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Azizi M, Shahgolzari M, Fathi-Karkan S, Ghasemi M, Samadian H. Multifunctional plant virus nanoparticles: An emerging strategy for therapy of cancer. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1872. [PMID: 36450366 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Cancer therapy requires sophisticated treatment strategies to obtain the highest success. Nanotechnology is enabling, revolutionizing, and multidisciplinary concepts to improve conventional cancer treatment modalities. Nanomaterials have a central role in this scenario, explaining why various nanomaterials are currently being developed for cancer therapy. Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) have shown promising performance in cancer therapy due to their unique features. VNPs possess morphological homogeneity, ease of functionalization, biocompatibility, biodegradability, water solubility, and high absorption efficiency that are beneficial for cancer therapy applications. In the current review paper, we highlight state-of-the-art properties and potentials of plant viruses, strategies for multifunctional plant VNPs formulations, potential applications and challenges in VNPs-based cancer therapy, and finally practical solutions to bring potential cancer therapy one step closer to real applications. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Azizi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Dental Implants Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shahgolzari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sonia Fathi-Karkan
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hadi Samadian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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2
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Kraj P, Hewagama ND, Douglas T. Diffusion and molecular partitioning in hierarchically complex virus-like particles. Virology 2023; 580:50-60. [PMID: 36764014 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are diverse infectious agents found in virtually every type of natural environment. Due to the range of conditions in which viruses have evolved, they exhibit a wide range of structure and function which has been exploited for biotechnology. The self-assembly process of virus-like particles (VLPs), derived from structural virus components, allows for the assembly of a hierarchy of materials. Because VLPs are robust in both their assembly and the final product, functionality can be incorporated through design of their building blocks or chemical modification after their synthesis and assembly. In particular, encapsulation of active enzymes inside VLP results in macromolecular concentration approximating that of cells, introducing excluded volume effects on encapsulated cargo which are not present in traditional experiments done on dilute proteins. This work reviews the hierarchical assembly of VLPs, experiments investigating diffusion in VLP systems, and methods for partitioning of chemical species in VLPs as functional biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Nathasha D Hewagama
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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3
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de Bruijn R, Wielstra PCM, Calcines-Cruz C, van Waveren T, Hernandez-Garcia A, van der Schoot P. A kinetic model for the impact of packaging signal mimics on genome encapsulation. Biophys J 2022; 121:2583-2599. [PMID: 35642255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by recent experiments on the spontaneous assembly of virus-like particles from a solution containing a synthetic coat protein and double-stranded DNA, we put forward a kinetic model that has as main ingredients a stochastic nucleation and a deterministic growth process. The efficiency and rate of DNA packaging strongly increase after tiling the DNA with CRISPR-Cas proteins at predesignated locations, mimicking assembly signals in viruses. Our model shows that treating these proteins as nucleation-inducing diffusion barriers is sufficient to explain the experimentally observed increase in encapsulation efficiency, but only if the nucleation rate is sufficiently high. We find an optimum in the encapsulation kinetics for conditions where the number of packaging signal mimics is equal to the number of nucleation events that can occur during the time required to fully encapsulate the DNA template, presuming that the nucleation events can only take place adjacent to a packaging signal. Our theory is in satisfactory agreement with the available experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- René de Bruijn
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Carlos Calcines-Cruz
- Department of Chemistry of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tom van Waveren
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Armando Hernandez-Garcia
- Department of Chemistry of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul van der Schoot
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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4
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Brown AD, Chu S, Kappagantu M, Ghodssi R, Culver JN. Reprogramming Virus Coat Protein Carboxylate Interactions for the Patterned Assembly of Hierarchical Nanorods. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2515-2523. [PMID: 33886293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly system of the rod-shaped tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been studied extensively for nanoscale applications. TMV coat protein assembly is modulated by intersubunit carboxylate groups whose electrostatic repulsion limits the assembly of virus rods without incorporating genomic RNA. To engineer assembly control into this system, we reprogrammed intersubunit carboxylate interactions to produce self-assembling coat proteins in the absence of RNA and in response to unique pH and ionic environmental conditions. Specifically, engineering a charge attraction at the intersubunit E50-D77 carboxylate group through a D77K substitution stabilized the coat proteins assembly into virus-like rods. In contrast, the reciprocal E50K modification alone did not confer virus-like rod assembly. However, a combination of R46G/E50K/E97G substitutions enabled virus-like rod assembly. Interestingly, the D77K substitution displays a unique pH-dependent assembly-disassembly profile, while the R46G/E50K/E97G substitutions confer a novel salt concentration dependency for assembly control. In addition, these unique environmentally controlled coat proteins allow for the directed assembly and disassembly of chimeric virus-like rods both in solution and on substrate-attached seed rods. Combined, these findings provide a controllable means to assemble functionally discrete virus-like rods for use in nanotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Brown
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sangwook Chu
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Madhu Kappagantu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Reza Ghodssi
- Institute for Systems Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - James N Culver
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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5
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Buzón P, Maity S, Roos WH. Physical virology: From virus self-assembly to particle mechanics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 12:e1613. [PMID: 31960585 PMCID: PMC7317356 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are highly ordered supramolecular complexes that have evolved to propagate by hijacking the host cell's machinery. Although viruses are very diverse, spreading through cells of all kingdoms of life, they share common functions and properties. Next to the general interest in virology, fundamental viral mechanisms are of growing importance in other disciplines such as biomedicine and (bio)nanotechnology. However, in order to optimally make use of viruses and virus-like particles, for instance as vehicle for targeted drug delivery or as building blocks in electronics, it is essential to understand their basic chemical and physical properties and characteristics. In this context, the number of studies addressing the mechanisms governing viral properties and processes has recently grown drastically. This review summarizes a specific part of these scientific achievements, particularly addressing physical virology approaches aimed to understand the self-assembly of viruses and the mechanical properties of viral particles. Using a physicochemical perspective, we have focused on fundamental studies providing an overview of the molecular basis governing these key aspects of viral systems. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Buzón
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sourav Maity
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Roos
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Wege C, Koch C. From stars to stripes: RNA-directed shaping of plant viral protein templates-structural synthetic virology for smart biohybrid nanostructures. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 12:e1591. [PMID: 31631528 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly of viral building blocks bears exciting prospects for fabricating new types of bionanoparticles with multivalent protein shells. These enable a spatially controlled immobilization of functionalities at highest surface densities-an increasing demand worldwide for applications from vaccination to tissue engineering, biocatalysis, and sensing. Certain plant viruses hold particular promise because they are sustainably available, biodegradable, nonpathogenic for mammals, and amenable to in vitro self-organization of virus-like particles. This offers great opportunities for their redesign into novel "green" carrier systems by spatial and structural synthetic biology approaches, as worked out here for the robust nanotubular tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as prime example. Natural TMV of 300 x 18 nm is built from more than 2,100 identical coat proteins (CPs) helically arranged around a 6,395 nucleotides ssRNA. In vitro, TMV-like particles (TLPs) may self-assemble also from modified CPs and RNAs if the latter contain an Origin of Assembly structure, which initiates a bidirectional encapsidation. By way of tailored RNA, the process can be reprogrammed to yield uncommon shapes such as branched nanoobjects. The nonsymmetric mechanism also proceeds on 3'-terminally immobilized RNA and can integrate distinct CP types in blends or serially. Other emerging plant virus-deduced systems include the usually isometric cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) with further strikingly altered structures up to "cherrybombs" with protruding nucleic acids. Cartoon strips and pictorial descriptions of major RNA-based strategies induct the reader into a rare field of nanoconstruction that can give rise to utile soft-matter architectures for complex tasks. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Claudia Koch
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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8
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Marchetti M, Kamsma D, Cazares Vargas E, Hernandez García A, van der Schoot P, de Vries R, Wuite GJL, Roos WH. Real-Time Assembly of Viruslike Nucleocapsids Elucidated at the Single-Particle Level. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:5746-5753. [PMID: 31368710 PMCID: PMC6696885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
While the structure of a multitude of viral particles has been resolved to atomistic detail, their assembly pathways remain largely elusive. Key unresolved issues are particle nucleation, particle growth, and the mode of genome compaction. These issues are difficult to address in bulk approaches and are effectively only accessible by the real-time tracking of assembly dynamics of individual particles. This we do here by studying the assembly into rod-shaped viruslike particles (VLPs) of artificial capsid polypeptides. Using fluorescence optical tweezers, we establish that small oligomers perform one-dimensional diffusion along the DNA. Larger oligomers are immobile and nucleate VLP growth. A multiplexed acoustic force spectroscopy approach reveals that DNA is compacted in regular steps, suggesting packaging via helical wrapping into a nucleocapsid. By reporting how real-time assembly tracking elucidates viral nucleation and growth principles, our work opens the door to a fundamental understanding of the complex assembly pathways of both VLPs and naturally evolved viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Marchetti
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Moleculaire
Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit
Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe Kamsma
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ernesto Cazares Vargas
- Institute
of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry of Biomacromolecules, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Armando Hernandez García
- Institute
of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry of Biomacromolecules, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul van der Schoot
- Institute
for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Renko de Vries
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs J. L. Wuite
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Wouter H. Roos
- Moleculaire
Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit
Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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9
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Plant virus-based materials for biomedical applications: Trends and prospects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 145:96-118. [PMID: 30176280 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials composed of plant viral components are finding their way into medical technology and health care, as they offer singular properties. Precisely shaped, tailored virus nanoparticles (VNPs) with multivalent protein surfaces are efficiently loaded with functional compounds such as contrast agents and drugs, and serve as carrier templates and targeting vehicles displaying e.g. peptides and synthetic molecules. Multiple modifications enable uses including vaccination, biosensing, tissue engineering, intravital delivery and theranostics. Novel concepts exploit self-organization capacities of viral building blocks into hierarchical 2D and 3D structures, and their conversion into biocompatible, biodegradable units. High yields of VNPs and proteins can be harvested from plants after a few days so that various products have reached or are close to commercialization. The article delineates potentials and limitations of biomedical plant VNP uses, integrating perspectives of chemistry, biomaterials sciences, molecular plant virology and process engineering.
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10
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Atanasova P, Hoffmann RC, Stitz N, Sanctis S, Burghard Z, Bill J, Schneider JJ, Eiben S. Engineered nanostructured virus/ZnO hybrid materials with dedicated functional properties. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2019. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.18.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petia Atanasova
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rudolf C Hoffmann
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nina Stitz
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Shawn Sanctis
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Zaklina Burghard
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joachim Bill
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg J Schneider
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sabine Eiben
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biological Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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11
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Altintoprak K, Farajollahi F, Seidenstücker A, Ullrich T, Wenz NL, Krolla P, Plettl A, Ziemann P, Marti O, Walther P, Exner D, Schwaiger R, Gliemann H, Wege C. Improved manufacture of hybrid membranes with bionanopore adapters capable of self-luting. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2019. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.18.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klara Altintoprak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Farid Farajollahi
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | - Timo Ullrich
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nana L Wenz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Krolla
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alfred Plettl
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Ziemann
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Othmar Marti
- Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniela Exner
- Institute for Applied Materials – Materials and Biomechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ruth Schwaiger
- Institute for Applied Materials – Materials and Biomechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Gliemann
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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12
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Chen MY, Butler SS, Chen W, Suh J. Physical, chemical, and synthetic virology: Reprogramming viruses as controllable nanodevices. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 11:e1545. [PMID: 30411529 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The fields of physical, chemical, and synthetic virology work in partnership to reprogram viruses as controllable nanodevices. Physical virology provides the fundamental biophysical understanding of how virus capsids assemble, disassemble, display metastability, and assume various configurations. Chemical virology considers the virus capsid as a chemically addressable structure, providing chemical pathways to modify the capsid exterior, interior, and subunit interfaces. Synthetic virology takes an engineering approach, modifying the virus capsid through rational, combinatorial, and bioinformatics-driven design strategies. Advances in these three subfields of virology aim to develop virus-based materials and tools that can be applied to solve critical problems in biomedicine and biotechnology, including applications in gene therapy and drug delivery, diagnostics, and immunotherapy. Examples discussed include mammalian viruses, such as adeno-associated virus (AAV), plant viruses, such as cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), and bacterial viruses, such as Qβ bacteriophage. Importantly, research efforts in physical, chemical, and synthetic virology have further unraveled the design principles foundational to the form and function of viruses. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan S Butler
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Weitong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Junghae Suh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas.,Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, Texas
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13
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Chu S, Brown AD, Culver JN, Ghodssi R. Tobacco Mosaic Virus as a Versatile Platform for Molecular Assembly and Device Fabrication. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1800147. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangwook Chu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering8223 Paint Branch Dr, A.V. Williams Bldg, University of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
- Institute for Systems Research8223 Paint Branch Dr, A.V. Williams Bldg, University of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Adam D. Brown
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering3102 A. James Clark Hall, University of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research9600 Gudelsky Dr, RockvilleMD20850USA
| | - James N. Culver
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering3102 A. James Clark Hall, University of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research9600 Gudelsky Dr, RockvilleMD20850USA
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture4291 Field House Dr, Plant Sciences Bldg, University of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
| | - Reza Ghodssi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering8223 Paint Branch Dr, A.V. Williams Bldg, University of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
- Institute for Systems Research8223 Paint Branch Dr, A.V. Williams Bldg, University of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering3102 A. James Clark Hall, University of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy approaches have emerged as novel treatment regimens against cancer. A particularly interesting avenue is the concept of in situ vaccination, where immunostimulatory agents are introduced into an identified tumor to overcome local immunosuppression and, if successful, mount systemic antitumor immunity. We had previously shown that nanoparticles from cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) are highly potent in inducing long-lasting antitumor immunity when used as an in situ vaccine in various tumor mouse models. Here we asked whether the nanoparticles from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) could also be applied as an in situ vaccine and, if so, whether efficacy or mechanism of immune-activation would be affected by the nanoparticle size (300 × 18 nm native TMV vs 50 × 18 nm short TMV nanorods), shape (nanorods vs spherical TMV, termed SNP), or state of assembly (assembled TMV rod vs free coat protein, CP). Our studies indicate that CPMV, but less so TMV, elicits potent antitumor immunity after intratumoral treatment of dermal melanoma (B16F10 using C57BL/6 mice). TMV and TMVshort slowed tumor growth and increased survival time, however, at significantly lower potency compared to that of CPMV. There were no apparent differences between TMV, TMVshort, or the SNP indicating that the aspect ratio does not necessarily play a role in plant viral in situ vaccines. The free CPs did not elicit an antitumor response or immunostimulation, which may indicate that a multivalent assembly is required to trigger an innate immune recognition and activation. Differential potency of CPMV vs TMV can be explained with differences in immune-activation: data indicate that CPMV stimulates an antitumor response through recruitment of monocytes into the tumor microenvironment (TME), establishing signaling through the IFN-γ pathway, which also leads to recruitment of tumor-infiltrated neutrophils (TINs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Furthermore, the priming of the innate immune system also mounts an adaptive response with CD4+ and CD8+ T cell recruitment and establishment of effector memory cells. While the TMV treatment also lead to the recruitment of innate immune cells as well as T cells (although to a lesser degree), key differences were noted in cyto/chemokine profiling with TMV inducing a potent immune response early on characterized by strong pro-inflammatory cytokines, primarily IL-6. Together, data indicate that some plant viral nanotechnology platforms are more suitable for application as in situ vaccines than others; understanding the intricate differences and underlying mechanism of immune-activation may set the stage for clinical development of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth University, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, United States
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Radiology
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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15
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Lomonossoff GP, Wege C. TMV Particles: The Journey From Fundamental Studies to Bionanotechnology Applications. Adv Virus Res 2018; 102:149-176. [PMID: 30266172 PMCID: PMC7112118 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ever since its initial characterization in the 19th century, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has played a prominent role in the development of modern virology and molecular biology. In particular, research on the three-dimensional structure of the virus particles and the mechanism by which these assemble from their constituent protein and RNA components has made TMV a paradigm for our current view of the morphogenesis of self-assembling structures, including viral particles. More recently, this knowledge has been applied to the development of novel reagents and structures for applications in biomedicine and bionanotechnology. In this article, we review how fundamental science has led to TMV being at the vanguard of these new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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16
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Wenz NL, Piasecka S, Kalinowski M, Schneider A, Richert C, Wege C. Building expanded structures from tetrahedral DNA branching elements, RNA and TMV protein. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:6496-6510. [PMID: 29569670 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07743b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
By combining both chemical and enzymatic ligation with procedures guiding the self-assembly of nanotubular tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-like particles (TLPs), novel nucleoprotein structures based on DNA-terminated branching elements, RNA scaffolds and TMV coat protein (CP) are made accessible. Tetrahedral tetrakis(hydroxybiphenyl)adamantane cores with four 5'-phosphorylated dinucleotide arms were coupled to DNA linkers by chemical ligation. The resulting three-dimensional (3D) branching elements were enzymatically ligated to the 3' termini of RNA scaffolds either prior to or after the RNAs' incorporation into TLPs. Thus, architectures with interconnected nanotube domains in two different length classes were generated, each containing 70 CP subunits per 10 nm length. Short TMV origin-of-assembly-containing RNA scaffolds ligated to the DNA allowed the growth of protein-coated 34 nm tubes on the terminal RNA strands in situ. Alternatively, 290 nm pre-fabricated tubes with accessible RNA 3' termini, attained by DNA blocking elements hybridized to the RNAs, were ligated with the branched cores. Both approaches resulted in four-armed nanoobjects, demonstrating a so far unique combination of organic synthesis of branching elements, enzymatic modifications, nucleic acid-based scaffolding and RNA-guided and DNA-controlled assembly of tubular RNA-encapsidating protein domains, yielding a novel class of 3D nucleoprotein architectures with polyvalent protein elements. In the long term, the production route might give rise to supramolecular systems with complex functionalities, installed via the orthogonal coupling of effector molecules to TLP domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana L Wenz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Sylwia Piasecka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthäus Kalinowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Angela Schneider
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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17
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Southan A, Lang T, Schweikert M, Tovar GEM, Wege C, Eiben S. Covalent incorporation of tobacco mosaic virus increases the stiffness of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels. RSC Adv 2018; 8:4686-4694. [PMID: 35539563 PMCID: PMC9077753 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10364f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are versatile materials, finding applications as adsorbers, supports for biosensors and biocatalysts or as scaffolds for tissue engineering. A frequently used building block for chemically cross-linked hydrogels is poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA). However, after curing, PEG-DA hydrogels cannot be functionalized easily. In this contribution, the stiff, rod-like tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is investigated as a functional additive to PEG-DA hydrogels. TMV consists of more than 2000 identical coat proteins and can therefore present more than 2000 functional sites per TMV available for coupling, and thus has been used as a template or building block for nano-scaled hybrid materials for many years. Here, PEG-DA (M n = 700 g mol-1) hydrogels are combined with a thiol-group presenting TMV mutant (TMVCys). By covalent coupling of TMVCys into the hydrogel matrix via the thiol-Michael reaction, the storage modulus of the hydrogels is increased compared to pure PEG-DA hydrogels and to hydrogels containing wildtype TMV (wt-TMV) which is not coupled covalently into the hydrogel matrix. In contrast, the swelling behaviour of the hydrogels is not altered by TMVCys or wt-TMV. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the TMV particles are well dispersed in the hydrogels without any large aggregates. These findings give rise to the conclusion that well-defined hydrogels were obtained which offer the possibility to use the incorporated TMV as multivalent carrier templates e.g. for enzymes in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Southan
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany +49 711 68568162
| | - T Lang
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany +49 711 68568162
| | - M Schweikert
- Department of Biobased Materials, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - G E M Tovar
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany +49 711 68568162
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - C Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - S Eiben
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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18
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Abstract
RNA-guided self-assembly of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-like nucleoprotein nanotubes is possible using 3'-terminally surface-linked scaffold RNAs containing the viral origin of assembly (OAS). In combination with TMV coat protein (CP) preparations, these scaffold RNAs can direct the growth of selectively addressable multivalent carrier particles directly at sites of interest on demand. Serving as adapter templates for the installation of functional molecules, they may promote an integration of active units into miniaturized technical devices, or enable their presentation on soft-matter nanotube systems at high surface densities advantageous for, for example, biodetection or purification applications. This chapter describes all procedures essential for the bottom-up fabrication of "nanostar" colloids with gold cores and multiple TMV-like arms, immobilized in a programmable manner by way of hybridization of the RNA scaffolds to oligodeoxynucleotides exposed on the gold beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Fabian J Eber
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Dickmeis C, Altintoprak K, van Rijn P, Wege C, Commandeur U. Bioinspired Silica Mineralization on Viral Templates. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1776:337-362. [PMID: 29869253 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7808-3_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant virus capsids are attractive entities for nanotechnological applications because of their variation in shape and natural assembly ability. This chapter describes the production and modification of three differently shaped plant virus capsids for silica mineralization purposes. The chosen plant viruses exhibit either an icosahedral (cowpea mosaic virus, CPMV), or a flexuous rod-like structure (potato virus X, PVX), or a rigid rod-like shape (tobacco mosaic virus, TMV), and are well-known and frequently used plant viruses for biotechnological applications. We describe the production (including genetic or chemical modification) and purification of the plant viruses or of empty virus-like particles in the case of CPMV, as well as the characterization of these harvested templates. The mineralization procedures and differences in the protocols specific to the distinct viruses are described, and the analyses of the mineralization results are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dickmeis
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klara Altintoprak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Abstract
Plant viruses are emerging as versatile tools for nanotechnology applications since it is possible to modify their multivalent protein surfaces and thereby introduce and display new functionalities. In this chapter, we describe a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) variant that exposes two selectively addressable amino acid moieties on each of its 2130 coat protein (CP) subunits. A lysine as well as a cysteine introduced at accessible sites of every CP can be modified with amino- and/or thiol-reactive chemistry such as N-hydroxysuccinimide esters (NHS ester) and maleimide containing reagents alone or simultaneously. This enables the pairwise immobilization of distinct molecules in close vicinity to each other on the TMV surface by simple standard conjugation protocols. We describe the generation of the mutations, the virus propagation and isolation as well as the dual functionalization of the TMV variant with two fluorescent dyes. The labeling is evaluated by SDS-PAGE and spectrophotometry and the degree of labeling (DOL) calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fania Geiger
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Eiben S. RNA-Directed Assembly of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)-Like Carriers with Tunable Fractions of Differently Addressable Coat Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1776:35-50. [PMID: 29869233 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7808-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Taking advantage of the ability for in vitro assembly of the plant-infecting virus tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), rod-shaped nanoscale scaffolds presenting different addressable groups can be obtained. We have established procedures resulting in virus-like particles with randomly distributed functional groups, with different groups arranged in striped but randomized structures, and even with distinct groups clustered in adjacent, better-defined domains. The TMV coat protein (CP) variants combined in these approaches can either originate all from TMV mutants propagated in planta, or be mixed with CP expressed in E. coli (CPEc). Protocols for expression and purification of a CPEc-His6 mutant in E. coli as well as the different methods for in vitro assembly and the visualization by decoration of one CP type are explained in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Eiben
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Altintoprak K, Seidenstücker A, Krolla-Sidenstein P, Plettl A, Jeske H, Gliemann H, Wege C. RNA-stabilized protein nanorings: high-precision adapters for biohybrid design. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2017. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.16.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Klara Altintoprak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Peter Krolla-Sidenstein
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alfred Plettl
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Holger Jeske
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hartmut Gliemann
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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23
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Liljeström V, Ora A, Hassinen J, Rekola HT, Nonappa, Heilala M, Hynninen V, Joensuu JJ, Ras RHA, Törmä P, Ikkala O, Kostiainen MA. Cooperative colloidal self-assembly of metal-protein superlattice wires. Nat Commun 2017; 8:671. [PMID: 28939801 PMCID: PMC5610313 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Material properties depend critically on the packing and order of constituent units throughout length scales. Beyond classically explored molecular self-assembly, structure formation in the nanoparticle and colloidal length scales have recently been actively explored for new functions. Structure of colloidal assemblies depends strongly on the assembly process, and higher structural control can be reliably achieved only if the process is deterministic. Here we show that self-assembly of cationic spherical metal nanoparticles and anionic rod-like viruses yields well-defined binary superlattice wires. The superlattice structures are explained by a cooperative assembly pathway that proceeds in a zipper-like manner after nucleation. Curiously, the formed superstructure shows right-handed helical twisting due to the right-handed structure of the virus. This leads to structure-dependent chiral plasmonic function of the material. The work highlights the importance of well-defined colloidal units when pursuing unforeseen and complex assemblies.Colloidal self-assembly is a unique method to produce three-dimensional materials with well-defined hierarchical structures and functionalities. Liljeström et al. show controlled preparation of macroscopic chiral wires with helical plasmonic superlattice structure composed of metal nanoparticles and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Liljeström
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Ari Ora
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Jukka Hassinen
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Heikki T Rekola
- COMP Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Nonappa
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Maria Heilala
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Ville Hynninen
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Jussi J Joensuu
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Robin H A Ras
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Päivi Törmä
- COMP Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland.
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland.
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Lam P, Steinmetz NF. Plant viral and bacteriophage delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 10. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Lam
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Department of RadiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Macromolecular Science and EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Division of General Medical Sciences‐Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer CenterCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
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25
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Steele JFC, Peyret H, Saunders K, Castells‐Graells R, Marsian J, Meshcheriakova Y, Lomonossoff GP. Synthetic plant virology for nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 9:e1447. [PMID: 28078770 PMCID: PMC5484280 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding field seeking to utilize nano-scale structures for a wide range of applications. Biologically derived nanostructures, such as viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs), provide excellent platforms for functionalization due to their physical and chemical properties. Plant viruses, and VLPs derived from them, have been used extensively in biotechnology. They have been characterized in detail over several decades and have desirable properties including high yields, robustness, and ease of purification. Through modifications to viral surfaces, either interior or exterior, plant-virus-derived nanoparticles have been shown to support a range of functions of potential interest to medicine and nano-technology. In this review we highlight recent and influential achievements in the use of plant virus particles as vehicles for diverse functions: from delivery of anticancer compounds, to targeted bioimaging, vaccine production to nanowire formation. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1447. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1447 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadrien Peyret
- Department of Biology ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwichUK
| | - Keith Saunders
- Department of Biology ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwichUK
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26
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Narayanan KB, Han SS. Helical plant viral nanoparticles-bioinspired synthesis of nanomaterials and nanostructures. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2017; 12:031001. [PMID: 28524069 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aa6bfd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Viral nanotechnology is revolutionizing the biomimetic and bioinspired synthesis of novel nanomaterials. Bottom-up nanofabrication by self-assembly of individual molecular components of elongated viral nanoparticles (VNPs) and virus-like particles (VLPs) has resulted in the production of superior materials and structures in the nano(bio)technological fields. Viral capsids are attractive materials, because of their symmetry, monodispersity, and polyvalency. Helical VNPs/VLPs are unique prefabricated nanoscaffolds with large surface area to volume ratios and high aspect ratios, and enable the construction of exquisite supramolecular nanostructures. This review discusses the genetic and chemical modifications of outer, inner, and interface surfaces of a viral protein cage that will almost certainly lead to the development of superior next-generation targeted drug delivery and imaging systems, biosensors, energy storage and optoelectronic devices, therapeutics, and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Badri Narayanan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea. Department of Nano, Medical & Polymer Materials, College of Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
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27
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Schenk AS, Eiben S, Goll M, Reith L, Kulak AN, Meldrum FC, Jeske H, Wege C, Ludwigs S. Virus-directed formation of electrocatalytically active nanoparticle-based Co 3O 4 tubes. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:6334-6345. [PMID: 28387406 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00508c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spinel-type Co3O4 finds applications in a wide range of fields, including clean energy conversion, where nanostructured Co3O4 may provide a cost-efficient alternative to platinum- and iridium-based catalysts for electrocatalytic water-splitting. We here describe a novel strategy in which basic cobalt carbonate - a precursor to Co3O4 - is precipitated as sheet-like structures and microspheres covered with fine surface protrusions, via ammonium carbonate decomposition at room temperature. Importantly, these mild reaction conditions enable us to employ bio-inspired templating approaches to further control the mineral structure. Rod-like tobacco mosaic viruses (TMV) were used as biotemplates for mineral deposition, where we profit from the ability of Co(ii) ions to mediate the ordered assembly of the virus nanorods to create complex tubular superstructures of TMV/ basic cobalt carbonate. Calcination of these tubules is then achieved with retention of the gross morphology, and generates a hierarchically-structured solid comprising interconnected Co3O4 nanoparticles. Evaluation of these Co3O4 materials as electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) demonstrates that the activity of Co3O4 prepared by calcination of ammonia diffusion-grown precursors in both, the absence or presence of TMV exceeds that of a commercial nanopowder.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Schenk
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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28
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The Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus ac83 Gene Contains a cis-Acting Element That Is Essential for Nucleocapsid Assembly. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02110-16. [PMID: 28031366 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02110-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Baculoviridae is a family of insect-specific viruses that have a circular double-stranded DNA genome packaged within a rod-shaped capsid. The mechanism of baculovirus nucleocapsid assembly remains unclear. Previous studies have shown that deletion of the ac83 gene of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) blocks viral nucleocapsid assembly. Interestingly, the ac83-encoded protein Ac83 is not a component of the nucleocapsid, implying a particular role for ac83 in nucleocapsid assembly that may be independent of its protein product. To examine this possibility, Ac83 synthesis was disrupted by insertion of a chloramphenicol resistance gene into its coding sequence or by deleting its promoter and translation start codon. Both mutants produced progeny viruses normally, indicating that the Ac83 protein is not required for nucleocapsid assembly. Subsequently, complementation assays showed that the production of progeny viruses required the presence of ac83 in the AcMNPV genome instead of its presence in trans Therefore, we reasoned that ac83 is involved in nucleocapsid assembly via an internal cis-acting element, which we named the nucleocapsid assembly-essential element (NAE). The NAE was identified to lie within nucleotides 1651 to 1850 of ac83 and had 8 conserved A/T-rich regions. Sequences homologous to the NAE were found only in alphabaculoviruses and have a conserved positional relationship with another essential cis-acting element that was recently identified. The identification of the NAE may help to connect the data of viral cis-acting elements and related proteins in the baculovirus nucleocapsid assembly, which is important for elucidating DNA-protein interaction events during this process.IMPORTANCE Virus nucleocapsid assembly usually requires specific cis-acting elements in the viral genome for various processes, such as the selection of the viral genome from the cellular nucleic acids, the cleavage of concatemeric viral genome replication intermediates, and the encapsidation of the viral genome into procapsids. In linear DNA viruses, such elements generally locate at the ends of the viral genome; however, most of these elements remain unidentified in circular DNA viruses (including baculovirus) due to their circular genomic conformation. Here, we identified a nucleocapsid assembly-essential element in the AcMNPV (the archetype of baculovirus) genome. This finding provides an important reference for studies of nucleocapsid assembly-related elements in baculoviruses and other circular DNA viruses. Moreover, as most of the previous studies of baculovirus nucleocapsid assembly have been focused on viral proteins, our study provides a novel entry point to investigate this mechanism via cis-acting elements in the viral genome.
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Lemloh ML, Altintoprak K, Wege C, Weiss IM, Rothenstein D. Biogenic and Synthetic Peptides with Oppositely Charged Amino Acids as Binding Sites for Mineralization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E119. [PMID: 28772478 PMCID: PMC5459154 DOI: 10.3390/ma10020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteins regulate diverse biological processes by the specific interaction with, e.g., nucleic acids, proteins and inorganic molecules. The generation of inorganic hybrid materials, such as shell formation in mollusks, is a protein-controlled mineralization process. Moreover, inorganic-binding peptides are attractive for the bioinspired mineralization of non-natural inorganic functional materials for technical applications. However, it is still challenging to identify mineral-binding peptide motifs from biological systems as well as for technical systems. Here, three complementary approaches were combined to analyze protein motifs consisting of alternating positively and negatively charged amino acids: (i) the screening of natural biomineralization proteins; (ii) the selection of inorganic-binding peptides derived from phage display; and (iii) the mineralization of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based templates. A respective peptide motif displayed on the TMV surface had a major impact on the SiO₂ mineralization. In addition, similar motifs were found in zinc oxide- and zirconia-binding peptides indicating a general binding feature. The comparative analysis presented here raises new questions regarding whether or not there is a common design principle based on acidic and basic amino acids for peptides interacting with minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise Lemloh
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems (IBBS), Biobased Materials, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Klara Altintoprak
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems (IBBS), Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christina Wege
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems (IBBS), Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Projekthaus NanoBioMater, Allmandring 5B, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Ingrid M Weiss
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems (IBBS), Biobased Materials, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Projekthaus NanoBioMater, Allmandring 5B, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Dirk Rothenstein
- Projekthaus NanoBioMater, Allmandring 5B, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Chemical Materials Synthesis, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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30
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Saunders K, Lomonossoff GP. In Planta Synthesis of Designer-Length Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Based Nano-Rods That Can Be Used to Fabricate Nano-Wires. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1335. [PMID: 28878782 PMCID: PMC5572394 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We have utilized plant-based transient expression to produce tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based nano-rods of predetermined lengths. This is achieved by expressing RNAs containing the TMV origin of assembly sequence (OAS) and the sequence of the TMV coat protein either on the same RNA molecule or on two separate constructs. We show that the length of the resulting nano-rods is dependent upon the length of the RNA that possesses the OAS element. By expressing a version of the TMV coat protein that incorporates a metal-binding peptide at its C-terminus in the presence of RNA containing the OAS we have been able to produce nano-rods of predetermined length that are coated with cobalt-platinum. These nano-rods have the properties of defined-length nano-wires that make them ideal for many developing bionanotechnological processes.
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Schneider A, Eber FJ, Wenz NL, Altintoprak K, Jeske H, Eiben S, Wege C. Dynamic DNA-controlled "stop-and-go" assembly of well-defined protein domains on RNA-scaffolded TMV-like nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19853-19866. [PMID: 27878174 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03897b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A DNA-based approach allows external control over the self-assembly process of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-like ribonucleoprotein nanotubes: their growth from viral coat protein (CP) subunits on five distinct RNA scaffolds containing the TMV origin of assembly (OAs) could be temporarily blocked by a stopper DNA oligomer hybridized downstream (3') of the OAs. At two upstream (5') sites tested, simple hybridization was not sufficient for stable stalling, which correlates with previous findings on a non-symmetric assembly of TMV. The growth of DNA-arrested particles could be restarted efficiently by displacement of the stopper via its toehold by using a release DNA oligomer, even after storage for twelve days. This novel strategy for growing proteinaceous tubes under tight kinetic and spatial control combines RNA guidance and its site-specific but reversible interruption by DNA blocking elements. As three of the RNA scaffolds contained long heterologous non-TMV sequence portions that included the stopping sites, this method is applicable to all RNAs amenable to TMV CP encapsidation, albeit with variable efficiency most likely depending on the scaffolds' secondary structures. The use of two distinct, selectively addressable CP variants during the serial assembly stages finally enabled an externally configured fabrication of nanotubes with highly defined subdomains. The "stop-and-go" strategy thus might pave the way towards production routines of TMV-like particles with variable aspect ratios from a single RNA scaffold, and of nanotubes with two or even more adjacent protein domains of tightly pre-defined lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Schneider
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Fabian J Eber
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Nana L Wenz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Klara Altintoprak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Holger Jeske
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Sabine Eiben
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christina Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Wen AM, Steinmetz NF. Design of virus-based nanomaterials for medicine, biotechnology, and energy. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4074-126. [PMID: 27152673 PMCID: PMC5068136 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00287g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of recent developments in "chemical virology." Viruses, as materials, provide unique nanoscale scaffolds that have relevance in chemical biology and nanotechnology, with diverse areas of applications. Some fundamental advantages of viruses, compared to synthetically programmed materials, include the highly precise spatial arrangement of their subunits into a diverse array of shapes and sizes and many available avenues for easy and reproducible modification. Here, we will first survey the broad distribution of viruses and various methods for producing virus-based nanoparticles, as well as engineering principles used to impart new functionalities. We will then examine the broad range of applications and implications of virus-based materials, focusing on the medical, biotechnology, and energy sectors. We anticipate that this field will continue to evolve and grow, with exciting new possibilities stemming from advancements in the rational design of virus-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. and Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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33
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Koch C, Eber FJ, Azucena C, Förste A, Walheim S, Schimmel T, Bittner AM, Jeske H, Gliemann H, Eiben S, Geiger FC, Wege C. Novel roles for well-known players: from tobacco mosaic virus pests to enzymatically active assemblies. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:613-29. [PMID: 27335751 PMCID: PMC4901926 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rod-shaped nanoparticles of the widespread plant pathogen tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) have been a matter of intense debates and cutting-edge research for more than a hundred years. During the late 19th century, their behavior in filtration tests applied to the agent causing the 'plant mosaic disease' eventually led to the discrimination of viruses from bacteria. Thereafter, they promoted the development of biophysical cornerstone techniques such as electron microscopy and ultracentrifugation. Since the 1950s, the robust, helically arranged nucleoprotein complexes consisting of a single RNA and more than 2100 identical coat protein subunits have enabled molecular studies which have pioneered the understanding of viral replication and self-assembly, and elucidated major aspects of virus-host interplay, which can lead to agronomically relevant diseases. However, during the last decades, TMV has acquired a new reputation as a well-defined high-yield nanotemplate with multivalent protein surfaces, allowing for an ordered high-density presentation of multiple active molecules or synthetic compounds. Amino acid side chains exposed on the viral coat may be tailored genetically or biochemically to meet the demands for selective conjugation reactions, or to directly engineer novel functionality on TMV-derived nanosticks. The natural TMV size (length: 300 nm) in combination with functional ligands such as peptides, enzymes, dyes, drugs or inorganic materials is advantageous for applications ranging from biomedical imaging and therapy approaches over surface enlargement of battery electrodes to the immobilization of enzymes. TMV building blocks are also amenable to external control of in vitro assembly and re-organization into technically expedient new shapes or arrays, which bears a unique potential for the development of 'smart' functional 3D structures. Among those, materials designed for enzyme-based biodetection layouts, which are routinely applied, e.g., for monitoring blood sugar concentrations, might profit particularly from the presence of TMV rods: Their surfaces were recently shown to stabilize enzymatic activities upon repeated consecutive uses and over several weeks. This review gives the reader a ride through strikingly diverse achievements obtained with TMV-based particles, compares them to the progress with related viruses, and focuses on latest results revealing special advantages for enzyme-based biosensing formats, which might be of high interest for diagnostics employing 'systems-on-a-chip'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Koch
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart, D-70550, Germany
| | - Fabian J Eber
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart, D-70550, Germany
| | - Carlos Azucena
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Chemistry of Oxidic and Organic Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Karlsruhe, D-76344, Germany
| | - Alexander Förste
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), INT: Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, D-76344, Germany, and IAP/CFN: Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, Karlsruhe, D-76131 Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), INT: Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, D-76344, Germany, and IAP/CFN: Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, Karlsruhe, D-76131 Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), INT: Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, D-76344, Germany, and IAP/CFN: Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, Karlsruhe, D-76131 Germany
| | - Alexander M Bittner
- CIC Nanogune, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain, and Ikerbasque, Maria Díaz de Haro 3, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Holger Jeske
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart, D-70550, Germany
| | - Hartmut Gliemann
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Chemistry of Oxidic and Organic Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Karlsruhe, D-76344, Germany
| | - Sabine Eiben
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart, D-70550, Germany
| | - Fania C Geiger
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart, D-70550, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart, D-70550, Germany
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34
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Liu X, Wu F, Tian Y, Wu M, Zhou Q, Jiang S, Niu Z. Size Dependent Cellular Uptake of Rod-like Bionanoparticles with Different Aspect Ratios. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24567. [PMID: 27080246 PMCID: PMC4832221 DOI: 10.1038/srep24567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cellular internalization mechanism of nanoparticles is essential to study their biological fate. Especially, due to the anisotropic properties, rod-like nanoparticles have attracted growing interest for the enhanced internalization efficiency with respect to spherical nanoparticles. Here, to elucidate the effect of aspect ratio of rod-like nanoparticles on cellular uptake, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), a typical rod-like bionanoparticle, is developed as a model. Nanorods with different aspect ratios can be obtained by ultrasound treatment and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. By incubating with epithelial and endothelial cells, we found that the rod-like bionanoparticles with various aspect ratios had different internalization pathways in different cell lines: microtubules transport in HeLa and clathrin-mediated uptake in HUVEC for TMV4 and TMV8; caveolae-mediated pathway and microtubules transport in HeLa and HUVEC for TMV17. Differently from most nanoparticles, for all the three TMV nano-rods with different aspect ratios, macropinocytosis takes no effect on the internalization in both cell types. This work provides a fundamental understanding of the influence of aspect ratio on cellular uptake decoupled from charge and material composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengchi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Man Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shidong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhongwei Niu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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35
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Chariou PL, Lee KL, Pokorski JK, Saidel GM, Steinmetz NF. Diffusion and Uptake of Tobacco Mosaic Virus as Therapeutic Carrier in Tumor Tissue: Effect of Nanoparticle Aspect Ratio. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:6120-9. [PMID: 27045770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based technologies, including platforms derived from plant viruses, hold great promise for targeting and delivering cancer therapeutics to solid tumors by overcoming dose-limiting toxicities associated with chemotherapies. A growing body of data indicates advantageous margination and penetration properties of high aspect-ratio nanoparticles, which enhance payload delivery, resulting in increased efficacy. Our lab has demonstrated that elongated rod-shaped and filamentous macromolecular nucleoprotein assemblies from plant viruses have higher tissue diffusion rates than spherical particles. In this study, we developed a mathematical model to quantify diffusion and uptake of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in a spheroid system approximating a capillary-free segment of a solid tumor. Model simulations predict TMV concentration distribution with time in a tumor spheroid for different sizes and cell densities. From simulations of TMV concentration distribution, we can quantify the effect of TMV aspect ratio (e.g., nanorod length-to-width) with and without cellular uptake by modulated surface chemistry. This theoretical analysis can be applied to other viral or nonviral delivery systems to complement the experimental development of the next generation of nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Chariou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Karin L Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jonathan K Pokorski
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Gerald M Saidel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.,Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.,Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.,Department of Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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36
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Li X, Zheng F, Ren R. Detecting miRNA by producing RNA: a sensitive assay that combines rolling-circle DNA polymerization and rolling circle transcription. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:11976-9. [PMID: 26120604 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01748c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Target miRNA was detected by producing RNA: rolling circle polymerization (RCP) and rolling circle transcription (RCT) were interlinked to provide dual amplification, producing multiplied malachite green (MG) aptamers, and a signal was generated by the SERS (surface-enhanced Raman scattering) quantification of the MG molecules that were bound to the transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Li
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Makers, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, P. R. China.
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37
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Lam P, Gulati NM, Stewart PL, Keri RA, Steinmetz NF. Bioengineering of Tobacco Mosaic Virus to Create a Non-Infectious Positive Control for Ebola Diagnostic Assays. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23803. [PMID: 27030058 PMCID: PMC4814824 DOI: 10.1038/srep23803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2014 Ebola epidemic is the largest to date. There is no cure or treatment for this deadly disease; therefore there is an urgent need to develop new diagnostics to accurately detect Ebola. Current RT-PCR assays lack sensitive and reliable positive controls. To address this critical need, we devised a bio-inspired positive control for use in RT-PCR diagnostics: we encapsulated scrambled Ebola RNA sequences inside of tobacco mosaic virus to create a biomimicry that is non-infectious, but stable, and could therefore serve as a positive control in Ebola diagnostic assays. Here, we report the bioengineering and validation of this probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 44106, USA
| | - Neetu M. Gulati
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 44106, USA
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 44106, USA
| | - Phoebe L. Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 44106, USA
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 44106, USA
| | - Ruth A. Keri
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics, Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 44106, USA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 44106, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 44106, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 44106, USA
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 44106, USA
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38
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Koch C, Wabbel K, Eber FJ, Krolla-Sidenstein P, Azucena C, Gliemann H, Eiben S, Geiger F, Wege C. Modified TMV Particles as Beneficial Scaffolds to Present Sensor Enzymes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1137. [PMID: 26734040 PMCID: PMC4689848 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a robust nanotubular nucleoprotein scaffold increasingly employed for the high density presentation of functional molecules such as peptides, fluorescent dyes, and antibodies. We report on its use as advantageous carrier for sensor enzymes. A TMV mutant with a cysteine residue exposed on every coat protein (CP) subunit (TMVCys) enabled the coupling of bifunctional maleimide-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-biotin linkers (TMVCys/Bio). Its surface was equipped with two streptavidin [SA]-conjugated enzymes: glucose oxidase ([SA]-GOx) and horseradish peroxidase ([SA]-HRP). At least 50% of the CPs were decorated with a linker molecule, and all thereof with active enzymes. Upon use as adapter scaffolds in conventional "high-binding" microtiter plates, TMV sticks allowed the immobilization of up to 45-fold higher catalytic activities than control samples with the same input of enzymes. Moreover, they increased storage stability and reusability in relation to enzymes applied directly to microtiter plate wells. The functionalized TMV adsorbed to solid supports showed a homogeneous distribution of the conjugated enzymes and structural integrity of the nanorods upon transmission electron and atomic force microscopy. The high surface-increase and steric accessibility of the viral scaffolds in combination with the biochemical environment provided by the plant viral coat may explain the beneficial effects. TMV can, thus, serve as a favorable multivalent nanoscale platform for the ordered presentation of bioactive proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Koch
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of StuttgartStuttgart, Germany
| | - Katrin Wabbel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of StuttgartStuttgart, Germany
| | - Fabian J. Eber
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of StuttgartStuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Krolla-Sidenstein
- Chemistry of Oxydic and Organic Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional InterfacesKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carlos Azucena
- Chemistry of Oxydic and Organic Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional InterfacesKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hartmut Gliemann
- Chemistry of Oxydic and Organic Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional InterfacesKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine Eiben
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of StuttgartStuttgart, Germany
| | - Fania Geiger
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent SystemsStuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of StuttgartStuttgart, Germany
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39
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Plant virus directed fabrication of nanoscale materials and devices. Virology 2015; 479-480:200-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Shukla S, Eber FJ, Nagarajan AS, DiFranco NA, Schmidt N, Wen AM, Eiben S, Twyman RM, Wege C, Steinmetz NF. The Impact of Aspect Ratio on the Biodistribution and Tumor Homing of Rigid Soft-Matter Nanorods. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:874-82. [PMID: 25641794 PMCID: PMC4934124 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The size and shape of nanocarriers can affect their fate in vivo, but little is known about the effect of nanocarrier aspect ratio on biodistribution in the setting of cancer imaging and drug delivery. The production of nanoscale anisotropic materials is a technical challenge. A unique biotemplating approach based on of rod-shaped nucleoprotein nanoparticles with predetermined aspect ratios (AR 3.5, 7, and 16.5) is used. These rigid, soft-matter nanoassemblies are derived from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) components. The role of nanoparticle aspect ratio is investigated, while keeping the surface chemistries constant, using either PEGylated stealth nanoparticles or receptor-targeted RGD-displaying formulations. Aspect ratio has a profound impact on the behavior of the nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro. PEGylated nanorods with the lowest aspect ratio (AR 3.5) achieve the most efficient passive tumor-homing behavior because they can diffuse most easily, whereas RGD-labeled particles with a medium aspect ratio (AR 7) are more efficient at tumor targeting because this requires a balance between infusibility and ligand-receptor interactions. The in vivo behavior of nanoparticles can therefore be tailored to control biodistribution, longevity, and tumor penetration by modulating a single parameter: the aspect ratio of the nanocarrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Fabian J. Eber
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Adithy S. Nagarajan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nicholas A. DiFranco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nora Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amy M. Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sabine Eiben
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Christina Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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41
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Altintoprak K, Seidenstücker A, Welle A, Eiben S, Atanasova P, Stitz N, Plettl A, Bill J, Gliemann H, Jeske H, Rothenstein D, Geiger F, Wege C. Peptide-equipped tobacco mosaic virus templates for selective and controllable biomineral deposition. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:1399-1412. [PMID: 26199844 PMCID: PMC4505087 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The coating of regular-shaped, readily available nanorod biotemplates with inorganic compounds has attracted increasing interest during recent years. The goal is an effective, bioinspired fabrication of fiber-reinforced composites and robust, miniaturized technical devices. Major challenges in the synthesis of applicable mineralized nanorods lie in selectivity and adjustability of the inorganic material deposited on the biological, rod-shaped backbones, with respect to thickness and surface profile of the resulting coating, as well as the avoidance of aggregation into extended superstructures. Nanotubular tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) templates have proved particularly suitable towards this goal: Their multivalent protein coating can be modified by high-surface-density conjugation of peptides, inducing and governing silica deposition from precursor solutions in vitro. In this study, TMV has been equipped with mineralization-directing peptides designed to yield silica coatings in a reliable and predictable manner via precipitation from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) precursors. Three peptide groups were compared regarding their influence on silica polymerization: (i) two peptide variants with alternating basic and acidic residues, i.e. lysine-aspartic acid (KD) x motifs expected to act as charge-relay systems promoting TEOS hydrolysis and silica polymerization; (ii) a tetrahistidine-exposing polypeptide (CA4H4) known to induce silicification due to the positive charge of its clustered imidazole side chains; and (iii) two peptides with high ZnO binding affinity. Differential effects on the mineralization of the TMV surface were demonstrated, where a (KD) x charge-relay peptide (designed in this study) led to the most reproducible and selective silica deposition. A homogenous coating of the biotemplate and tight control of shell thickness were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Altintoprak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Axel Seidenstücker
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sabine Eiben
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Petia Atanasova
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nina Stitz
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alfred Plettl
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Joachim Bill
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hartmut Gliemann
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Holger Jeske
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dirk Rothenstein
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fania Geiger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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