the fundamental challenges in obesity research is to identify subjects prone to weight gain so that obesity and its comorbidities can be promptly prevented or treated. The principles of thermodynamics as applied to human body energetics demonstrate that susceptibility to weight gain varies among individuals as a result of interindividual differences in energy expenditure and energy intake, two factors that counterbalance one another and determine daily energy balance and, ultimately, body weight change. This review focuses on the variability among individuals in human metabolism that determines weight change. Conflicting results have been reported about the role of interindividual differences in energy metabolism during energy balance in relation to future weight change. However, recent studies have shown that metabolic responses to acute, short-term dietary interventions that create energy imbalance, such as low-protein overfeeding or fasting for 24 hours, may reveal the underlying metabolic phenotype that determines the degree of resistance to diet-induced weight loss or the propensity to spontaneous weight gain over time. Metabolically "thrifty" individuals, characterized by a predilection for saving energy in settings of undernutrition and dietary protein restriction, display a minimal increase in plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 concentrations in response to a low-protein overfeeding diet and tend to gain more weight over time compared with metabolically "spendthrift" individuals. Similarly, interindividual variability in the causal relationship between energy expenditure and energy intake ("energy sensing") and in the metabolic response to cold exposure (e.g., brown adipose tissue activation) seems, to some extent, to be indicative of individual propensity to weight gain. Thus, an increased understanding and the clinical characterization of phenotypic differences in energy metabolism among individuals (metabolic profile) may lead to new strategies to prevent weight gain or improve weight-loss interventions by targeted therapies on the basis of metabolic phenotype and susceptibility to obesity in individual persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Piaggi
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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33
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Dyar KA, Hubert MJ, Mir AA, Ciciliot S, Lutter D, Greulich F, Quagliarini F, Kleinert M, Fischer K, Eichmann TO, Wright LE, Peña Paz MI, Casarin A, Pertegato V, Romanello V, Albiero M, Mazzucco S, Rizzuto R, Salviati L, Biolo G, Blaauw B, Schiaffino S, Uhlenhaut NH. Transcriptional programming of lipid and amino acid metabolism by the skeletal muscle circadian clock. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005886. [PMID: 30096135 PMCID: PMC6105032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are fundamental physiological regulators of energy homeostasis, but direct transcriptional targets of the muscle clock machinery are unknown. To understand how the muscle clock directs rhythmic metabolism, we determined genome-wide binding of the master clock regulators brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (BMAL1) and REV-ERBα in murine muscles. Integrating occupancy with 24-hr gene expression and metabolomics after muscle-specific loss of BMAL1 and REV-ERBα, here we unravel novel molecular mechanisms connecting muscle clock function to daily cycles of lipid and protein metabolism. Validating BMAL1 and REV-ERBα targets using luciferase assays and in vivo rescue, we demonstrate how a major role of the muscle clock is to promote diurnal cycles of neutral lipid storage while coordinately inhibiting lipid and protein catabolism prior to awakening. This occurs by BMAL1-dependent activation of Dgat2 and REV-ERBα-dependent repression of major targets involved in lipid metabolism and protein turnover (MuRF-1, Atrogin-1). Accordingly, muscle-specific loss of BMAL1 is associated with metabolic inefficiency, impaired muscle triglyceride biosynthesis, and accumulation of bioactive lipids and amino acids. Taken together, our data provide a comprehensive overview of how genomic binding of BMAL1 and REV-ERBα is related to temporal changes in gene expression and metabolite fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Allen Dyar
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Michaël Jean Hubert
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | - Ashfaq Ali Mir
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Dominik Lutter
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Greulich
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | - Fabiana Quagliarini
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Fischer
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Casarin
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, and IRP Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Vanessa Pertegato
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, and IRP Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Mattia Albiero
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Mazzucco
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, and IRP Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Bert Blaauw
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - N. Henriette Uhlenhaut
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Munich, Germany
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Maciel MG, Beserra BTS, Oliveira FCB, Ribeiro CM, Coelho MS, Neves FDAR, Amato AA. The effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists on energy expenditure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 142:222-235. [PMID: 29857094 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM We reviewed clinical trials addressing the effect of glucacon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) or GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) on energy expenditure (EE) in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Science were searched for clinical trials investigating the effect of GLP-1 or GLP-1RA on EE in adults. RESULTS Ten trials (93 participants) assessed the effect of GLP-1 administration over 1 to 48 h and found no change in resting EE (REE). Two out of three trials (62 participants) reported a significant decrease in diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) following GLP-1 administration. Ten trials with exenatide (10 μg bid, for 10-52 weeks) or liraglutide (0.6, 1.2, 1.8 or 3 mg, for 3 days-52 weeks), with a total of 282 participants, indicated a neutral effect of these GLP-1RA on REE, DIT or physical activity-induced EE. Importantly, the longest trial with GLP-1RA reported a significant increase in REE in response to treatment with both exenatide or liraglutide and most trials reported that GLP-1RA-induced weight loss was not accompanied by decreased REE. CONCLUSIONS This review indicates that GLP-1 has no short-term effect on REE but may decrease DIT. The GLP-1RA exenatide and liraglutide have a neutral effect on REE, although it is not possible to rule out an increase in REE following prolonged treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Garcia Maciel
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; Campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Teles Soares Beserra
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; Campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cerqueira Barroso Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; Campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina Martins Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; Campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Michella Soares Coelho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; Campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco de Assis Rocha Neves
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; Campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Angélica Amorim Amato
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; Campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil.
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Heinitz S, Piaggi P, Yang S, Bonfiglio S, Steel J, Krakoff J, Votruba SB. Response of skeletal muscle UCP2-expression during metabolic adaptation to caloric restriction. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:974-984. [PMID: 29777235 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Spendthrift vs. thrifty individuals expend more energy and experience greater weight loss during caloric restriction (CR). Adaptive mechanisms in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and on hormone level modulate energy expenditure (EE) during weight loss. Metabolic mechanisms underlying the variability in EE during CR are unclear. The present study explored whether during long-term CR (i) gene expression changes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue relate with the individual EE response and weight loss, and (ii) altered catecholamine and FGF21-concentrations are associated with measures of metabolic adaptation. SUBJECTS/METHODS In a 10-week inpatient study, 24-h EE was measured before and after 6 weeks of 50% CR in 12 subjects using whole-room indirect calorimetry. Weight loss was assessed and repeated hormone measurements performed. Muscle and adipose tissue biopsies were taken before and after CR, and gene expression was assessed (RNA-Seq). Genes showing the most significant changes after CR were tested for association with EE and followed-up for further association with metabolic measures in a separate phenotyping study (n = 103). RESULTS Muscle UCP2 showed the strongest change after CR (log2-fold change = -1.57, false discovery rate = 0.10) and was considered the best gene for exploration of metabolic adaptive processes. A greater decrease in UCP2-expression was associated with less weight loss (P = 0.03, r = 0.77) and relatively lower 24-h EE after CR (P = 0.001, r = -0.96). Post-CR changes in FGF21-plasma concentrations correlated with UCP2-expression change (P = 0.02, r = -0.89) and weight loss (P = 0.003, r = -0.83). In a separate metabolic phenotyping study, muscle UCP2-expression correlated with respiratory quotient and macronutrient oxidation. In adipose tissue, no candidate genes for metabolic exploration were found. CONCLUSIONS Changes in muscle UCP2-expression reflect an inter-individual metabolic response to long-term CR and may influence EE and weight loss via modulation of substrate oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Heinitz
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 North 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 North 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Susan Bonfiglio
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 North 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
| | - Jason Steel
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 North 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
| | - Susanne B Votruba
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 North 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA.
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Toledo FGS, Dubé JJ, Goodpaster BH, Stefanovic-Racic M, Coen PM, DeLany JP. Mitochondrial Respiration is Associated with Lower Energy Expenditure and Lower Aerobic Capacity in African American Women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:903-909. [PMID: 29687648 PMCID: PMC5918421 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reasons for the higher obesity prevalence in African American women (AAW) compared with Caucasian women (CW) are unknown. Energy expenditure and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2 max) are lower in AAW. It was hypothesized that these differences are explained by skeletal muscle characteristics, particularly mitochondrial content and function. METHODS Multivariate regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between energy expenditure (resting and during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) and VO2 max versus body composition, physical activity, and skeletal muscle mitochondrial measurements in AAW and CW. RESULTS In AAW, VO2 max was lower (P < 0.0001). Body-composition-adjusted energy expenditure during the clamp was lower in AAW (P < 0.002). Physical activity was similar in both groups. After adjusting for mitochondrial respiration, racial differences in energy expenditure and VO2 max were no longer present. Another novel finding was that a thermogenic response to the clamp was observed in CW (+53 ± 22 kcal/d; P < 0.03) but not in AAW (-19 ± 24 kcal/d; P = 0.43). CONCLUSIONS AAW and CW show differences in adjusted energy expenditure and aerobic capacity that are largely accounted for by differences in skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative characteristics. Further research is needed to determine whether lower mitochondrial respiration and lower thermogenesis are risk factors for obesity in AAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico G S Toledo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John J Dubé
- Department of Biology, School of Arts, Science, and Business, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Maja Stefanovic-Racic
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul M Coen
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - James P DeLany
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Heinitz S, Basolo A, Piaggi P, Piomelli D, Jumpertz von Schwartzenberg R, Krakoff J. Peripheral Endocannabinoids Associated With Energy Expenditure in Native Americans of Southwestern Heritage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:1077-1087. [PMID: 29300902 PMCID: PMC6276675 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), as well as the related acylethanolamide oleoylethanolamide (OEA), have been implicated in energy expenditure (EE) regulation and metabolic diseases. Muscle (fat-free mass) and fat (fat mass) are metabolically active compartments and main determinants of EE. OBJECTIVE To assess whether human muscle, adipose, and plasma endocannabinoids correlate with EE. DESIGN Muscle, adipose, and plasma AEA, 2-AG, and OEA concentrations were measured via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. EE was assessed by indirect whole-room calorimetry. SETTING Clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS Obese/overweight Native Americans of full (n = 35) and at least half (n = 21) Southwestern heritage. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Twenty-four-hour EE, sleeping EE (SLEEP), resting EE (REE), respiratory quotient (RQ), and macronutrient oxidation. RESULTS In full Natives, muscle AEA concentration correlated with SLEEP (r = -0.65, P = 0.004) and REE (r = -0.53, P = 0.02). Muscle 2-AG was associated with SLEEP (r = -0.75, P = 0.0003). Adipose OEA concentration correlated with RQ (r = -0.47, P = 0.04) and lipid oxidation (r = 0.51, P = 0.03). Plasma OEA concentration was associated with SLEEP (r = -0.52, P = 0.04). After adjustment for major determinants, these lipids explained nearly 20% of the additional variance of the respective measure. Similarly, in Native Americans of at least half Southwestern heritage, investigated lipids correlated with EE measures. CONCLUSION Endocannabinoids in metabolically relevant peripheral tissues explained a large part of EE variation and may be involved in regulating EE. Dysregulation of peripheral endocannabinoids may predispose people to metabolic diseases via an effect on EE and lipid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Heinitz
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and
Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases,
Phoenix, Arizona
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Sascha Heinitz, MD, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix
Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive
and Kidney Diseases, 4212 North 16th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85016. E-mail:
;
| | - Alessio Basolo
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and
Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases,
Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and
Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases,
Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine,
California
| | - Reiner Jumpertz von Schwartzenberg
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic
Diseases, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and
Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases,
Phoenix, Arizona
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Drabsch T, Holzapfel C, Stecher L, Petzold J, Skurk T, Hauner H. Associations Between C-Reactive Protein, Insulin Sensitivity, and Resting Metabolic Rate in Adults: A Mediator Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:556. [PMID: 30294302 PMCID: PMC6158372 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Long-term positive energy balance promotes the development of obesity, a main risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). While an association between increased resting metabolic rate (RMR) and insulin sensitivity (IS) was shown previously, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Aim of the mediator analysis was to investigate the role of inflammation within the association between RMR and IS. Methods: Anthropometric, clinical, and lifestyle data were collected according to standard operating procedures. RMR was measured using indirect calorimetry. Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used as an IS parameter and C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured to represent the inflammatory status. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. Results: The analysis included 782 adults (517 females) with a mean age of 32.4 ± 12.0 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 24.6 ± 5.2 kg/m2. Regression analysis indicated a significant evidence for associations between RMR and HOMA-IR (ß = 39.3 ± 7.3 kcal/d; p ≤ 0.001) and CRP and HOMA-IR (ß = 0.5 ± 0.1; p ≤ 0.001) after adjustment for fat-free mass, sex, age, and study site. Results of the mediator analysis did not support the hypothesis that CRP is a mediator for the association between RMR and HOMA-IR. These results did not change after participant stratification according to sex or BMI. Conclusion: A significant evidence for an association between RMR and IS was shown in a large cohort. However, the inflammatory status, determined via CRP levels, was not a mediator within this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Drabsch
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Holzapfel
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christina Holzapfel
| | - Lynne Stecher
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Petzold
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Chair for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Piaggi P, Vinales KL, Basolo A, Santini F, Krakoff J. Energy expenditure in the etiology of human obesity: spendthrift and thrifty metabolic phenotypes and energy-sensing mechanisms. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:83-89. [PMID: 28741280 PMCID: PMC5756119 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of human obesity is the result of dysregulation of the reciprocal relationship between food intake and energy expenditure (EE), which influences daily energy balance and ultimately leads to weight gain. According to principles of energy homeostasis, a relatively lower EE in a setting of energy balance may lead to weight gain; however, results from different study groups are contradictory and indicate a complex interaction between EE and food intake which may differentially influence weight change in humans. Recently, studies evaluating the adaptive response of one component to perturbations of the other component of energy balance have revealed both the existence of differing metabolic phenotypes ("spendthrift" and "thrifty") resulting from overeating or underfeeding, as well as energy-sensing mechanisms linking EE to food intake, which might explain the propensity of an individual to weight gain. The purpose of this review is to debate the role that human EE plays on body weight regulation and to discuss the physiologic mechanisms linking EE and food intake. An increased understanding of the complex interplay between human metabolism and food consumption may provide insight into pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying weight gain, which may eventually lead to prevention and better treatment of human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4212 North 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA.
- Endocrinology Unit, Obesity Research Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - K L Vinales
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4212 North 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
| | - A Basolo
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4212 North 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
- Endocrinology Unit, Obesity Research Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Santini
- Endocrinology Unit, Obesity Research Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - J Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4212 North 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
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Nyenwe EA, Ogwo CC, Owei I, Wan JY, Dagogo-Jack S. Parental history of type 2 diabetes is associated with lower resting energy expenditure in normoglycemic subjects. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2018; 6:e000511. [PMID: 29892337 PMCID: PMC5992470 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2018-000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resting energy expenditure (REE) is linked to obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). REE and T2DM are inherited traits. Therefore, we investigated the effect of parental T2DM on REE in normoglycemic subjects. METHODS Eighty-seven subjects with parental T2DM and 83 subjects without parental T2DM were matched in age, gender, race, BMI, weight and waist circumference. Subjects underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test; REE was determined by indirect calorimetry and body composition was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test, analysis of variance and regression analysis. RESULTS The mean age was 38.8±11.3 years, 57% were females and 53% were African-Americans. The mean BMI was 28.5±6.1 kg/m2, waist circumference 91.8±15.1 cm, weight 83.9±20.3 kg, fat mass 31.0%±10.0%, mean fat-free mass (FFM) 54.4±12.9 kg. REE was significantly lower in subjects with parental diabetes, normalized REE 1364.4±263.4Kcal/day vs 1489.4±323.2 Kcal/day, p=0.006 and 29.2±5.3Kcal/kg FFM/day vs 31.9±6.0 Kcal/kg FFM/day, p=0.002. African-Americans had a lower REE compared with Caucasians 28.6±5.4Kcal/kg FFM/day vs 32.6±5.5 Kcal/kg FFM/day, p<0.0001. In a multiple regression model, ethnicity (p<0.0001), parental history of T2DM (p=0.006) and FFM (p=0.021) were independent predictors of REE. CONCLUSION Compared with subjects without parental diabetes, offspring with parental T2DM had lower REE, which was more pronounced in African-Americans. This metabolic alteration could increase the risk of obesity, insulin resistance and dysglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer A Nyenwe
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cherechi C Ogwo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ibiye Owei
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jim Y Wan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Samuel Dagogo-Jack
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Monda V, Salerno M, Fiorenzo M, Villano I, Viggiano A, Sessa F, Triggiani AI, Cibelli G, Valenzano A, Marsala G, Zammit C, Ruberto M, Messina G, Monda M, De Luca V, Messina A. Role of Sex Hormones in the Control of Vegetative and Metabolic Functions of Middle-Aged Women. Front Physiol 2017; 8:773. [PMID: 29046646 PMCID: PMC5632804 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: In women's life, menopause is characterized by significant physiological changes often associated with an increase in body mass and obesity-associated sicknesses. Numerous researches described interdependencies of estrogen deficiency, aging, and resting energy expenditure (REE) downfall in the obesity correlated with the menopause. The aim of this study was to determining whether healthy, obese menopausal women underwent HRT treatment, showed changes in their REE, autonomic asset, and assessment of oxidative stress in comparison with obese pre- and post-menopausal women. Methodology: In this study, we measured the body composition, the REE, the oxidative stress, the diet assimilation, and the autonomic nervous system activity in three groups: pre-menopause women (n = 50), post-menopause women following hormone-replacement therapy (HRT; n = 50), and post-menopause women not following HRT (n = 50). Results: In the group with HRT a significant increase of the sympathetic activity and REE was described. Finally this group showed a notable increment of oxidative stress compared with the others, and utilizing BIA instrument, the free fat mass was increased respect to the fat mass of obese women. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of the HRT-related physiological changes that influence body weight in menopause women. This results are important because have a practical implications for prevention and/or treatment of the obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Moscatelli Fiorenzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio I Triggiani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marsala
- Struttura Complessa di Farmacia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Foggia, Italy
| | - Christian Zammit
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Maria Ruberto
- Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR), a nutritional intervention of reduced energy intake but with adequate nutrition, has been shown to extend healthspan and lifespan in rodent and primate models. Accumulating data from observational and randomized clinical trials indicate that CR in humans results in some of the same metabolic and molecular adaptations that have been shown to improve health and retard the accumulation of molecular damage in animal models of longevity. In particular, moderate CR in humans ameliorates multiple metabolic and hormonal factors that are implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, the leading causes of morbidity, disability and mortality. In this paper, we will discuss the effects of CR in non-obese humans on these physiological parameters. Special emphasis is committed to recent clinical intervention trials that have investigated the feasibility and effects of CR in young and middle-aged men and women on parameters of energy metabolism and metabolic risk factors of age-associated disease in great detail. Additionally, data from individuals who are either naturally exposed to CR or those who are self-practicing this dietary intervention allows us to speculate on longer-term effects of more severe CR in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Most
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Women's Health, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Valeria Tosti
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Women's Health, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University Medical School, Brescia, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy.
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Heinitz S, Piaggi P, Vinales KL, Basolo A, Spranger J, Piomelli D, Krakoff J, Jumpertz von Schwartzenberg R. Specific skeletal muscle sphingolipid compounds in energy expenditure regulation and weight gain in Native Americans of Southwestern heritage. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1585-93. [PMID: 28607453 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES In animal models, a role in the regulation of energy expenditure (EE) has been ascribed to sphingolipids, active components of cell membranes participating in cellular signaling. In humans, it is unknown whether sphingolipids have a role in the modulation of EE and, consequently, influence weight gain. The present study investigated the putative association of EE and weight gain with sphingolipid levels in the human skeletal muscle, a component of fat-free mass (the strongest determinant of EE), in adipose tissue and plasma. SUBJECTS/METHODS Twenty-four-hour EE, sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were assessed in 35 healthy Native Americans of Southwestern heritage (24 male; 30.2±7.73 years). Sphingolipid (ceramide, C; sphingomyelin, SM) concentrations were measured in skeletal muscle tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue and plasma samples. After 6.68 years (0.26-12.4 years), follow-up weights were determined in 16 participants (4 females). RESULTS Concentrations of C24:0, SM18:1/26:1 and SM18:0/24:1 in muscle were associated with 24-h EE (r=-0.47, P=0.01), SMR (r=-0.59, P=0.0008) and RMR (r=-0.44, P=0.01), respectively. Certain muscle sphingomyelins also predicted weight gain (for example, SM18:1/23:1, r=0.74, P=0.004). For specific muscle sphingomyelins that correlated with weight gain and EE (SM18:1/23:0, SM18:1/23:1 and SMR, r=-0.51, r=-0.41, respectively, all P<0.03; SM18:1/24:2 and RMR, r=-0.36, P=0.03), associations could be reproduced with SMR in adipose tissue (all r<-0.46, all P<0.04), though not in plasma. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary, novel evidence, that specific muscle and adipose tissue sphingolipid compounds are associated with EE and weight gain in Native Americans of Southwestern heritage. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether sphingolipids of different body compartments act in concert to modulate energy balance in humans.
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Chang DC, Piaggi P, Krakoff J. A Novel Approach to Predict 24-Hour Energy Expenditure Based on Hematologic Volumes: Development and Validation of Models Comparable to Mifflin-St Jeor and Body Composition Models. J Acad Nutr Diet 2017; 117:1177-1187. [PMID: 28571655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate prediction of 24-hour energy expenditure (24EE) relies on knowing body composition, in particular fat-free mass (FFM), the largest determinant of 24EE. FFM is closely correlated with hematologic volumes: blood volume (BV), red cell mass (RCM), and plasma volume (PV). However, it is unknown whether predicted hematologic volumes, based on easily collected variables, can improve 24EE prediction. OBJECTIVE The aim was to develop and validate equations to predict 24EE based on predicted BV, RCM, and PV and to compare the accuracy and agreement with models developed from FFM and with the Mifflin-St Jeor equation, which is recommended for clinical use by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. DESIGN Participants had body composition measured by underwater weighing and 24EE by respiratory chamber. BV, RCM, and PV were calculated from five published equations. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Native American and white men and women were studied (n=351). Participants were healthy adults aged 18 to 49 years from the Phoenix, AZ, metropolitan area. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Accuracy to within ±10% of measured 24EE and agreement by Bland-Altman analysis. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Regression models to predict 24EE from hematologic and body composition variables were developed in half the dataset and validated in the other half. RESULTS Hematologic volumes were all strongly correlated with FFM in both men and women (r≥0.94). Whereas the accuracy of FFM alone was 69%, four hematologic volumes were individually more accurate (75% to 78%) in predicting 24EE. Equations based on hematologic volumes plus demographics had mean prediction errors comparable to those based on body composition plus demographics; although the Mifflin-St Jeor had modestly better mean prediction error, body composition, hematologic, and Mifflin-St Jeor models all had similar accuracy (approximately 80%). CONCLUSIONS Prediction equations based on hematologic volumes were developed, validated, and found to be comparable to Mifflin-St Jeor and body composition models in this population of healthy adults.
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Hirsch KR, Smith-Ryan AE, Blue MNM, Mock MG, Trexler ET. Influence of segmental body composition and adiposity hormones on resting metabolic rate and substrate utilization in overweight and obese adults. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:635-643. [PMID: 28211029 PMCID: PMC5444984 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low resting metabolic rate (RMR) and high carbohydrate reliance at rest are associated with weight gain, but are highly variable in obese individuals. This study determined the relationship of total and segmental body composition and adiposity hormones with RMR and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in overweight and obese adults. METHODS In 49 men (n = 23) and premenopausal women (n = 26) [mean ± SD; age = 35.0 ± 8.9 years; body mass index (BMI) = 33.6 ± 5.2 kg·m-2; percent body fat (%fat) = 40.0 ± 8.0%], RMR and RER were evaluated using indirect calorimetry. Total and segmental body composition [fat mass (FM), percent fat (%fat), lean mass (LM), visceral adipose tissue (VAT)] were estimated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fasted blood and saliva samples were analyzed for insulin, leptin, estradiol, and cortisol. RESULTS In men (M) and women (W), RMR significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with FM (M: R = 0.535; W: R = 0.784) and LM (M: R = 0.645; W: R = 0.867). Of the segmental measures, trunk LM (M: R = 0.593; W: R = 0.879; p < 0.05) and leg LM (M: R = 0.664; W: R = 0.821; p < 0.05) had the strongest correlations with RMR. In men, but not women, RER significantly correlated with FM (R = 0.449; p = 0.032), trunk FM (R = 0.501; p = 0.015), and VAT (R = 0.456; p = 0.029). In men, RMR positively correlated with cortisol (R = 0.430, p = 0.040) and estradiol (R = 0.649, p = 0.001) and RER positively correlated with insulin (R = 0.525, p = 0.010). In women, RMR positively correlated with insulin (R = 0.570, p = 0.006), but RER was not significantly correlated with hormones (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Segmental evaluation of body composition, specifically in the lower extremities and abdomen, may be an effective and efficient way to evaluate metabolic status. Sex-specific evaluations are also imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Hirsch
- Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8700, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8700, USA.
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - M N M Blue
- Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8700, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M G Mock
- Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8700, USA
| | - E T Trexler
- Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8700, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Pallubinsky H, Schellen L, Kingma BRM, Dautzenberg B, van Baak MA, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Thermophysiological adaptations to passive mild heat acclimation. Temperature (Austin) 2017; 4:176-186. [PMID: 28680933 PMCID: PMC5489020 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1303562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive mild heat acclimation (PMHA) reflects realistic temperature challenges encountered in everyday life. Active heat acclimation, combining heat exposure and exercise, influences several important thermophysiological parameters; for example, it decreases core temperature and enhances heat exchange via the skin. However, it is unclear whether PMHA elicits comparable adaptations. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of PMHA on thermophysiological parameters. Participants were exposed to slightly increased temperatures (∼33°C/22% RH) for 6 h/d over 7 consecutive days. To study physiologic responses before and after PMHA, participants underwent a temperature ramp (UP), where ambient temperature increased from a thermoneutral value (28.8 ± 0.3°C) to 37.5 ± 0.6°C. During UP, core and skin temperature, water loss, cardiovascular parameters, skin blood flow and energy expenditure were measured. Three intervals were selected to compare data before and after PMHA: baseline (minutes 30–55: 28.44 ± 0.21°C), T1 (minutes 105–115: 33.29 ± 0.4°C) and T2 (minutes 130–140: 35.68 ± 0.61°C). After 7 d of PMHA, core (T1: −0.13 ± 0.13°C, P = 0.011; T2: −0.14 ± 0.15°C, P = 0.026) and proximal skin temperature (T1: −0.22 ± 0.29°C, P = 0.029) were lower during UP, whereas distal skin temperature was higher in a thermoneutral state (baseline: +0.74 ± 0.77°C, P = 0.009) and during UP (T1: +0.49 ± 0.76°C, P = .057 (not significant), T2:+0.51 ± 0.63°C, P = .022). Moreover, water loss was reduced (−30.5 ± 33.3 ml, P = 0.012) and both systolic (−7.7 ± 7.7 mmHg, P = 0.015) and diastolic (−4.4 ± 4.8 mmHg, P = 0.001) blood pressures were lowered in a thermoneutral state. During UP, only systolic blood pressure was decreased (T2: −6.1 ± 4.4 mmHg, P = 0.003). Skin blood flow was significantly decreased at T1 (−28.35 ± 38.96%, P = 0.037), yet energy expenditure remained unchanged. In conclusion, despite the mild heat stimulus, we show that PMHA induces distinct thermophysiological adaptations leading to increased resilience to heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pallubinsky
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - L Schellen
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.,School of Built Environment and Infrastructure, Avans University of Applied Sciences, the Netherlands
| | - B R M Kingma
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - B Dautzenberg
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - M A van Baak
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
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Frankl J, Piaggi P, Foley JE, Krakoff J, Votruba SB. In Vitro lipolysis is associated with whole-body lipid oxidation and weight gain in humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:207-214. [PMID: 27868388 PMCID: PMC5182107 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association of adipocyte size with cellular lipolysis and between cellular lipolysis and whole-body lipid oxidation. This study also assessed the association between adipocyte size and cellular lipolysis with weight and fat mass gain. METHODS Subjects had assessment of percent body fat (%fat) and adipose tissue biopsy for in vitro lipolysis (n = 325), and a subset of subjects had measurement of whole-body lipid oxidation (n = 112). A subset of subjects (n = 243) returned for repeated measurements of body weight and composition (mean follow-up 8.2 ± 5.5 years). RESULTS In vitro lipolysis (r = 0.47, P < 0.0001) and adipocyte size (r = 0.49, P < 0.0001) were strongly associated with %fat. In vitro lipolysis (P = 0.04) but not adipocyte size (P = 0.44) was associated with whole-body fat oxidation. Adipocyte size was not associated with rate of percent weight gain (P = 0.20) but was negatively associated with rate of percent fat mass gain (P = 0.01). In vitro lipolysis was negatively associated with rate of percent weight gain (P = 0.02) and had a marginal negative association with rate of percent fat mass gain (P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate inherent characteristics of adipocytes, including size and lipolytic activity, may be important determinants of whole-body lipid oxidation and subsequent weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Frankl
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - James E Foley
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Traditional evaluations of metabolic health may overlook underlying dysfunction in individuals who show no signs of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia. The purpose of this study was to characterize metabolic health in overweight and obese adults using traditional and non-traditional cardiometabolic variables. A secondary purpose was to evaluate differences between overweight/obese and male/female cohorts, respectively. METHODS Forty-nine overweight and obese adults (Mean ± SD; Age = 35.0 ± 8.9 yrs; Body mass index = 33.6 ± 5.2 kg·m-2; Percent body fat [%fat] = 36.7 ± 7.9%) were characterized. Body composition (fat mass [FM], lean mass [LM], %fat) was calculated using a 4-compartment model; visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was quantified using B-mode ultrasound. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were evaluated using indirect calorimetry. Fasted blood and saliva samples were analyzed for total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), triglycerides (TRG), glucose (GLUC), insulin, leptin, estradiol, and cortisol. RESULTS The prevalence of individuals with two or more cardiometabolic risk factors increased from 13%, using traditional risk factors (GLUC, TRG, HDL), to 80% when non-traditional metabolic factors (VAT, LM, RMR, RER, TC, LDL, HOMA-IR) were considered. Between overweight/obese, there were no significant differences in %fat (p = 0.152), VAT (p = 0.959), RER (p = 0.493), lipids/GLUC (p > 0.05), insulin (p = 0.143), leptin (p = 0.053), or cortisol (p = 0.063); obese had higher FM, LM, RMR, and estradiol (p < 0.01). Males had greater LM, RMR, and TRG (p < 0.01); females had greater %fat, and leptin (p < 0.001). There were no significant sex differences in RER, estradiol, insulin, or cortisol (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Evaluating metabolic health beyond BMI and traditional cardiometabolic risk factors can give significant insights into metabolic status. Due to high variability in metabolic health in overweight and obese adults and inherent sex differences, implementation of body composition and visceral fat measures in the clinical setting can improve early identification and approaches to disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R. Hirsch
- Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Malia N.M. Blue
- Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Meredith G. Mock
- Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Eric T. Trexler
- Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kristin S. Ondrak
- Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Some previous studies have indicated that a low basal metabolic rate (BMR) is an independent predictor of future weight gain, but low rates of follow-up and highly select populations may limit the ability to generalize the results. OBJECTIVE We assessed whether adults with a low BMR gain more weight than do adults with a high BMR who are living in a typical Western environment. DESIGN We extracted BMR, body-composition, demographic, and laboratory data from electronic databases of 757 volunteers who were participating in our research protocols at the Mayo Clinic between 1995 and 2012. Research study volunteers were always weight stable, had no acute illnesses and no confounding medication use, and were nonsmokers. The top and bottom 15th percentiles of BMR, adjusted for fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass, age, and sex, were identified. Follow-up electronic medical record system data were available for 163 subjects, which allowed us to determine their subsequent weight changes for ≥3 y (mean: ∼9.7 y). RESULTS By definition, the BMR was different in the high-BMR group (2001 ± 317 kcal/d; n = 86) than in the low-BMR group (1510 ± 222 kcal/d; n = 77), but they were comparable with respect to age, body mass index, FFM, and fat mass. Rates of weight gain were not greater in the bottom BMR group (0.3 ± 1.0 kg/y) than in the top BMR group (0.5 ± 1.5 kg/y) (P = 0.17). CONCLUSION Adults with low BMRs did not gain more weight than did adults with high BMRs, implying that habitual differences in food intake or activity counterbalance variations in BMR as a risk factor for weight gain in a typical Western population.
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Abstract
Background Obesity is a consequence of chronic energy imbalance. We need accurate and precise measurements of energy intake and expenditure, as well as the related behaviors, to fully understand how energy homeostasis is regulated in order to develop interventions and evaluate their effectiveness to combat the global obesity epidemic. Scope of review We provide an in-depth review of the methodologies currently used to measure energy intake and expenditure in humans, including their principles, advantages, and limitations in the clinical research setting. The aim is to provide researchers with a comprehensive guide to conduct obesity research of the highest possible quality. Major conclusions An array of methodologies is available to measure various aspects of energy metabolism and none is perfect under all circumstances. The choice of methods should be specific to particular research questions with practicality and quality of data the priorities for consideration. A combination of complementary measurements may be preferable. There is an imperative need to develop new methodologies to improve the accuracy and precision of energy intake assessments. Image-based technology is a significant step to improve energy intake measurement. Physical activity informs patterns but not absolute energy expenditure. Combining complementary measurements overcomes shortfalls of individual methods.
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