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Xu K, Cai Z, Luo H, Lu Y, Ding C, Yang G, Wang L, Kuang C, Liu J, Yang H. Toward Integrated Multifunctional Laser-Induced Graphene-Based Skin-Like Flexible Sensor Systems. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39288275 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c09062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The burgeoning demands for health care and human-machine interfaces call for the next generation of multifunctional integrated sensor systems with facile fabrication processes and reliable performances. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) with highly tunable physical and chemical characteristics plays vital roles in developing versatile skin-like flexible or stretchable sensor systems. This Progress Report presents an in-depth overview of the latest advances in LIG-based techniques in the applications of flexible sensors. First, the merits of the LIG technique are highlighted especially as the building blocks for flexible sensors, followed by the description of various fabrication methods of LIG and its variants. Then, the focus is moved to diverse LIG-based flexible sensors, including physical sensors, chemical sensors, and electrophysiological sensors. Mechanisms and advantages of LIG in these scenarios are described in detail. Furthermore, various representative paradigms of integrated LIG-based sensor systems are presented to show the capabilities of LIG technique for multipurpose applications. The signal cross-talk issues are discussed with possible strategies. The LIG technology with versatile functionalities coupled with other fabrication strategies will enable high-performance integrated sensor systems for next-generation skin electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zimo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Huayu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yuyao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Chenliang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Geng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jingquan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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Wang C, Guo Y, Han G, Zhou Y, Nyein HYY. Calibration-free and ready-to-use wearable electroanalytical reporting system (r-WEAR) for long-term remote monitoring of electrolytes markers. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 267:116769. [PMID: 39260101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
A major bottleneck in the development of wearable ion-selective sensors is the inherent conditioning and calibration procedures at the user's end due to the signal's instability and non-uniformity. To address this challenge, we developed a strategy that integrates three interdependent materials and device engineering approaches to realize a Ready-to-use Wearable ElectroAnalytical Reporting system (r-WEAR) for reliable electrolytes monitoring. The strategy collectively utilized (1) finely-configured diffusion-limiting polymers to stabilize the electromotive force in the electrodes, (2) a uniform electrical induction in electrochemical cells to normalize the open-circuit potential (OCP), and (3) an electrical shunt to maintain the OCP across the entire sensor in the r-WEAR. The approaches jointly enable fabrication of homogeneously stable and uniform ion-selective sensors, eliminating common conditioning and calibration practices. As a result, the r-WEAR demonstrated a signal's variation down to ±1.99 mV with a signal drift of 0.5 % per hour (0.12 mV h-1) during a 12-h continuous measurement of 10 sensors and a signal drift as low as 13.3 μV h-1 during storage. On-body evaluations of the r-WEAR for four days without conditioning and re-/calibration further validated the sensor's performance in realistic settings, indicating its remarkable potential for practical usage in a user operation-free manner in wearable healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqi Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, China
| | - Ge Han
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, China
| | - Hnin Yin Yin Nyein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, China.
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Ye H, Chen X, Huang X, Li C, Yin X, Zhao W, Wang T. Patterned Gold Nanoparticle Superlattice Film for Wearable Sweat Sensors. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:11082-11089. [PMID: 39171663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticle superlattices are beneficial in terms of providing strong and uniform signals in analysis owing to their closely packed uniform structures. However, nanoparticle superlattices are prone to cracking during physical activities because of stress concentrations, which hinders their detection performance and limits their analytical applications. In this work, template printing methods were used in this study to prepare a patterned gold nanoparticle (AuNP) superlattice film. By adjustment of the size of the AuNP superlattice domain below the critical size of fracture, the mechanical stability of the AuNP superlattice domain is improved. Thus, long-term sustainable high-performance signal output is achieved. The patterned AuNP superlattice film was used to construct a wearable sweat sensor based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The designed sensor showed promise for long-term reliable use in actual scenarios in terms of recommending water replenishment, monitoring hydration states, and tracking the intensity of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Ye
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Huang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Cancan Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Yin
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Tie Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
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Zhu Y, Hu X, Yan X, Ni W, Wu M, Liu J. Nanoengineering Ultrathin Flexible Pressure Sensors with Superior Sensitivity and Wide Range via Nanocomposite Structures. ACS Sens 2024; 9:4176-4185. [PMID: 38967386 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors have attracted great interest due to their bendable, stretchable, and lightweight characteristics compared to rigid pressure sensors. However, the contradictions among sensitivity, detection limit, thickness, and detection range restrict the performance of flexible pressure sensors and the scope of their applications, especially for scenarios requiring conformal fitting, such as rough surfaces such as the human skin. This paper proposes a novel flexible pressure sensor by combining the nanoengineering strategy and nanocomposite structures. The nanoengineering strategy utilizes the bending deformation of nanofilm instead of the compression of the active layer to achieve super high sensitivity and low detection limit; meanwhile, the nanocomposite structures introduce distributed microbumps that delay the adhesion of nanofilm to enlarge the detection range. As a result, this device not only ensures an ultrathin thickness of 1.6 μm and a high sensitivity of 84.29 kPa-1 but also offers a large detection range of 20 kPa and an ultralow detection limit of 0.07 Pa. Owing to the ultrathin thickness as well as high performance, this device promotes applications in detecting fingertip pressure, flexible mechanical gripping, and so on, and demonstrates significant potential in wearable electronics, human-machine interaction, health monitoring, and tactile perception. This device offers a strategy to resolve the conflicts among thickness, sensitivity, detection limit, and detection range; therefore, it will advance the development of flexible pressure sensors and contribute to the community and other related research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoguang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinran Yan
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Weiyao Ni
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Mengxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Junshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
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Zhu M, Zhang Y. Permeable three-dimensional liquid metal integrated circuits reshaping the next generation of wearable electronics. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024:S2095-9273(24)00597-8. [PMID: 39198090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Pan Y, Wang W, Shui Y, Murphy JF, Huang YYS. Fabrication, sustainability, and key performance indicators of bioelectronics via fiber building blocks. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2024; 5:101930. [PMID: 39220756 PMCID: PMC11364162 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.101930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectronics provide efficient information exchange between living systems and man-made devices, acting as a vital bridge in merging the domains of biology and technology. Using functional fibers as building blocks, bioelectronics could be hierarchically assembled with vast design possibilities across different scales, enhancing their application-specific biointegration, ergonomics, and sustainability. In this work, the authors review recent developments in bioelectronic fiber elements by reflecting on their fabrication approaches and key performance indicators, including the life cycle sustainability, environmental electromechanical performance, and functional adaptabilities. By delving into the challenges associated with physical deployment and exploring innovative design strategies for adaptability, we propose avenues for future development of bioelectronics via fiber building blocks, boosting the potential of "Fiber of Things" for market-ready bioelectronic products with minimized environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Pan
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, CB2 1PZ Cambridge, UK
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FF Cambridge, UK
| | - Wenyu Wang
- Smart Manufacturing Thrust, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Shui
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, CB2 1PZ Cambridge, UK
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FF Cambridge, UK
| | - Jack F. Murphy
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, CB2 1PZ Cambridge, UK
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FF Cambridge, UK
| | - Yan Yan Shery Huang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, CB2 1PZ Cambridge, UK
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FF Cambridge, UK
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Zahra T, Javeria U, Jamal H, Baig MM, Akhtar F, Kamran U. A review of biocompatible polymer-functionalized two-dimensional materials: Emerging contenders for biosensors and bioelectronics applications. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1316:342880. [PMID: 38969417 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectronics, a field pivotal in monitoring and stimulating biological processes, demands innovative nanomaterials as detection platforms. Two-dimensional (2D) materials, with their thin structures and exceptional physicochemical properties, have emerged as critical substances in this research. However, these materials face challenges in biomedical applications due to issues related to their biological compatibility, adaptability, functionality, and nano-bio surface characteristics. This review examines surface modifications using covalent and non-covalent-based polymer-functionalization strategies to overcome these limitations by enhancing the biological compatibility, adaptability, and functionality of 2D nanomaterials. These surface modifications aim to create stable and long-lasting therapeutic effects, significantly paving the way for the practical application of polymer-functionalized 2D materials in biosensors and bioelectronics. The review paper critically summarizes the surface functionalization of 2D nanomaterials with biocompatible polymers, including g-C3N4, graphene family, MXene, BP, MOF, and TMDCs, highlighting their current state, physicochemical structures, synthesis methods, material characteristics, and applications in biosensors and bioelectronics. The paper concludes with a discussion of prospects, challenges, and numerous opportunities in the evolving field of bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahreem Zahra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Narowal, Narowal, Punjab, 51600, Pakistan
| | - Umme Javeria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Narowal, Narowal, Punjab, 51600, Pakistan
| | - Hasan Jamal
- Division of Energy Technology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirza Mahmood Baig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Narowal, Narowal, Punjab, 51600, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Farid Akhtar
- Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Urooj Kamran
- Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden; Institute of Advanced Machinery Design Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Strain-resilient porous conductors with fewer nanofillers from in situ phase separation. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:1089-1090. [PMID: 38730119 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
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Liu C, Kelley SO, Wang Z. Self-Healing Materials for Bioelectronic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401219. [PMID: 38844826 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Though the history of self-healing materials stretches far back to the mid-20th century, it is only in recent years where such unique classes of materials have begun to find use in bioelectronics-itself a burgeoning area of research. Inspired by the natural ability of biological tissue to self-repair, self-healing materials play a multifaceted role in the context of soft, wireless bioelectronic systems, in that they can not only serve as a protective outer shell or substrate for the internal electronic circuitry-analogous to the mechanical barrier that skin provides for the human body-but also, and most importantly, act as an active sensing safeguard against mechanical damage to preserve device functionality and enhance overall durability. This perspective presents the historical overview, general design principles, recent developments, and future outlook of self-healing materials for bioelectronic devices, which integrates topics in many research disciplines-from materials science and chemistry to electronics and bioengineering-together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Liu
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Zongjie Wang
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Yang X, Chen W, Fan Q, Chen J, Chen Y, Lai F, Liu H. Electronic Skin for Health Monitoring Systems: Properties, Functions, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402542. [PMID: 38754914 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin), a skin-like wearable electronic device, holds great promise in the fields of telemedicine and personalized healthcare because of its good flexibility, biocompatibility, skin conformability, and sensing performance. E-skin can monitor various health indicators of the human body in real time and over the long term, including physical indicators (exercise, respiration, blood pressure, etc.) and chemical indicators (saliva, sweat, urine, etc.). In recent years, the development of various materials, analysis, and manufacturing technologies has promoted significant development of e-skin, laying the foundation for the application of next-generation wearable medical technologies and devices. Herein, the properties required for e-skin health monitoring devices to achieve long-term and precise monitoring and summarize several detectable indicators in the health monitoring field are discussed. Subsequently, the applications of integrated e-skin health monitoring systems are reviewed. Finally, current challenges and future development directions in this field are discussed. This review is expected to generate great interest and inspiration for the development and improvement of e-skin and health monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichen Yang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Wenzheng Chen
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Qunfu Fan
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Chen
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Feili Lai
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Hezhou Liu
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Dee-Sea Exploration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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Wang J, Zhou Z, Li X, Chang C. Cellulose nanocrystals-based optical organohydrogel fiber with customizable iridescent colors for strain and humidity response. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133501. [PMID: 38960229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive optical hydrogels are widely used in various fields including environmental sensing, optical encryption, and intelligent display manufacturing. However, these hydrogels are susceptible to water losses when exposed to air, leading to structural damage, significantly shortened service lives, and compromised durability. This study presents mechanically robust, environmentally stable, and multi-stimuli responsive optical organohydrogel fibers with customizable iridescent colors. These fibers are fabricated by incorporating tunicate cellulose nanocrystals, alginate, and acrylamide in a glycerol-water binary system. The synthesized fibers exhibit high strength (1.38 MPa), moisture retention capabilities, and elastic properties. Furthermore, a sensor based on these fibers demonstrates high- and low-temperature resistance along with stimuli-responsive characteristics, effectively detecting changes in environmental humidity and strains. Moreover, the fiber sensor demonstrates continuous, repeatable, and quantitatively predictable moisture discoloration responses across a humidity range of 11 % and 98 %. During strain sensing, the optical-organohydrogel-based sensor demonstrates a large working strain (50 %) and excellent cycling stability, underscoring its potential for effectively monitoring a wide range of intricate human motions. Overall, the synthesized fibers and their simple fabrication method can elicit new avenues for numerous related applications including the large-scale implementation of advanced wearable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Bamboo Advanced Materials and Conversion of Jiangxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China.
| | - Zhimin Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Bamboo Advanced Materials and Conversion of Jiangxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Engineering Research Center of Bamboo Advanced Materials and Conversion of Jiangxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Chunyu Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer-based Medical Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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12
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Ding Y, Xiong S, Sun L, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Li Y, Peng J, Fukuda K, Someya T, Liu R, Zhang X. Metal nanowire-based transparent electrode for flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:7784-7827. [PMID: 38953906 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00080c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
High-quality transparent electrodes are indispensable components of flexible optoelectronic devices as they guarantee sufficient light transparency and electrical conductivity. Compared to commercial indium tin oxide, metal nanowires are considered ideal candidates as flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) owing to their superior optoelectronic properties, excellent mechanical flexibility, solution treatability, and higher compatibility with semiconductors. However, certain key challenges associated with material preparation and device fabrication remain for the practical application of metal nanowire-based electrodes. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art solution-processed metal nanowire-based FTEs and their applications in flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices. Specifically, the important properties of FTEs and a cost-benefit analysis of existing technologies are introduced, followed by a summary of the synthesis strategy, key properties, and fabrication technologies of the nanowires. Subsequently, we explore the applications of metal-nanowire-based FTEs in different optoelectronic devices including solar cells, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. Finally, the current status, future challenges, and emerging strategies in this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
| | - Sixing Xiong
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Lulu Sun
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yiying Wang
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yaowen Li
- College of Chemistry, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jun Peng
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Kenjiro Fukuda
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
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13
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Tan D, Guan X, Chung KY, Tang Y, Yang Y, Wang Q, Chen T, Xu B. Smart-Adhesive, Breathable and Waterproof Fibrous Electronic Skins. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2405828. [PMID: 39049726 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
For the need of direct contact with the skin, electronic skins (E-skins) should not only fulfill electric functions, but also ensure comfort during wearing, including permeability, waterproofness, and easy removal. Herein, the study has developed a self-adhesive, detach-on-demand, breathable, and waterproof E-skin (PDSC) for motion sensing and wearable comfort by electrospinning styrene-isoprene block copolymer rubber with carbon black nanosheets as the sensing layer and liner copolymers of N, N-dimethylacrylamide, n-octadecyl acrylate and lauryl methacrylate as the adhesive layer. The high elasticity and microfiber network structure endow the PDSC with good sensitivity and high linearity for strain sensing. The hydrophobic and crystallizable adhesive layer ensures robust, waterproof, and detaching-on-demand skin adhesion. Meanwhile, the fiber structure enables the PDSC good air and water permeability. The integration of electric and wearable functions endows the PDSC with great potential for motion sensing during human activities as both the sensing and wearable performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Tan
- Nanotechnology Center, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoyang Guan
- Nanotechnology Center, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - King Yan Chung
- Nanotechnology Center, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yun Tang
- Nanotechnology Center, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yujue Yang
- Nanotechnology Center, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Qian Wang
- Nanotechnology Center, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Tiandi Chen
- Nanotechnology Center, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Bingang Xu
- Nanotechnology Center, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 999077, Hong Kong
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14
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Ji R, Yan S, Zhu Z, Wang Y, He D, Wang K, Zhou D, Jia Q, Wang X, Zhang B, Shi C, Xu T, Wang R, Wang R, Zhou Y. Ureido-Ionic Liquid Mediated Conductive Hydrogel: Superior Integrated Properties for Advanced Biosensing Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2401869. [PMID: 38959395 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Ionic conductive hydrogels (ICHs) have recently gained prominence in biosensing, indicating their potential to redefine future biomedical applications. However, the integration of these hydrogels into sensor technologies and their long-term efficacy in practical applications pose substantial challenges, including a synergy of features, such as mechanical adaptability, conductive sensitivity, self-adhesion, self-regeneration, and microbial resistance. To address these challenges, this study introduces a novel hydrogel system using an imidazolium salt with a ureido backbone (UL) as the primary monomer. Fabricated via a straightforward one-pot copolymerization process that includes betaine sulfonate methacrylate (SBMA) and acrylamide (AM), the hydrogel demonstrates multifunctional properties. The innovation of this hydrogel is attributed to its robust mechanical attributes, outstanding strain responsiveness, effective water retention, and advanced self-regenerative and healing capabilities, which collectively lead to its superior performance in various applications. Moreover, this hydrogel exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Its potential for biomechanical monitoring, especially in tandem with contact and noncontact electrocardiogram (ECG) devices, represents a noteworthy advancement in precise real-time cardiac monitoring in clinical environments. In addition, the conductive properties of the hydrogel make it an ideal substrate for electrophoretic patches aimed at treating infected wounds and consequently enhancing the healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Ji
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Shaopeng Yan
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhu
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Dan He
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Kaikai Wang
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Daofeng Zhou
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Qike Jia
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Xiuxiu Wang
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Botao Zhang
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Changcheng Shi
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315300, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo, 315300, China
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15
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Wang Z, Xiao M, Li Z, Wang X, Li F, Yang H, Chen Y, Zhu Z. Microneedle Patches-Integrated Transdermal Bioelectronics for Minimally Invasive Disease Theranostics. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303921. [PMID: 38341619 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Wearable epidermal electronics with non- or minimally-invasive characteristics can collect, transduce, communicate, and interact with accessible physicochemical health indicators on the skin. However, due to the stratum corneum layer, rich information about body health is buried under the skin stratum corneum layer, for example, in the skin interstitial fluid. Microneedle patches are typically designed with arrays of special microsized needles of length within 1000 µm. Such characteristics potentially enable the access and sample of biomolecules under the skin or give therapeutical treatment painlessly and transdermally. Integrating microneedle patches with various electronics allows highly efficient transdermal bioelectronics, showing their great promise for biomedical and healthcare applications. This comprehensive review summarizes and highlights the recent progress on integrated transdermal bioelectronics based on microneedle patches. The design criteria and state-of-the-art fabrication techniques for such devices are initially discussed. Next, devices with different functions, including but not limited to health monitoring, drug delivery, and therapeutical treatment, are highlighted in detail. Finally, key issues associated with current technologies and future opportunities are elaborated to sort out the state of recent research, point out potential bottlenecks, and provide future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Min Xiao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Zhanhong Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Xinghao Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Fangjie Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huayuan Yang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhigang Zhu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
- Health Industry Innovation Center, Xin-Huangpu Joint Innovation Institute of Chinese Medicine, 81 Xiangxue Middle Avenue, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510799, China
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16
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Chen Y, Liu Z, Wang Z, Yi Y, Yan C, Xu W, Zhou F, Gao Y, Zhou Q, Zhang C, Deng H. Bioinspired Robust Gas-Permeable On-Skin Electronics: Armor-Designed Nanoporous Flash Graphene Assembly Enhancing Mechanical Resilience. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402759. [PMID: 38704681 PMCID: PMC11234450 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Soft on-skin electrodes play an important role in wearable technologies, requiring attributes such as wearing comfort, high conductivity, and gas permeability. However, conventional fabrication methods often compromise simplicity, cost-effectiveness, or mechanical resilience. In this study, a mechanically robust and gas-permeable on-skin electrode is presented that incorporates Flash Graphene (FG) integrated with a bioinspired armor design. FG, synthesized through Flash Joule Heating process, offers a small-sized and turbostratic arrangement that is ideal for the assembly of a conductive network with nanopore structures. Screen-printing is used to embed the FG assembly into the framework of polypropylene melt-blown nonwoven fabrics (PPMF), forming a soft on-skin electrode with low sheet resistance (125.2 ± 4.7 Ω/□) and high gas permeability (≈10.08 mg cm⁻2 h⁻¹). The "armor" framework ensures enduring mechanical stability through adhesion, washability, and 10,000 cycles of mechanical contact friction tests. Demonstrating capabilities in electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyogram (EMG) monitoring, along with serving as a self-powered triboelectric sensor, the FG/PPMF electrode holds promise for scalable, high-performance flexible sensing applications, thereby enriching the landscape of integrated wearable technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- College of EngineeringNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210031P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Ying Yi
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic InformationChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Chunjie Yan
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Wenxia Xu
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Yuting Gao
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Qitao Zhou
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of EngineeringNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210031P. R. China
| | - Heng Deng
- Faculty of Materials Science and ChemistryChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research InstituteChina University of GeosciencesShenzhen518000P. R. China
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17
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Mo F, Zhou P, Lin S, Zhong J, Wang Y. A Review of Conductive Hydrogel-Based Wearable Temperature Sensors. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401503. [PMID: 38857480 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogel has garnered significant attention as an emergent candidate for diverse wearable sensors, owing to its remarkable and tailorable properties such as flexibility, biocompatibility, and strong electrical conductivity. These attributes make it highly suitable for various wearable sensor applications (e.g., biophysical, bioelectrical, and biochemical sensors) that can monitor human health conditions and provide timely interventions. Among these applications, conductive hydrogel-based wearable temperature sensors are especially important for healthcare and disease surveillance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of conductive hydrogel-based wearable temperature sensors. First, this work summarizes different types of conductive fillers-based hydrogel, highlighting their recent developments and advantages as wearable temperature sensors. Next, this work discusses the sensing characteristics of conductive hydrogel-based wearable temperature sensors, focusing on sensitivity, dynamic stability, stretchability, and signal output. Then, state-of-the-art applications are introduced, ranging from body temperature detection and wound temperature detection to disease monitoring. Finally, this work identifies the remaining challenges and prospects facing this field. By addressing these challenges with potential solutions, this review hopes to shed some light on future research and innovations in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Shihong Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Junwen Zhong
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
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18
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Zhi C, Shi S, Wu H, Si Y, Zhang S, Lei L, Hu J. Emerging Trends of Nanofibrous Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Applications: Mechanisms, Electroactive Materials, and Designed Architectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401264. [PMID: 38545963 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, significant progress in piezo-/triboelectric nanogenerators (PTEGs) has led to the development of cutting-edge wearable technologies. Nanofibers with good designability, controllable morphologies, large specific areas, and unique physicochemical properties provide a promising platform for PTEGs for various advanced applications. However, the further development of nanofiber-based PTEGs is limited by technical difficulties, ranging from materials design to device integration. Herein, the current developments in PTEGs based on electrospun nanofibers are systematically reviewed. This review begins with the mechanisms of PTEGs and the advantages of nanofibers and nanodevices, including high breathability, waterproofness, scalability, and thermal-moisture comfort. In terms of materials and structural design, novel electroactive nanofibers and structure assemblies based on 1D micro/nanostructures, 2D bionic structures, and 3D multilayered structures are discussed. Subsequently, nanofibrous PTEGs in applications such as energy harvesters, personalized medicine, personal protective equipment, and human-machine interactions are summarized. Nanofiber-based PTEGs still face many challenges such as energy efficiency, material durability, device stability, and device integration. Finally, the research gap between research and practical applications of PTEGs is discussed, and emerging trends are proposed, providing some ideas for the development of intelligent wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanwei Zhi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Shuo Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Hanbai Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yifan Si
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Leqi Lei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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19
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Lee KK, Celt N, Ardoña HAM. Looking both ways: Electroactive biomaterials with bidirectional implications for dynamic cell-material crosstalk. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2024; 5:021303. [PMID: 38736681 PMCID: PMC11087870 DOI: 10.1063/5.0181222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Cells exist in natural, dynamic microenvironmental niches that facilitate biological responses to external physicochemical cues such as mechanical and electrical stimuli. For excitable cells, exogenous electrical cues are of interest due to their ability to stimulate or regulate cellular behavior via cascade signaling involving ion channels, gap junctions, and integrin receptors across the membrane. In recent years, conductive biomaterials have been demonstrated to influence or record these electrosensitive biological processes whereby the primary design criterion is to achieve seamless cell-material integration. As such, currently available bioelectronic materials are predominantly engineered toward achieving high-performing devices while maintaining the ability to recapitulate the local excitable cell/tissue microenvironment. However, such reports rarely address the dynamic signal coupling or exchange that occurs at the biotic-abiotic interface, as well as the distinction between the ionic transport involved in natural biological process and the electronic (or mixed ionic/electronic) conduction commonly responsible for bioelectronic systems. In this review, we highlight current literature reports that offer platforms capable of bidirectional signal exchange at the biotic-abiotic interface with excitable cell types, along with the design criteria for such biomaterials. Furthermore, insights on current materials not yet explored for biointerfacing or bioelectronics that have potential for bidirectional applications are also provided. Finally, we offer perspectives aimed at bringing attention to the coupling of the signals delivered by synthetic material to natural biological conduction mechanisms, areas of improvement regarding characterizing biotic-abiotic crosstalk, as well as the dynamic nature of this exchange, to be taken into consideration for material/device design consideration for next-generation bioelectronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Kwangja Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Natalie Celt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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20
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Du Y, Kim JH, Kong H, Li AA, Jin ML, Kim DH, Wang Y. Biocompatible Electronic Skins for Cardiovascular Health Monitoring. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303461. [PMID: 38569196 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent a significant threat to the overall well-being of the global population. Continuous monitoring of vital signs related to cardiovascular health is essential for improving daily health management. Currently, there has been remarkable proliferation of technology focused on collecting data related to cardiovascular diseases through daily electronic skin monitoring. However, concerns have arisen regarding potential skin irritation and inflammation due to the necessity for prolonged wear of wearable devices. To ensure comfortable and uninterrupted cardiovascular health monitoring, the concept of biocompatible electronic skin has gained substantial attention. In this review, biocompatible electronic skins for cardiovascular health monitoring are comprehensively summarized and discussed. The recent achievements of biocompatible electronic skin in cardiovascular health monitoring are introduced. Their working principles, fabrication processes, and performances in sensing technologies, materials, and integration systems are highlighted, and comparisons are made with other electronic skins used for cardiovascular monitoring. In addition, the significance of integrating sensing systems and the updating wireless communication for the development of the smart medical field is explored. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for wearable electronic skin are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Du
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Institute for Future, Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ji Hong Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Clean-Energy Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Kong
- Institute for Future, Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Anne Ailina Li
- Institute for Future, Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ming Liang Jin
- Institute for Future, Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Do Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Clean-Energy Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
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21
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Wang XQ, Xie AQ, Cao P, Yang J, Ong WL, Zhang KQ, Ho GW. Structuring and Shaping of Mechanically Robust and Functional Hydrogels toward Wearable and Implantable Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309952. [PMID: 38389497 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels possess unique features such as softness, wetness, responsiveness, and biocompatibility, making them highly suitable for biointegrated applications that have close interactions with living organisms. However, conventional man-made hydrogels are usually soft and brittle, making them inferior to the mechanically robust biological hydrogels. To ensure reliable and durable operation of biointegrated wearable and implantable devices, mechanical matching and shape adaptivity of hydrogels to tissues and organs are essential. Recent advances in polymer science and processing technologies have enabled mechanical engineering and shaping of hydrogels for various biointegrated applications. In this review, polymer network structuring strategies at micro/nanoscales for toughening hydrogels are summarized, and representative mechanical functionalities that exist in biological materials but are not easily achieved in synthetic hydrogels are further discussed. Three categories of processing technologies, namely, 3D printing, spinning, and coating for fabrication of tough hydrogel constructs with complex shapes are reviewed, and the corresponding hydrogel toughening strategies are also highlighted. These developments enable adaptive fabrication of mechanically robust and functional hydrogel devices, and promote application of hydrogels in the fields of biomedical engineering, bioelectronics, and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - An-Quan Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Pengle Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jian Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Wei Li Ong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ghim Wei Ho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
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Li N, Ou J, He H, He J, Zhang L, Peng Z, Zhong J, Jiang N. Exploration of a machine learning approach for diagnosing sarcopenia among Chinese community-dwelling older adults using sEMG-based data. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2024; 21:69. [PMID: 38725065 PMCID: PMC11080130 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-024-01369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the practical application of sarcopenia screening, there is a need for faster, time-saving, and community-friendly detection methods. The primary purpose of this study was to perform sarcopenia screening in community-dwelling older adults and investigate whether surface electromyogram (sEMG) from hand grip could potentially be used to detect sarcopenia using machine learning (ML) methods with reasonable features extracted from sEMG signals. The secondary aim was to provide the interpretability of the obtained ML models using a novel feature importance estimation method. METHODS A total of 158 community-dwelling older residents (≥ 60 years old) were recruited. After screening through the diagnostic criteria of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia in 2019 (AWGS 2019) and data quality check, participants were assigned to the healthy group (n = 45) and the sarcopenic group (n = 48). sEMG signals from six forearm muscles were recorded during the hand grip task at 20% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and 50% MVC. After filtering recorded signals, nine representative features were extracted, including six time-domain features plus three time-frequency domain features. Then, a voting classifier ensembled by a support vector machine (SVM), a random forest (RF), and a gradient boosting machine (GBM) was implemented to classify healthy versus sarcopenic participants. Finally, the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method was utilized to investigate feature importance during classification. RESULTS Seven out of the nine features exhibited statistically significant differences between healthy and sarcopenic participants in both 20% and 50% MVC tests. Using these features, the voting classifier achieved 80% sensitivity and 73% accuracy through a five-fold cross-validation. Such performance was better than each of the SVM, RF, and GBM models alone. Lastly, SHAP results revealed that the wavelength (WL) and the kurtosis of continuous wavelet transform coefficients (CWT_kurtosis) had the highest feature impact scores. CONCLUSION This study proposed a method for community-based sarcopenia screening using sEMG signals of forearm muscles. Using a voting classifier with nine representative features, the accuracy exceeds 70% and the sensitivity exceeds 75%, indicating moderate classification performance. Interpretable results obtained from the SHAP model suggest that motor unit (MU) activation mode may be a key factor affecting sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- Medical Equipment Innovation Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- The Med-X Center for Manufacturing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jiarui Ou
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Haoru He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- Medical Equipment Innovation Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- The Med-X Center for Manufacturing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jiayuan He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- Medical Equipment Innovation Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- The Med-X Center for Manufacturing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Le Zhang
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhengchun Peng
- School of Electronic Information and ElectricaEngineering, Shanghaijiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junwen Zhong
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
- Medical Equipment Innovation Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
- The Med-X Center for Manufacturing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Xu Q, Tao Y, Wang Z, Zeng H, Yang J, Li Y, Zhao S, Tang P, Zhang J, Yan M, Wang Q, Zhou K, Zhang D, Xie H, Zhang Y, Bowen C. Highly Flexible, High-Performance, and Stretchable Piezoelectric Sensor Based on a Hierarchical Droplet-Shaped Ceramics with Enhanced Damage Tolerance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311624. [PMID: 38281059 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable self-powered sensors are of significant interest in next-generation wearable electronics. However, current strategies for creating stretchable piezoelectric sensors based on piezoelectric polymers or 0-3 piezoelectric composites face several challenges such as low piezoelectric activity, low sensitivity, and poor durability. In this paper, a biomimetic soft-rigid hybrid strategy is used to construct a new form of highly flexible, high-performance, and stretchable piezoelectric sensor. Inspired by the hinged bivalve Cristaria plicata, hierarchical droplet-shaped ceramics are manufactured and used as rigid components, where computational models indicate that the unique arched curved surface and rounded corners of this bionic structure can alleviate stress concentrations. To ensure electrical connectivity of the piezoelectric phase during stretching, a patterned liquid metal acts as a soft circuit and a silicone polymer with optimized wettability and stretchability serves as a soft component that forms a strong mechanical interlock with the hierarchical ceramics. The novel sensor design exhibits excellent sensitivity and durability, where the open circuit voltage remains stable after 5000 stretching cycles at 60% strain and 5000 twisting cycles at 180°. To demonstrate its potential in heathcare applications, this new stretchable sensor is successfully used for wireless gesture recognition and assessing the progression of knee osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Yong Tao
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Angmedicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Hanmin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Junxiao Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Angmedicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Senfeng Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Peiyuan Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Jianxun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Mingyang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Qingping Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kechao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Dou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Angmedicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Chris Bowen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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24
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Gao H, Cai W, Li A, Du Y, Zhu JL, Ye Z. Ultrasensitive Biomimetic Skin with Multimodal and Photoelectric Dual-Signal Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38593088 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Mimicking biological skin enabling direct, intelligent interaction between users and devices, multimodal sensing with optical/electrical (OE) output signals is urgently required. Owing to this, this work aims to logically design a stretchable OE biomimetic skin (OE skin), which can sensitively sense complex external stimuli of pressure, strain, temperature, and localization. The OE skin consists of elastic thin polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal films, an ion-conductive hydrogel layer, and an elastic protective membrane formed with thin polydimethylsiloxane. The as-designed OE skin exhibits customizable structural color on demand, good thermochromism, and excellent mechanochromism, with the ability to extend the full visible spectrum, a good linearity of over 0.99, fast response speed of 93 ms, and wide temperature range of 119 °C. In addition, the conduction resistance variation of ion-conductive hydrogel exhibits excellent sensing capabilities under pressure, stretch, and temperature, endowing a good linearity of 0.99998 (stretching from 0 to 150%) and high thermal sensitivity of 0.86% per °C. Such an outstanding OE skin provides design concepts for the development of multifunctional biomimetic skin used in human-machine interaction and can find wide applications in intelligent wearable devices and human-machine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Wenshan Cai
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Aotian Li
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Yike Du
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Ji-Liang Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Ye
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
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Li H, Tan P, Rao Y, Bhattacharya S, Wang Z, Kim S, Gangopadhyay S, Shi H, Jankovic M, Huh H, Li Z, Maharjan P, Wells J, Jeong H, Jia Y, Lu N. E-Tattoos: Toward Functional but Imperceptible Interfacing with Human Skin. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3220-3283. [PMID: 38465831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The human body continuously emits physiological and psychological information from head to toe. Wearable electronics capable of noninvasively and accurately digitizing this information without compromising user comfort or mobility have the potential to revolutionize telemedicine, mobile health, and both human-machine or human-metaverse interactions. However, state-of-the-art wearable electronics face limitations regarding wearability and functionality due to the mechanical incompatibility between conventional rigid, planar electronics and soft, curvy human skin surfaces. E-Tattoos, a unique type of wearable electronics, are defined by their ultrathin and skin-soft characteristics, which enable noninvasive and comfortable lamination on human skin surfaces without causing obstruction or even mechanical perception. This review article offers an exhaustive exploration of e-tattoos, accounting for their materials, structures, manufacturing processes, properties, functionalities, applications, and remaining challenges. We begin by summarizing the properties of human skin and their effects on signal transmission across the e-tattoo-skin interface. Following this is a discussion of the materials, structural designs, manufacturing, and skin attachment processes of e-tattoos. We classify e-tattoo functionalities into electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal, and chemical sensing, as well as wound healing and other treatments. After discussing energy harvesting and storage capabilities, we outline strategies for the system integration of wireless e-tattoos. In the end, we offer personal perspectives on the remaining challenges and future opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbian Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Philip Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yifan Rao
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sarnab Bhattacharya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zheliang Wang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sangjun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Susmita Gangopadhyay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hongyang Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Matija Jankovic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Heeyong Huh
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhengjie Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pukar Maharjan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jonathan Wells
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyoyoung Jeong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yaoyao Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nanshu Lu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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26
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Babangida AA, Uddin A, Stephen KT, Yusuf BA, Zhang L, Ge D. A Roadmap from Functional Materials to Plant Health Monitoring (PHM). Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300283. [PMID: 37815087 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Soft bioelectronics have great potential for the early diagnosis of plant diseases and the mitigation of adverse outcomes such as reduced crop yields and stunted growth. Over the past decade, bioelectronic interfaces have evolved into miniaturized conformal electronic devices that integrate flexible monitoring systems with advanced electronic functionality. This development is largely attributable to advances in materials science, and micro/nanofabrication technology. The approach uses the mechanical and electronic properties of functional materials (polymer substrates and sensing elements) to create interfaces for plant monitoring. In addition to ensuring biocompatibility, several other factors need to be considered when developing these interfaces. These include the choice of materials, fabrication techniques, precision, electrical performance, and mechanical stability. In this review, some of the benefits plants can derive from several of the materials used to develop soft bioelectronic interfaces are discussed. The article describes how they can be used to create biocompatible monitoring devices that can enhance plant growth and health. Evaluation of these devices also takes into account features that ensure their long-term durability, sensitivity, and reliability. This article concludes with a discussion of the development of reliable soft bioelectronic systems for plants, which has the potential to advance the field of bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar A Babangida
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Azim Uddin
- Institute for Composites Science Innovation (InCSI), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Kukwi Tissan Stephen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Bashir Adegbemiga Yusuf
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
- Center of Energy Storage Materials & Technology, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214126, China
| | - Daohan Ge
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
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27
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Shin JH, Choi JY, June K, Choi H, Kim TI. Polymeric Conductive Adhesive-Based Ultrathin Epidermal Electrodes for Long-Term Monitoring of Electrophysiological Signals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313157. [PMID: 38421078 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Electrophysiology, exploring vital electrical phenomena in living organisms, anticipates broader integration into daily life through wearable devices and epidermal electrodes. However, addressing the challenges of the electrode durability and motion artifacts is essential to enable continuous and long-term biopotential signal monitoring, presenting a hurdle for its seamless implementation in daily life. To address these challenges, an ultrathin polymeric conductive adhesive, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate)/polyvinyl alcohol/d-sorbitol (PPd) electrode with enhanced adhesion, stretchability, and skin conformability, is presented. The skin conformability and stability of electrodes is designed by theoretical criteria obtained by mechanical analysis. Thus, impedance stability is obtained over 1-week of daily life, and the PPd electrode addresses the challenges related to durability during prolonged usage. Proving stability in electromyography (EMG) signals during high-intensity exercise, the wireless PPd measurement system exhibits high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) signals even in situations involving significant and repetitive skin deformation. Throughout continuous 1 week-long electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring in daily life, the system consistently preserves signal quality, underscoring the heightened durability and applicability of the PPd measurement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hwan Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeong Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Keonuk June
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesu Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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28
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Ding Y, Jiang J, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Huang Q, Zheng Z. Porous Conductive Textiles for Wearable Electronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1535-1648. [PMID: 38373392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, researchers have made significant strides in the development of novel flexible/stretchable and conductive materials, enabling the creation of cutting-edge electronic devices for wearable applications. Among these, porous conductive textiles (PCTs) have emerged as an ideal material platform for wearable electronics, owing to their light weight, flexibility, permeability, and wearing comfort. This Review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the progress and state of the art of utilizing PCTs for the design and fabrication of a wide variety of wearable electronic devices and their integrated wearable systems. To begin with, we elucidate how PCTs revolutionize the form factors of wearable electronics. We then discuss the preparation strategies of PCTs, in terms of the raw materials, fabrication processes, and key properties. Afterward, we provide detailed illustrations of how PCTs are used as basic building blocks to design and fabricate a wide variety of intrinsically flexible or stretchable devices, including sensors, actuators, therapeutic devices, energy-harvesting and storage devices, and displays. We further describe the techniques and strategies for wearable electronic systems either by hybridizing conventional off-the-shelf rigid electronic components with PCTs or by integrating multiple fibrous devices made of PCTs. Subsequently, we highlight some important wearable application scenarios in healthcare, sports and training, converging technologies, and professional specialists. At the end of the Review, we discuss the challenges and perspectives on future research directions and give overall conclusions. As the demand for more personalized and interconnected devices continues to grow, PCT-based wearables hold immense potential to redefine the landscape of wearable technology and reshape the way we live, work, and play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Ding
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jinxing Jiang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yingsi Wu
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Junhua Zhou
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
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Chang S, Koo JH, Yoo J, Kim MS, Choi MK, Kim DH, Song YM. Flexible and Stretchable Light-Emitting Diodes and Photodetectors for Human-Centric Optoelectronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:768-859. [PMID: 38241488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Optoelectronic devices with unconventional form factors, such as flexible and stretchable light-emitting or photoresponsive devices, are core elements for the next-generation human-centric optoelectronics. For instance, these deformable devices can be utilized as closely fitted wearable sensors to acquire precise biosignals that are subsequently uploaded to the cloud for immediate examination and diagnosis, and also can be used for vision systems for human-interactive robotics. Their inception was propelled by breakthroughs in novel optoelectronic material technologies and device blueprinting methodologies, endowing flexibility and mechanical resilience to conventional rigid optoelectronic devices. This paper reviews the advancements in such soft optoelectronic device technologies, honing in on various materials, manufacturing techniques, and device design strategies. We will first highlight the general approaches for flexible and stretchable device fabrication, including the appropriate material selection for the substrate, electrodes, and insulation layers. We will then focus on the materials for flexible and stretchable light-emitting diodes, their device integration strategies, and representative application examples. Next, we will move on to the materials for flexible and stretchable photodetectors, highlighting the state-of-the-art materials and device fabrication methods, followed by their representative application examples. At the end, a brief summary will be given, and the potential challenges for further development of functional devices will be discussed as a conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehui Chang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Department of Semiconductor Systems Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Semiconductor and System IC, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kee Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Center for Future Semiconductor Technology (FUST), UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, SNU, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, SNU, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) Graduate School, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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30
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Kim H, Cha H, Kim M, Lee YJ, Yi H, Lee SH, Ira S, Kim H, Im C, Yeo W. AR-Enabled Persistent Human-Machine Interfaces via a Scalable Soft Electrode Array. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305871. [PMID: 38087936 PMCID: PMC10870043 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Augmented reality (AR) is a computer graphics technique that creates a seamless interface between the real and virtual worlds. AR usage rapidly spreads across diverse areas, such as healthcare, education, and entertainment. Despite its immense potential, AR interface controls rely on an external joystick, a smartphone, or a fixed camera system susceptible to lighting. Here, an AR-integrated soft wearable electronic system that detects the gestures of a subject for more intuitive, accurate, and direct control of external systems is introduced. Specifically, a soft, all-in-one wearable device includes a scalable electrode array and integrated wireless system to measure electromyograms for real-time continuous recognition of hand gestures. An advanced machine learning algorithm embedded in the system enables the classification of ten different classes with an accuracy of 96.08%. Compared to the conventional rigid wearables, the multi-channel soft wearable system offers an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and consistency over multiple uses due to skin conformality. The demonstration of the AR-integrated soft wearable system for drone control captures the potential of the platform technology to offer numerous human-machine interface opportunities for users to interact remotely with external hardware and software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodam Kim
- IEN Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and EngineeringInstitute for Electronics and NanotechnologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Ho‐Seung Cha
- IEN Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and EngineeringInstitute for Electronics and NanotechnologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Minseon Kim
- School of Mechanical EngineeringSoongsil University369 Sangdo‐ro, Dongjak‐guSeoul06978Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jae Lee
- IEN Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and EngineeringInstitute for Electronics and NanotechnologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- School of Electrical and Computer EngineeringCollege of EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Hoon Yi
- IEN Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and EngineeringInstitute for Electronics and NanotechnologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- IEN Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and EngineeringInstitute for Electronics and NanotechnologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- School of Electrical and Computer EngineeringCollege of EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Soltis Ira
- IEN Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and EngineeringInstitute for Electronics and NanotechnologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Hojoong Kim
- IEN Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and EngineeringInstitute for Electronics and NanotechnologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Chang‐Hwan Im
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Woon‐Hong Yeo
- IEN Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and EngineeringInstitute for Electronics and NanotechnologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringGeoriga Tech and Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA30332USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and BiosciencesInstitute for MaterialsInstitute for Robotics and Intelligent MachinesNeural Engineering CenterGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
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31
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Ye H, Wu B, Sun S, Wu P. Self-compliant ionic skin by leveraging hierarchical hydrogen bond association. Nat Commun 2024; 15:885. [PMID: 38287011 PMCID: PMC10825218 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Robust interfacial compliance is essential for long-term physiological monitoring via skin-mountable ionic materials. Unfortunately, existing epidermal ionic skins are not compliant and durable enough to accommodate the time-varying deformations of convoluted skin surface, due to an imbalance in viscosity and elasticity. Here we introduce a self-compliant ionic skin that consistently works at the critical gel point state with almost equal viscosity and elasticity over a super-wide frequency range. The material is designed by leveraging hierarchical hydrogen bond association, allowing for the continuous release of polymer strands to create topological entanglements as complementary crosslinks. By embodying properties of rapid stress relaxation, softness, ionic conductivity, self-healability, flaw-insensitivity, self-adhesion, and water-resistance, this ionic skin fosters excellent interfacial compliance with cyclically deforming substrates, and facilitates the acquisition of high-fidelity electrophysiological signals with alleviated motion artifacts. The presented strategy is generalizable and could expand the applicability of epidermal ionic skins to more complex service conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huating Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Baohu Wu
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) Forschungszentrum Jülich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shengtong Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Peiyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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32
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Lai M, Zhong L, Liu S, Tang Y, Han T, Deng H, Bao Y, Ma Y, Wang W, Niu L, Gan S. Carbon fiber-based multichannel solid-contact potentiometric ion sensors for real-time sweat electrolyte monitoring. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:342046. [PMID: 38182362 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs) feature miniaturization and integration that have gained extensive attention in non-invasive wearable sweat electrolyte sensors. The state-of-the-art wearable SC-ISEs mainly use polyethylene terephthalate, gold and carbon nanotube fibers as flexible substrates but suffer from uncomfortableness, high cost and biotoxicity. Herein, we report carbon fiber-based SC-ISEs to construct a four-channel wearable potentiometric sensor for sweat electrolytes monitoring (Na+/K+/pH/Cl-). The carbon fibers were extracted from commercial cloth, of which the starting point is addressing the cost and reproducibility issues for flexible SC-ISEs. The bare carbon fiber electrodes exhibited reversible voltammetric and stable impedance performances. Further fabricated SC-ISEs based on corresponding ion-selective membranes disclosed Nernstian sensitivity and anti-interface ability toward both ions and organic species in sweat. Significantly, these carbon fiber-based SC-ISEs revealed high reproducibility of standard potentials between normal and bending states. Finally, a textile-based sensor was integrated with a solid-contact reference electrode, which realized on-body sweat electrolytes analysis. The results displayed high accuracy compared with ex-situ tests by ion chromatography. This work highlights carbon fiber-based multichannel wearable potentiometric ion sensors with low cost, biocompatibility and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixue Lai
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Lijie Zhong
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Siyi Liu
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yitian Tang
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Tingting Han
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Huali Deng
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yu Bao
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yingming Ma
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Li Niu
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, PR China
| | - Shiyu Gan
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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33
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Gong S, Lu Y, Yin J, Levin A, Cheng W. Materials-Driven Soft Wearable Bioelectronics for Connected Healthcare. Chem Rev 2024; 124:455-553. [PMID: 38174868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In the era of Internet-of-things, many things can stay connected; however, biological systems, including those necessary for human health, remain unable to stay connected to the global Internet due to the lack of soft conformal biosensors. The fundamental challenge lies in the fact that electronics and biology are distinct and incompatible, as they are based on different materials via different functioning principles. In particular, the human body is soft and curvilinear, yet electronics are typically rigid and planar. Recent advances in materials and materials design have generated tremendous opportunities to design soft wearable bioelectronics, which may bridge the gap, enabling the ultimate dream of connected healthcare for anyone, anytime, and anywhere. We begin with a review of the historical development of healthcare, indicating the significant trend of connected healthcare. This is followed by the focal point of discussion about new materials and materials design, particularly low-dimensional nanomaterials. We summarize material types and their attributes for designing soft bioelectronic sensors; we also cover their synthesis and fabrication methods, including top-down, bottom-up, and their combined approaches. Next, we discuss the wearable energy challenges and progress made to date. In addition to front-end wearable devices, we also describe back-end machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence, telecommunication, and software. Afterward, we describe the integration of soft wearable bioelectronic systems which have been applied in various testbeds in real-world settings, including laboratories that are preclinical and clinical environments. Finally, we narrate the remaining challenges and opportunities in conjunction with our perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Gong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jialiang Yin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Arie Levin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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34
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Zhang Z, Yang J, Wang H, Wang C, Gu Y, Xu Y, Lee S, Yokota T, Haick H, Someya T, Wang Y. A 10-micrometer-thick nanomesh-reinforced gas-permeable hydrogel skin sensor for long-term electrophysiological monitoring. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj5389. [PMID: 38198560 PMCID: PMC10781413 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj5389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogel-enabled skin bioelectronics that can continuously monitor health for extended periods is crucial for early disease detection and treatment. However, it is challenging to engineer ultrathin gas-permeable hydrogel sensors that can self-adhere to the human skin for long-term daily use (>1 week). Here, we present a ~10-micrometer-thick polyurethane nanomesh-reinforced gas-permeable hydrogel sensor that can self-adhere to the human skin for continuous and high-quality electrophysiological monitoring for 8 days under daily life conditions. This research involves two key steps: (i) material design by gelatin-based thermal-dependent phase change hydrogels and (ii) robust thinness geometry achieved through nanomesh reinforcement. The resulting ultrathin hydrogels exhibit a thickness of ~10 micrometers with superior mechanical robustness, high skin adhesion, gas permeability, and anti-drying performance. To highlight the potential applications in early disease detection and treatment that leverage the collective features, we demonstrate the use of ultrathin gas-permeable hydrogels for long-term, continuous high-precision electrophysiological monitoring under daily life conditions up to 8 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongman Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Haoyang Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8656, Japan
| | - Chunya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yuheng Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yumiao Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Sunghoon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8656, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8656, Japan
| | - Hossam Haick
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8656, Japan
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Health and Medicine, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
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35
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Sun H, Zheng Y, Shi G, Haick H, Zhang M. Wearable Clinic: From Microneedle-Based Sensors to Next-Generation Healthcare Platforms. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207539. [PMID: 36950771 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of wearable biosensing calls for next-generation devices that allow continuous, real-time, and painless monitoring of health status along with responsive medical treatment. Microneedles have exhibited great potential for the direct access of dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) in a minimally invasive manner. Recent studies of microneedle-based devices have evolved from conventional off-line detection to multiplexed, wireless, and integrated sensing. In this review, the classification and fabrication techniques of microneedles are first introduced, and then the representative examples of microneedles for transdermal monitoring with different sensing modalities are summarized. State-of-the-art advances in therapeutic and closed-loop systems are presented to formulate guidelines for the development of next-generation microneedle-based healthcare platforms. The potential challenges and prospects are discussed to pave a new avenue toward pragmatic applications in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Youbin Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 320003, Israel
| | - Guoyue Shi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 320003, Israel
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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36
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Chen F, Zhuang Q, Ding Y, Zhang C, Song X, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Mei Q, Zhao X, Huang Q, Zheng Z. Wet-Adaptive Electronic Skin. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305630. [PMID: 37566544 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Skin electronics provides remarkable opportunities for non-invasive and long-term monitoring of a wide variety of biophysical and physiological signals that are closely related to health, medicine, and human-machine interactions. Nevertheless, conventional skin electronics fabricated on elastic thin films are difficult to adapt to the wet microenvironments of the skin: Elastic thin films are non-permeable, which block the skin perspiration; Elastic thin films are difficult to adhere to wet skin; Most skin electronics are difficult to work underwater. Here, a Wet-Adaptive Electronic Skin (WADE-skin) is reported, which consists of a next-to-skin wet-adhesive fibrous layer, a next-to-air waterproof fibrous layer, and a stretchable and permeable liquid metal electrode layer. While the electronic functionality is determined by the electrode design, this WADE-skin simultaneously offers superb stretchability, wet adhesion, permeability, biocompatibility, and waterproof property. The WADE-skin can rapidly adhere to human skin after contact for a few seconds and stably maintain the adhesion over weeks even under wet conditions, without showing any negative effect to the skin health. The use of WADE-skin is demonstrated for the stable recording of electrocardiogram during intensive sweating as well as underwater activities, and as the strain sensor for the underwater operation of virtual reality-mediated human-machine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Qiuna Zhuang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yichun Ding
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xian Song
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zijian Chen
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Quanjin Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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37
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Chen L, Khan A, Dai S, Bermak A, Li W. Metallic Micro-Nano Network-Based Soft Transparent Electrodes: Materials, Processes, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302858. [PMID: 37890452 PMCID: PMC10724424 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Soft transparent electrodes (TEs) have received tremendous interest from academia and industry due to the rapid development of lightweight, transparent soft electronics. Metallic micro-nano networks (MMNNs) are a class of promising soft TEs that exhibit excellent optical and electrical properties, including low sheet resistance and high optical transmittance, as well as superior mechanical properties such as softness, robustness, and desirable stability. They are genuinely interesting alternatives to conventional conductive metal oxides, which are expensive to fabricate and have limited flexibility on soft surfaces. This review summarizes state-of-the-art research developments in MMNN-based soft TEs in terms of performance specifications, fabrication methods, and application areas. The review describes the implementation of MMNN-based soft TEs in optoelectronics, bioelectronics, tactile sensors, energy storage devices, and other applications. Finally, it presents a perspective on the technical difficulties and potential future possibilities for MMNN-based TE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Chen
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Hong KongHong Kong00000China
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Hong KongHong Kong00000China
- Division of Information and Computing TechnologyCollege of Science and EngineeringHamad Bin Khalifa UniversityDoha34110Qatar
| | - Shuqin Dai
- Department School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| | - Amine Bermak
- Division of Information and Computing TechnologyCollege of Science and EngineeringHamad Bin Khalifa UniversityDoha34110Qatar
| | - Wen‐Di Li
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Hong KongHong Kong00000China
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Lv L, Liu T, Jiang T, Li J, Zhang J, Zhou Q, Dhakal R, Li X, Li Y, Yao Z. A highly sensitive flexible capacitive pressure sensor with hierarchical pyramid micro-structured PDMS-based dielectric layer for health monitoring. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1303142. [PMID: 38026884 PMCID: PMC10665575 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1303142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, a flexible pressure sensor with high sensitivity was created using a dielectric layer featuring a hierarchical pyramid microstructure, both in simulation and fabrication. The capacitive pressure sensor comprises a hierarchically arranged dielectric layer made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with pyramid microstructures, positioned between copper electrodes at the top and bottom. The achievement of superior sensing performance is highly contingent upon the thickness of the dielectric layer, as indicated by both empirical findings and finite-element analysis. Specifically, the capacitive pressure sensor, featuring a dielectric layer thickness of 0.5 mm, exhibits a remarkable sensitivity of 0.77 kPa-1 within the pressure range below 1 kPa. It also demonstrates an impressive response time of 55 ms and recovery time of 42 ms, along with a low detection limit of 8 Pa. Furthermore, this sensor showcases exceptional stability and reproducibility with up to 1,000 cycles. Considering its exceptional achievements, the pressure sensor has been effectively utilized for monitoring physiological signals, sign language gestures, and vertical mechanical force exerted on objects. Additionally, a 5 × 5 sensor array was fabricated to accurately and precisely map the shape and position of objects. The pressure sensor with advanced performance shows broad potential in electronic skin applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyu Lv
- Heart Center, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- College of Electronics and Information, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianxiang Liu
- Heart Center, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- College of Electronics and Information, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Heart Center, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiamin Li
- Heart Center, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- College of Electronics and Information, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Heart Center, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- College of Electronics and Information, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qihui Zhou
- Heart Center, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Rajendra Dhakal
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiao Li
- Hisense Visual Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanyue Li
- College of Electronics and Information, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhao Yao
- Heart Center, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- College of Electronics and Information, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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39
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Zhang Z, Zhu Z, Zhou P, Zou Y, Yang J, Haick H, Wang Y. Soft Bioelectronics for Therapeutics. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17634-17667. [PMID: 37677154 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Soft bioelectronics play an increasingly crucial role in high-precision therapeutics due to their softness, biocompatibility, clinical accuracy, long-term stability, and patient-friendliness. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest representative therapeutic applications of advanced soft bioelectronics, ranging from wearable therapeutics for skin wounds, diabetes, ophthalmic diseases, muscle disorders, and other diseases to implantable therapeutics against complex diseases, such as cardiac arrhythmias, cancer, neurological diseases, and others. We also highlight key challenges and opportunities for future clinical translation and commercialization of soft therapeutic bioelectronics toward personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongman Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Zhongtai Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yunfan Zou
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
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40
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Ishihara K, Shi X, Fukazawa K, Yamaoka T, Yao G, Wu JY. Biomimetic-Engineered Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lens Materials. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3600-3616. [PMID: 37616500 PMCID: PMC10521029 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Contact lenses are one of the most successful applications of biomaterials. The chemical structure of the polymers used in contact lenses plays an important role in determining the function of contact lenses. Different types of contact lenses have been developed based on the chemical structure of polymers. When designing contact lenses, materials scientists consider factors such as mechanical properties, processing properties, optical properties, histocompatibility, and antifouling properties, to ensure long-term wear with minimal discomfort. Advances in contact lens materials have addressed traditional issues such as oxygen permeability and biocompatibility, improving overall comfort, and duration of use. For example, silicone hydrogel contact lenses with high oxygen permeability were developed to extend the duration of use. In addition, controlling the surface properties of contact lenses in direct contact with the cornea tissue through surface polymer modification mimics the surface morphology of corneal tissue while maintaining the essential properties of the contact lens, a significant improvement for long-term use and reuse of contact lenses. This review presents the material science elements required for advanced contact lenses of the future and summarizes the chemical methods for achieving these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Division
of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Xinfeng Shi
- Alcon
Research, LLC, Fort Worth, Texas 76134, United States
| | - Kyoko Fukazawa
- National
Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Yamaoka
- National
Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - George Yao
- Alcon
Research, LLC, Duluth, Georgia 30097, United States
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Vijayakanth T, Shankar S, Finkelstein-Zuta G, Rencus-Lazar S, Gilead S, Gazit E. Perspectives on recent advancements in energy harvesting, sensing and bio-medical applications of piezoelectric gels. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6191-6220. [PMID: 37585216 PMCID: PMC10464879 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00202k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of next-generation bioelectronics, as well as the powering of consumer and medical devices, require power sources that are soft, flexible, extensible, and even biocompatible. Traditional energy storage devices (typically, batteries and supercapacitors) are rigid, unrecyclable, offer short-lifetime, contain hazardous chemicals and possess poor biocompatibility, hindering their utilization in wearable electronics. Therefore, there is a genuine unmet need for a new generation of innovative energy-harvesting materials that are soft, flexible, bio-compatible, and bio-degradable. Piezoelectric gels or PiezoGels are a smart crystalline form of gels with polar ordered structures that belongs to the broader family of piezoelectric material, which generate electricity in response to mechanical stress or deformation. Given that PiezoGels are structurally similar to hydrogels, they offer several advantages including intrinsic chirality, crystallinity, degree of ordered structures, mechanical flexibility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, emphasizing their potential applications ranging from power generation to bio-medical applications. Herein, we describe recent examples of new functional PiezoGel materials employed for energy harvesting, sensing, and wound dressing applications. First, this review focuses on the principles of piezoelectric generators (PEGs) and the advantages of using hydrogels as PiezoGels in energy and biomedical applications. Next, we provide a detailed discussion on the preparation, functionalization, and fabrication of PiezoGel-PEGs (P-PEGs) for the applications of energy harvesting, sensing and wound healing/dressing. Finally, this review concludes with a discussion of the current challenges and future directions of P-PEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangavel Vijayakanth
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-6997801, Israel
| | - Sudha Shankar
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-6997801, Israel
- Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-6997801, Israel
| | - Gal Finkelstein-Zuta
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-6997801, Israel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-6997801, Israel.
| | - Sigal Rencus-Lazar
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-6997801, Israel
| | - Sharon Gilead
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-6997801, Israel
- Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-6997801, Israel
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-6997801, Israel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-6997801, Israel.
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Lyu X, Hu Y, Shi S, Wang S, Li H, Wang Y, Zhou K. Hydrogel Bioelectronics for Health Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:815. [PMID: 37622901 PMCID: PMC10452556 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are considered an ideal platform for personalized healthcare due to their unique characteristics, such as their outstanding softness, appealing biocompatibility, excellent mechanical properties, etc. Owing to the high similarity between hydrogels and biological tissues, hydrogels have emerged as a promising material candidate for next generation bioelectronic interfaces. In this review, we discuss (i) the introduction of hydrogel and its traditional applications, (ii) the work principles of hydrogel in bioelectronics, (iii) the recent advances in hydrogel bioelectronics for health monitoring, and (iv) the outlook for future hydrogel bioelectronics' development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Lyu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China; (X.L.); (S.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Yan Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (Y.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Shuai Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (Y.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Siyuan Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China; (X.L.); (S.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Haowen Li
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China; (X.L.); (S.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Yuheng Wang
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Kun Zhou
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China; (X.L.); (S.W.); (H.L.)
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (Y.H.); (S.S.)
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Jeong S, Oh J, Kim H, Bae J, Ko SH. Pattern design of a liquid metal-based wearable heater for constant heat generation under biaxial strain. iScience 2023; 26:107008. [PMID: 37332675 PMCID: PMC10275728 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As the wearable heater is increasingly popular due to its versatile applications, there is a growing need to improve the tensile stability of the wearable heater. However, maintaining the stability and precise control of heating in resistive heaters for wearable electronics remains challenging due to multiaxial dynamic deformation with human motion. Here, we propose a pattern study for a circuit control system without complex structure or deep learning of the liquid metal (LM)-based wearable heater. The LM direct ink writing (DIW) method was used to fabricate the wearable heaters in various designs. Through the study about the pattern, the significance of input power per unit area for steady average temperature with tension was proven, and the directionality of the pattern was shown to be a factor that makes feedback control difficult due to the difference in resistance change according to strain direction. For this issue, a wearable heater with the same minimal resistance change regardless of the tension direction was developed using Peano curves and sinuous pattern structure. Lastly, by attaching to a human body model, the wearable heater with the circuit control system shows stable heating (52.64°C, with a standard deviation of 0.91°C) in actual motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongmin Jeong
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jinhyeok Oh
- Bio-Robotics and Control Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Hongchan Kim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Joonbum Bae
- Bio-Robotics and Control Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research/Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design (SNU-IAMD), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Zhuang Q, Yao K, Wu M, Lei Z, Chen F, Li J, Mei Q, Zhou Y, Huang Q, Zhao X, Li Y, Yu X, Zheng Z. Wafer-patterned, permeable, and stretchable liquid metal microelectrodes for implantable bioelectronics with chronic biocompatibility. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg8602. [PMID: 37256954 PMCID: PMC10413659 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg8602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Implantable bioelectronics provide unprecedented opportunities for real-time and continuous monitoring of physiological signals of living bodies. Most bioelectronics adopt thin-film substrates such as polyimide and polydimethylsiloxane that exhibit high levels of flexibility and stretchability. However, the low permeability and relatively high modulus of these thin films hamper the long-term biocompatibility. In contrast, devices fabricated on porous substrates show the advantages of high permeability but suffer from low patterning density. Here, we report a wafer-scale patternable strategy for the high-resolution fabrication of supersoft, stretchable, and permeable liquid metal microelectrodes (μLMEs). We demonstrate 2-μm patterning capability, or an ultrahigh density of ~75,500 electrodes/cm2, of μLME arrays on a wafer-size (diameter, 100 mm) elastic fiber mat by photolithography. We implant the μLME array as a neural interface for high spatiotemporal mapping and intervention of electrocorticography signals of living rats. The implanted μLMEs have chronic biocompatibility over a period of eight months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuna Zhuang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kuanming Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mengge Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhuogui Lei
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Quanjing Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems (RI-IWEAR), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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45
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Martins TS, Machado SAS, Oliveira ON, Bott-Neto JL. Optimized paper-based electrochemical sensors treated in acidic media to detect carbendazim on the skin of apple and cabbage. Food Chem 2023; 410:135429. [PMID: 36641915 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors such as those made with paper are needed for non-destructive routine analysis of pesticides on plants, fruits, and vegetables. Herein we report on electrochemical sensors made with screen-printed carbon electrodes on kraft and parchment papers to detect the fungicide carbendazim. A systematic optimization was performed to find that electrochemical sensors on kraft paper treated in an acidic medium led to the highest performance, with a detection limit of 0.06 µM for carbendazim. The enhanced sensitivity for this sensor was attributed to the porous nature of kraft paper, which allowed for a large electrode surface area, and to the carboxylic groups formed during electrochemical activation. As a proof-of-concept, the electrochemical sensor attached to the skin of apple and cabbage was used to detect carbendazim with the same performance as the gold standard method, thus demonstrating that the sensor can be used in the farm and on supermarket shelves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago S Martins
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio A S Machado
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - José L Bott-Neto
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Wan C, Wu Z, Ren M, Tang M, Gao Y, Shang X, Li T, Xia Z, Yang Z, Mao S, Zhou M, Ling W, Li J, Huo W, Huang X. In Situ Formation of Conductive Epidermal Electrodes Using a Fully Integrated Flexible System and Injectable Photocurable Ink. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37191638 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In situ fabrication of wearable devices through coating approaches is a promising solution for the fast deployment of wearable devices and more adaptable devices for different sensing demands. However, heat, solvent, and mechanical sensitivity of biological tissues, along with personal compliance, pose strict requirements for coating materials and methods. To address this, a biocompatible and biodegradable light-curable conductive ink and an all-in-one flexible system that conducts in situ injection and photonic curing of the ink as well as monitoring of biophysiological information have been developed. The ink can be solidified through spontaneous phase changes and photonic cured to achieve a high mechanical strength of 7.48 MPa and an excellent electrical conductivity of 3.57 × 105 S/m. The flexible system contains elastic injection chambers embedded with specially designed optical waveguides to uniformly dissipate visible LED light throughout the chambers and rapidly cure the ink in 5 min. The resulting conductive electrodes offer intimate skin contact even with the existence of hair and work stably even under an acceleration of 8 g, leading to a robust wearable system capable of working under intense motion, heavy sweating, and varied surface morphology. Similar concepts may lead to various rapidly deployable wearable systems that offer excellent adaptability to different monitoring demands for the health tracking of large populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ziyue Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Miaoning Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Mingchao Tang
- Flexible Wearable Technology Research Center, Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of Tsinghua, 906 Yatai Road, Jiaxing, 314033, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Flexible Wearable Technology Research Center, Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of Tsinghua, 906 Yatai Road, Jiaxing, 314033, China
| | - Xue Shang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Sui Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Mingxing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wei Ling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jiameng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenxing Huo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xian Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Flexible Wearable Technology Research Center, Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of Tsinghua, 906 Yatai Road, Jiaxing, 314033, China
- Institute of Wearable Technology and Bioelectronics, Qiantang Science and Technology Innovation Center, 1002 23rd Street, Hangzhou, 310018, China
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Rybak D, Su YC, Li Y, Ding B, Lv X, Li Z, Yeh YC, Nakielski P, Rinoldi C, Pierini F, Dodda JM. Evolution of nanostructured skin patches towards multifunctional wearable platforms for biomedical applications. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8044-8083. [PMID: 37070933 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00807j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of skin patches have promoted the development of wearable and implantable bioelectronics for long-term, continuous healthcare management and targeted therapy. However, the design of electronic skin (e-skin) patches with stretchable components is still challenging and requires an in-depth understanding of the skin-attachable substrate layer, functional biomaterials and advanced self-powered electronics. In this comprehensive review, we present the evolution of skin patches from functional nanostructured materials to multi-functional and stimuli-responsive patches towards flexible substrates and emerging biomaterials for e-skin patches, including the material selection, structure design and promising applications. Stretchable sensors and self-powered e-skin patches are also discussed, ranging from electrical stimulation for clinical procedures to continuous health monitoring and integrated systems for comprehensive healthcare management. Moreover, an integrated energy harvester with bioelectronics enables the fabrication of self-powered electronic skin patches, which can effectively solve the energy supply and overcome the drawbacks induced by bulky battery-driven devices. However, to realize the full potential offered by these advancements, several challenges must be addressed for next-generation e-skin patches. Finally, future opportunities and positive outlooks are presented on the future directions of bioelectronics. It is believed that innovative material design, structure engineering, and in-depth study of fundamental principles can foster the rapid evolution of electronic skin patches, and eventually enable self-powered close-looped bioelectronic systems to benefit mankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rybak
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Yu-Chia Su
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bin Ding
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China.
| | - Xiaoshuang Lv
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Modern Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhaoling Li
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Modern Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yi-Cheun Yeh
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pawel Nakielski
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Chiara Rinoldi
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Filippo Pierini
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jagan Mohan Dodda
- New Technologies - Research Centre (NTC), University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 8, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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48
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Han Z, Wang K, Zhou HC, Cheng P, Shi W. Preparation and quantitative analysis of multicenter luminescence materials for sensing function. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:1621-1640. [PMID: 36849598 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent sensing materials are attractive for environmental analysis due to their potential for high selectivity, excellent sensitivity and rapid (even instantaneous) response towards targeted analytes in diverse sample matrices. Many types of analytes have been detected in samples of wastewater for environmental protection, reagents and products in industrial production of drugs and pesticides, and biological markers in blood and urine for early diagnosis. It is still challenging, however, to develop appropriate materials with optimal sensing function for a targeted analyte. Here we synthesize metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) bearing multiple luminescent centers, such as metal cations (for example, Eu3+ and Tb3+), organic ligands and guests, which are chosen for optimal selectivity for the analytes of interest, including industrial synthetic intermediates and chiral drugs. Interaction between the metal node, ligand, guest and analyte results in a complex system with different luminescence properties compared with the porous MOF on its own. The operation time for the synthesis is usually less than 4 h; the quick screening for sensitivity and selectivity takes ~0.5 h and includes steps to optimize the energy levels and spectrum parameters. It can be used to accelerate the discovery of advanced sensing materials for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongsu Han
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE) and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kunyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE) and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE) and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, China.
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Gao J, Zhang Q, Wu B, Gao X, Liu Z, Yang H, Yuan J, Huang J. Mussel-Inspired, Underwater Self-Healing Ionoelastomers Based on α-Lipoic Acid for Iontronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207334. [PMID: 36869411 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Weak adhesion and lack of underwater self-healability hinder advancing soft iontronics particularly in wet environments like sweaty skin and biological fluids. Mussel-inspired, liquid-free ionoelastomers are reported based on seminal thermal ring-opening polymerization of a biomass molecule of α-lipoic acid (LA), followed by sequentially incorporating dopamine methacrylamide as a chain extender, N,N'-bis(acryloyl) cystamine, and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl) imide (LiTFSI). The ionoelastomers exhibit universal adhesion to 12 substrates in both dry and wet states, superfast self-healing underwater, sensing capability for monitoring human motion, and flame retardancy. The underwater self-repairabilitiy prolongs over three months without deterioration, and sustains even when mechanical properties greatly increase. The unprecedented underwater self-mendability benefits synergistically from the maximized availability of dynamic disulfide bonds and diverse reversible noncovalent interactions endowed by carboxylic groups, catechols, and LiTFSI, along with the prevented depolymerization by LiTFSI and tunability in mechanical strength. The ionic conductivity reaches 1.4 × 10-6 -2.7 × 10-5 S m-1 because of partial dissociation of LiTFSI. The design rationale offers a new route for creating a wide range of LA- and sulfur-derived supramolecular (bio)polymers with superior adhesion, healability, and other functionalities, and thus has technological implications for coatings, adhesives, binders and sealants, biomedical engineering and drug delivery, wearable and flexible electronics, and human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Gao
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Gao
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyuan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Haoyu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jikang Yuan
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Green Energy Materials and Battery Cascade Utilization, School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Huzhou College, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Huang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Garg R, Patra NR, Samal S, Babbar S, Parida K. A review on accelerated development of skin-like MXene electrodes: from experimental to machine learning. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8110-8133. [PMID: 37096943 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05969j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Foreshadowing future needs has catapulted the progress of skin-like electronic devices for human-machine interactions. These devices possess human skin-like properties such as stretchability, self-healability, transparency, biocompatibility, and wearability. This review highlights the recent progress in a promising material, MXenes, to realize soft, deformable, skin-like electrodes. Various structural designs, fabrication strategies, and rational guidelines adopted to realize MXene-based skin-like electrodes are outlined. We explicitly discussed machine learning-based material informatics to understand and predict the properties of MXenes. Finally, an outlook on the existing challenges and the future roadmap to realize soft skin-like MXene electrodes to facilitate technological advances in the next-generation human-machine interactions has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Garg
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | | | - Shubham Babbar
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
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