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Sawaguchi H, Uehara T, Iwaya M, Asaka S, Nakajima T, Kamakura M, Nagaya T, Yoshizawa T, Ota H, Umemura T. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 expression in lymph node metastases of colorectal cancer: Clinicopathological insights and prognostic implications. Pathol Int 2024. [PMID: 38787285 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), a significant cancer stem cell marker in colorectal cancer (CRC), lacks lymph node (LN) expression studies. In this study, we identified LGR5 expression by RNAscope, a highly sensitive RNA in situ method, and analyzed its association with clinicopathological characteristics. Tissue microarrays were generated from primary tumors (PTs) and LN metastases in paraffin-embedded blocks of 38 CRC surgical resection materials. LGR5 expression by RNAscope was evaluated by dividing the expression levels into negative and positive expression. In all but two cases of LN metastasis, LGR5-positive dots were detected in tumor cells, and there was a wide range of LGR5-positive cells. More LGR5-positive dots were identified in the gland-forming region. Twenty-three cases were classified into a high LGR5-expression group, and 15 cases were classified into a low LGR5-expression group. In the high LGR5-expression group, the histological grade was lower than in the low LGR5-expression group (p = 0.0159), while necrosis was significantly more prevalent (p = 0.0326), and the tumor, node, metastasis stage was significantly lower (p = 0.0302). There was no association between LGR5 expression levels in LN metastases and LGR5 expression levels in PT tissue. LGR5 expression in LN metastases may influence prognosis. Further analysis may lead to new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sawaguchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Mai Iwaya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shiho Asaka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagano Children's Hospital, Azumino, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nakajima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masato Kamakura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tadanobu Nagaya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshizawa
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Ota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takeji Umemura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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2
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Wang SSY. Advancing biomarker development for diagnostics and therapeutics using solid tumour cancer stem cell models. TUMORI JOURNAL 2024; 110:10-24. [PMID: 36964664 DOI: 10.1177/03008916231158411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell model hopes to explain solid tumour carcinogenesis, tumour progression and treatment failure in cancers. However, the cancer stem cell model has led to minimal clinical translation to cancer stem cell biomarkers and targeted therapies in solid tumours. Many reasons underlie the challenges, one being the imperfect understanding of the cancer stem cell model. This review hopes to spur further research into clinically translatable cancer stem cell biomarkers through first defining cancer stem cells and their associated models. With a better understanding of these models there would be a development of more accurate biomarkers. Making the clinical translation of biomarkers into diagnostic tools and therapeutic agents more feasible.
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3
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Ahmed EM, Farag AS, Abdelwahed MS, Hanbazazh M, Samman A, Ashmawy D, Abd-Elhameed NR, Tharwat M, Othman AE, Shawky TA, Attia RM, Ibrahim AA, Azzam S, Elhussiny MEA, Nasr M, Naeem SA, Abd-Elhay WM, Ali Alfaifi AM, Hasan A. The Expression of Stem Cell Marker LGR5 and Its Coexpression with Β-Catenin in Sporadic Colorectal Carcinoma and Adenoma: A Comparative Immunohistochemical Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1233. [PMID: 37512045 PMCID: PMC10383310 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Background: LGR5 is one of the most important stem cell markers for colorectal cancer (CRC), as it potentiates Wnt/Β-catenin signaling. The well-characterized deregulation of Wnt/Β-catenin signaling that occurs during adenoma/carcinoma sequence in CRC renders LGR5 a hopeful therapeutic target. We assessed the immunohistochemical expression of LGR5 and Β-catenin in normal colonic and tumorous lesions with a clinicopathological correlation. Methods: Tissue blocks and clinical data of 50 selected cases were included: 8 from normal mucosa, 12 cases of adenoma, and 30 cases of CRC, where sections were cut and re-examined and the immunohistochemical technique was conducted using anti-LGR5 and anti-Β-catenin to measure the staining density. Results: There was no expression of LGR5 in normal mucosa compared to samples of adenoma and CRC samples. The association analysis showed that CRC specimens were more likely to have strong LGR5 and Β-catenin expressions than the other two groups (p = 0.048 and p < 0.001, respectively). Specimens with high-grade dysplastic adenoma were more likely to express moderate-to-strong expression of LGR5 and Β-catenin (p = 0.013 and p = 0.036, respectively). In contrast, there were no statistically significant associations between LGR5 and Β-catenin expression with grade and stage. Conclusion: These results suggest and support the possible role of LGR5 as a potential marker of cancer stem cells in sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis in addition to a prognostic value for LGR5 and Β-catenin in adenomatous lesions according to immunohistochemical expression density. A potential therapeutic role of LGR5 in CRC is suggested for future studies based on its role in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Mohamed Ahmed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Abeer Said Farag
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Abdelwahed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehenaz Hanbazazh
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhadi Samman
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diaa Ashmawy
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta 34517, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Tharwat
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Alyaa E Othman
- Infectious Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41552, Egypt
| | - Taiseer Ahmed Shawky
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Radwa Mohamed Attia
- General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | | | - Sherif Azzam
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Nasr
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Suhaib Alsayed Naeem
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Wagih M Abd-Elhay
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | | | - Abdulkarim Hasan
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
- Prince Mishari bin Saud Hospital, Ministry of Health, Albahah 22888, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Song Y, Deng Z, Sun H, Zhao Y, Zhao R, Cheng J, Huang Q. Predicting tumor repopulation through the gene panel derived from radiation resistant colorectal cancer cells. J Transl Med 2023; 21:390. [PMID: 37328854 PMCID: PMC10273655 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor cells with the capability of radiation resistance can escape the fate of cell death after radiotherapy, serving as the main cause of treatment failure. Repopulation of tumors after radiotherapy is dominated by this group of residual cells, which greatly reduce the sensitivity of recurrent tumors to the therapy, resulting in poor clinical outcomes. Therefore, revealing the mechanism of radiation resistant cells participating in tumor repopulation is of vital importance for cancer patients to obtain a better prognosis. METHODS Co-expressed genes were searched by using genetic data of radiation resistant cells (from GEO database) and TCGA colorectal cancer. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed to define the most significant co-expressed genes for establishing prognostic indicator. Logistic analysis, WGCNA analysis, and other types of tumors were included to verify the predictive ability of the indicator. RT-qPCR was carried out to test expression level of key genes in colorectal cancer cell lines. Colongenic assay was utilized to test the radio-sensitivity and repopulation ability of key gene knockdown cells. RESULTS Prognostic indicator based on TCGA colorectal cancer patients containing four key radiation resistance genes (LGR5, KCNN4, TNS4, CENPH) was established. The indicator was shown to be significantly correlated with the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy, and also had an acceptable predictive effect in the other five types of cancer. RT-qPCR showed that expression level of key genes was basically consistent with the radiation resistance level of colorectal cancer cells. The clonogenic ability of all key gene knockdown cells decreased after radiation treatment compared with the control groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that LGR5, KCNN4, TNS4 and CENPH are correlated with radiation sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells, and the indicator composed by them can reflect the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. Our data provide an evidence of radiation resistant tumor cells involved in tumor repopulation, and give patients undergoing radiotherapy an approving prognostic indicator with regard to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Song
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zheng Deng
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yucui Zhao
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Ruyi Zhao
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Qian Huang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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5
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Cadamuro F, Marongiu L, Marino M, Tamini N, Nespoli L, Zucchini N, Terzi A, Altamura D, Gao Z, Giannini C, Bindi G, Smith A, Magni F, Bertini S, Granucci F, Nicotra F, Russo L. 3D bioprinted colorectal cancer models based on hyaluronic acid and signalling glycans. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 302:120395. [PMID: 36604073 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In cancer microenvironment, aberrant glycosylation events of ECM proteins and cell surface receptors occur. We developed a protocol to generate 3D bioprinted models of colorectal cancer (CRC) crosslinking hyaluronic acid and gelatin functionalized with three signalling glycans characterized in CRC, 3'-Sialylgalactose, 6'-Sialylgalactose and 2'-Fucosylgalactose. The crosslinking, performed exploiting azide functionalized gelatin and hyaluronic acid and 4arm-PEG-dibenzocyclooctyne, resulted in biocompatible hydrogels that were 3D bioprinted with commercial CRC cells HT-29 and patient derived CRC tumoroids. The glycosylated hydrogels showed good 3D printability, biocompatibility and stability over the time. SEM and synchrotron radiation SAXS/WAXS analysis revealed the influence of glycosylation in the construct morphology, whereas MALDI-MS imaging showed that protein profiles of tumoroid cells vary with glycosylation, indicating that sialylation and fucosylation of ECM proteins induce diverse alterations to the proteome of the tumoroid and surrounding cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cadamuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Marongiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Michele Marino
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicolò Tamini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; ASST San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Luca Nespoli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; ASST San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | | | - Alberta Terzi
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, v. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Davide Altamura
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, v. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Zirui Gao
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland.
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, v. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Greta Bindi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy.
| | - Andrew Smith
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Magni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Bertini
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesco Nicotra
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Russo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland.
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6
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Cui G, Wang Z, Liu H, Pang Z. Cytokine-mediated crosstalk between cancer stem cells and their inflammatory niche from the colorectal precancerous adenoma stage to the cancerous stage: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1057181. [PMID: 36466926 PMCID: PMC9714270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1057181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of colorectal cancers (CRCs) are thought to arise from precancerous adenomas. Upon exposure to diverse microenvironmental factors, precancerous stem cells (pCSCs) undergo complex genetic/molecular changes and gradually progress to form cancer stem cells (CSCs). Accumulative evidence suggests that the pCSC/CSC niche is an inflammatory dominated milieu that contains different cytokines that function as the key communicators between pCSCs/CSCs and their niche and have a decisive role in promoting CRC development, progression, and metastasis. In view of the importance and increasing data about cytokines in modulating pCSCs/CSC stemness properties and their significance in CRC, this review summarizes current new insights of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, IL-33 and interferon (IFN)-γ, involving in the modulation of pCSC/CSC properties and features in precancerous and cancerous lesions and discusses the possible mechanisms of adenoma progression to CRCs and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Faculty of Health Science, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Ziqi Wang
- College of Medical Imaging, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Hanzhe Liu
- School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigang Pang
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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7
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Cui G, Li G, Pang Z, Florholmen J, Goll R. The presentation and regulation of the IL-8 network in the epithelial cancer stem-like cell niche in patients with colorectal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113252. [PMID: 35687912 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulative evidence suggests that the biological behavior of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) is regulated by their surrounding niche, in which cytokines function as one of the main mediators for the interaction between CSCs and their microenvironment in the colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS We characterized the presentation of CSCs and the interleukin (IL)- 8 network in the adenoma/CRC epithelium using quantitative real-time PCR (q-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and double immunofluorescence. In addition, the capacity of IL-1β to stimulate epithelial IL-8 production in colon cancer Caco-2 cells was examined in vitro and the IL-8 product was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS IHC observation showed increased expression of both CSCs and IL-8 in the adenoma and CRC epithelium, and q-PCR results revealed that increased expression of IL-1β transcript was strongly correlated with increased IL-8 transcript levels in both adenoma and CRC tissues. Double immunofluorescence images demonstrated the coexpression of the IL-8 receptors IL-8RA and IL-8RB with LGR5 labeled CSCs in CRC tissue sections. Consistently, in vitro experiments showed that coculture of Caco-2 cells with IL-1β at concentrations of 1, 5, 10 and 20 ng/ml resulted in a dose-dependent release of IL-8, which could be specifically inhibited by cotreatment with the IL-1β receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate activation of the IL-8 network in the niche of CSCs from the precancerous adenoma stage to the CRC stage, which is potentially stimulated by IL-1β in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Faculty of Health Science, Nord University, Campus Levanger, Levanger, Norway.
| | - Gui Li
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Pang
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jon Florholmen
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of North Norway, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rasmus Goll
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of North Norway, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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8
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Schaaf CR, Gonzalez LM. Use of Translational, Genetically Modified Porcine Models to Ultimately Improve Intestinal Disease Treatment. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:878952. [PMID: 35669174 PMCID: PMC9164269 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.878952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
For both human and veterinary patients, non-infectious intestinal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. To improve treatment of intestinal disease, large animal models are increasingly recognized as critical tools to translate the basic science discoveries made in rodent models into clinical application. Large animal intestinal models, particularly porcine, more closely resemble human anatomy, physiology, and disease pathogenesis; these features make them critical to the pre-clinical study of intestinal disease treatments. Previously, large animal model use has been somewhat precluded by the lack of genetically altered large animals to mechanistically investigate non-infectious intestinal diseases such as colorectal cancer, cystic fibrosis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, recent advances and increased availability of gene editing technologies has led to both novel use of large animal models in clinically relevant intestinal disease research and improved testing of potential therapeutics for these diseases.
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9
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Herpers B, Eppink B, James MI, Cortina C, Cañellas-Socias A, Boj SF, Hernando-Momblona X, Glodzik D, Roovers RC, van de Wetering M, Bartelink-Clements C, Zondag-van der Zande V, Mateos JG, Yan K, Salinaro L, Basmeleh A, Fatrai S, Maussang D, Lammerts van Bueren JJ, Chicote I, Serna G, Cabellos L, Ramírez L, Nuciforo P, Salazar R, Santos C, Villanueva A, Stephan-Otto Attolini C, Sancho E, Palmer HG, Tabernero J, Stratton MR, de Kruif J, Logtenberg T, Clevers H, Price LS, Vries RGJ, Batlle E, Throsby M. Functional patient-derived organoid screenings identify MCLA-158 as a therapeutic EGFR × LGR5 bispecific antibody with efficacy in epithelial tumors. NATURE CANCER 2022; 3:418-436. [PMID: 35469014 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-022-00359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) recapitulate tumor architecture, contain cancer stem cells and have predictive value supporting personalized medicine. Here we describe a large-scale functional screen of dual-targeting bispecific antibodies (bAbs) on a heterogeneous colorectal cancer PDO biobank and paired healthy colonic mucosa samples. More than 500 therapeutic bAbs generated against Wingless-related integration site (WNT) and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) targets were functionally evaluated by high-content imaging to capture the complexity of PDO responses. Our drug discovery strategy resulted in the generation of MCLA-158, a bAb that specifically triggers epidermal growth factor receptor degradation in leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5-positive (LGR5+) cancer stem cells but shows minimal toxicity toward healthy LGR5+ colon stem cells. MCLA-158 exhibits therapeutic properties such as growth inhibition of KRAS-mutant colorectal cancers, blockade of metastasis initiation and suppression of tumor outgrowth in preclinical models for several epithelial cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Herpers
- OcellO BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Crown Bioscience Netherlands BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mark I James
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Cortina
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrià Cañellas-Socias
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sylvia F Boj
- Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xavier Hernando-Momblona
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dominik Glodzik
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Marc van de Wetering
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jara García Mateos
- OcellO BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Crown Bioscience Netherlands BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kuan Yan
- OcellO BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Crown Bioscience Netherlands BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Irene Chicote
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Garazi Serna
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Cabellos
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (HUVH), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Ramírez
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (HUVH), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Nuciforo
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Salazar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)-CIBERONC, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Santos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)-CIBERONC, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Villanueva
- Chemoresistance and Predictive Factors Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Xenopat SL, Parc Cientific de Barcelona (PCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Camille Stephan-Otto Attolini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sancho
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hector G Palmer
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (HUVH), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Tabernero
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (HUVH), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Hans Clevers
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Leo S Price
- OcellO BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Crown Bioscience Netherlands BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eduard Batlle
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Yoshizawa T, Uehara T, Iwaya M, Asaka S, Kobayashi S, Nakajima T, Kinugawa Y, Nagaya T, Kamakura M, Shimizu A, Kubota K, Notake T, Masuo H, Hosoda K, Sakai H, Hayashi H, Umemura K, Kamachi A, Goto T, Tomida H, Yamazaki S, Ota H, Soejima Y. Correlation of LGR5 expression and clinicopathological features in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 232:153832. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abdelrahman AE, El-Azony A, Elsebai E, Ibrahim HM. Prognostic Impact of LGR5, Prox1, and Notch1 Biomarkers in Stage II to III Colon Cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2022; 30:126-135. [PMID: 34657081 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The potentiation and activation of Wnt signaling pathways are now assumed to mediate the self-renewal and proliferation of colon cancer stem cells that are responsible for therapeutic resistance, tumor relapse, and metastasis. We aimed to evaluate LGR5, Prox1, and Notch1 immunohistochemical expression in stage II to III colon cancer. Their predictive role of tumor relapse, overall survival, and disease-free survival was statistically analyzed. Our results revealed that high LGR5 expression was identified in 56.7% of the patients, LGR5 expression was significantly associated with left-sided tumors (P<0.001). Moreover, its expression was significantly associated with the unfavorable tumor characteristics including high grade, deep invasion (pT), lymph node metastasis, and advanced tumor stage (P<0.001 for each). High Prox1 expression was observed in 65% of the cases, and its expression was significantly associated with tumor grade, lymph node metastasis, and the advanced tumor stage (P=0.004, 0.009, 0.016, respectively). Positive Notch1 expression was identified in 35% of patients, and it was inversely associated with high grade lymph node metastasis, deep invasion (pT), and advanced tumor stage (P<0.001 for each). During the follow-up period, the tumor relapse was significantly associated with high LGR5, high Prox1, and negative Notch1 expression. Shorter overall survival and disease-free survival were significantly associated with high LGR5, high Prox1, and negative Notch1 expression. High LGR5, high Prox1, and negative Notch1 expression are unfavorable prognostic factors in colon cancer. Prox1 is a crucial regulator of Notch-independent LGR5+ stem cells that is mostly responsible for relapse and therapeutic resistance in stage II to III colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed El-Azony
- Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman Elsebai
- Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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12
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AbdelMageed M, Ismail HTH, Olsson L, Lindmark G, Hammarström ML, Hammarström S, Sitohy B. Clinical Significance of Stem Cell Biomarkers EpCAM, LGR5 and LGR4 mRNA Levels in Lymph Nodes of Colon Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:403. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The significance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in initiation and progression of colon cancer (CC) has been established. In this study, we investigated the utility of measuring mRNA expression levels of CSC markers EpCAM, LGR5 and LGR4 for predicting survival outcome in surgically treated CC patients. Expression levels were determined in 5 CC cell lines, 66 primary CC tumors and 382 regional lymph nodes of 121 CC patients. Prognostic relevance was determined using Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses. CC patients with lymph nodes expressing high levels of EpCAM, LGR5 or LGR4 (higher than a clinical cutoff of 0.07, 0.06 and 2.558 mRNA copies/18S rRNA unit, respectively) had a decreased mean survival time of 32 months for EpCAM and 42 months for both LGR5 and LGR4 at a 12-year follow-up (p = 0.022, p = 0.005 and p = 0.011, respectively). Additional patients at risk for recurrence were detected when LGR5 was combined with the biomarkers CXCL17 or CEA plus CXCL16. In conclusion, the study underscores LGR5 as a particularly useful prognostic biomarker and illustrates the strength of combining biomarkers detecting different subpopulations of cancer cells and/or cells in the tumor microenvironment for predicting recurrence.
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13
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Clinical Significance of Stem Cell Biomarkers EpCAM, LGR5 and LGR4 mRNA Levels in Lymph Nodes of Colon Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010403. [PMID: 35008827 PMCID: PMC8745090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in initiation and progression of colon cancer (CC) has been established. In this study, we investigated the utility of measuring mRNA expression levels of CSC markers EpCAM, LGR5 and LGR4 for predicting survival outcome in surgically treated CC patients. Expression levels were determined in 5 CC cell lines, 66 primary CC tumors and 382 regional lymph nodes of 121 CC patients. Prognostic relevance was determined using Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses. CC patients with lymph nodes expressing high levels of EpCAM, LGR5 or LGR4 (higher than a clinical cutoff of 0.07, 0.06 and 2.558 mRNA copies/18S rRNA unit, respectively) had a decreased mean survival time of 32 months for EpCAM and 42 months for both LGR5 and LGR4 at a 12-year follow-up (p = 0.022, p = 0.005 and p = 0.011, respectively). Additional patients at risk for recurrence were detected when LGR5 was combined with the biomarkers CXCL17 or CEA plus CXCL16. In conclusion, the study underscores LGR5 as a particularly useful prognostic biomarker and illustrates the strength of combining biomarkers detecting different subpopulations of cancer cells and/or cells in the tumor microenvironment for predicting recurrence.
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14
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Jennelle LT, Dampier CH, Tring S, Powell S, Casey G. Colon Crypts of Subjects With Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Show an Increased Number of LGR5+ Ectopic Stem Cells. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2021; 12:e00353. [PMID: 33999013 PMCID: PMC8133103 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) syndrome characterized by accelerated adenoma development due to inherited (or de novo) mutations in the APC regulator of WNT signaling pathway (APC) gene. The mechanism underlying this accelerated polyp development in subjects with FAP has not been defined. Given that LGR5+ stem cells drive crypt cell proliferation, we hypothesized that FAP crypts would demonstrate aberrant leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) staining patterns. METHODS Biopsies were taken from 11 healthy subjects, 7 subjects with Lynch syndrome, 4 subjects with FAP, and 1 subject with MUTYH-associated polyposis syndrome during routine screening or surveillance colonoscopy. Crypt staining was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Stem cell numbers were estimated by immunofluorescence staining of isolated crypts using antibodies against LGR5 and other proteins. RESULTS Subjects with FAP exhibited a greater number of LGR5+ stem cells in their crypts than healthy subjects and subjects with Lynch syndrome and MUTYH-associated polyposis syndrome. Most crypts of subjects with FAP harbored LGR5+ cells located above the lower third of the crypts. DISCUSSION These findings support a model in which inactivation of one copy of APC leads to increased numbers of LGR5+ stem cells, many of which are ectopic, in colon crypts of subjects with FAP. Overabundant and ectopic LGR5+ stem cells could lead to an expanded proliferative zone of dividing cells more likely to develop mutations that would contribute to the accelerated adenoma development observed in FAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T. Jennelle
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Christopher H. Dampier
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of General Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephanie Tring
- USC Genomics Core, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steven Powell
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Graham Casey
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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5-Aminosalicylic acid inhibits stem cell function in human adenoma-derived cells: implications for chemoprophylaxis in colorectal tumorigenesis. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:1959-1969. [PMID: 33785874 PMCID: PMC8184823 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most colorectal cancers (CRC) arise sporadically from precursor lesions: colonic polyps. Polyp resection prevents progression to CRC. Risk of future polyps is proportional to the number and size of polyps detected at screening, allowing identification of high-risk individuals who may benefit from effective chemoprophylaxis. We aimed to investigate the potential of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), a medication used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis, as a possible preventative agent for sporadic CRC. Methods Human colorectal adenoma (PC/AA/C1, S/AN/C1 and S/RG/C2), transformed adenoma PC/AA/C1/SB10 and carcinoma cell lines (LS174T and SW620) were treated with 5-ASA. The effect on growth in two- and three-dimensional (3D) culture, β-catenin transcriptional activity and on cancer stemness properties of the cells were investigated. Results 5-ASA was shown, in vitro, to inhibit the growth of adenoma cells and suppress β-catenin transcriptional activity. Downregulation of β-catenin was found to repress expression of stem cell marker LGR5 (leucine-rich G protein-coupled receptor-5) and functionally suppress stemness in human adenoma and carcinoma cells using 3D models of tumorigenesis. Conclusions 5-ASA can suppress the cancer stem phenotype in adenoma-derived cells. Affordable and well-tolerated, 5-ASA is an outstanding candidate as a chemoprophylactic medication to reduce the risk of colorectal polyps and CRC in those at high risk.
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Lei X, He Q, Li Z, Zou Q, Xu P, Yu H, Ding Y, Zhu W. Cancer stem cells in colorectal cancer and the association with chemotherapy resistance. Med Oncol 2021; 38:43. [PMID: 33738588 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) have always been among the highest in the world, although the diagnosis and treatment are becoming more and more advanced. At present, the main reason is that patients have acquired drug resistance after long-term conventional drug treatment. An increasing number of evidences confirm the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are a group of special cells in cancer, only a small part of cancer cells. These special cell populations are not eliminated by chemotherapeutic drugs and result in tumor recurrence and metastasis after drug treatment. CSCs have the ability of self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation, which is associated with the occurrence and development of cancer. CSCs can be screened and identified by related surface markers. In this paper, the characteristic surface markers of CSCs in CRC and the related mechanism of drug resistance will be discussed in detail. A better understanding of the mechanism of CSCs resistance to chemotherapy may lead to better targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lei
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qinglian He
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ziqi Li
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qian Zou
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Pingrong Xu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haibing Yu
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuanlin Ding
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, China.
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Functional States in Tumor-Initiating Cell Differentiation in Human Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051097. [PMID: 33806447 PMCID: PMC7961698 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Different types of cells with tumor-initiating cell (TIC) activity contribute to colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and resistance to anti-cancer treatment. In this study, we aimed to understand whether different cell types exist within a patient-derived tumor culture, distinguishable by different patterns of their gene expression. By mRNA sequencing of patient-derived CRC cultures at the single-cell level, we defined expression programs that closely resemble differentiated cell populations of the normal intestine. Here, cell type-associated subpopulations showed differences in functional properties such as cell growth and energy metabolism. Subsequent functional analyses in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that metabolic states are linked to TIC activity in primary CRC cultures. We also show that TIC activity is dependent on oxidative phosphorylation, which may therefore represent a target for novel therapies. Abstract Intra-tumor heterogeneity of tumor-initiating cell (TIC) activity drives colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and therapy resistance. Here, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing of patient-derived CRC models to decipher distinct cell subpopulations based on their transcriptional profiles. Cell type-specific expression modules of stem-like, transit amplifying-like, and differentiated CRC cells resemble differentiation states of normal intestinal epithelial cells. Strikingly, identified subpopulations differ in proliferative activity and metabolic state. In summary, we here show at single-cell resolution that transcriptional heterogeneity identifies functional states during TIC differentiation. Furthermore, identified expression signatures are linked to patient prognosis. Targeting transcriptional states associated to cancer cell differentiation might unravel novel vulnerabilities in human CRC.
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Sphyris N, Hodder MC, Sansom OJ. Subversion of Niche-Signalling Pathways in Colorectal Cancer: What Makes and Breaks the Intestinal Stem Cell. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1000. [PMID: 33673710 PMCID: PMC7957493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium fulfils pleiotropic functions in nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and immune surveillance while also forming a barrier against luminal toxins and gut-resident microbiota. Incessantly barraged by extraneous stresses, the intestine must continuously replenish its epithelial lining and regenerate the full gamut of specialized cell types that underpin its functions. Homeostatic remodelling is orchestrated by the intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche: a convergence of epithelial- and stromal-derived cues, which maintains ISCs in a multipotent state. Following demise of homeostatic ISCs post injury, plasticity is pervasive among multiple populations of reserve stem-like cells, lineage-committed progenitors, and/or fully differentiated cell types, all of which can contribute to regeneration and repair. Failure to restore the epithelial barrier risks seepage of toxic luminal contents, resulting in inflammation and likely predisposing to tumour formation. Here, we explore how homeostatic niche-signalling pathways are subverted in tumorigenesis, enabling ISCs to gain autonomy from niche restraints ("ISC emancipation") and transform into cancer stem cells capable of driving tumour initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. We further consider the implications of the pervasive plasticity of the intestinal epithelium for the trajectory of colorectal cancer, the emergence of distinct molecular subtypes, the propensity to metastasize, and the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sphyris
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
| | - Michael C. Hodder
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Iwaya M, Ota H, Nakajima T, Uehara T, Riddell R, Conner J. Most colitis associated carcinomas lack expression of LGR5: a preliminary study with implications for unique pathways of carcinogenesis compared to sporadic colorectal carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:119. [PMID: 33541282 PMCID: PMC7863293 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), a component of the Wnt receptor complex, is thought to lineage label gastric and intestinal stem cells. LGR5 expression is increased in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) compared to normal tissue. Colitis associated colorectal adenocarcinoma (CAC) often shows distinct morphologic and molecular phenotypes compared to sporadic cases. However, the expression profile of LGR5, and by extension the potential role of an intestinal stem cell phenotype, has not been well described in a series of human CAC. Method RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) for LGR5 expression on 30 CACs (12 cases with conventional morphology and 18 cases with non-conventional type morphology) from 29 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients was performed and compared the expression profile to a control group of 10 sporadic CRCs. Immunohistochemistry for beta-catenin and SATB2 was performed on the 30 CACs. Result LGR5 was positive in 30% (9/30) of CAC cases and 90% (9/10) of sporadic CRCs (p = 0.002). A large majority (89%) of LGR5 positive CACs were of the conventional histologic type, and conventional type CAC showed a significantly higher LGR5 score (median 3.0; interquartile range 1.75–3.25) than non-conventional type CAC (median 1.5; interquartile range 1.00–2.00) (p = 0.034). CAC with conventional morphology did have a lower level of LGR5 expression than sporadic CRC. Sporadic CRCs showed a significantly higher LGR5 level score than non-conventional type CACs (p < 0.001). Nuclear translocation of beta-catenin was strongly associated with LGR5 expression (p = 0.003), however no significant association was identified between SATB2 expression and LGR5 expression status in CACs. Conclusion These findings suggest that the wider spectrum of tumor morphology in CAC may be associated with absence of a LGR5-expressing intestinal stem cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Iwaya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan.
| | - Hiroyoshi Ota
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nakajima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Robert Riddell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James Conner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Kim HS, Song HJ, Kim HU, Jeong IH, Koh HM, Shin JH, Jang BG. Expression profile of intestinal stem cell and cancer stem cell markers in gastric cancers with submucosal invasion. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 218:153336. [PMID: 33450435 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are believed to be responsible for tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Submucosal invasion, which greatly enhances metastasis risk, is a critical step in gastric cancer (GC) progression. To identify stem cell-related markers associated with submucosal invasion and lymph node (LN) metastasis in GCs, we investigated the expression of candidate CSC markers (CD133, CD44, and ALDH1A) and intestinal stem cell (ISC) markers (EPHB2, OLFM4, and LGR5) in early GCs that manifested submucosal invasion. We discovered that EPHB2 and LGR5 expression was frequently confined to the basal area of the lamina propria (basal pattern) in mucosal cancer, and the proportion of stem cell marker-positive cells substantially increased during submucosal invasion. CD44 expression showed a focal pattern, ALDH1A was predominantly expressed diffusely, and there was no expansion of CD44 or ALDH1A expression in the submucosal cancer cells. Unexpectedly, no CSC markers showed any associations with LN metastasis, and only loss of EPHB2 expression was associated with increased LN metastasis. Treatment of RSPO2, a niche factor, along with Wnt 3a, to GC cells led to increased EPHB2 and LGR5 mRNA levels. RNA in situ hybridization confirmed specific RSPO2 expression in the smooth muscle cells of the muscularis mucosa, suggesting that RSPO2 is responsible for the increased expression of ISC markers in GC cells at the basal areas. In summary, no stem cell markers were associated with increased LN metastasis in early GCs. Conversely, isolated EPHB2 expression was associated with lower LN metastasis. EPHB2 and LGR5 showed a basal distribution pattern along with enhanced expression in submucosal invading cells in early GCs, which was induced by a niche factor, RSPO2, from the muscularis mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju National University Hospital, South Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju National University Hospital, South Korea
| | - Heung Up Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju National University Hospital, South Korea
| | - In Ho Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju National University Hospital, South Korea
| | - Hyun Min Koh
- Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Jung Hyub Shin
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju National University Hospital, South Korea
| | - Bo Gun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University School of Medicine and Jeju National University Hospital, South Korea.
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Lähde M, Heino S, Högström J, Kaijalainen S, Anisimov A, Flanagan D, Kallio P, Leppänen VM, Ristimäki A, Ritvos O, Wu K, Tammela T, Hodder M, Sansom OJ, Alitalo K. Expression of R-Spondin 1 in Apc Min/+ Mice Suppresses Growth of Intestinal Adenomas by Altering Wnt and Transforming Growth Factor Beta Signaling. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:245-259. [PMID: 32941878 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mutations in the APC gene and other genes in the Wnt signaling pathway contribute to development of colorectal carcinomas. R-spondins (RSPOs) are secreted proteins that amplify Wnt signaling in intestinal stem cells. Alterations in RSPO genes have been identified in human colorectal tumors. We studied the effects of RSPO1 overexpression in ApcMin/+ mutant mice. METHODS An adeno associated viral vector encoding RSPO1-Fc fusion protein, or control vector, was injected into ApcMin/+mice. Their intestinal crypts were isolated and cultured as organoids. which were incubated with or without RSPO1-Fc and an inhibitor of transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGFBR). Livers were collected from mice and analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Organoids and adenomas were analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, single cell RNA sequencing, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Intestines from Apc+/+ mice injected with the vector encoding RSPO1-Fc had significantly deeper crypts, longer villi, with increased EdU labeling, indicating increased proliferation of epithelial cells, in comparison to mice given control vector. AAV-RSPO1-Fc-transduced ApcMin/+ mice also developed fewer and smaller intestinal tumors and had significantly longer survival times. Adenomas of ApcMin/+ mice injected with the RSPO1-Fc vector showed a rapid increase in apoptosis and in the expression of Wnt target genes, followed by reduced expression of messenger RNAs and proteins regulated by the Wnt pathway, reduced cell proliferation, and less crypt branching than adenomas of mice given the control vector. Addition of RSPO1 reduced the number of adenoma organoids derived from ApcMin/+ mice and suppressed expression of Wnt target genes but increased phosphorylation of SMAD2 and transcription of genes regulated by SMAD. Inhibition of TGFBR signaling in organoids stimulated with RSPO1-Fc restored organoid formation and expression of genes regulated by Wnt. The TGFBR inhibitor restored apoptosis in adenomas from ApcMin/+ mice expressing RSPO1-Fc back to the same level as in the adenomas from mice given the control vector. CONCLUSIONS Expression of RSPO1 in ApcMin/+ mice increases apoptosis and reduces proliferation and Wnt signaling in adenoma cells, resulting in development of fewer and smaller intestinal tumors and longer mouse survival. Addition of RSPO1 to organoids derived from adenomas inhibits their growth and promotes proliferation of intestinal stem cells that retain the APC protein; these effects are reversed by TGFB inhibitor. Strategies to increase the expression of RSPO1 might be developed for the treatment of intestinal adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Lähde
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sarika Heino
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenny Högström
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Seppo Kaijalainen
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrey Anisimov
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dustin Flanagan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Pauliina Kallio
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Leppänen
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Ristimäki
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital; Medicum and Applied Tumor Genomics, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Ritvos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katherine Wu
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Tuomas Tammela
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Michael Hodder
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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22
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Giraud J, Foroutan M, Boubaker-Vitre J, Grillet F, Homayed Z, Jadhav U, Crespy P, Breuker C, Bourgaux JF, Hazerbroucq J, Pignodel C, Brulin B, Shivdasani RA, Jay P, Hollande F, Pannequin J. Progastrin production transitions from Bmi1 +/Prox1 + to Lgr5 high cells during early intestinal tumorigenesis. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:101001. [PMID: 33360299 PMCID: PMC7772574 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of progastrin is a signature event of early malignant transformation in the colon. In the healthy epithelium, progastrin is produced by a subset of enteroendocrine cells expressing both Bmi1 and Prox1. LGR5-high intestinal stem cells are a primary source of progastrin production in early mouse and human intestinal adenomas.
Progastrin is an unprocessed soluble peptide precursor with a well-described tumor-promoting role in colorectal cancer. It is expressed at small levels in the healthy intestinal mucosa, and its expression is enhanced at early stages of intestinal tumor development, with high levels of this peptide in hyperplastic intestinal polyps being associated with poor neoplasm-free survival in patients. Yet, the precise type of progastrin-producing cells in the healthy intestinal mucosa and in early adenomas remains unclear. Here, we used a combination of immunostaining, RNAscope labelling and retrospective analysis of single cell RNAseq results to demonstrate that progastrin is produced within intestinal crypts by a subset of Bmi1+/Prox1+/LGR5low endocrine cells, previously shown to act as replacement stem cells in case of mucosal injury. In contrast, our findings indicate that intestinal stem cells, specified by expression of the Wnt signaling target LGR5, become the main source of progastrin production in early mouse and human intestinal adenomas. Collectively our results suggest that the previously identified feed-forward mechanisms between progastrin and Wnt signaling is a hallmark of early neoplastic transformation in mouse and human colonic adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Giraud
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - M Foroutan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | | | - F Grillet
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Z Homayed
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - U Jadhav
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Crespy
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - C Breuker
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - J-F Bourgaux
- Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, CHU Carémeau, Nîmes, France
| | - J Hazerbroucq
- Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, CHU Carémeau, Nîmes, France
| | - C Pignodel
- Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, CHU Carémeau, Nîmes, France
| | - B Brulin
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - R A Shivdasani
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Jay
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - F Hollande
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - J Pannequin
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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23
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LGR5 in Barrett's Esophagus and its Utility in Predicting Patients at Increased Risk of Advanced Neoplasia. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2020; 12:e00272. [PMID: 33464729 PMCID: PMC8345923 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of LGR5, a known stem cell marker, is poorly understood in Barrett's esophagus (BE) and related neoplasia. The aim of this study was to evaluate LGR5 in BE and related neoplasia and to evaluate its utility as a potential biomarker of progression to advanced neoplasia.
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24
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Sadek SA, A Rehim DM, Fatima S. The role of tumor budding in colorectal adenocarcinoma: Possible involvement of the intestinal cancer stem cell marker Lgr5. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2020; 63:32-37. [PMID: 32031119 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_154_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor budding (TB) is a promising prognostic factor in colorectal cancer (CRC) that is independent of tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) is a stem cell marker and a member of the canonical Wnt-signaling cascade. It is involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. However, its role in CRC progression and TB needs to be clarified. Materials and Methods TB was assessed in both H and E and CK immunostained sections of 92 CRC cases. Associations between TB grade and different clinicopathological parameters were evaluated. Lgr5 expression in CRC cases and its association with TB grade and other clinicopathological features was also evaluated. Results H and E stained sections revealed low- and high-grade budding in 55 (59.8%) and 37 (40.2%) tumors, respectively, whereas Cytokeratin Immunohistochemistry (CK-IHC) showed low- and high-grade budding in 31 (33.7%) and 61 (66.3%) tumors, respectively. TB grade (in H and E and CK stained sections) was significantly associated with adverse pathological prognostic variables including vascular invasion (P = 0.03 and 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001 and 0,001), advanced Dukes (P = 0.000 and 0.000), and TNM (P = 0.001 and 0.000) stages and inversely associated with Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILS) (P = 0.02 and 0.0001) which is known to be a good prognostic indicator. Lgr5 protein was positively expressed in 52.2% (48/92) of the CRCs. Immunoreactivity of Lgr5 was significantly associated with histological grade (P = 0.01), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.002), vascular invasion (P = 0.02), TNM stage (P = 0.000), Dukes stage (P = 0.000), and TILS (P = 0.03). Furthermore, Lgr5 was found to be significantly associated with TB estimated in both H and E and CK stained tumors (P = 0.003 and 0.001 respectively). Conclusion This study supported the relevance of TB in the assessment of CRC aggressiveness. It also revealed that Lgr5 expression is related to morphologic features in the invasive front of CRC. Lgr5 could have an important role in forming a morphologic feature at the invasive front associated with the aggressiveness of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sohaila Fatima
- Department of Pathology, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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25
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Walcher L, Kistenmacher AK, Suo H, Kitte R, Dluczek S, Strauß A, Blaudszun AR, Yevsa T, Fricke S, Kossatz-Boehlert U. Cancer Stem Cells-Origins and Biomarkers: Perspectives for Targeted Personalized Therapies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1280. [PMID: 32849491 PMCID: PMC7426526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biomarkers in diagnosis, therapy and prognosis has gained increasing interest over the last decades. In particular, the analysis of biomarkers in cancer patients within the pre- and post-therapeutic period is required to identify several types of cells, which carry a risk for a disease progression and subsequent post-therapeutic relapse. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of tumor cells that can drive tumor initiation and can cause relapses. At the time point of tumor initiation, CSCs originate from either differentiated cells or adult tissue resident stem cells. Due to their importance, several biomarkers that characterize CSCs have been identified and correlated to diagnosis, therapy and prognosis. However, CSCs have been shown to display a high plasticity, which changes their phenotypic and functional appearance. Such changes are induced by chemo- and radiotherapeutics as well as senescent tumor cells, which cause alterations in the tumor microenvironment. Induction of senescence causes tumor shrinkage by modulating an anti-tumorigenic environment in which tumor cells undergo growth arrest and immune cells are attracted. Besides these positive effects after therapy, senescence can also have negative effects displayed post-therapeutically. These unfavorable effects can directly promote cancer stemness by increasing CSC plasticity phenotypes, by activating stemness pathways in non-CSCs, as well as by promoting senescence escape and subsequent activation of stemness pathways. At the end, all these effects can lead to tumor relapse and metastasis. This review provides an overview of the most frequently used CSC markers and their implementation as biomarkers by focussing on deadliest solid (lung, stomach, liver, breast and colorectal cancers) and hematological (acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia) cancers. Furthermore, it gives examples on how the CSC markers might be influenced by therapeutics, such as chemo- and radiotherapy, and the tumor microenvironment. It points out, that it is crucial to identify and monitor residual CSCs, senescent tumor cells, and the pro-tumorigenic senescence-associated secretory phenotype in a therapy follow-up using specific biomarkers. As a future perspective, a targeted immune-mediated strategy using chimeric antigen receptor based approaches for the removal of remaining chemotherapy-resistant cells as well as CSCs in a personalized therapeutic approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Walcher
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Kistenmacher
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Huizhen Suo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reni Kitte
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Dluczek
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Strauß
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - André-René Blaudszun
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tetyana Yevsa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uta Kossatz-Boehlert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Tempest N, Jansen M, Baker AM, Hill CJ, Hale M, Magee D, Treanor D, Wright NA, Hapangama DK. Histological 3D reconstruction and in vivo lineage tracing of the human endometrium. J Pathol 2020; 251:440-451. [PMID: 32476144 DOI: 10.1002/path.5478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regular menstrual shedding and repair of the endometrial functionalis is unique to humans and higher-order primates. The current consensus postulates endometrial glands to have a single-tubular architecture, where multi-potential stem cells reside in the blind-ending glandular-bases. Utilising fixed samples from patients, we have studied the three-dimensional (3D) micro-architecture of the human endometrium. We demonstrate that some non-branching, single, vertical functionalis glands originate from a complex horizontally interconnecting network of basalis glands. The existence of a multipotent endometrial epithelial stem cell capable of regenerating the entire complement of glandular lineages was demonstrated by in vivo lineage tracing, using naturally occurring somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations as clonal markers. Vertical tracking of mutated clones showed that at least one stem-cell population resides in the basalis glands. These novel findings provide insight into the efficient and scar-less regenerative potential of the human endometrium. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Tempest
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, member of the Liverpool Health partnership, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, member of the Liverpool Health partnership, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marnix Jansen
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Baker
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Christopher J Hill
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, member of the Liverpool Health partnership, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mike Hale
- Pathology and Tumour Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Derek Magee
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Heterogenius Ltd, Leeds, UK
| | - Darren Treanor
- Pathology and Tumour Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Pathology department, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- Pathology department, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nicholas A Wright
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Dharani K Hapangama
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, member of the Liverpool Health partnership, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, member of the Liverpool Health partnership, Liverpool, UK
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27
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Hill CJ, Fakhreldin M, Maclean A, Dobson L, Nancarrow L, Bradfield A, Choi F, Daley D, Tempest N, Hapangama DK. Endometriosis and the Fallopian Tubes: Theories of Origin and Clinical Implications. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1905. [PMID: 32570847 PMCID: PMC7355596 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common, oestrogen driven chronic condition, where endometrium-like epithelial and stromal cells exist in ectopic sites. At present, no curative treatments are available and the existing evidence for disease progression is conflicting. The pathogenesis is still unknown and evidently complex, as mechanisms of initiation may depend on the anatomical distribution of endometriotic lesions. However, amongst the numerous theories and plethora of mechanisms, contributions of the fallopian tubes (FT) to endometriosis are rarely discussed. The FT are implicated in all endometriosis associated symptomatology and clinical consequences; they may contribute to the origin of endometriotic tissue, determine the sites for ectopic lesion establishment and act as conduits for the spread of proinflammatory media. Here, we examine the available evidence for the contribution of the human FT to the origin, pathogenesis and symptoms/clinical consequences of endometriosis. We also examine the broader topic linking endometriosis and the FT epithelium to the genesis of ovarian epithelial cancers. Further studies elucidating the distinct functional and phenotypical characteristics of FT mucosa may allow the development of novel treatment strategies for endometriosis that are potentially curative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Hill
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
| | - Marwa Fakhreldin
- Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK;
| | - Alison Maclean
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
- Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK;
| | - Lucy Dobson
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
- Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK;
| | - Lewis Nancarrow
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
- Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK;
| | - Alice Bradfield
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
| | - Fiona Choi
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
| | - Diandra Daley
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
| | - Nicola Tempest
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
- Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK;
| | - Dharani K. Hapangama
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (C.J.H.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (L.N.); (A.B.); (F.C.); (D.D.); (N.T.)
- Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK;
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Nakajima T, Uehara T, Iwaya M, Kobayashi Y, Maruyama Y, Ota H. Characterization of LGR5 expression in poorly differentiated colorectal carcinoma with mismatch repair protein deficiency. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:319. [PMID: 32293346 PMCID: PMC7161284 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) is a promising intestinal stem cell and carcinoma stem cell marker. We examined the relationship between mismatch repair (MMR) protein deficiency and LGR5 expression in poorly differentiated (PD) colorectal carcinoma (CRC). METHODS In 29 cases of PD-CRC, deficiencies in MMR proteins (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, MSH6) and β-catenin expression were identified by immunohistochemistry (IHC). LGR5 expression was examined by the RNAscope assay in tissue microarrays. RESULTS LGR5 H-scores in MMR-deficient (MMR-D) cases were significantly lower than those in MMR-proficient (MMR-P) cases (P = 0.0033). Nuclear β-catenin IHC scores in MMR-D cases were significantly lower than those in MMR-P cases (P = 0.0024). In all cases, there was a positive correlation between LGR5 H-score and nuclear β-catenin IHC score (r = 0.6796, P < 0.001). Even in MMR-D and MMR-P cases, there was a positive correlation between LGR5 H-score and nuclear β-catenin IHC score (r = 0.7180, P < 0.0085 and r = 0.6574, P < 0.003, respectively). MMR-D CRC cases showed low expression of LGR5, which may be due to low activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal the relationship between LGR5 expression and MMR protein profiles in PD-CRC. A further study is warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Nakajima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Mai Iwaya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Maruyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Suwa Red Cross Hospital, Suwa, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Ota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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29
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Selective Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) Based on Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Penetration Depth Inhibits Colon Polyp Formation in Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010203. [PMID: 31947553 PMCID: PMC7017170 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) without damaging normal stem cells could contribute to the development of novel radical cancer therapies. Cells expressing leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) constitute a cancer-causing population in the colon; therefore, targeting of Lgr5+ cells is expected to provide an opportunity to mitigate colon cancer. However, the expression of Lgr5 in normal stem cells makes it difficult to prove the efficacy of therapies targeted exclusively at Lgr5+ cancer cells. We used a modified photodynamic therapy technique involving cellular radiative transfer between green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing cells and a rose bengal photosensitizer. After treatment, tumors containing GFP-Lgr5+ cells were observed to be significantly suppressed or retarded with little effect on GFP-Lgr5+ stem cells at the crypt bottom. Lgr5+ CSCs were specifically eradicated in situ, when localized based on the depth from the colon lumen, revealing the potential preventive efficacy of Lgr5-targeted therapy on tumor growth. This study supports the idea that Lgr5+ cells localized near the colon luminal surface are central to colorectal cancer. With further development, the targeting of localized Lgr5+ cancer stem cells, which this study demonstrates in concept, may be feasible for prevention of colon cancer in high-risk populations.
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30
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Switching to a Healthy Diet Prevents the Detrimental Effects of Western Diet in a Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer Model. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010045. [PMID: 31877961 PMCID: PMC7019913 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease increases the odds of developing colitis-associated cancer. We hypothesized that Western-style diet (WD) aggravates azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced colitis-associated tumorigenesis and that switching to the standard AIN93G diet will ameliorate disease symptoms even after cancer initiation. Female BALB/c mice received either WD (WD group) or standard AIN93G diet (AIN group) for the whole experimental period. After five weeks, the mice received 12.5 mg/kg AOM intraperitoneally, followed by three DSS cycles. In one group of mice, the WD was switched to AIN93G the day before starting the first DSS cycle (WD/AIN group). Feeding the WD during the whole experimental period aggravated colitis symptoms, shortened the colon (p < 0.05), changed microbiota composition and increased tumor promotion. On molecular level, the WD reduced proliferation (p < 0.05) and increased expression of the vitamin D catabolizing enzyme Cyp24a1 (p < 0.001). The switch to the AIN93G diet ameliorated this effect, reflected by longer colons, fewer (p < 0.05) and smaller (p < 0.01) aberrant colonic crypt foci, comparable with the AIN group. Our results show that switching to a healthy diet, even after cancer initiation is able to revert the deleterious effect of the WD and could be an effective preventive strategy to reduce colitis symptoms and prevent tumorigenesis.
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31
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Abstract
Intravital microscopy is a powerful technique to observe dynamic processes with single-cell resolution in live animals. No intravital window has been developed for imaging the colon due to its anatomic location and motility, although the colon is a key organ where the majority of microbiota reside and common diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, functional gastrointestinal disorders, and colon cancer occur. Here we describe an intravital murine colonic window with a stabilizing ferromagnetic scaffold for chronic imaging, minimizing motion artifacts while maximizing long-term survival by preventing colonic obstruction. Using this setup, we image fluorescently-labeled stem cells, bacteria, and immune cells in live animal colons. Furthermore, we image nerve activity via calcium imaging in real time to demonstrate that electrical sacral nerve stimulation can activate colonic enteric neurons. The simple implantable apparatus enables visualization of live processes in the colon, which will open the window to a broad range of studies. Performing intravital imaging of the colon in mouse models is challenging due to the colon’s anatomic location and motility. Here, the authors develop a murine colonic window for intravital chronic imaging that maximises long-term animal survival and minimises motion artefacts.
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32
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Saleeb RM, Farag M, Ding Q, Downes M, Bjarnason G, Brimo F, Plant P, Rotondo F, Lichner Z, Finelli A, Yousef GM. Integrated Molecular Analysis of Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma and Precursor Lesions Unfolds Evolutionary Process from Kidney Progenitor-Like Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2046-2060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gong P, Wang H, Zhang J, Fu Y, Zhu Z, Wang J, Yin Y, Wang H, Zhou Z, Yang J, Liu L, Gou M, Zeng M, Yuan J, Wang F, Pan X, Xiang R, Weissman SM, Qi F, Liu L. Telomere Maintenance-Associated PML Is a Potential Specific Therapeutic Target of Human Colorectal Cancer. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:1164-1176. [PMID: 31207547 PMCID: PMC6580093 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere length maintenance is essential for cell proliferation, which is particularly prominent in cancer. We validate that the primary colorectal tumors exhibit heterogeneous telomere lengths but mostly (90%) short telomeres relative to normal tissues. Intriguingly, relatively short telomeres are associated with tumor malignancy as indicated by poorly differentiated state, and these tumors contain more cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) identified by several commonly used markers CD44, EPHB2 or LGR5. Moreover, promyelocytic leukemia (PML) and ALT-associated PML nuclear bodies (APBs) are frequently found in tumors with short telomeres and high proliferation. In contrast, distant normal tissues rarely or only minimally express PML. Inhibition of PML and APBs by an ATR inhibitor decreases proliferation of CSLCs and organoids, suggesting a potential therapeutic target to progressive colorectal tumors. Together, telomere maintenance underling tumor progression is connected with CSLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yudong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhengmao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jinmiao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhongcheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mo Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jinghua Yuan
- Department of Genetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Genetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xinghua Pan
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Rong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy
| | - Sherman M Weissman
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Tempest N, Baker AM, Wright NA, Hapangama DK. Does human endometrial LGR5 gene expression suggest the existence of another hormonally regulated epithelial stem cell niche? Hum Reprod 2019; 33:1052-1062. [PMID: 29648645 PMCID: PMC5972618 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is human endometrial leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) gene expression limited to the postulated epithelial stem cell niche, stratum basalis glands, and is it hormonally regulated? SUMMARY ANSWER LGR5 expressing cells are not limited to the postulated stem cell niche but LGR5 expression is hormonally regulated. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The human endometrium is a highly regenerative tissue; however, endometrial epithelial stem cell markers are yet to be confirmed. LGR5 is a marker of stem cells in various epithelia. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The study was conducted at a University Research Institute. Endometrial samples from 50 healthy women undergoing benign gynaecological surgery with no endometrial pathology at the Liverpool Women's hospital were included and analysed in the following six sub-categories; proliferative, secretory phases of menstrual cycle, postmenopausal, those using oral and local progestagens and samples for in vitro explant culture. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS In this study, we used the gold standard method, in situ hybridisation (ISH) along with qPCR and a systems biology approach to study the location of LGR5 gene expression in full thickness human endometrium and Fallopian tubes. The progesterone regulation of endometrial LGR5 was examined in vivo and in short-term cultured endometrial tissue explants in vitro. LGR5 expression was correlated with epithelial proliferation (Ki67), and expression of previously reported epithelia progenitor markers (SOX9 and SSEA-1) immunohistochemistry (IHC). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE LGR5 gene expression was significantly higher in the endometrial luminal epithelium than in all other epithelial compartments in the healthy human endometrium, including the endometrial stratum basalis (P < 0.05). The strongest SSEA-1 and SOX9 staining was observed in the stratum basalis glands, but the general trend of SOX9 and SSEA-1 expression followed the same cyclical pattern of expression as LGR5. Stratum functionalis epithelial Ki67-LI and LGR5 expression levels correlated significantly (r = 0.74, P = 0.01), however, they did not correlate in luminal and stratum basalis epithelium (r = 0.5 and 0.13, respectively). Endometrial LGR5 demonstrates a dynamic spatiotemporal expression pattern, suggesting hormonal regulation. Oral and local progestogens significantly reduced endometrial LGR5 mRNA levels compared with women not on hormonal treatment (P < 0.01). Our data were in agreement with in silico analysis of published endometrial microarrays. LARGE SCALE DATA We did not generate our own large scale data but interrogated publically available large scale data sets. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION In the absence of reliable antibodies for human LGR5 protein and validated lineage markers for the various epithelial populations that potentially exist within the endometrium, our study does not formally characterise or examine the functional ability of the resident LGR5+ cells as multipotent. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These data will facilitate future lineage tracing studies in the human endometrial epithelium; to identify the location of stem cells and further complement the in vitro functional studies, to confirm if the LGR5 expressing epithelial cells indeed represent the epithelial stem cell population. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by funding from the Wellbeing of Women project grant (RTF510) and Cancer Research UK (A14895). None of the authors have any conflicts of interest to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tempest
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK
| | - A M Baker
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - N A Wright
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - D K Hapangama
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK
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Pereira CV, Duarte M, Silva P, Bento da Silva A, Duarte CMM, Cifuentes A, García-Cañas V, Bronze MR, Albuquerque C, Serra AT. Polymethoxylated Flavones Target Cancer Stemness and Improve the Antiproliferative Effect of 5-Fluorouracil in a 3D Cell Model of Colorectal Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:E326. [PMID: 30717428 PMCID: PMC6412836 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) from citrus fruits are reported to present anticancer potential. However, there is a lack of information regarding their effect on cancer stem cell (CSC) populations, which has been recognized as responsible for tumor initiation, relapse, and chemoresistance. In this study, we evaluated the effect of an orange peel extract (OPE) and its main PMFs, namely, nobiletin, sinensetin, tangeretin, and scutellarein tetramethylether in targeting cell proliferation and stemness using a 3D cell model of colorectal cancer composed of HT29 cell spheroids cultured for 7 days in stirred conditions. Soft agar assay, ALDH1 activity, and relative quantitative gene expression analysis of specific biomarkers were carried out to characterize the stemness, self-renewal, and mesenchymal features of HT29 cell spheroids. Then, the impact of OPE and PMFs in reducing cell proliferation and modulating cancer stemness and self-renewal was assessed. Results showed that, when compared with monolayer cultures, HT29 cell spheroids presented higher ALDH1 activity (81.97% ± 5.27% compared to 63.55% ± 17.49% for 2D), upregulation of CD44, PROM1, SOX9, and SNAI1 genes (1.83 ± 0.34, 2.54 ± 0.51, 2.03 ± 0.15, and 6.12 ± 1.59 times) and high self-renewal capability (352 ± 55 colonies compared to 253 ± 42 for 2D). Incubation with OPE (1 mg/mL) significantly inhibited cell proliferation and modulated cancer stemness and self-renewal ability: colony formation, ALDH1 activity, and the expression of cancer stemness biomarkers PROM1 and LGR5 were significantly reduced (0.66 ± 0.15 and 0.51 ± 0.14 times, respectively). Among all PMFs, tangeretin was the most efficient in targeting the CSC population by decreasing colony formation and the expression of PROM1 and LGR5. Scutellarein tetramethylether was shown to modulate markers of mesenchymal/metastatic transition (increasing CDH1 and reducing ZEB1 and SNAI1) and nobiletin was capable of downregulating PROM1 and SNAI1 expression. Importantly, all PMFs and OPE were shown to synergistically interact with 5-fluorouracil, improving the antiproliferative response of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina V Pereira
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Marlene Duarte
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E (IPOLFG, EPE), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Silva
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E (IPOLFG, EPE), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Andreia Bento da Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av das Forças Armadas, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Catarina M M Duarte
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC), Calle Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Virginia García-Cañas
- Molecular Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC) Calle Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria R Bronze
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av das Forças Armadas, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Albuquerque
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E (IPOLFG, EPE), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ana Teresa Serra
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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Wang L, Wang E, Wang Y, Mines R, Xiang K, Sun Z, Zhou G, Chen KY, Rakhilin N, Chao S, Ye G, Wu Z, Yan H, Shen H, Everitt J, Bu P, Shen X. miR-34a is a microRNA safeguard for Citrobacter-induced inflammatory colon oncogenesis. eLife 2018; 7:e39479. [PMID: 30543324 PMCID: PMC6314783 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation often induces regeneration to repair the tissue damage. However, chronic inflammation can transform temporary hyperplasia into a fertile ground for tumorigenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the microRNA miR-34a acts as a central safeguard to protect the inflammatory stem cell niche and reparative regeneration. Although playing little role in regular homeostasis, miR-34a deficiency leads to colon tumorigenesis after Citrobacter rodentium infection. miR-34a targets both immune and epithelial cells to restrain inflammation-induced stem cell proliferation. miR-34a targets Interleukin six receptor (IL-6R) and Interleukin 23 receptor (IL-23R) to suppress T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation and expansion, targets chemokine CCL22 to hinder Th17 cell recruitment to the colon epithelium, and targets an orphan receptor Interleukin 17 receptor D (IL-17RD) to inhibit IL-17-induced stem cell proliferation. Our study highlights the importance of microRNAs in protecting the stem cell niche during inflammation despite their lack of function in regular tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, CAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Center for Genomics and Computational BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Ergang Wang
- Center for Genomics and Computational BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Genomics and Computational BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCMNanjingChina
| | - Robert Mines
- Center for Genomics and Computational BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Kun Xiang
- Center for Genomics and Computational BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Zhiguo Sun
- Center for Genomics and Computational BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Gaiting Zhou
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Kai-Yuan Chen
- Center for Genomics and Computational BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Nikolai Rakhilin
- Center for Genomics and Computational BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
- School of Electrical and Computer EngineeringCornell UniversityNew yorkUnited States
| | - Shanshan Chao
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, CAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Gaoqi Ye
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, CAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, CAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Huiwen Yan
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, CAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hong Shen
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCMNanjingChina
| | - Jeffrey Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Animal Pathology CoreDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Pengcheng Bu
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, CAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiling Shen
- Center for Genomics and Computational BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamUnited States
- School of Electrical and Computer EngineeringCornell UniversityNew yorkUnited States
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De Gregorio V, Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Netti PA. Micro-patterned endogenous stroma equivalent induces polarized crypt-villus architecture of human small intestinal epithelium. Acta Biomater 2018; 81:43-59. [PMID: 30282052 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine is the major site for digestion, drug and nutrient absorption, as well as a primary site for many diseases. Current in vitro gut models fail in reproducing the complex intestinal extracellular matrix (ECM) network of the lamina propria and the peculiar architecture of the crypt-villus axis. Here we proposed a novel in vitro human intestine model that mimics the intestinal stromal topography and composition and strictly reproduces the tissue polarity with the crypt-villus architecture. First we developed a 3D human intestinal stromal equivalent (3D-ISE) composed of human intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) embedded in their own extracellular matrix. Then, we seeded human colon carcinoma-derived cells (Caco-2) onto flat or patterned cell-synthetized stromal equivalent structure and cultured them until the formation of a well-oriented epithelium. We demonstrated that the patterned stroma increases the absorbing surface area, the epithelial proliferation rate, and the density of microvilli. In addition it induces changes in the biological functions of the epithelial cells such as enzymes and mucus production, polarization and tightness showing a physiological cell-lineage compartmentalization along the crypt/villi axes with the undifferentiated phenotypes at the base. At last, we reproduced an inflamed intestinal tissue model in which we identified the contribution of the stromal microenvironment by molecular (cytokines release and MMPs production) and immunofluorescence analyses and the effects of the epithelial-stromal cross-talk in the intestinal innate immunity by multiphoton investigation that revealed differences in the collagen network architecture. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The intestinal stroma morphology and composition has a fundamental role in crypt-villus development and appropriate epithelial cell-lineage compartmentalization. On this base, here we develop an engineered organotypic model of human intestine equivalent in which a functional epithelial/ECM crosstalk is recapitulated. Due to its accessible luminal surface it provides a new platform for preclinical studies of mucosal immunology and bowel inflammation as well as the assessment of pharmaco-toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza De Gregorio
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI) University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy; Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI) University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
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Molecular characterization and prospective isolation of human fetal cochlear hair cell progenitors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4027. [PMID: 30279445 PMCID: PMC6168603 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory hair cells located in the organ of Corti are essential for cochlear mechanosensation. Their loss is irreversible in humans resulting in permanent hearing loss. The development of therapeutic interventions for hearing loss requires fundamental knowledge about similarities and potential differences between animal models and human development as well as the establishment of human cell based-assays. Here we analyze gene and protein expression of the developing human inner ear in a temporal window spanning from week 8 to 12 post conception, when cochlear hair cells become specified. Utilizing surface markers for the cochlear prosensory domain, namely EPCAM and CD271, we purify postmitotic hair cell progenitors that, when placed in culture in three-dimensional organoids, regain proliferative potential and eventually differentiate to hair cell-like cells in vitro. These results provide a foundation for comparative studies with otic cells generated from human pluripotent stem cells and for establishing novel platforms for drug validation. Hearing requires mechanosensitive hair cells in the organ of Corti, which derive from progenitors of the cochlear duct. Here the authors examine human inner ear development by studying key developmental markers and describe organoid cultures from human cochlear duct progenitors for in vitro hair cell differentiation.
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Liu S, Zheng Z, Ji S, Liu T, Hou Y, Li S, Li G. Resveratrol reduces senescence-associated secretory phenotype by SIRT1/NF-κB pathway in gut of the annual fish Nothobranchius guentheri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:473-479. [PMID: 29908321 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Senescent cells display a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which contributes to aging. Resveratrol, an activator of SIRT1, has anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-free radical and other pharmacological effects. The genus of the annual fish Nothobranchius has become an emerging animal model for studying aging. However, the underlying mechanism for resveratrol to delay aging by SASP regulation has not been elucidated in vertebrates. In this study, the annual fish N. guentheri were fed with resveratrol for long-term treatment. The results showed that resveratrol reversed intensive senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity with aging process, down-regulated levels of SASP-associated proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNFα, and up-regulated expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in gut of the fish. Resveratrol increased SIRT1 expression, and inhibited NF-κB by decreasing RelA/p65, Ac-RelA/p65 and p-IκBα levels and by increasing the interaction between SIRT1 and RelA/p65. Moreover, resveratrol reversed the decline of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and intestinal stem cells (ISCs) caused by aging in gut of the fish. Together, our results implied that resveratrol inhibited SASP through SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway and delayed aging of the annual fish N. guentheri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaodi Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuhua Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanhan Hou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Guorong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
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Takiyama A, Tanaka T, Kazama S, Nagata H, Kawai K, Hata K, Otani K, Nishikawa T, Sasaki K, Kaneko M, Emoto S, Murono K, Takiyama H, Nozawa H. DCLK1 Expression in Colorectal Polyps Increases with the Severity of Dysplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 32:365-371. [PMID: 29475922 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) has been investigated in cancer; however not in precancerous adenomatous polyps. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistological expression of DCLK1 was evaluated in various grades of adenomas, cancerous polyps, and hyperplastic polyps in resected human tissue specimens. RESULTS Ninety-two specimens were positive for DCLK1 and 134 were negative. Cancerous polyps showed a high DCLK1 positivity rate compared to adenomas (68.4% vs. 36.8%; p<0.01). The rate of DCLK1 positivity was not significantly different among the three grades of adenomas (mild, moderate, and severe). DCLK1 was highly positive in advanced adenomas than low risk adenomas (49.6% vs. 29.3%; p<0.01). CONCLUSION The expression of DCLK1 was found in low-grade adenomas and increased with worsening severity of dysplasia. DCLK1 expression was highly observed in advanced adenomas, which had a clinically higher malignant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Takiyama
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kazama
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagata
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Kawai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hata
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Otani
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishikawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Sasaki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Kaneko
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Emoto
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Murono
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Nozawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Miller TJ, Mccoy MJ, Hemmings C, Iacopetta B, Platell CF. Expression of PD-L1 and SOX2 during rectal tumourigenesis: Potential mechanisms for immune escape and tumour cell invasion. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5761-5768. [PMID: 30405752 PMCID: PMC6202476 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoediting is defined as a process whereby tumour cells develop the capacity to escape immune cell recognition. Accumulating evidence suggests that cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) have an enhanced capacity to interact with the immune system. The expression of CSCs and immune cell-associated markers has been demonstrated to change with disease progression from premalignant lesions to invasive cancer. The present study investigated the expression of putative CSC and immune cell-associated markers in different stages of progression from dysplasia to invasive malignancy in rectal lesions. Immunohistochemistry was performed for the CSC markers Lgr5 and SOX2 and the immune-associated markers CD8, Foxp3 and PD-L1 in 79 cases of endoscopically-excised rectal lesions, ranging from low grade adenoma (LG) to invasive adenocarcinoma (AdCa). CD8 and Foxp3 expression significantly increased with advances in disease progression [AdCa vs. LG: Odds ratio (OR) 4.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.16–16.3; P=0.03 and OR, 40.5; 95% CI, 6.57–249.6; P<0.0001, respectively]. An increase in programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression was also observed with disease progression (OR, 24.0; 95% CI, 4.23–136.2; P=0.0003). The expression of sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) did not correlate with disease progression, although an elevated expression was observed in areas with high grade dysplasia. Increased PD-L1 expression may be a mechanism by which tumour cells evade immune recognition, facilitating tumour cell invasion in rectal cancer. The expression of SOX2 in areas with high grade dysplasia may indicate the de-differentiation of tumour cells, or the activation of migration pathways for invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Miller
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,Colorectal Research Unit, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6904, Australia
| | - Melanie J Mccoy
- Colorectal Research Unit, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6904, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Christine Hemmings
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Barry Iacopetta
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Cameron F Platell
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,Colorectal Research Unit, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6904, Australia
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42
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Nakajima T, Uehara T, Kobayashi Y, Kinugawa Y, Yamanoi K, Maruyama Y, Suga T, Ota H. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 expression and clinicopathological features of colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms. Pathol Int 2018; 68:467-472. [PMID: 30043418 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
LGR5 is expressed in various tumors and has been identified as a putative intestinal stem cell marker. Here we investigated LGR5 expression in colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms and analyzed the correlation with pathological characteristics. We evaluated the clinicopathological features of 8 neuroendocrine tumor (NET) grade 1 (NET G1), 4 NET Grade 2 (NET G2), and 8 NET Grade 3 (NET G3; also termed neuroendocrine carcinoma, or NEC) cases. We examined LGR5 expression using an RNAscope, a newly developed RNA in situ hybridization technique, with a tissue microarray of the neuroendocrine neoplasm samples. LGR5 staining in individual tumor cells was semi-quantitatively scored using an H-score scale. We also performed a combination of LGR5 RNA in situ hybridization and synaptophysin immunohistochemistry. All cases contained tumor cells with some LGR5-positive dots. For all cases, H-scores showed a positive correlation with nuclear beta-catenin expression. In the NEC group, there was a strong positive correlation between H-score and beta-catenin expression. Our findings suggest that LGR5 may serve as a stem cell marker in NEC, as is the case in colon adenocarcinoma. The positive correlation between H-score and beta-catenin expression suggests that LGR5 expression might be affected by beta-catenin expression in neuroendocrine neoplasms and especially in NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Nakajima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kinugawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamanoi
- Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Advanced Medicine for Health Promotion, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Maruyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Suwa Red Cross Hospital, Suwa, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Suga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Ota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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43
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Jang BG, Kim HS, Chang WY, Bae JM, Kim WH, Kang GH. Expression Profile of LGR5 and Its Prognostic Significance in Colorectal Cancer Progression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2236-2250. [PMID: 30036518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the expression profile of leucine-rich, repeat-containing, G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) during colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and determined the prognostic impact of LGR5 in a large cohort of CRC samples. LGR5 expression was higher in CRCs than in normal mucosa, and was not associated with other cancer stem cell markers. LGR5 positivity was observed in 68% of 788 CRCs and was positively correlated with older age, moderately to well-differentiated cells, and nuclear β-catenin expression. Enhanced LGR5 expression remained persistent during the adenoma-carcinoma transition, but markedly declined in the budding cancer cells at the invasive fronts, which was not due to altered wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site family (Wnt) or epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling. LGR5 showed negative correlations with microsatellite instability and CpG island methylator phenotype, and was not associated with KRAS or BRAF mutation. Notably, LGR5 positivity was an independent prognostic marker for better clinical outcomes in CRC patients. LGR5 overexpression attenuated tumor growth by decreasing ERK phosphorylation along with decreased colony formation and migration abilities in DLD1 cells. Likewise, knockdown of LGR5 expression resulted in a decline in the colony-forming and migration capacities in LoVo cells. Taken together, our data suggest a suppressive role of LGR5 in CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Weon Young Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Mo Bae
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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44
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Benelli R, Venè R, Ferrari N. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (cyclooxygenase-2), a complex target for colorectal cancer prevention and therapy. Transl Res 2018; 196:42-61. [PMID: 29421522 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A plentiful literature has linked colorectal cancer (CRC) to inflammation and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS)2 expression. Accordingly, several nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been tested often successfully in CRC chemoprevention despite their different ability to specifically target PTGS2 and the low or null expression of PTGS2 in early colon adenomas. Some observational studies showed an increased survival for patients with CRC assuming NSAIDs after diagnosis, but no clinical trial has yet demonstrated the efficacy of NSAIDs against established CRC, where PTGS2 is expressed at high levels. The major limits for the application of NSAIDs, or specific PTGS2 inhibitors, as adjuvant drugs in CRC are (1) a frequent confusion about the physiological role of PTGS1 and PTGS2, reflecting in CRC pathology and therapy; (2) the presence of unavoidable side effects linked to the intrinsic function of these enzymes; (3) the need of established criteria and markers for patient selection; and (4) the evaluation of the immunomodulatory potential of PTGS2 inhibitors as possible adjuvants for immunotherapy. This review has been written to rediscover the multifaceted potential of PTGS2 targeting, hoping it could act as a starting point for a new and more aware application of NSAIDs against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Benelli
- OU Immunology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico per l'oncologia), Genoa, Italy.
| | - Roberta Venè
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico per l'oncologia), Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ferrari
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico per l'oncologia), Genoa, Italy
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45
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Targeting LGR5 in Colorectal Cancer: therapeutic gold or too plastic? Br J Cancer 2018; 118:1410-1418. [PMID: 29844449 PMCID: PMC5988707 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor (LGR5 or GPR49) potentiates canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling and is a marker of normal stem cells in several tissues, including the intestine. Consistent with stem cell potential, single isolated LGR5+ cells from the gut generate self-organising crypt/villus structures in vitro termed organoids or 'mini-guts', which accurately model the parent tissue. The well characterised deregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling that occurs during the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in colorectal cancer (CRC) renders LGR5 an interesting therapeutic target. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrating that CRC tumours contain LGR5+ subsets and retain a degree of normal tissue architecture has heightened translational interest. Such reports fuel hope that specific subpopulations or molecules within a tumour may be therapeutically targeted to prevent relapse and induce long-term remissions. Despite these observations, many studies within this field have produced conflicting and confusing results with no clear consensus on the therapeutic value of LGR5. This review will recap the various oncogenic and tumour suppressive roles that have been described for the LGR5 molecule in CRC. It will further highlight recent studies indicating the plasticity or redundancy of LGR5+ cells in intestinal cancer progression and assess the overall merit of therapeutically targeting LGR5 in CRC.
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46
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Testa U, Pelosi E, Castelli G. Colorectal cancer: genetic abnormalities, tumor progression, tumor heterogeneity, clonal evolution and tumor-initiating cells. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:E31. [PMID: 29652830 PMCID: PMC6024750 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide. Most colorectal cancer occurrences are sporadic, not related to genetic predisposition or family history; however, 20-30% of patients with colorectal cancer have a family history of colorectal cancer and 5% of these tumors arise in the setting of a Mendelian inheritance syndrome. In many patients, the development of a colorectal cancer is preceded by a benign neoplastic lesion: either an adenomatous polyp or a serrated polyp. Studies carried out in the last years have characterized the main molecular alterations occurring in colorectal cancers, showing that the tumor of each patient displays from two to eight driver mutations. The ensemble of molecular studies, including gene expression studies, has led to two proposed classifications of colorectal cancers, with the identification of four/five non-overlapping groups. The homeostasis of the rapidly renewing intestinal epithelium is ensured by few stem cells present at the level of the base of intestinal crypts. Various experimental evidence suggests that colorectal cancers may derive from the malignant transformation of intestinal stem cells or of intestinal cells that acquire stem cell properties following malignant transformation. Colon cancer stem cells seem to be involved in tumor chemoresistance, radioresistance and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Germana Castelli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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47
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Cui G, Xu G, Zhu L, Pang Z, Zheng W, Li Z, Yuan A. Temporal and spatial changes of cells positive for stem-like markers in different compartments and stages of human colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Oncotarget 2018; 8:45311-45322. [PMID: 28484082 PMCID: PMC5542188 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence supports the idea that stem-like cells may play an essential role during the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). To accomplish this aim, we use immunohistochemistry (IHC) and double IHC with different potential stem-like markers, anti-musashi (Msi), anti-CD133, anti- LGR5 and anti-ALDH1 to examine the presentation of stem-like cells in different compartments including adenoma/CRC epithelium, transitional crypts and tumor stroma in colorectal adenoma and CRC. The results showed that cells positive for stem-like markers were remarkably increased in number and frequently observed in the adenoma/CRC epithelium, transitional crypts and tumor stroma. Notably, the population of cells positive for stem-liker markers was expanded from the base to the middle part of the transitional crypt in both adenoma and CRC tissues, reflecting that stem-like cells are likely involved in the process of colorectal tumorigenesis. Counting results showed that the grading scores of cells positive for LGR5 and ALDH1 in the adenoma/CRC epithelium were significantly increased relative with the control epithelium, and associated with the degree of dysplasia in the adenoma and node involvement in the CRC (all P < 0.05). In addition, the density of cells positive for stem-like markers in the adenomatous/cancerous stroma was also increased and paralleled an increase in the density of proliferative stromal cells labeled by PCNA, which were primarily identified as vimentin positive fibroblasts. Our results have revealed a changed temporal and spatial presentation of stem-like markers in different stages of human colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence, which might be a hallmark of the adenoma-carcinoma transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Faculty of Health, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Gang Xu
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhigang Pang
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhenfeng Li
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Aping Yuan
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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48
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Dame MK, Attili D, McClintock SD, Dedhia PH, Ouillette P, Hardt O, Chin AM, Xue X, Laliberte J, Katz EL, Newsome GM, Hill DR, Miller AJ, Tsai YH, Agorku D, Altheim CH, Bosio A, Simon B, Samuelson LC, Stoerker JA, Appelman HD, Varani J, Wicha MS, Brenner DE, Shah YM, Spence JR, Colacino JA. Identification, isolation and characterization of human LGR5-positive colon adenoma cells. Development 2018; 145:dev.153049. [PMID: 29467240 DOI: 10.1242/dev.153049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is maintained by stem cells located at the base of crypts and distinguished by the expression of LGR5. Genetically engineered mouse models have provided a wealth of information about intestinal stem cells, whereas less is known about human intestinal stem cells owing to difficulty detecting and isolating these cells. We established an organoid repository from patient-derived adenomas, adenocarcinomas and normal colon, which we analyzed for variants in 71 colorectal cancer (CRC)-associated genes. Normal and neoplastic colon tissue organoids were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and fluorescent-activated cell sorting for LGR5. LGR5-positive cells were isolated from four adenoma organoid lines and were subjected to RNA sequencing. We found that LGR5 expression in the epithelium and stroma was associated with tumor stage, and by integrating functional experiments with LGR5-sorted cell RNA sequencing data from adenoma and normal organoids, we found correlations between LGR5 and CRC-specific genes, including dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 4 (DKK4) and SPARC-related modular calcium binding 2 (SMOC2). Collectively, this work provides resources, methods and new markers to isolate and study stem cells in human tissue homeostasis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Dame
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Durga Attili
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Priya H Dedhia
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter Ouillette
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Olaf Hardt
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, 51429, Germany
| | - Alana M Chin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiang Xue
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Julie Laliberte
- Department of Research and Development, Progenity, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erica L Katz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gina M Newsome
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David R Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alyssa J Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David Agorku
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, 51429, Germany
| | - Christopher H Altheim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andreas Bosio
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, 51429, Germany
| | - Becky Simon
- BioCentury Publications, Redwood City, CA 94065, USA
| | - Linda C Samuelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jay A Stoerker
- Department of Research and Development, Progenity, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Henry D Appelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James Varani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Max S Wicha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dean E Brenner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Justin A Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA .,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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49
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Wu W, Cao J, Ji Z, Wang J, Jiang T, Ding H. Co-expression of Lgr5 and CXCR4 characterizes cancer stem-like cells of colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:81144-81155. [PMID: 27835894 PMCID: PMC5348382 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies designed to target cancer stem cells (CSCs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) may improve treatment outcomes. Different markers have been used to identify CSCs or CSC-like cells in CRC, but the enrichment of CSCs using these markers has yet to be optimized. We recently reported the importance of Lgr5-positive CRC cells in cancer growth. Here, we studied the possibility of using Lgr5 and CXCR4 as CSC markers for CRC. We detected high Lgr5 and CXCR4 levels in stage IV CRC specimens. Both high Lgr5 and CXCR4 levels were associated with poor prognosis in stage IV CRC patients. In vitro, Lgr5+CXCR4-, CXCR4+Lgr5- and Lgr5+CXCR4+ cells were purified in human CRC cell lines and examined for their CSC properties. We found that compared to the unsorted cells, CXCR4+Lgr5-, Lgr5+CXCR4-, and Lgr5+/CXCR4+ cells showed significantly greater cancer mass after subcutaneous transplantation, greater tumor sphere formation, higher resistance to chemotherapy, and higher incidence of tumor formation after serial adoptive transplantation into NOD/SCID mice. Taken together, our data suggest that the combined use of Lgr5 and CXCR4 may facilitate the enrichment of CSCs in CRC, and that treating Lgr5+/CXCR4+ CRC cells may improve the outcome of CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zhengyi Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jingjue Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Honghua Ding
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
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50
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Paschall AV, Yang D, Lu C, Redd PS, Choi JH, Heaton CM, Lee JR, Nayak-Kapoor A, Liu K. CD133+CD24lo defines a 5-Fluorouracil-resistant colon cancer stem cell-like phenotype. Oncotarget 2018; 7:78698-78712. [PMID: 27659530 PMCID: PMC5346671 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the most commonly used drug for patients with advanced colon cancer. However, development of resistance to 5-FU is inevitable in almost all patients. The mechanism by which colon cancer develops 5-FU resistance is still unclear. One recently proposed theory is that cancer stem-like cells underlie colon cancer 5-FU resistance, but the phenotypes of 5-FU-resistant colon cancer stem cells are still controversial. We report here that 5-FU treatment selectively enriches a subset of CD133+ colon cancer cells in vitro. 5-FU chemotherapy also increases CD133+ tumor cells in human colon cancer patients. However, sorted CD133+ colon cancer cells exhibit no increased resistance to 5-FU, and CD133 levels exhibit no correlation with colon cancer patient survival or cancer recurrence. Genome-wide analysis of gene expression between sorted CD133+ colon cancer cells and 5-FU-selected colon cancer cells identifies 207 differentially expressed genes. CD24 is one of the genes whose expression level is lower in the CD133+ and 5-FU-resistant colon cancer cells as compared to CD133+ and 5-FU-sensitive colon cancer cells. Consequently, CD133+CD24lo cells exhibit decreased sensitivity to 5-FU. Therefore, we determine that CD133+CD24lo phenotype defines 5-FU-resistant human colon cancer stem cell-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy V Paschall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Dafeng Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Chunwan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Priscilla S Redd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Jeong-Hyeon Choi
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey R Lee
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Asha Nayak-Kapoor
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
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