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La Marra M, Messina A, Ilardi CR, Verde G, Amato R, Esposito N, Troise S, Orlando A, Messina G, Monda V, Di Maio G, Villano I. The Neglected Factor in the Relationship between Executive Functioning and Obesity: The Role of Motor Control. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10091775. [PMID: 36141387 PMCID: PMC9498752 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The association between obesity and executive functions (EFs) is highly controversial. It has been suggested that waist circumference (WC), compared to body mass index (BMI), is a better indicator of fat mass and EFs in obesity. Moreover, according to the viewpoint that the brain’s functional architecture meets the need for interactive behavior, we hypothesize that the relationship between EFs and body weight might be mediated by the motor performance. Methods: General executive functioning (frontal assessment battery-15), additional cognitive subdomains (trail making test and digit span backward), and motor performance (finger tapping task) were assessed in a sample that included 330 volunteers (192 females, M age = 45.98 years, SD = 17.70, range = 18–86 years). Results: Hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that the FAB15 score and FTT negatively predicted WC but not BMI. A subsequent mediation analysis highlighted that the indirect effect of FAB15 on WC through finger tapping was statistically significant. Conclusions: Our results suggest that WC, as compared to BMI, is a more effective measure for studying the association between EFs and body weight. Still, we found that the motor domain partially mediates the dynamics of such a relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco La Marra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Rosario Ilardi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Verde
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Amato
- Neurological Unit, CTO Hospital, AORN “Ospedali dei Colli”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Esposito
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Troise
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Orlando
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Girolamo Di Maio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Dysmetabolism and Neurodegeneration: Trick or Treat? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071425. [PMID: 35406040 PMCID: PMC9003269 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests the existence of a strong link between metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration. Indeed, epidemiologic studies have described solid associations between metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration, whereas animal models contributed for the clarification of the mechanistic underlying the complex relationships between these conditions, having the development of an insulin resistance state a pivotal role in this relationship. Herein, we review in a concise manner the association between metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration. We start by providing concepts regarding the role of insulin and insulin signaling pathways as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms that are in the genesis of metabolic diseases. Then, we focus on the role of insulin in the brain, with special attention to its function in the regulation of brain glucose metabolism, feeding, and cognition. Moreover, we extensively report on the association between neurodegeneration and metabolic diseases, with a particular emphasis on the evidence observed in animal models of dysmetabolism induced by hypercaloric diets. We also debate on strategies to prevent and/or delay neurodegeneration through the normalization of whole-body glucose homeostasis, particularly via the modulation of the carotid bodies, organs known to be key in connecting the periphery with the brain.
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Longitudinal Effects of Excessive Weight and Obesity on Academic Performance of Primary School Boys in Different Socio-Economic Statuses: The NW-CHILD Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18178891. [PMID: 34501481 PMCID: PMC8431407 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18178891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity affects millions of children worldwide and can often impact their academic performance. This longitudinal study, conducted over seven years, determines the effects of excessive weight and obesity on the academic performance of primary school boys, taking into account their socio-economic status (SES). The study forms part of a seven-year (2010–2016) longitudinal study, the North-West Child-Health-Integrated-Learning and Development (NW-CHILD) study, which includes a baseline measurement and two follow-up measurements of the 181 participants from varying areas in the North West Province. Two-way frequency tables, repeated measure ANOVA’s and Spearman rank order correlations were used to analyze the data. The Body Mass Index (BMI) of the participants reported an increase from 2010–2016. Nearly all of the school subjects reported small to large correlations between BMI and academic performance (r ≥ 0.1 and r ≥ 0.3), except for Afrikaans in 2013 (r = −0.06). Only two subjects (English and Language as tested with the ANA test) reported medium effects (r ≥ 0.3), whereas the other subjects only reported small effects (r ≥ 0.1). No statistically significant relationships (p ≥ 0.05) were observed between the BMI values and academic subjects, however SES and school subject scores reported several statistically significant relationships, especially regarding Language (English and First Additional Language) and Mathematics (p = 0.02). Overweight and obese primary school boys in the North West Province of South Africa reported a higher academic performance in comparison to boys of a normal weight, even when SES was taken into consideration. Further studies are recommended to verify current findings regarding weight, obesity and academic performance.
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Association of Family Nutrition and Physical Activity with Preschooler's Working Memory: A Cross-Sectional Study among Mexican Children. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8060506. [PMID: 34203778 PMCID: PMC8232659 DOI: 10.3390/children8060506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Healthy eating and active lifestyles are associated with children’s healthy weight and cognitive development. This study examines whether family behaviors relevant for nutrition and activity levels are associated with children’s working memory, independent of their weight status. A convenience sample of child–caregiver dyads (n = 85 dyads) were recruited from a public preschool serving a low-income community in central Mexico. Caregivers reported the frequency of ten family behaviors using the Family Nutrition and Physical Activity screening tool. Children completed a test of their ability to recall four words after a 60-s distraction task, an assessment of working memory. Multiple linear regression models were used to test the association of children’s working memory with each family behavior, adjusting for children’s sex, age, mother’s age and education, and subjective social status and then also adjusting for children’s age- and sex-specific body mass index percentile (BMI-P) and covariates. Higher frequency of breakfast intake was significantly associated with working memory (β = 0.57, p = 0.013). This association was independent of children’s BMI-P. Other family behaviors (frequent family mealtimes, limiting screen time, and others) were not significantly associated with children’s working memory. Frequent breakfast intake could benefit young children’s working memory, regardless of their weight status. This association merits further investigation.
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Caamaño-Navarrete F, Latorre-Román PÁ, Párraga-Montilla JA, Álvarez C, Delgado-Floody P. Association between Creativity and Memory with Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Lifestyle among Chilean Schoolchildren. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061799. [PMID: 34070541 PMCID: PMC8227713 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to investigate the association between creativity and memory with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF; i.e., CFR classification and V˙O2max); lifestyle parameters (i.e., physical activity (PA), sleep duration, screen time (ST), and food habits); and anthropometric measures (i.e., body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC)) among Chilean schoolchildren. A total of 248 schoolchildren (137 boys, 111 girls, 11.80 ± 1.17 and 11.58 ± 1.09 years, respectively) participated in the cross-sectional study. Creativity, memory, concentration, and selective attention and lifestyle (PA, ST, sleep duration, and Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence) were measured using a standard questionnaire. CRF (measured by the 20 m shuttle run test and expressed as maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) and anthropometric measures (BMI and WC) were also included. Creativity showed a positive association with V˙O2max (mL/kg/min) (β; 0.209, 95% CI; 0.02-0.40, p = p < 0.05) and MD Adherence (score) (β; 0.206, 95% CI; 0.01; 0.74, p = p < 0.05). Long-term memory reported a positive association with CRF (β; 1.076, 95% CI; 0.02-2.13, p = p < 0.05). An increase in CRF levels, together with healthy food habits and normal nutritional status, should be a target for community- and school-based interventions to promote cognitive development in creativity and memory among schoolchildren.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Á. Latorre-Román
- Department of Didactics of Music, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.Á.L.-R.); (J.A.P.-M.)
| | - Juan A. Párraga-Montilla
- Department of Didactics of Music, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.Á.L.-R.); (J.A.P.-M.)
| | - Cristian Álvarez
- Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group API4, Laboratory of Human Performance, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile;
| | - Pedro Delgado-Floody
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 478000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-962489239
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Wei X, Hu J, Yang L, Gao M, Li L, Ding N, Ma Y, Wen D. Bidirectional association of neurodevelopment with growth: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:203. [PMID: 33910531 PMCID: PMC8080371 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to use the cross-lagged model and utilize data from the Born in Shenyang Cohort Study to characterize the bidirectional associations of the term-born infants' neurodevelopment in five domains and physical growth in early life. METHOD This study consists of 688 mother-child dyads from the Born in Shenyang Cohort Study. Infants' anthropometric (weight and length) and development in neurological outcomes (Gesell Development Scale) were measured at the age of 6 and 12 months. Cross-lagged analyses and multiple linear regression analyses were used to explore the longitudinal relationships in both directions. RESULTS In terms of longitudinal studies, the inverse associations between infants' two skills (gross motor and social behavior) at the age of 6 months with BMI Z -scores at the age of 12 months (gross motor: aβ = - 0.20, 95% CI: - 0.31 to- 0.09; social behavior: aβ = - 0.23, 95% CI: - 0.33 to- 0.13) were found. Conversely, a higher infant Z -scored BMI at the age of 6 months predicted a lower gross motor at the age of 12 months (aβ = - 0.08, 95% CI: - 0.12 to- 0.04). In cross-lagged analyses, an adverse association in both directions between gross motor and Z -scored BMI was observed. CONCLUSION We found bidirectional relationships between infants' neurodevelopment of gross motor with physical growth and suggested the term-born infants, who are on the edge of the developmental danger, should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wei
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning P.R. China
| | - Jiajin Hu
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning P.R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenyang Women and Children Health Care Centre, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Ming Gao
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning P.R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Developmental Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Ning Ding
- Curriculum and Teaching Research Office, Research Center of Medical Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Yanan Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning China
| | - Deliang Wen
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning P.R. China
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Secular Changes in Body Build and Body Composition in Czech Preschool Children in the Context of Latent Obesity. CHILDREN-BASEL 2020; 8:children8010018. [PMID: 33396305 PMCID: PMC7823761 DOI: 10.3390/children8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Changes in lifestyle can be significantly reflected in growth and development. Adaptations to reduced levels of physical activity, together with non-corresponding nutritional intakes, can result in body build and body composition changes at an early age. The present cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the secular trend of modifications of body composition and body mass index (BMI) in Czech preschoolers over the last two to three decades. Boys and girls (386 boys and 372 girls) aged 4 to 6 years in 2014–2019 were measured. Outcome data were compared with the reference sample of preschoolers from 1990: 911 boys and 896 girls. Body height, BMI, and percentage of body fat, muscle, and bone mass were evaluated. Height and BMI have not changed. Body fat increased in both genders (p < 0.01), and contrarily, a significant reduction of muscle and skeletal mass was revealed (p < 0.001). Significant changes in body composition and unchanged BMI indicate the development of latent obesity during the last few decades. Due to latent obesity in a recent cohort, the differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity markers according to BMI and fat percentage were tested. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher by 7.2% in boys, and by 6.5% in girls, as compared to children evaluated according to only their BMI results. Secular changes in preschoolers’ physical builds over the last 25 years are not reflected in body height and BMI, but in body composition. Insufficient development of active, lean body mass proportionally compensated by increased fat mass was also indicated.
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Odar Stough C, Garr K, Singh Khalsa A, Combs A, Copeland KA. Longitudinal examination of weight-for-length and developmental screening results in infancy and toddlerhood. CHILDRENS HEALTH CARE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/02739615.2020.1848569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katlyn Garr
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amrik Singh Khalsa
- Division of Primary Care Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Angela Combs
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kristen A. Copeland
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Zacks B, Confroy K, Frino S, Skelton JA. Delayed motor skills associated with pediatric obesity. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020; 15:1-9. [PMID: 33268277 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature regarding associations between developmental motor delay (DMD) and pediatric obesity. We hope to identify potential interventions that can improve motor coordination at an early age, thereby minimizing the deterring factors of physical activity down the road. DESIGN An integrative review was undertaken using search combinations to best identify potential publications. Manuscripts were reviewed, summarized, and discussed in detail. An experienced clinician in pediatric obesity reviewed the final searches for substantive content. CRITERIA Inclusion criteria include English language studies or publications, children ≤18 years old, publication/study relates to DMD and pediatric obesity. Excluded publications regarded topics of pediatric obesity that have been extensively studied such as maternal and family histories of obesity, isolated nutritional or physical interventions to improve obesity without discussion of DMD. RESULTS 21 publications were included for review. Papers fell into three main categories regarding the association between pediatric obesity and DMD: 1) Motor function - negative association with motor function and obesity 2) Motor Development - lower levels of motor function are associated with decreased levels of exercise, and 3) Role of Intervention - specific physical activity intervention showed improvements in motor function. CONCLUSIONS Motor function deficits appear to be associated with obesity. However, it is not well understood if children with obesity have delayed motor skills as a consequence of their weight or if the DMD is a risk factor for the development of obesity; existing studies do not provide an answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zacks
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Kristen Confroy
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Sherry Frino
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Brenner FIT (Families In Training) Program, Brenner Children's Hospital, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Joseph A Skelton
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Brenner FIT (Families In Training) Program, Brenner Children's Hospital, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
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Önen S, Budak E, Taymur İ, Çaycı HM, Dilektaşlı E. Changes in Visual Cognitive Skills After Weight Loss Surgery in Women. Bariatr Surg Pract Patient Care 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/bari.2019.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sinay Önen
- Department of Psychiatry, Bursa Yüksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ersin Budak
- Department of Psychology, and Bursa Yüksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Taymur
- Department of Psychiatry, Bursa Yüksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Hacı Murat Çaycı
- Department of General Surgery, Bursa Yüksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Evren Dilektaşlı
- Department of General Surgery, Bursa Yüksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
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Exclusive Breastfeeding Predicts Higher Hearing-Language Development in Girls of Preschool Age. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082320. [PMID: 32748851 PMCID: PMC7468998 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive disorders are increasing in prevalence. Nutritional or metabolic stressors during early life, and female sex, are predisposing conditions towards the development of cognitive diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. Though there is evidence that breastfeeding may play a beneficial role in children’s neurocognitive development, the literature remains controversial. In this study we aimed at assessing the association between exclusive breastfeeding and children’s cognitive development from six months to five years of age, addressing sex differences. In 80 mother-child pairs from the Pisa birth cohort (PISAC), we measured cognitive development in groups of children of 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 60 months by Griffiths Mental Development Scales, parents’ intelligence quotient (IQ) by Raven’s progressive matrices, and maternal and infants’ anthropometric parameters. We found that exclusive breastfeeding was associated with higher hearing-language development in five years old girls, independent of maternal IQ, age and BMI (body mass index). Exclusive breastfeeding in the first three months of life seemed sufficient to establish this positive relationship. In conclusion, our data indicate that exclusive breastfeeding is a positive predictor of cognitive development in preschool-age girls, paving the way for the implementation of sex-specific cognitive disease risk detection and prevention strategies from early life. Further studies are warranted to explore causality and longer term effects.
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Season of birth and sugary beverages are predictors of Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices Scores in adolescents. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6145. [PMID: 32273542 PMCID: PMC7145867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate factors associated with cognitive functioning in healthy adolescents, a school-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 1370 adolescents aged 11–16 years that were randomly selected from all governorates of Kuwait. Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM), a non-verbal test of intelligence, was used to measure cognitive functioning of the study participants. Data on predictors of cognitive functioning were collected from parents and adolescents. Weight and height of the participants were measured in a standardized manner and blood samples were tested in an accredited laboratory under strict measures of quality control. In multivariable linear regression analysis, factors that showed significant association with the SPM score were gender (p = 0.002), season of birth (p = 0.009), place of residence (p < 0.001), father’s (p < 0.001) and mother’s (p = 0.025) educational level, type of housing (p < 0.001), passive smoking at home (p = 0.031), sleeping hours during weekends (p = 0.017), students’ educational level (p < 0.001) and the frequency of consumption of sugary drinks (p < 0.001). The link between cognitive functioning and season of birth seems to be robust in various geographical locations including the Middle East. The association between sugary drinks and cognitive functioning highlights the importance of diet independently of obesity and support efforts to reduce consumption of sugary drinks among children.
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Brouwer SI, Stolk RP, Bartels M, van Beijsterveld TC, Boomsma DI, Corpeleijn E. Infant Motor Milestones and Childhood Overweight: Trends over Two Decades in A Large Twin Cohort. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2366. [PMID: 32244434 PMCID: PMC7178093 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor motor skill competence may influence energy balance with childhood overweight as a result. Our aim was to investigate whether the age of motor milestone achievement has changed over the past decades and whether this change may contribute to the increasing trend observed in childhood overweight. METHODS Motor skill competence was assessed in children from the Young Netherlands Twin Register born between 1987 and 2007. Follow-up ranged from 4 up to 10 years. Weight and height were assessed at birth, 6 months, 14 months, and 2, 4, 7, and 10 years. RESULTS Babies born in later cohorts achieved their motor milestones 'crawling', 'standing', and 'walking unassisted' later compared to babies born in earlier cohorts (N = 18,514, p < 0.001). The prevalence of overweight at age 10 was higher in later cohorts (p = 0.033). The increase in overweight at age 10 was not explained by achieving motor milestones at a later age and this persisted after adjusting for gestational age, sex, and socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION Comparing children born in 1987 to those born in 2007, we conclude that children nowadays achieve their motor milestones at a later age. This does not however, explain the increasing trend in childhood overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia I. Brouwer
- Institute of Sportstudies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Zernikeplein 17, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemilogy, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.P.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Ronald P. Stolk
- Department of Epidemilogy, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.P.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (T.C.E.M.v.B.); (D.I.B.)
| | - Toos C.E.M. van Beijsterveld
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (T.C.E.M.v.B.); (D.I.B.)
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (T.C.E.M.v.B.); (D.I.B.)
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemilogy, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.P.S.); (E.C.)
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Yang Y, Shields GS, Wu Q, Liu Y, Guo C. Obesity is associated with poor working memory in women, not men: Findings from a nationally representative dataset of U.S. adults. Eat Behav 2019; 35:101338. [PMID: 31707244 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research has linked obesity to lower working memory performance. However, sex differences are often found in associations between obesity and cognition, and little work has examined potential sex differences in the association between obesity and working memory. To address this issue, the present research uses data from Wave IV of The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 4,769, mean age = 29) to examine whether sex moderated the association between excess weight and working memory. As expected, we found that obesity was associated with poorer working memory, but-importantly-this association was exclusively seen in women, not men. These results held when treating BMI as a continuous or categorical variable (e.g., normal weight, obese), as well as with and without controlling for covariates. The present results therefore indicate that the association between obesity and poorer working memory performance may be sex-dependent. These results suggest that interventions targeted at reducing obesity should be tailored to an individual's sex, as adherence to these interventions often requires working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkai Yang
- The Lab of Mental Health and Social Adaptation, Faculty of Psychology, Research Center of Mental Health Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Grant S Shields
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Qian Wu
- The Lab of Mental Health and Social Adaptation, Faculty of Psychology, Research Center of Mental Health Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- The Lab of Mental Health and Social Adaptation, Faculty of Psychology, Research Center of Mental Health Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- The Lab of Mental Health and Social Adaptation, Faculty of Psychology, Research Center of Mental Health Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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15
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Nyberg CK, Fjell AM, Walhovd KB. Level of body fat relates to memory decline and interacts with age in its association with hippocampal and subcortical atrophy. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 91:112-124. [PMID: 32224068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Higher levels of body fat have shown adverse effects on multiple aspects of health, including cognitive and neuroanatomical changes. We tested the relationships of body fat levels and cholesterol to longitudinal age trajectories of subcortical gray matter volume (SCV), hippocampal volume (HCV), and episodic memory. Body fat was indexed by a concerted factor of BMI, visceral adipose tissue, percentage body fat, and total fat mass and was included in the analyses as a cross-sectional measure. We hypothesized that higher level of body fat would be related to steeper age trajectories of SCV, HCV, and memory. The sample consisted of 581 participants (20-83 years) with 942 magnetic resonance imaging and 945 memory examinations. Using generalized additive mixed models, a negative effect of body fat was found on SCV, HCV, and memory. Age and body fat interacted in their association with brain volume change. The results suggest that among cognitively healthy adults, there is a negative effect of higher body fat on SCV, HCV, and memory decline, an effect that increased with age for the neuroanatomical volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kim Nyberg
- Department of Psychology, Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Department, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Nesoddtangen, Norway.
| | - Anders M Fjell
- Department of Psychology, Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of radiology and nuclear medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine B Walhovd
- Department of Psychology, Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of radiology and nuclear medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Shoaibi A, Neelon B, Østbye T, Benjamin-Neelon SE. Longitudinal associations of gross motor development, motor milestone achievement and weight-for-length z score in a racially diverse cohort of US infants. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024440. [PMID: 30782735 PMCID: PMC6340444 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate longitudinal associations between gross motor development, motor milestone achievement and weight-for-length z scores in a sample of infants. In a secondary aim, we explored potential bidirectional relationships, as higher weight-for-length z scores may impede motor development, and poor motor development may lead to obesity. DESIGN The design was an observational birth cohort. SETTING We used data from the Nurture study, a birth cohort of predominately black women and their infants residing in the Southeastern USA. PARTICIPANTS 666 women enrolled their infants in Nurture. We excluded infants with missing data on exposure, outcome or main covariates, leaving a total analytic sample of 425 infants. PRIMARY OUTCOME The outcome was weight-for-length z score, measured when infants were 3, 6, 9 12 months. RESULTS Among infants, 64.7% were black, 18.8% were white and 16.9% were other/multiple race. Mean (SD) breastfeeding duration was 17.6 (19.7) weeks. Just over one-third (38.5%) had an annual household income of < $20 000. After adjusting for potential confounders, higher motor development score was associated with lower weight-for-length z score (-0.004; 95% CI -0.001 to -0.007; p=0.01), mainly driven by associations among boys (-0.007; 95% CI -0.014 to -0.001; p=0.03) and not girls (0.001; 95% CI -0.005 to 0.008; p=0.62). Earlier crawling was the only milestone associated with a lower weight-for-length z score at 12 months (-0.328; 95% CI -0.585 to 0.072; p=0.012). However, this association appeared to be driven by male infants only (-0.461; 95% CI -0.825 to -0.096; p=0.01). Weight-for-length z score was unrelated to subsequent motor development score and was thus not bidirectional in our sample. CONCLUSIONS Higher motor development score and earlier crawling were associated with lower subsequent weight-for-length z score. However, this was primary true for male infants only. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence suggesting that delayed motor development may be associated with later obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Shoaibi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Brian Neelon
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Truls Østbye
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, UK
| | - Sara E Benjamin-Neelon
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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17
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Kwieciński J, Konarski JM, Strzelczyk R, Krzykała M, Konarska A, Bartkowiak S, Lopes V, Malina RM. Non-linear relationships between the BMI and physical fitness in Polish adolescents. Ann Hum Biol 2018; 45:406-413. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2018.1494306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan M. Konarski
- Theory of Sports Department, University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ryszard Strzelczyk
- Theory of Sports Department, University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krzykała
- Department of Recreation, University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Konarska
- Stanisław Staszic University of Applied Science, Pila, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bartkowiak
- Theory of Sports Department, University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Vitor Lopes
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), and Sport Science Department, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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18
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Pearce AL, Leonhardt CA, Vaidya CJ. Executive and Reward-Related Function in Pediatric Obesity: A Meta-Analysis. Child Obes 2018; 14:265-279. [PMID: 29874102 PMCID: PMC7141423 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2017.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the effect of pediatric obesity on executive function and reward-related decision-making, cognitive processes that are relevant to obesogenic behaviors, and evaluated their association with sample (e.g., age, gender, intelligence, and socioeconomic status, SES) and study/task (e.g., categorical/continuous variable, food stimuli) characteristics. METHODS A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using Hedge's g effect sizes of published studies from 1960 to 2016, limited to children younger than the age of 21 years without medical comorbidities. Analysis included estimation of heterogeneity (τ2), publication bias (funnel-plot symmetry and fail-safe N), and sensitivity analyses for sample and study/task characteristics. RESULTS Across 68 studies with 70 samples, obesity was associated with worse functioning overall (-0.24; 95CI: -0.30 to -0.19; p < 0.001) and for each component process (attention, switching, inhibition, interference, working memory, reward, delay of gratification: -0.19 to -0.38; p's < 0.017), except trait impulsivity (-0.06; 95CI: -0.18 to 0.07). Deficits increased with age and female composition of the sample for inhibition (p = 0.002). No other characteristics moderated effect of obesity. CONCLUSIONS Small-to-moderate negative associations with obesity were observed for executive and reward-related performance, but not on reported impulsivity in studies with children younger than the age of 21 years. These results were not moderated by IQ, SES, and study/task characteristics. Age and gender moderated association with inhibition, with a larger obesity-related deficit in older and predominantly female samples. These results suggest cognitive and demographic intervention targets for prevention and mitigation of obesogenic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chandan J. Vaidya
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC
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19
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Morrison KM, Cairney J, Eisenmann J, Pfeiffer K, Gould D. Associations of Body Mass Index, Motor Performance, and Perceived Athletic Competence with Physical Activity in Normal Weight and Overweight Children. J Obes 2018; 2018:3598321. [PMID: 29854437 PMCID: PMC5954868 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3598321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Children who are overweight and obese display lower physical activity levels than normal weight peers. Measures of weight status, perceived motor competence, and motor skill performance have been identified as potential correlates explaining this discrepancy. 1881 children (955 males; 926 females; 9.9 years) were assessed as part of the Physical Health Activity Study Team project. The age, habitual physical activity participation (PAP), body mass index (BMI), socioeconomic status (SES), motor performance (MP), and perceived athletic competence (PAC) of each child included were assessed. Gender-specific linear regression analyses (main effects model) were conducted to identify the percent variance in PAP explained by the following variables: BMI, MP, and PAC. For males, 18.3% of the variance in PAP was explained by BMI, MP, and PAC. PAC explained 17% of the variance, while MP, BMI, and SES only accounted for 0.6%, 0.7%, and 0.5%, respectively. PAC explained 17.5% of PAP variance in females; MP explained 0.8%. BMI, SES, and chronological age were not significant correlates of PAP in girls. An established repertoire of motor skill performance has been seen as a vehicle to PAP in children; however, this study indicates that PAC should not be overlooked in intervention strategies to promote increased PAP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Cairney
- University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, WSB Rm 2044, Toronto, ON, USA
| | | | - Karin Pfeiffer
- Michigan State University, 27 IM Circle, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Dan Gould
- Michigan State University, 210 IM Circle, East Lansing, MI, USA
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20
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Ishihara T, Morita N, Nakajima T, Okita K, Sagawa M, Yamatsu K. Modeling relationships of achievement motivation and physical fitness with academic performance in Japanese schoolchildren: Moderation by gender. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:66-72. [PMID: 29704529 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine, using structural equation modeling, the comprehensive relationships of achievement motivation (self-fulfillment achievement motivation [SFAM] and competitive achievement motivation [CAM]), daily behaviors (exercise habits, screen time, and learning duration), body mass index [BMI], and cardiorespiratory fitness [CRF]) with academic performance among schoolchildren. Three hundred twenty-five schoolchildren (172 males and 153 females; 12-13 years old) were recruited. Academic performance was assessed using the total grade points in 8 academic subjects (GP8); CRF using the 20-m shuttle run; and achievement motivation, daily behaviors, and socioeconomic status using questionnaires. Socioeconomic status was included as a control variable. In males, two cascade associations of achievement motivation to GP8 were detected: (1) SFAM → screen time/learning duration → GP8, and (2) CAM → exercise habit → CRF → GP8 (χ2 = 8.72, p = .19, AGFI = .92). In females, two cascade associations were also detected: (1) SFAM → screen time/learning habit → GP8, and (2) exercise habit → BMI2 → GP8 (χ2 = 6.17, p = .41, AGFI = .93). Our results suggest that greater achievement motivation is associated with academic success via various physiological/behavioral factors, and that these associations differ by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ishihara
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, Machida, Japan
| | - Noriteru Morita
- Department of Sport Cultural Studies, Hokkaido University of Education, Iwamizawa, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Nakajima
- Department of Teachers Training, Hokkaido University of Education, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koichi Okita
- Department of Sport Education, Hokusho University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Masato Sagawa
- Department of Sport Cultural Studies, Hokkaido University of Education, Iwamizawa, Japan
| | - Koji Yamatsu
- Faculty of Education, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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21
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Abstract
Objective Gross motor development in early childhood is important in fostering greater interaction with the environment. The purpose of this study is to describe gross motor skills among US children aged 3-5 years using the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2). Methods We used 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey (NNYFS) data, which included TGMD-2 scores obtained according to an established protocol. Outcome measures included locomotor and object control raw and age-standardized scores. Means and standard errors were calculated for demographic and weight status with SUDAAN using sample weights to calculate nationally representative estimates, and survey design variables to account for the complex sampling methods. Results The sample included 339 children aged 3-5 years. As expected, locomotor and object control raw scores increased with age. Overall mean standardized scores for locomotor and object control were similar to the mean value previously determined using a normative sample. Girls had a higher mean locomotor, but not mean object control, standardized score than boys (p < 0.05). However, the mean locomotor standardized scores for both boys and girls fell into the range categorized as "average." There were no other differences by age, race/Hispanic origin, weight status, or income in either of the subtest standardized scores (p > 0.05). Conclusions In a nationally representative sample of US children aged 3-5 years, TGMD-2 mean locomotor and object control standardized scores were similar to the established mean. These results suggest that standardized gross motor development among young children generally did not differ by demographic or weight status.
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22
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Sedlak P, Pařízková J, Procházková L, Cvrčková L, Dvořáková H. Secular Changes of Adiposity in Czech Children Aged from 3 to 6 Years: Latent Obesity in Preschool Age. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2478461. [PMID: 29270426 PMCID: PMC5706086 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2478461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BMI, skinfold thickness, and circumferential measures were assessed in groups of normal healthy Czech boys (n = 1764) and girls (n = 1762) 3-6 years of age in the late 1950s and 1960s (sample C), in the 1990s (sample B), and in 2014-2016 (sample A). During these decades BMI has not changed significantly, and in selected groups (boys 3, 5, and 6, girls 3 and 6 years) it was most recently found to be significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05). Subscapular, suprailiac, triceps, midthigh, and above patella skinfold thicknesses significantly increased in sample A as compared to sample C (P ≤ 0.001). Comparison of the same skinfolds measured in the nineties (sample B) and more recently (sample A) showed similar increase of subcutaneous fat (P ≤ 0.001). The increase of adiposity characterized by skinfolds occurring in spite of not markedly changed BMI indicates significant changes of body composition-latent (also hidden) obesity. The increase of adiposity was relatively greatest on the trunk (P ≤ 0.001)-which is considered a marker of the greatest health risk. The decrease of femoral circumference (P ≤ 0.05) along with simultaneous increase of thigh skinfold (P ≤ 0.01) revealed the decrease of muscle mass in the lower extremity, obviously due to the reduction of weight-transferring physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Sedlak
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Hygiene, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pařízková
- Obesity Management Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni Trida 8, 116 95 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Procházková
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Cvrčková
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Dvořáková
- Faculty of Education, Charles University, M. D. Rettigove 4, 116 39 Prague, Czech Republic
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23
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Dinkel D, Snyder K, Molfese V, Kyvelidou A. Postural control strategies differ in normal weight and overweight infants. Gait Posture 2017; 55:167-171. [PMID: 28458148 PMCID: PMC5489241 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests obesity can have a negative influence on a child's motor development and postural control behavior. Little research has examined the impact of infant weight on gross motor behavior, particularly postural control at the onset of sitting. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether normal weight and overweight infants differed in their postural control strategies at the onset of sitting and one-month post onset of sitting. METHODS 29 infants (n=19 normal weight, n=10 overweight) were recruited to participate in this study. Infant's length and weight were measured at 3 months of age (visit 1). Infant's center of pressure (COP) was measured on an AMTI force platform at the onset of sitting (visit 2) and one-month post onset (visit 3). Data were analyzed using linear measures (range and RMS for the anterior/posterior (AP) and medial/lateral (ML) directions, sway path) and nonlinear measures (Sample Entropy in AP and ML directions). RESULTS Overweight infants had significantly greater RMS values in the ML direction at visit 2 and reduced Sway Path values in comparison to normal weight infants at visits 2 and 3. Further, there was a significant difference in Sample Entropy as overweight infants increased Sample Entropy from visit 2 to 3 while normal weight infants decreased Sample Entropy values during this time period. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that overweight infants adopt a different postural control strategy. This altered strategy may limit exploration early in development. More research is needed to determine if longitudinal differences continue to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Dinkel
- School of Health and Kinesiology, College of Education, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68182, United States of America
| | - Kailey Snyder
- School of Health and Kinesiology, College of Education, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68182, United States of America
| | - Victoria Molfese
- Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, 1400 R St, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Anastasia Kyvelidou
- Department of Biomechanics, College of Education, 6160 University Drive, Omaha NE 68182, United States of America
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Wu N, Chen Y, Yang J, Li F. Childhood Obesity and Academic Performance: The Role of Working Memory. Front Psychol 2017; 8:611. [PMID: 28469593 PMCID: PMC5395561 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the role of working memory in the association between childhood obesity and academic performance, and further determined whether memory deficits in obese children are domain-specific to certain tasks or domain-general. A total of 227 primary school students aged 10-13 years were analyzed for weight and height, of which 159 children (44 "obese," 23 "overweight," and 92 "normal weight") filled out questionnaires on school performance and socioeconomic status. And then, all subjects finished three kinds of working memory tasks based on the digit memory task in 30 trials, which were image-generated with a series of numbers recall trial sets. After each trial set, subjects were given 5 s to recall and write down the numbers which hand appeared in the trial, in the inverse order in which they had appeared. The results showed there were significant academic performance differences among the three groups, with normal-weight children scoring higher than overweight and obese children after Bonferroni correction. A mediation model revealed a partial indirect effect of working memory in the relationship between obesity and academic performance. Although the performance of obese children in basic working memory tests was poorer than that of normal-weight children, they recalled more items than normal-weight children in working memory tasks involving with food/drink. Working memory deficits partially explain the poor academic performance of obese children. Those results indicated the obese children show domain-specific working memory deficits, whereas they recall more items than normal-weight children in working memory tasks associated with food/drink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Department of Psychology, Teachers’ College of Beijing Union UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yulu Chen
- Department of Psychology, Teachers’ College of Beijing Union UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jinhua Yang
- Department of Psychology, Teachers’ College of Beijing Union UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
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25
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Kakebeeke TH, Lanzi S, Zysset AE, Arhab A, Messerli-Bürgy N, Stuelb K, Leeger-Aschmann CS, Schmutz EA, Meyer AH, Kriemler S, Munsch S, Jenni OG, Puder JJ. Association between Body Composition and Motor Performance in Preschool Children. Obes Facts 2017; 10:420-431. [PMID: 28934745 PMCID: PMC5741161 DOI: 10.1159/000477406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Being overweight makes physical movement more difficult. Our aim was to investigate the association between body composition and motor performance in preschool children. METHODS A total of 476 predominantly normal-weight preschool children (age 3.9 ± 0.7 years; m/f: 251/225; BMI 16.0 ± 1.4 kg/m2) participated in the Swiss Preschoolers' Health Study (SPLASHY). Body composition assessments included skinfold thickness, waist circumference (WC), and BMI. The Zurich Neuromotor Assessment (ZNA) was used to assess gross and fine motor tasks. RESULTS After adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic status, sociocultural characteristics, and physical activity (assessed with accelerometers), skinfold thickness and WC were both inversely correlated with jumping sideward (gross motor task β-coefficient -1.92, p = 0.027; and -3.34, p = 0.014, respectively), while BMI was positively correlated with running performance (gross motor task β-coefficient 9.12, p = 0.001). No significant associations were found between body composition measures and fine motor tasks. CONCLUSION The inverse associations between skinfold thickness or WC and jumping sideward indicates that children with high fat mass may be less proficient in certain gross motor tasks. The positive association between BMI and running suggests that BMI might be an indicator of fat-free (i.e., muscle) mass in predominately normal-weight preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja H. Kakebeeke
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Prof. Dr. Tanja H. Kakebeeke, Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland,
| | - Stefano Lanzi
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Annina E. Zysset
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amar Arhab
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Messerli-Bürgy
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Stuelb
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Einat A. Schmutz
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea H. Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Munsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Oskar G. Jenni
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jardena J. Puder
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Obesity, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Camargos ACR, Mendonça VA, Andrade CAD, Oliveira KSC, Lacerda ACR. Overweight and obese infants present lower cognitive and motor development scores than normal-weight peers. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 59:410-416. [PMID: 27728872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Compare the cognitive and motor development in overweight/obese infants versus normal-weight peers and investigate the correlation of body weight, body length and body mass index with cognitive and motor development. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study with 28 overweight/obese infants and 28 normal-weight peers between 6 and 24 months of age. Both groups were evaluated with cognitive and motor scales of the Bayley-III infant development test. The t-test for independent samples was performed to compare the groups, and the Spearman correlation was used to verify the association between variables. RESULTS Overweight/obese infants showed lower cognitive and motor composite scores than their normal-weight peers. A significant negative association was found of body weight and body length with cognitive development and of body mass index with motor development. CONCLUSION This is the first study that found an effect on both cognitive and motor development in overweight/obese infants when compared with normal-weight peers between 6 and 24 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Resende Camargos
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Amaral Mendonça
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Camila Alves de Andrade
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil
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Olivares PR, García-Rubio J. Associations between different components of fitness and fatness with academic performance in Chilean youths. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2560. [PMID: 27761345 PMCID: PMC5068445 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To analyze the associations between different components of fitness and fatness with academic performance, adjusting the analysis by sex, age, socio-economic status, region and school type in a Chilean sample. Methods Data of fitness, fatness and academic performance was obtained from the Chilean System for the Assessment of Educational Quality test for eighth grade in 2011 and includes a sample of 18,746 subjects (49% females). Partial correlations adjusted by confounders were done to explore association between fitness and fatness components, and between the academic scores. Three unadjusted and adjusted linear regression models were done in order to analyze the associations of variables. Results Fatness has a negative association with academic performance when Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist to Height Ratio (WHR) are assessed independently. When BMI and WHR are assessed jointly and adjusted by cofounders, WHR is more associated with academic performance than BMI, and only the association of WHR is positive. For fitness components, strength was the variable most associated with the academic performance. Cardiorespiratory capacity was not associated with academic performance if fatness and other fitness components are included in the model. Conclusions Fitness and fatness are associated with academic performance. WHR and strength are more related with academic performance than BMI and cardiorespiratory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro R Olivares
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca, Chile.,Instituto Superior de Educación Física, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay
| | - Javier García-Rubio
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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Cataldo R, Huang J, Calixte R, Wong AT, Bianchi-Hayes J, Pati S. Effects of overweight and obesity on motor and mental development in infants and toddlers. Pediatr Obes 2016; 11:389-96. [PMID: 26487592 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A consequence of childhood obesity may be poor developmental outcomes. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the relationship between weight and developmental delays in young children. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Birth Cohort data. Logistic regression models quantified the association between different weight statuses (normal weight <85th, overweight ≥90th, obese ≥95th percentile for weight) and delays in motor and mental development. RESULTS Children classified as overweight in both waves had higher percentages of delays in wave 2 (motor [7.5 vs. 6.2-6.4%], mental [8.6 vs. 5.9-6.7%]), as well as wave 1 and/or wave 2 (motor [14.8 vs. 10.9-13.0%], mental [11.9 vs. 9.0-10.1%]), compared with other children. This association was also found in children who were obese at both time points in wave 2 (motor delay [8.9 vs. 4.9-7.3%], mental delay [10.3 vs. 6.0-7.2%]), as well as wave 1 and/or wave 2 (motor delay [14.5 vs. 10.9-12.9%], mental delay [14.1 vs. 9.4-10.1%]). In the adjusted models, children classified as always obese were more likely to have a mental delay in wave 2 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21-2.95) as well as wave 1 and/or wave 2 (aOR 1.56, 95% CI: 1.08-2.26). These children were also more likely to have motor delay (aOR 1.47, 95% CI: 1.02-2.13) in wave 1 and/or wave 2. CONCLUSION Overweight children are more likely than their normal-weight peers to have motor and mental developmental delays. Preventing obesity during infancy may facilitate reducing developmental delays in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cataldo
- Department of Pediatrics, Primary Care Division, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - J Huang
- Department of Applied Math and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - R Calixte
- Department of Pediatrics, Primary Care Division, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - A T Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Primary Care Division, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - J Bianchi-Hayes
- Department of Pediatrics, Primary Care Division, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - S Pati
- Department of Pediatrics, Primary Care Division, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Goulardins JB, Rigoli D, Piek JP, Kane R, Palácio SG, Casella EB, Nascimento RO, Hasue RH, Oliveira JA. The relationship between motor skills, ADHD symptoms, and childhood body weight. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 55:279-286. [PMID: 27214681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has suggested an important association between motor proficiency and overweight/obesity. Many children with motor difficulties experience ADHD symptoms which have also been linked with overweight/obesity. Previous research has not considered both ADHD and motor performance when investigating their relationship with overweight/obesity. AIMS To investigate the relationships between motor performance, ADHD symptoms, and overweight/obesity in children. METHODS AND PROCEDURES A cross-sectional study was conducted involving189 children aged six to 10 years. Symptoms of ADHD were identified using the SNAP-IV rating scale. Motor impairment (MI) was identified using the Movement Battery Assessment for Children-2. Body composition was estimated from the Body Mass Index (BMI) based on World Health Organization child growth standards. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Balance was the only motor skill associated with BMI even after controlling for gender and ADHD. Group comparisons revealed that the proportion of overweight ADHD children was significantly less than the proportion of overweight control children and overweight MI children; the proportion of underweight ADHD children was significantly greater than the proportion of underweight MI children. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The results highlight the importance of taking into consideration both ADHD symptoms and motor difficulties in the assessment and intervention of physical health outcomes in children with ADHD and/or movement problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana B Goulardins
- Laboratory of Motor Behaviour, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Melo Morais, 65, Cidade Universitaria, 05508-030 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Rigoli
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Jan P Piek
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Robert Kane
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Siméia G Palácio
- Child Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 647, Jardim Paulista, 05403-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erasmo B Casella
- Child Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 647, Jardim Paulista, 05403-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roseane O Nascimento
- Laboratory of Motor Behaviour, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Melo Morais, 65, Cidade Universitaria, 05508-030 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata H Hasue
- Department of Physical Therapy, Communication Science & Disorders and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Cipotânea, 51, Cidade Universitaria, 05360-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge A Oliveira
- Laboratory of Motor Behaviour, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Melo Morais, 65, Cidade Universitaria, 05508-030 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Pearce A, Scalzi D, Lynch J, Smithers LG. Do thin, overweight and obese children have poorer development than their healthy-weight peers at the start of school? Findings from a South Australian data linkage study. EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCH QUARTERLY 2016; 35:85-94. [PMID: 27158187 PMCID: PMC4850238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the holistic development of children who are not healthy-weight when they start school, despite one fifth of preschool-aged children in high income countries being overweight or obese. Further to this, there is a paucity of research examining low body mass index (BMI) in contemporary high-income populations, although evidence from the developing world demonstrates a range of negative consequences in childhood and beyond. We investigated the development of 4-6 year old children who were thin, healthy-weight, overweight, or obese (as defined by BMI z-scores) across the five domains of the Australian Early Development Census (AEDC): Physical Health and Wellbeing, Social Competence, Emotional Maturity, Language and Cognitive Skills, and Communication Skills and General Knowledge. We used a linked dataset of South Australian routinely collected data, which included the AEDC, school enrollment data, and perinatal records (n = 7533). We found that the risk of developmental vulnerability among children who were thin did not differ from healthy-weight children, after adjusting for a range of perinatal and socio-economic characteristics. On the whole, overweight children also had similar outcomes as their healthy-weight peers, though they may have better Language and Cognitive skills (adjusted Risk Ratio [aRR] = 0.73 [95% CI 0.50-1.05]). Obese children were more likely to be vulnerable on the Physical Health and Wellbeing (2.20 [1.69, 2.87]) and Social Competence (1.31 [0.94, 1.83]) domains, and to be vulnerable on one or more domains (1.45 [1.18, 1.78]). We conclude that children who are obese in the first year of school may already be exhibiting some developmental vulnerabilities (relative to their healthy-weight peers), lending further support for strategies to promote healthy development of preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pearce
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Mail drop DX 650550, Adelaide 5005, Australia
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Scalzi
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Mail drop DX 650550, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - John Lynch
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Mail drop DX 650550, Adelaide 5005, Australia
- School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, BS82BM, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa G. Smithers
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Mail drop DX 650550, Adelaide 5005, Australia
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Obesity Reduces Cognitive and Motor Functions across the Lifespan. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2473081. [PMID: 26881095 PMCID: PMC4737453 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2473081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a sedentary lifestyle, more and more people are becoming obese nowadays. In addition to health-related problems, obesity can also impair cognition and motor performance. Previous results have shown that obesity mainly affects cognition and motor behaviors through altering brain functions and musculoskeletal system, respectively. Many factors, such as insulin/leptin dysregulation and inflammation, mediate the effect of obesity and cognition and motor behaviors. Substantial evidence has suggested exercise to be an effective way to improve obesity and related cognitive and motor dysfunctions. This paper aims to discuss the association of obesity with cognition and motor behaviors and its underlying mechanisms. Following this, mechanisms of exercise to improve obesity-related dysfunctions are described. Finally, implications and future research direction are raised.
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Gaul D, Mat A, O'Shea D, Issartel J. Impaired Visual Motor Coordination in Obese Adults. J Obes 2016; 2016:6178575. [PMID: 27994885 PMCID: PMC5138471 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6178575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. To investigate whether obesity alters the sensory motor integration process and movement outcome during a visual rhythmic coordination task. Methods. 88 participants (44 obese and 44 matched control) sat on a chair equipped with a wrist pendulum oscillating in the sagittal plane. The task was to swing the pendulum in synchrony with a moving visual stimulus displayed on a screen. Results. Obese participants demonstrated significantly (p < 0.01) higher values for continuous relative phase (CRP) indicating poorer level of coordination, increased movement variability (p < 0.05), and a larger amplitude (p < 0.05) than their healthy weight counterparts. Conclusion. These results highlight the existence of visual sensory integration deficiencies for obese participants. The obese group have greater difficulty in synchronizing their movement with a visual stimulus. Considering that visual motor coordination is an essential component of many activities of daily living, any impairment could significantly affect quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gaul
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- *David Gaul:
| | - Arimin Mat
- Weight Management Service, St. Columcille's Hospital, Loughlinstown, Ireland
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Weight Management Service, St. Columcille's Hospital, Loughlinstown, Ireland
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Johann Issartel
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Martin A, Booth JN, Young D, Revie M, Boyter AC, Johnston B, Tomporowski PD, Reilly JJ. Associations between obesity and cognition in the pre-school years. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:207-14. [PMID: 26638123 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that obesity is associated with impaired cognitive outcomes in the pre-school years. METHODS Associations were examined between weight status at age 3-5 years and cognitive performance at age 5 years. Cognitive outcome measures were tests of pattern construction (visuospatial skills), naming vocabulary (expressive language skills), and picture similarity (reasoning skills). The sample was the UK Millennium Cohort Study (n = 12,349 participants). RESULTS Boys with obesity at 3 years had significantly lower performance in pattern construction at age 5 years compared to those of a healthy weight, even after controlling for confounders (β = -0.029, P = 0.03). Controlling for confounders, boys who developed obesity between the ages of 3 and 5 years had lower scores in pattern construction (β = -0.03, P = 0.03). "Growing out" of obesity had a positive association with picture similarity performance in girls (β = 0.03, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Obesity in the pre-school years was associated with poorer outcomes for some cognitive measures in this study. Stronger relationships between obesity and cognition or educational attainment may emerge later in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Martin
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Josephine N Booth
- Developmental Psychology in Education Group, Moray House School of Education, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - David Young
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Matthew Revie
- Department of Management Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Anne C Boyter
- School of Pharmacy, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Blair Johnston
- School of Pharmacy, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | - John J Reilly
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
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Grandone A, Marzuillo P, Perrone L, Del Giudice EM. Iron Metabolism Dysregulation and Cognitive Dysfunction in Pediatric Obesity: Is There a Connection? Nutrients 2015; 7:9163-70. [PMID: 26561830 PMCID: PMC4663586 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and iron deficiency (ID) are two of the most common nutritional disorders in the world. In children both conditions deserve particular attention. Several studies revealed an association between obesity and iron deficiency in children and, in some cases, a reduced response to oral supplementation. The connecting mechanism, however, is not completely known. This review is focused on: (1) iron deficiency in obese children and the role of hepcidin in the connection between body fat and poor iron status; (2) iron status and consequences on health, in particular on cognitive function; (3) cognitive function and obesity; (4) suggestion of a possible link between cognitive dysfunction and ID in pediatric obesity; and implications for therapy and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grandone
- Department of Woman, Child, General and Specialized Surgery, Second University of Naples Via De Crecchio 2-4, Naples 80138, Italy.
| | - Pierluigi Marzuillo
- Department of Woman, Child, General and Specialized Surgery, Second University of Naples Via De Crecchio 2-4, Naples 80138, Italy.
| | - Laura Perrone
- Department of Woman, Child, General and Specialized Surgery, Second University of Naples Via De Crecchio 2-4, Naples 80138, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Miraglia Del Giudice
- Department of Woman, Child, General and Specialized Surgery, Second University of Naples Via De Crecchio 2-4, Naples 80138, Italy.
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Goldschmidt AB, Hipwell AE, Stepp SD, McTigue KM, Keenan K. Weight Gain, Executive Functioning, and Eating Behaviors Among Girls. Pediatrics 2015; 136:e856-63. [PMID: 26391932 PMCID: PMC4904828 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Executive functioning and excess weight have been associated in cross-sectional and prospective studies, but mechanisms explaining this relationship are unclear. The current study aimed to further explore the longitudinal relationship between executive functioning and changes in body weight and to determine whether binge eating behaviors mediate this relationship. METHODS Community-based girls (N = 2450) were assessed by using the behavioral measure of planning, Mazes subtest, and a parent-report measure of impulsivity at age 10; a self-report measure of binge eating at ages 10, 12, and 14; and investigator-measured BMI annually between ages 10 and 16. Regression and bootstrapping analyses explored the relations among age 10 impulsivity and planning, age 12 and age 14 binge eating frequency, and age 10 to 16 BMI changes. RESULTS Age 10 impulsivity and planning each independently predicted age 10 to 16 BMI changes, after accounting for demographics, verbal comprehension, and BMI at age 10 (Ps < .001). Binge eating tendencies at age 12 mediated the relation between age 10 impulsivity and age 10 to 16 BMI changes, after controlling for demographics, verbal comprehension, binge eating frequency, and BMI at age 10 (indirect effect estimate = 0.0007; 95% confidence interval = 0.0001-0.0020). CONCLUSIONS Results support the hypothesis that poorer executive functioning predicts weight gain from middle childhood through adolescence in girls, and that this effect may be partially explained by binge-eating behaviors in early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B. Goldschmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and,Address correspondence to Andrea B. Goldschmidt, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave, MC 3077, Chicago, IL 60637. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Kate Keenan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
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Groppe K, Elsner B. The influence of hot and cool executive function on the development of eating styles related to overweight in children. Appetite 2015; 87:127-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lifshitz N, Raz-Silbiger S, Weintraub N, Steinhart S, Cermak SA, Katz N. Physical fitness and overweight in Israeli children with and without developmental coordination disorder: gender differences. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:2773-2780. [PMID: 25086737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Physical fitness and overweight among children has become paramount in the general population and more so in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The purpose of the current study was to examine the association between physical fitness and overweight in a sample of Israeli children in comparison to typical children, and to examine gender differences. DCD was identified through total scores on the movement assessment battery for children 2 (MABC-2) equal to or less than the 16th percentile as well as parents' report that the child's deficits in motor skills interfered with at least two daily life activities. The sample included a group of children with DCD (n=22, M age=8.70 [SD=1.36], 16 boys [73%]) and a control group of typical children (n=47, M age=8.90 [SD=1.52], 34 boys [72%]). Measures included the strength subtest of the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOT-2), the six minutes' walk test (6MWT) with heart rate measure, BMI and the percentage of body fat. Significant differences between DCD and typical children were found on all variables of physical fitness and weight. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis (group/gender) also revealed significant interactions for the percentage of body fat (F=8.51, p<.005) and BMI (F=4.50, p<.038) meaning that less fit children are more obese. The current study supports previous findings that children with DCD are less physically fit and more overweight compared to typically developing children. Moreover, in comparing between the genders, the girls in the study sample weighed more and had a significantly higher percentage of body fat than boys, it is essential to further our understanding of the relationships between obesity, physical fitness and gender among children with and without DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lifshitz
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Professions, Ono Academic College, Israel.
| | - S Raz-Silbiger
- School of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Israel; Alyn Hospital, Pediatric & Adolescent Rehabilitation Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - N Weintraub
- School of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S Steinhart
- Alyn Hospital, Pediatric & Adolescent Rehabilitation Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S A Cermak
- Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, College of Health Professions, University of Southern California, LA, USA
| | - N Katz
- Research Institute for Health and Medical Professions, Ono Academic College, Israel
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Booth JN, Tomporowski PD, Boyle JME, Ness AR, Joinson C, Leary SD, Reilly JJ. Obesity impairs academic attainment in adolescence: findings from ALSPAC, a UK cohort. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:1335-42. [PMID: 24614099 PMCID: PMC4189379 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While being overweight or obese in adolescence may have detrimental effects on academic attainment, the evidence base is limited by reliance on cross-sectional studies with small sample sizes, failure to take account of confounders and lack of consideration of potential mediators. The present study aimed to address these limitations and examine longitudinal associations between obesity in adolescence and academic attainment. DESIGN Associations between weight status at 11 years old and academic attainment assessed by national tests at 11, 13 and 16 years were examined in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Healthy weight was defined as body mass index (BMI) Z-score <1.04; overweight as BMI Z-score 1.04-1.63; obesity as BMI Z-score ⩾1.64. PARTICIPANTS Data from 5966 participants with objectively measured weight status were examined: 71.4% were healthy weight (1935 males; 2325 females), 13.3% overweight (372 males; 420 females) and 15.3% obese (448 males; 466 females). RESULTS Girls obese at 11 years had lower academic attainment at 11, 13 and 16 years compared with those of a healthy weight, even after controlling for a wide range of confounders. Associations between obesity and academic attainment were less clear in boys. The potential mediating effects of depressive symptoms, intelligence quotient (IQ) and age of menarche in girls were explored, but when confounders were included, there was no strong evidence for mediation. CONCLUSIONS For girls, obesity in adolescence has a detrimental impact on academic attainment 5 years later. Mental health, IQ and age of menarche did not mediate this relationship, suggesting that further work is required to understand the underlying mechanisms. Parents, education and public health policy makers should consider the wide reaching detrimental impact of obesity on educational outcomes in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Booth
- School of Psychology, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | | | - A R Ness
- University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Tate EB, Unger JB, Chou CP, Spruijt-Metz D, Pentz MA, Riggs NR. Children's executive function and high-calorie, low-nutrient food intake: mediating effects of child-perceived adult fast food intake. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2014; 42:163-70. [PMID: 25194147 DOI: 10.1177/1090198114547811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tested the relationships among child executive function (EF), child-perceived parent fast food intake, and child self-reported subsequent consumption of high-calorie, low-nutrient (HCLN) food. DESIGN One year and 6-month longitudinal observation from a larger randomized controlled trial. SETTING Southern California elementary schools. PARTICIPANTS Fourth- and fifth-grade children (N = 1,005) participating in the Pathways to Health obesity prevention program. RESULTS Child EF problems were associated with higher concurrent HCLN intake (B = 0.29, SE = 0.10, p < .001) and had a significant indirect effect through higher perceived frequency of parent fast food intake (indirect effect = 0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.11, 0.25], p < .001). Longitudinally, child EF problems did not significantly predict higher HCLN intake a year and a half later (B = 0.01, SE = 0.10, p = .92, n = 848) but did have a significant indirect effect through higher perceived parent fast food intake (indirect effect = 0.05, 95% CI = [0.02, 0.10], p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Children's EF difficulties may increase their perception of parent concurrent fast food intake, contributing to their own unhealthy food intake. However, EF problems may not directly affect HCLN intake across time, except when problems are associated with child perception of more frequent parent consumption of convenience foods. Future research is needed to investigate the possibility that helping children perceive and understand role models' convenience food consumption may improve child dietary consumption patterns.
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Schmidt Morgen C, Andersen AMN, Due P, Neelon SB, Gamborg M, Sørensen TIA. Timing of motor milestones achievement and development of overweight in childhood: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:239-48. [PMID: 23733355 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight may hinder achievement of gross motor milestones and delayed achievement of milestones may increase the risk of later overweight for reasons involving physical activity and the building of lean body mass. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether increased birth weight and body mass index (BMI) at 5 months is associated with the achievement of the ability to sit up and walk and whether delayed achievement of these milestones is associated with overweight at age 7 years. METHODS We used data from the Danish National Birth Cohort on 25,148 children born between 1998 and 2003. Follow-up took place from 2003 to 2010. Mean age at follow-up was 7.04 years. We used logistic and linear regression analyses. RESULTS Birth weight and BMI at 5 months were marginally associated with earlier achievement of the ability to sit up and walk (regression coefficients between -0.027 months; [CI -0.042; -0.013] and -0.092 months [CI -0.118; -0.066]). Age in months of sitting and walking were not associated with overweight at age 7 years (ORs between 0.97 [CI 0.95-1.00] and 1.00 [CI 0.96-1.04]). Later achievement of sitting and walking predicted lower BMI at age 7 years (ln-BMI -z-scores between -0.023 [CI -0.029; -0.017] and -0.005 [CI -0.015; 0.005)). CONCLUSIONS All observed associations were of negligible magnitude and we conclude that birth weight or BMI at age 5 months and motor milestones appear largely independent of each other and that timing of achievement of motor milestones seems not to be associated with later overweight or increased BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schmidt Morgen
- Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Alosco ML, Gunstad J. The negative effects of obesity and poor glycemic control on cognitive function: a proposed model for possible mechanisms. Curr Diab Rep 2014; 14:495. [PMID: 24752836 PMCID: PMC4994886 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-014-0495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is a contributor to many adverse health outcomes, including increased risk for dementia and adverse structural and functional brain changes. Milder forms of cognitive impairment in multiple domains can also be found in obese individuals of all ages that are believed to stem from brain abnormalities long prior to onset of neurologic conditions such as dementia. However, the mechanisms for adverse brain changes and subsequent cognitive dysfunction in obesity are complex and poorly understood. This paper proposes a possible etiologic model for obesity associated cognitive impairment with emphasis on the role of poor glycemic control and conditions like type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical implications associated with treatment of obesity in persons with cognitive deficits in addition to the cognitive promoting effects of weight loss surgery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Alosco
- Department of Psychology, Kent State University, 238 Kent Hall Addition, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
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Groppe K, Elsner B. Executive function and food approach behavior in middle childhood. Front Psychol 2014; 5:447. [PMID: 24904466 PMCID: PMC4032895 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive function (EF) has long been considered to be a unitary, domain-general cognitive ability. However, recent research suggests differentiating “hot” affective and “cool” cognitive aspects of EF. Yet, findings regarding this two-factor construct are still inconsistent. In particular, the development of this factor structure remains unclear and data on school-aged children is lacking. Furthermore, studies linking EF and overweight or obesity suggest that EF contributes to the regulation of eating behavior. So far, however, the links between EF and eating behavior have rarely been investigated in children and non-clinical populations. First, we examined whether EF can be divided into hot and cool factors or whether they actually correspond to a unitary construct in middle childhood. Second, we examined how hot and cool EF are associated with different eating styles that put children at risk of becoming overweight during development. Hot and cool EF were assessed experimentally in a non-clinical population of 1657 elementary-school children (aged 6–11 years). The “food approach” behavior was rated mainly via parent questionnaires. Findings indicate that hot EF is distinguishable from cool EF. However, only cool EF seems to represent a coherent functional entity, whereas hot EF does not seem to be a homogenous construct. This was true for a younger and an older subgroup of children. Furthermore, different EF components were correlated with eating styles, such as responsiveness to food, desire to drink, and restrained eating in girls but not in boys. This shows that lower levels of EF are not only seen in clinical populations of obese patients but are already associated with food approach styles in a normal population of elementary school-aged girls. Although the direction of effect still has to be clarified, results point to the possibility that EF constitutes a risk factor for eating styles contributing to the development of overweight in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Groppe
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Psychology, University of Potsdam Potsdam, Germany
| | - Birgit Elsner
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Psychology, University of Potsdam Potsdam, Germany
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Veena SR, Hegde BG, Ramachandraiah S, Krishnaveni GV, Fall CHD, Srinivasan K. Relationship between adiposity and cognitive performance in 9-10-year-old children in South India. Arch Dis Child 2014; 99:126-34. [PMID: 24146284 PMCID: PMC3982043 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-304478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in high-income countries have shown inverse associations between adiposity and cognitive performance in children. We aimed to examine the relationship between adiposity and cognitive function in Indian children. METHODS At a mean age of 9.7 years, height, weight, triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses and waist circumference were recorded for 540 children born in Mysore, India. Body fat percentage was estimated using bioimpedance. Cognitive function was assessed using three core tests from the Kaufman Assessment Battery for children-II edition and additional tests measuring learning, short-term memory, reasoning, verbal and visuo-spatial abilities, attention and concentration. Data on the parents' socioeconomic status, education, occupation and income were collected. RESULTS According to WHO definitions, 3.5% of the children were overweight/obese (Body Mass Index (BMI)>+1SD) and 27% underweight (BMI<-2SD). Compared to normal children, overweight/obese children scored higher in tests of learning/long-term retrieval, reasoning and verbal ability (unadjusted p<0.05 for all). All the Cognitive Test scores increased with increase in BMI and skinfold thickness, (unadjusted β=0.10-0.20 SD; p<0.05 for all). The effects, though attenuated, remained mainly significant after adjustment for age, sex and socioeconomic factors. Similar associations were found for waist circumference and percentage body fat. CONCLUSIONS In this Indian population, in which obesity was uncommon, greater adiposity predicted higher cognitive ability. These associations were only partly explained by socioeconomic factors. Our findings suggest that better nutrition is associated with better cognitive function, and that inverse associations between adiposity and cognitive function in high-income countries reflect confounding by socioeconomic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sargoor R Veena
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, , Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Neurocognitive correlates of obesity and obesity-related behaviors in children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:494-506. [PMID: 23913029 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity rates have risen dramatically over the past few decades. Although obesity has been linked to poorer neurocognitive functioning in adults, much less is known about this relationship in children and adolescents. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to examine the relationship between obesity and obesity-related behaviors with neurocognitive functioning in youth. We reviewed articles from 1976 to 2013 using PsycInfo, PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar. Search terms included cognitive function, neurocognitive function/performance, executive function, impulsivity, self-regulation, effortful control, cognitive control, inhibition, delayed gratification, memory, attention, language, motor, visuo-spatial, academic achievement, obesity, overweight, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, adiposity and body fat. Articles were excluded if participants had health problems known to affect cognitive functioning, the study used imaging as the only outcome measure, they were non-peer-reviewed dissertations, theses, review papers, commentaries, or they were non-English articles. Sixty-seven studies met inclusion criteria for this review. Overall, we found data that support a negative relationship between obesity and various aspects of neurocognitive functioning, such as executive functioning, attention, visuo-spatial performance, and motor skill. The existing literature is mixed on the effects among obesity, general cognitive functioning, language, learning, memory, and academic achievement. Executive dysfunction is associated with obesity-related behaviors, such as increased intake, disinhibited eating, and less physical activity. Physical activity is positively linked with motor skill. More longitudinal research is needed to determine the directionality of such relationships, to point towards crucial intervention time periods in the development of children, and to inform effective treatment programs.
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Latzer Y, Stein D. A review of the psychological and familial perspectives of childhood obesity. J Eat Disord 2013; 1:7. [PMID: 24999389 PMCID: PMC4081713 DOI: 10.1186/2050-2974-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is on the rise in both industrialized and developing countries. The investigation of the psychosocial aspects of childhood obesity has been the focus of long- standing theoretical and empirical endeavor. Overweight in children and adolescents is associated with a host of psychological and social problems such as reduced school and social performance, less favorable quality of life, societal victimization and peer teasing, lower self-and body-esteem, and neuropsychological dysfunctioning. Whereas community samples of obese youngsters usually do not show elevated psychopathology, clinically-referred overweight children show elevated depression, anxiety, behavior problems, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and disordered eating. Parents' perceptions of their child's overweight highly influence the well-being of obese children and the way in which they perceive themselves. THE PRESENT REVIEW PAPER AIMS TO BROADEN THE SCOPE OF KNOWLEDGE OF CLINICIANS ABOUT SEVERAL IMPORTANT PSYCHOSOCIAL AND FAMILIAL DIMENSIONS OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY: the psychosocial functioning, self and body esteem and psychopathology of overweight youngsters, the influence of children's perceptions of overweight, including those of the obese children themselves on their well being, and the influence of parental attitudes about weight and eating on the psychological condition of the obese child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Latzer
- Faculty of Social Welfare & Health Sciences, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel
- Eating Disorders Clinic, Psychiatric Division, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniel Stein
- Pediatric Psychosomatic Department, the Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated with The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Reinert KRS, Po'e EK, Barkin SL. The relationship between executive function and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. J Obes 2013; 2013:820956. [PMID: 23533726 PMCID: PMC3595670 DOI: 10.1155/2013/820956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between the development of executive function (EF) and obesity in children and adolescents. We reviewed 1,065 unique abstracts: 31 from PubMed, 87 from Google Scholar, 16 from Science Direct, and 931 from PsycINFO. Of those abstracts, 28 met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. From the articles reviewed, an additional 3 articles were added from article references (N = 31). Twenty-three studies pertained to EF (2 also studied the prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices (OFCs); 6 also studied cognitive function), five studied the relationship between obesity and prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices, and three evaluated cognitive function and obesity. Inhibitory control was most often studied in both childhood (76.9%) and adolescent (72.7%) studies, and obese children performed significantly worse (P < 0.05) than healthy weight controls on various tasks measuring this EF domain. Although 27.3% of adolescent studies measured mental flexibility, no childhood studies examined this EF domain. Adolescents with higher BMI had a strong association with neurostructural deficits evident in the OFC. Future research should be longitudinal and use a uniform method of EF measurement to better establish causality between EF and obesity and consequently direct future intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaela R. S. Reinert
- Medical Student at the Medical University of South Carolina, 169 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Eli K. Po'e
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2146 Belcourt Avenue, 2nd Floor, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Shari L. Barkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2146 Belcourt Avenue, 2nd Floor, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- Diabetes Research and Training Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- *Shari L. Barkin:
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Age of achievement of gross motor milestones in infancy and adiposity at age 3 years. Matern Child Health J 2012; 16:1015-20. [PMID: 21643834 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-011-0828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Early life physical activity may help prevent obesity but is difficult to measure. The purpose of this study was to examine associations of age of achievement of gross motor milestones in infancy with adiposity at age 3 years. Seven forty one mother/infant dyads participated in a longitudinal study in Massachusetts. Exposures were age of attainment of 4 gross motor milestones-rolling over, sitting up, crawling, and walking. Outcomes were 3-year sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness (SS + TR) for overall adiposity, their ratio (SS:TR) for central adiposity, and body mass index (BMI) z-score. We used linear regression models adjusted for confounders to examine motor milestone achievement and later adiposity. Rolling over (0.04, 95% CI: 0.008, 0.07) and sitting up (0.02, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.05) at ≥ 6 months were associated with increased SS:TR compared with attainment before 6 months. Walking at ≥ 15 months was associated with 0.98 mm higher SS + TR (95% CI: 0.05, 1.91) compared with walking before 12 months. Age at crawling was not associated with the outcomes. None of the milestones were associated with BMI z-score. Age of motor milestone achievement was only a modest predictor of adiposity. Later rolling over and sitting up were associated with greater central adiposity, and later age at walking was associated with greater overall adiposity at age 3 years. Although we controlled for birth weight and 6-month weight-for-length in our models, more detailed assessment of early adiposity prior to achievement of motor milestones is needed to help determine causality.
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Palermo TM, Dowd JB. Childhood obesity and human capital accumulation. Soc Sci Med 2012; 75:1989-98. [PMID: 22925429 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of childhood obesity has tripled in the United States over the last 25 years, and in addition to increased risks of many chronic diseases, obesity may also be linked to lower skill attainment, poor social competency, and poorer labor outcomes. Any causal links between obesity and human capital accumulation could have important consequences for both health and economic well-being over the life course. We investigate the association of obesity and cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes among US children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 using the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics. We perform OLS and individual fixed effects regressions to address unobserved time invariant heterogeneity in the relationship between overweight/obesity and abilities. Results provide limited support for the hypothesis that obesity negatively affects non-cognitive but not cognitive outcomes and suggest that discrimination rather than a biological mechanism contributes to negative outcomes found in the literature on adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia M Palermo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate Program in Public Health, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Center Level 3, Room 071, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8338, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify childhood body mass index (BMI) trajectories and to describe their association with subsequent academic and cognitive outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort: Height and weight measured annually from 4 to 7 years. A mixture of regressions approach grouped children into BMI trajectories (n=1959 children; n=5754 BMI measures). Academic outcomes included teacher-rated progress and achievement. Cognitive outcomes measured by Kaufman's Assessment Battery for Children. Academic and cognitive outcomes were regressed according to BMI trajectories, controlling for family and individual covariates. Subjects drawn from Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (Canada), a 1998 birth cohort (n=2120). RESULTS Four clusters of BMI trajectories emerged: two healthy weight groups, one overweight group and one low weight group. Relative to healthy weight, belonging to the overweight or low weight clusters was negatively associated with cognitive and academic outcomes. With the exception of the low weight cluster, this relationship was insignificant in the adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that during childhood being overweight does not increase risk for poor educational outcomes. Instead, being underweight may the increase risk for poorer cognitive outcomes. Further group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) for BMI development over time is needed to confirm results.
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Morano M, Colella D, Caroli M. Gross motor skill performance in a sample of overweight and non-overweight preschool children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 6 Suppl 2:42-6. [PMID: 21923296 DOI: 10.3109/17477166.2011.613665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to examine the gross motor skill performance of overweight and non-overweight preschool children from South of Italy, and to investigate possible differences by gender. METHODS Participants were 38 boys and 42 girls (4.5 ± 0.5 yr) categorized as overweight (n = 38) and non-overweight (n = 42), according to the IOTF body mass index (BMI) cut-off points. The Test of Gross Motor Development was used to assess seven locomotor skills (run, gallop, hop, leap, horizontal jump, skip and slide) and five object-control skills (two-hand strike, stationary bounce, catch, kick and overhand throw). The raw, standard and percentile scores and the Gross Motor Development Quotient (GMDQ) were calculated for each participant. ANOVA 2 (gender) x 2 (group) was conducted on the subtest standard scores and the GMDQ. RESULTS No differences in performance were found between boys and girls on the subscale standard scores and the GMDQ. Significant main effects (p < 0.001) were reported for group on the GMDQ, and the standard scores for locomotor and object-control skills, with overweight children reporting lower movement competence than their counterparts. Pearson's correlations revealed relationships (p < 0.001) between BMI and locomotor (r = -0.54) and object-control (r = 20.48) skills, and between BMI and GMDQ (r = 20.54). CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that childhood obesity might have adverse effects on gross motor development. Overweight participants showed poorer performance on locomotor and object-control tasks than their non-overweight peers. Interventions to promote physical activity in overweight children should be directed towards achieving a healthy weight and motor skill improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Morano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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