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Münz C. Probing Reconstituted Human Immune Systems in Mice With Oncogenic γ-Herpesvirus Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581419. [PMID: 33013936 PMCID: PMC7509489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with reconstituted human immune systems can mount cell-mediated immune responses against the human tumor viruses Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Primarily cytotoxic lymphocytes protect the vast majority of persistently infected carriers of these tumor viruses from the respective malignancies for life. Thus, EBV and KSHV infection can teach us how this potent immune control is induced, what phenotype and functions characterize the protective lymphocyte compartments and if similar immune responses could be induced by vaccination. This review will summarize similarities and differences between EBV and KSHV associated pathologies and their immune control in patients and mice with reconstituted human immune systems. Furthermore, it will high-light which aspects of the near perfect immune control can be modeled in the latter preclinical animal models and discuss their relevance for cancer immunology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Anders PM, Montgomery ND, Montgomery SA, Bhatt AP, Dittmer DP, Damania B. Human herpesvirus-encoded kinase induces B cell lymphomas in vivo. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2519-2534. [PMID: 29733294 DOI: 10.1172/jci97053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a gammaherpesvirus that is the etiological agent of the endothelial cell cancer Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and 2 B cell lymphoproliferative disorders, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). KSHV ORF36, also known as viral protein kinase (vPK), is a viral serine/threonine kinase. We previously reported that KSHV vPK enhances cell proliferation and mimics cellular S6 kinase to phosphorylate ribosomal protein S6, a protein involved in protein synthesis. We created a mouse model to analyze the function of vPK in vivo. We believe this is the first mouse tumor model of a viral kinase encoded by a pathogenic human virus. We observed increased B cell activation in the vPK transgenic mice compared with normal mice. We also found that, over time, vPK transgenic mice developed a B cell hyperproliferative disorder and/or a high-grade B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma at a greatly increased incidence compared with littermate controls. This mouse model shows that a viral protein kinase is capable of promoting B cell activation and proliferation as well as augmenting lymphomagenesis in vivo and may therefore contribute to the development of viral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny M Anders
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Nathan D Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aadra P Bhatt
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
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3
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McHugh D, Caduff N, Barros MHM, Rämer PC, Raykova A, Murer A, Landtwing V, Quast I, Styles CT, Spohn M, Fowotade A, Delecluse HJ, Papoudou-Bai A, Lee YM, Kim JM, Middeldorp J, Schulz TF, Cesarman E, Zbinden A, Capaul R, White RE, Allday MJ, Niedobitek G, Blackbourn DJ, Grundhoff A, Münz C. Persistent KSHV Infection Increases EBV-Associated Tumor Formation In Vivo via Enhanced EBV Lytic Gene Expression. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 22:61-73.e7. [PMID: 28704654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The human tumor viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establish persistent infections in B cells. KSHV is linked to primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and 90% of PELs also contain EBV. Studies on persistent KSHV infection in vivo and the role of EBV co-infection in PEL development have been hampered by the absence of small animal models. We developed mice reconstituted with human immune system components as a model for KSHV infection and find that EBV/KSHV dual infection enhanced KSHV persistence and tumorigenesis. Dual-infected cells displayed a plasma cell-like gene expression pattern similar to PELs. KSHV persisted in EBV-transformed B cells and was associated with lytic EBV gene expression, resulting in increased tumor formation. Evidence of elevated lytic EBV replication was also found in EBV/KSHV dually infected lymphoproliferative disorders in humans. Our data suggest that KSHV augments EBV-associated tumorigenesis via stimulation of lytic EBV replication.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coinfection
- Cytokines/blood
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/blood
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- Herpesviridae Infections/blood
- Herpesviridae Infections/immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/physiology
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/etiology
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/virology
- Mice
- Neoplasms/virology
- Spleen/pathology
- Spleen/virology
- Survival Rate
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal McHugh
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Caduff
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrick C Rämer
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Raykova
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anita Murer
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Landtwing
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isaak Quast
- Neuroinflammation, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christine T Styles
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Spohn
- Virus Genomics, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adeola Fowotade
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | | | - Yong-Moon Lee
- Departments of Pathology and Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Departments of Pathology and Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jaap Middeldorp
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas F Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover and German Centre of Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Zbinden
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Riccarda Capaul
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert E White
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martin J Allday
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Adam Grundhoff
- Virus Genomics, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Sanchez-Martin D, Uldrick TS, Kwak H, Ohnuki H, Polizzotto MN, Annunziata CM, Raffeld M, Wyvill KM, Aleman K, Wang V, Marshall VA, Whitby D, Yarchoan R, Tosato G. Evidence for a Mesothelial Origin of Body Cavity Effusion Lymphomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:3078996. [PMID: 28376153 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV)-induced lymphoma that typically arises in body cavities of HIV-infected patients. PEL cells are often co-infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). "PEL-like" lymphoma is a KSHV-unrelated lymphoma that arises in body cavities of HIV-negative patients. "PEL-like" lymphoma is sometimes EBV positive. The derivation of PEL/"PEL-like" cells is unclear. Methods Mesothelial cells were cultured from body cavity effusions of 23 patients. Cell proliferation, cytokine secretion, marker phenotypes, KSHV/EBV infection, and clonality were evaluated by standard methods. Gene expression was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. A mouse model of PEL (3 mice/group) was used to evaluate tumorigenicity. Results We found that the mesothelia derived from six effusions of HIV-infected patients with PEL or other KSHV-associated diseases contained rare KSHV + or EBV + mesothelial cells. After extended culture (16-17 weeks), some mesothelial cells underwent a trans-differentiation process, generating lymphoid-type CD45 + /B220 + , CD5 + , CD27 + , CD43 + , CD11c + , and CD3 - cells resembling "B1-cells," most commonly found in mouse body cavities. These "B1-like" cells were short lived. However, long-term KSHV + EBV - and EBV + KSHV - clonal cell lines emerged from mesothelial cultures from two patients that were clonally distinct from the monoclonal or polyclonal B-cell populations found in the patients' original effusions. Conclusions Mesothelial-to-lymphoid transformation is a newly identified in vitro process that generates "B1-like" cells and is associated with the emergence of long-lived KSHV or EBV-infected cell lines in KSHV-infected patients. These results identify mesothelial cultures as a source of PEL cells and lymphoid cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sanchez-Martin
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas S Uldrick
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hyeongil Kwak
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hidetaka Ohnuki
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark N Polizzotto
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina M Annunziata
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Raffeld
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen M Wyvill
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen Aleman
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria Wang
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vickie A Marshall
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Giovanna Tosato
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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5
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Osawa M, Mine S, Ota S, Kato K, Sekizuka T, Kuroda M, Kataoka M, Fukumoto H, Sato Y, Kanno T, Hasegawa H, Ueda K, Fukayama M, Maeda T, Kanoh S, Kawana A, Fujikura Y, Katano H. Establishing and characterizing a new primary effusion lymphoma cell line harboring Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Infect Agent Cancer 2016; 11:37. [PMID: 27536332 PMCID: PMC4988020 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-016-0086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary effusion lymphoma is a rare distinct large B-cell neoplasm that is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. Over recent years, 9 KSHV-positive/Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-negative PEL cell lines have been established. METHODS Tumor cells were collected from the pleural effusion of a 49-year-old male with AIDS. Cells were grown in RPMI1640 culture medium supplemented with 10 % fetus bovine serum. Single cell cloning was performed successfully by a limiting dilution method in a 96-well plate. The cell line obtained was designated SPEL. RESULTS SPEL cells showed gourd-shaped morphology with a polarized nucleus, expressing CD38, CD138, and Blimp-1, but not B cell markers such as CD19 and CD20. Polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that SPEL cells were positive for KSHV but negative for EBV. Tetradecanoylphorbol acetate induced expression of KSHV lytic proteins and the production of KSHV particles in SPEL cells. Subcutaneous inoculation of SPEL cells into severe combined immunodeficiency mice resulted in the formation of solid tumors. Next-generation sequencing revealed the 138 kbp genome sequence of KSHV in SPEL cells. Suberic bishydroxamate, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, induced the expression of KSHV-encoded lytic proteins and cell death in SPEL cells. CONCLUSIONS A new KSHV-positive and EBV-negative PEL cell line, SPEL was established. This cell line may contribute to furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis of PEL and KSHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madori Osawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640 Japan.,Military Medicine Research Unit, Test and Evaluation Command, Japan Ground Self Defense Force, 1-2-24 Ikejiri, Setagaya, Tokyo, 154-0001 Japan
| | - Sohtaro Mine
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640 Japan.,Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ota
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513 Japan
| | - Kengo Kato
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640 Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640 Japan
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640 Japan
| | - Hitomi Fukumoto
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640 Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanno
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640 Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640 Japan
| | - Keiji Ueda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Takuya Maeda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513 Japan
| | - Soichiro Kanoh
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513 Japan
| | - Akihiko Kawana
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513 Japan
| | - Yuji Fujikura
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513 Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640 Japan
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6
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K1 and K15 of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Are Partial Functional Homologues of Latent Membrane Protein 2A of Epstein-Barr Virus. J Virol 2015; 89:7248-61. [PMID: 25948739 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00839-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The human herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and Primary effusion lymphomas (PEL), respectively, which are B cell malignancies that originate from germinal center B cells. PEL cells but also a quarter of EBV-positive HL tumor cells do not express the genuine B cell receptor (BCR), a situation incompatible with survival of normal B cells. EBV encodes LMP2A, one of EBV's viral latent membrane proteins, which likely replaces the BCR's survival signaling in HL. Whether KSHV encodes a viral BCR mimic that contributes to oncogenesis is not known because an experimental model of KSHV-mediated B cell transformation is lacking. We addressed this uncertainty with mutant EBVs encoding the KSHV genes K1 or K15 in lieu of LMP2A and infected primary BCR-negative (BCR(-)) human B cells with them. We confirmed that the survival of BCR(-) B cells and their proliferation depended on an active LMP2A signal. Like LMP2A, the expression of K1 and K15 led to the survival of BCR(-) B cells prone to apoptosis, supported their proliferation, and regulated a similar set of cellular target genes. K1 and K15 encoded proteins appear to have noncomplementing, redundant functions in this model, but our findings suggest that both KSHV proteins can replace LMP2A's key activities contributing to the survival, activation and proliferation of BCR(-) PEL cells in vivo. IMPORTANCE Several herpesviruses encode oncogenes that are receptor-like proteins. Often, they are constitutively active providing important functions to the latently infected cells. LMP2A of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is such a receptor that mimics an activated B cell receptor, BCR. K1 and K15, related receptors of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) expressed in virus-associated tumors, have less obvious functions. We found in infection experiments that both viral receptors of KSHV can replace LMP2A and deliver functions similar to the endogenous BCR. K1, K15, and LMP2A also control the expression of a related set of cellular genes in primary human B cells, the target cells of EBV and KSHV. The observed phenotypes, as well as the known characteristics of these genes, argue for their contributions to cellular survival, B cell activation, and proliferation. Our findings provide one possible explanation for the tumorigenicity of KSHV, which poses a severe problem in immunocompromised patients.
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7
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Günther T, Schreiner S, Dobner T, Tessmer U, Grundhoff A. Influence of ND10 components on epigenetic determinants of early KSHV latency establishment. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004274. [PMID: 25033267 PMCID: PMC4102598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that acquisition of intricate patterns of activating (H3K4me3, H3K9/K14ac) and repressive (H3K27me3) histone modifications is a hallmark of KSHV latency establishment. The precise molecular mechanisms that shape the latent histone modification landscape, however, remain unknown. Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NB), also called nuclear domain 10 (ND10), have emerged as mediators of innate immune responses that can limit viral gene expression via chromatin based mechanisms. Consequently, although ND10 functions thus far have been almost exclusively investigated in models of productive herpesvirus infection, it has been proposed that they also may contribute to the establishment of viral latency. Here, we report the first systematic study of the role of ND10 during KSHV latency establishment, and link alterations in the subcellular distribution of ND10 components to a temporal analysis of histone modification acquisition and host cell gene expression during the early infection phase. Our study demonstrates that KSHV infection results in a transient interferon response that leads to induction of the ND10 components PML and Sp100, but that repression by ND10 bodies is unlikely to contribute to KSHV latency establishment. Instead, we uncover an unexpected role for soluble Sp100 protein, which is efficiently and permanently relocalized from nucleoplasmic and chromatin-associated fractions into the insoluble matrix. We show that LANA expression is sufficient to induce Sp100 relocalization, likely via mediating SUMOylation of Sp100. Furthermore, we demonstrate that depletion of soluble Sp100 occurs precisely when repressive H3K27me3 marks first accumulate on viral genomes, and that knock-down of Sp100 (but not PML or Daxx) facilitates H3K27me3 acquisition. Collectively, our data support a model in which non-ND10 resident Sp100 acts as a negative regulator of polycomb repressive complex-2 (PRC2) recruitment, and suggest that KSHV may actively escape ND10 silencing mechanisms to promote establishment of latent chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Günther
- Research Group Virus Genomics, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schreiner
- Research Unit Viral Transformation, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Research Unit Viral Transformation, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Tessmer
- Research Group Virus Genomics, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Research Group Virus Genomics, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Gloghini A, Volpi CC, Caccia D, Gualeni AV, Cilia AM, Carbone A, Bongarzone I. Primary effusion lymphoma: secretome analysis reveals novel candidate biomarkers with potential pathogenetic significance. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:618-30. [PMID: 24521760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare B-cell neoplasm in which tumor cells are consistently infected by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and usually grow in body cavities without tumor mass formation. To detect new proteins related to pathogenesis, four established cell lines from PEL (CRO-AP2, CRO-AP3, CRO-AP5, and CRO-AP6) were characterized by proteomics analysis of the secretome. The secretomes were analyzed using two complementary mass spectrometry platforms: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight-based approaches. Among 266 proteins identified from the proteomics analysis, 139 were considered as predicted secreted. Twenty proteins were specifically secreted by PEL cell lines after comparison with secretomes of human cell lines representative of diverse solid tumors and leukemias. More important, 27 additional proteins were shared by all CRO-AP PEL cell lines. The presence of these proteins was confirmed by IHC in CRO-AP cell lines and in six other PEL cell lines, four PEL clinical samples, and three extracavitary Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-positive solid lymphomas included for comparative analysis. Functional classification showed that PEL cell secretomes were enriched in proteins specifically involved in inflammation/immune response, growth/cell cycle, and mRNA processing, in addition to structural/matrix proteins and proteins with enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annunziata Gloghini
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano
| | - Chiara C Volpi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano
| | - Dario Caccia
- Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano
| | - Ambra V Gualeni
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano
| | - Anna M Cilia
- Department of Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Aviano (CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute), Istituto Nazionale Tumori (National Cancer Institute), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Antonino Carbone
- Department of Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Aviano (CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute), Istituto Nazionale Tumori (National Cancer Institute), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy.
| | - Italia Bongarzone
- Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano
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9
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Flow cytometry assessment of in vitro generated CD138+ human plasma cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:536482. [PMID: 24689045 PMCID: PMC3933014 DOI: 10.1155/2014/536482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro CD40-CD154 interaction promotes human B lymphocytes differentiation into plasma cells. Currently, CD138 is the hallmark marker enabling the detection of human plasma cells, both in vitro and in vivo; its presence can be monitored by flow cytometry using a specific antibody. We have developed a culture system allowing for the differentiation of memory B lymphocytes. In order to detect the newly formed plasma cells, we have compared their staining using five anti-CD138 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). As a reference, we also tested human cell lines, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and bone marrow samples. The five anti-CD138 mAbs stained RPMI-8226 cells (>98%) with variable stain index (SI). The highest SI was obtained with B-A38 mAb while the lowest SI was obtained with DL-101 and 1D4 mAbs. However, the anti-CD138 mAbs were not showing equivalent CD138+ cells frequencies within the generated plasma cells. B-A38, B-B4, and MI-15 were similar (15–25%) while DL-101 mAb stained a higher proportion of CD138-positive cells (38–42%). DL-101 and B-A38 mAbs stained similar populations in bone marrow samples but differed in their capacity to bind to CD138high and CD138lo cell lines. In conclusion, such cellular fluctuations suggest heterogeneity in human plasma cell populations and/or in CD138 molecules.
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10
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Wang YF, Chiou YH, Wang LY, Chang ST, Shyu HW, Chen CY, Lin KH, Chou MC. Cisplatin disrupts the latency of human herpesvirus 8 and induces apoptosis in primary effusion lymphoma cells. Cancer Invest 2012; 30:268-74. [PMID: 22480174 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2012.657813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is the etiologic agent for primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of cisplatin on the PEL cells. Cisplatin treatment induced apoptosis and inhibited the growth of PEL cells, and the effect was more profound in the HHV8-positive lymphoma cells compared with the EBV-positive lymphoma cells. Cisplatin treatment decreased the expression of HHV8 latent genes and activated p53 at serine 15 in PEL cells. Our results indicate that cisplatin can disrupt HHV8 latency and induce reactivation of p53 and highly selective treatment modality for this virally induced lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fen Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin-University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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11
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Sarek G, Ma L, Enbäck J, Järviluoma A, Moreau P, Haas J, Gessain A, Koskinen PJ, Laakkonen P, Ojala PM. Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus lytic replication compromises apoptotic response to p53 reactivation in virus-induced lymphomas. Oncogene 2012; 32:1091-8. [PMID: 22469985 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphomas (PELs) are aggressive Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV)-induced malignancies with median survival time <6 months post-diagnosis. Mutations in the TP53 gene seldom occur in PELs, suggesting that genetic alterations in the TP53 are not selected during PEL progression. We have reported that p53 reactivation by an inhibitor of the p53-MDM2 interaction, Nutlin-3, induces selective and massive apoptosis in PEL cells leading to efficient anti-tumor activity in a subcutaneous xenograft model for PEL. Here, we show compelling anti-tumor activity of Nutlin-3 in the majority of intraperitoneal PEL xenografts in vivo. Interestingly, our results demonstrate that spontaneous induction of viral lytic replication in tumors could drastically attenuate the p53-dependent apoptotic response to Nutlin-3. Moreover, viral reactivation compromised p53-dependent apoptosis in PEL cells treated with genotoxic anti-cancer agents doxorubicin and etoposide. We have recently demonstrated that the Ser/Thr kinases Pim 1 and 3 are required to trigger induction of the lytic replication cascade of KSHV. We have now assessed the ability of a novel Pim kinase inhibitor to restore the Nutlin-3-induced cytotoxicity in lytic PEL cells. PEL cells induced to lytic replication by phorbol esters showed 50% inhibition of active viral replication following treatment with the Pim kinase inhibitor. Importantly, co-treatment of these cells with the kinase inhibitor and Nutlin-3 resulted in a robust restoration of the Nutlin-3-induced cell death. These results highlight the potential impact of activation of viral lytic replication on disease progression and response to treatment in KSHV-induced lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sarek
- Institute of Biotechnology & Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale-Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Baresova P, Pitha PM, Lubyova B. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus vIRF-3 protein binds to F-box of Skp2 protein and acts as a regulator of c-Myc protein function and stability. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16199-208. [PMID: 22453922 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.335216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been linked to Kaposi sarcoma, body cavity-based lymphoma, and Castleman disease. vIRF-3 is a KSHV latent gene that is critical for proliferation of KSHV-positive lymphoid cells. Furthermore, vIRF-3 contributes to KSHV-associated pathogenesis by stimulating c-Myc transcription activity. Here we show that vIRF-3 can associate with Skp2, a key component of the SCF(skp2) ubiquitin ligase complex. Skp2 is a transcriptional co-factor for c-Myc that was shown to regulate the stability of c-Myc protein as well as c-Myc-dependent transcription. In this study, we show that vIRF-3 binds to the F-box of Skp2 and recruits it to c-Myc-regulated promoters to activate c-Myc-dependent transcription. Additionally, cells overexpressing vIRF-3 exhibit higher levels of c-Myc ubiquitylation, suggesting that ubiquitylation is necessary for c-Myc-mediated transcription. Moreover, vIRF-3 can stabilize the c-Myc protein by increasing its half-life. Collectively, these results indicate that vIRF-3 can effectively manipulate c-Myc stability and function and thus contribute to c-Myc-induced KSHV-associated lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Baresova
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Medical Faculty of Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
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13
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Ohsaki E, Ueda K. Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Genome Replication, Partitioning, and Maintenance in Latency. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:7. [PMID: 22291692 PMCID: PMC3264903 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is thought to be an oncogenic member of the γ-herpesvirus subfamily. The virus usually establishes latency upon infection as a default infection pattern. The viral genome replicates according to the host cell cycle by recruiting the host cellular replication machinery. Among the latently expressing viral factors, LANA plays pivotal roles in viral genome replication, partitioning, and maintenance. LANA binds with two LANA-binding sites (LBS1/2) within a terminal repeat (TR) sequence and is indispensable for viral genome replication in latency. The nuclear matrix region seems to be important as a replication site, since LANA as well as cellular replication factors accumulate there and recruit the viral replication origin in latency (ori-P) by its binding activity to LBS. KSHV ori-P consists of LBS followed by a 32-bp GC-rich segment (32GC). Although it has been reported that LANA recruits cellular pre-replication complexes (pre-RC) such as origin recognition complexes (ORCs) to the ori-P through its interaction with ORCs, this mechanism does not account completely for the requirement of the 32GC. On the other hand, there are few reports about the partitioning and maintenance of the viral genome. LANA interacts with many kinds of chromosomal proteins, including Brd2/RING3, core histones, such as H2A/H2B and histone H1, and so on. The detailed molecular mechanisms by which LANA enables KSHV genome partitioning and maintenance still remain obscure. By integrating the findings reported thus far on KSHV genome replication, partitioning, and maintenance in latency, we will summarize what we know now, discuss what questions remain to be answered, and determine what needs to be done next to understand the mechanisms underlying viral replication, partitioning, and maintenance strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Ohsaki
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita, Osaka, Japan
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14
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Tumor suppressor genes FHIT and WWOX are deleted in primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell lines. Blood 2011; 118:e32-9. [PMID: 21685375 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-323659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a diffuse-large B-cell lymphoma with poor prognosis. One hundred percent of PELs carry the genome of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and a majority are coinfected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We profiled genomic aberrations in PEL cells using the Affymetrix 6.0 SNP array. This identified for the first time individual genes that are altered in PEL cells. Eleven of 13 samples (85%) were deleted for the fragile site tumor suppressors WWOX and FHIT. Alterations were also observed in the DERL1, ETV1, RASA4, TPK1, TRIM56, and VPS41 genes, which are yet to be characterized for their roles in cancer. Coinfection with EBV was associated with significantly fewer gross genomic aberrations, and PEL could be segregated into EBV-positive and EBV-negative clusters on the basis of host chromosome alterations. This suggests a model in which both host genetic aberrations and the 2 viruses contribute to the PEL phenotype.
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15
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Abstract
This article reviews the spectrum of Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8)-associated B-cell lymphoid proliferations, their pathologic features and clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and pathogenetic aspects. Emphasis is on the differential diagnosis issues and difficulties that the pathologist may face for the correct identification and interpretation of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence de Leval
- Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 25 rue du Bugnon, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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16
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Luan SL, Boulanger E, Ye H, Chanudet E, Johnson N, Hamoudi RA, Bacon CM, Liu H, Huang Y, Said J, Chu P, Clemen CS, Cesarman E, Chadburn A, Isaacson PG, Du MQ. Primary effusion lymphoma: genomic profiling revealed amplification of SELPLG and CORO1C encoding for proteins important for cell migration. J Pathol 2010; 222:166-79. [PMID: 20690162 DOI: 10.1002/path.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is associated with Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) but its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Many KSHV-associated products can deregulate cellular pathways commonly targeted in cancer. However, KSHV infection alone is insufficient for malignant transformation. PEL also lacks the chromosomal translocations seen in other lymphoma subtypes. We investigated 28 PELs and ten PEL cell lines by 1 Mb resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and found frequent gains of 1q21-41 (47%), 4q28.3-35 (29%), 7q (58%), 8q (63%), 11 (32%), 12 (61%), 17q (29%), 19p (34%), and 20q (34%), and losses of 4q (32%), 11q25 (29%), and 14q32 (63%). Recurrent focal amplification was seen at several regions on chromosomes 7, 8, and 12. High-resolution chromosome-specific tile-path array CGH confirmed these findings, and identified selectin-P ligand (SELPLG) and coronin-1C (CORO1C) as the targets of a cryptic amplification at 12q24.11. Interphase FISH and quantitative PCR showed SELPLG/CORO1C amplification (>4 extra copies) and low levels of copy number gain (1-4 extra copies) in 23% of PELs, respectively. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong expression of both SELPLG and coronin-1C in the majority of PELs, irrespective of their gene dosage. SELPLG is critical for cell migration and chemotaxis, while CORO1C regulates actin-dependent processes, thus important for cell motility. Their overexpression in PEL is expected to play an important role in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Lu Luan
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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17
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Günther T, Grundhoff A. The epigenetic landscape of latent Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genomes. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000935. [PMID: 20532208 PMCID: PMC2880564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus latency is generally thought to be governed by epigenetic modifications, but the dynamics of viral chromatin at early timepoints of latent infection are poorly understood. Here, we report a comprehensive spatial and temporal analysis of DNA methylation and histone modifications during latent infection with Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the etiologic agent of Kaposi Sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). By use of high resolution tiling microarrays in conjunction with immunoprecipitation of methylated DNA (MeDIP) or modified histones (chromatin IP, ChIP), our study revealed highly distinct landscapes of epigenetic modifications associated with latent KSHV infection in several tumor-derived cell lines as well as de novo infected endothelial cells. We find that KSHV genomes are subject to profound methylation at CpG dinucleotides, leading to the establishment of characteristic global DNA methylation patterns. However, such patterns evolve slowly and thus are unlikely to control early latency. In contrast, we observed that latency-specific histone modification patterns were rapidly established upon a de novo infection. Our analysis furthermore demonstrates that such patterns are not characterized by the absence of activating histone modifications, as H3K9/K14-ac and H3K4-me3 marks were prominently detected at several loci, including the promoter of the lytic cycle transactivator Rta. While these regions were furthermore largely devoid of the constitutive heterochromatin marker H3K9-me3, we observed rapid and widespread deposition of H3K27-me3 across latent KSHV genomes, a bivalent modification which is able to repress transcription in spite of the simultaneous presence of activating marks. Our findings suggest that the modification patterns identified here induce a poised state of repression during viral latency, which can be rapidly reversed once the lytic cycle is induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Günther
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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18
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Detection of EBV, HBV, HCV, HIV-1, HTLV-I and -II, and SMRV in human and other primate cell lines. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:904767. [PMID: 20454443 PMCID: PMC2861168 DOI: 10.1155/2010/904767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of contaminated cell cultures suggests that viral contaminations might be distributed among cultures. We investigated more than 460 primate cell lines for Epstein-Barr (EBV), hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus I and II (HTLV-I/-II), and squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV) infections for risk assessment. None of the cell lines were infected with HCV, HIV-1, or HTLV-I/-II. However, one cell line displayed reverse transcriptase activity. Thirty-nine cell lines harbored EBV DNA sequences. Studies on the lytic phase of EBV revealed that five cell lines produce EBV particles and six further cell lines produced EBV upon stimulation. One cell line contained an integrated HBV genome fragment but showed no virus production. Six cell lines were SMRV-infected. Newly established cell lines should be tested for EBV infections to detect B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCL). B-LCLs established with EBV from cell line B95-8 should be tested for SMRV infections.
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19
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Understanding pathogenetic aspects and clinical presentation of primary effusion lymphoma through its derived cell lines. AIDS 2010; 24:479-90. [PMID: 20051807 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283365395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a very rare subgroup of B-cell lymphomas presenting as pleural, peritoneal and pericardial neoplastic effusions in the absence of a solid tumor mass or recognizable nodal involvement. There is strong evidence that Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a causal agent of PEL. PEL tumor cells are latently infected by KSHV with consistent expression of several viral proteins and microRNAs that can affect cellular proliferation, differentiation and survival. The most relevant data on pathogenesis and biology of KSHV have been provided by studies on PEL-derived cell lines. Fourteen continuous cell lines have been established from the malignant effusions of patients with AIDS-associated and non-AIDS-associated PEL. These KSHV+ EBV+/- cell lines are well characterized, authenticated and mostly available from public biological resource centers. The PEL cell lines display unique features and are clearly distinct from other lymphoma cell lines. PEL cell lines represent an indispensable tool for the understanding of KSHV biology and its impact on the clinical manifestation of PEL. Studies on PEL cell lines have shown that a number of viral genes, expressed during latency or lytic life cycle, have effects on cell binding, proliferation, angiogenesis and inflammation. Also, PEL cell lines are important model systems for the study of the disorder of PEL including the lack of invasive or destructive growth patterns and the peculiar propensity of PEL to involve body cavity surfaces.
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20
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Ueda K, Ito E, Karayama M, Ohsaki E, Nakano K, Watanabe S. KSHV-infected PEL cell lines exhibit a distinct gene expression profile. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 394:482-7. [PMID: 20175997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the gene expression profiles of lymphocyte-originated tumor cell lines - primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell lines, T-cell leukemia (TCL) cell lines, Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cell lines - and two sets of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) - in order to determine characteristic gene expression profiles for each of the former three groups. And we found that these cell lines showed respective typical gene expression profiles and classified into clear four groups, PEL, TCL, BL, and normal PBMCs. Two B lymphocyte-originated tumor cell lines, PEL and BL cell lines, clearly exhibited distinct gene expression profiles, respectively. Even though there was only one line that was co-infected with both Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), KSHV seemed to govern the gene expression profile of the co-infected line. These data suggested not only that established typical tumor cell lines show a distinct gene expression profile but also that this profile may be governed by certain viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Ueda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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21
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Du MQ, Bacon CM, Isaacson PG. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 and lymphoproliferative disorders. J Clin Pathol 2007; 60:1350-7. [PMID: 18042691 PMCID: PMC2095558 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2007.047969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), is a recent addition to the list of human viruses that are directly associated with lymphoproliferative disorders. KSHV was first shown to be involved in multicentric Castleman disease and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Subsequently, the virus was identified in solid lymphomas, often of extranodal sites, with morphological and immunophenotypic characteristics similar to those of PEL, and in other lymphoproliferative disorders with heterogeneous clinicopathological presentations. The recent advances in our understanding of the histology, immunophenotype and pathogenesis of these KSHV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-Q Du
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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22
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Overexpression and involvement in migration by the metastasis-associated phosphatase PRL-3 in human myeloma cells. Blood 2007; 111:806-15. [PMID: 17934070 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by accumulation and dissemination of malignant plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow (BM). Gene expression profiling of 2 MM cell lines (OH-2 and IH-1) indicated that expression of PRL-3, a metastasis-associated tyrosine phosphatase, was induced by several mitogenic cytokines. Cytokine-driven PRL-3 expression could be shown in several myeloma cell lines at both the mRNA and protein levels. There was significantly higher expression of the PRL-3 gene in PCs from patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering myeloma (SMM), and myeloma than in PCs from healthy persons. Among 7 MM subgroups identified by unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis, PRL-3 gene expression was significantly higher in the 3 groups denoted as "proliferation," "low bone disease," and "MMSET/FGFR3." PRL-3 protein was detected in 18 of 20 BM biopsies from patients with MM. Silencing of the PRL-3 gene by siRNA reduced cell migration in the MM cell line INA-6, but had no detectable effect on proliferation and cell-cycle phase distribution of the cells. In conclusion, PRL-3 is a gene product specifically expressed in malignant plasma cells and may have a role in migration of these cells.
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23
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Lubyova B, Kellum MJ, Frisancho JA, Pitha PM. Stimulation of c-Myc transcriptional activity by vIRF-3 of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:31944-53. [PMID: 17728244 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706430200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is associated with two lymphoproliferative disorders, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and Castleman disease. In PEL, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is present in a latent form expressing only few viral genes. Among them is a viral homologue of cellular interferon regulatory factors, vIRF-3. To study the role of vIRF-3 in PEL lymphomagenesis, we analyzed the interaction of vIRF-3 with cellular proteins. Using yeast two-hybrid screen, we detected the association between vIRF-3 and c-Myc suppressor, MM-1alpha. The vIRF-3 and MM-1alpha interaction was also demonstrated by glutathione S-transferase pulldown assay and coimmunoprecipitation of endogenous vIRF-3 and MM-1alpha in PEL-derived cell lines. Overexpression of vIRF-3 enhanced the c-Myc-dependent transcription of the gene cdk4. Addressing the molecular mechanism of the vIRF-3-mediated stimulation, we demonstrated that the association between MM-1alpha and c-Myc was inhibited by vIRF-3. Furthermore, the recruitment of vIRF-3 to the cdk4 promoter and the elevated levels of the histone H3 acetylation suggest the direct involvement of vIRF-3 in the activation of c-Myc-mediated transcription. These findings indicate that vIRF-3 can effectively stimulate c-Myc function in PEL cells and consequently contribute to de-regulation of B-cell growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Lubyova
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Medical Faculty of Charles University, Studnickova 7, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic.
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24
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Sarek G, Kurki S, Enbäck J, Iotzova G, Haas J, Laakkonen P, Laiho M, Ojala PM. Reactivation of the p53 pathway as a treatment modality for KSHV-induced lymphomas. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1019-28. [PMID: 17364023 PMCID: PMC1810577 DOI: 10.1172/jci30945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent for primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), a non-Hodgkin type lymphoma manifesting as an effusion malignancy in the affected individual. Although KSHV has been recognized as a tumor virus for over a decade, the pathways for its tumorigenic conversion are incompletely understood, which has greatly hampered the development of efficient therapies for KSHV-induced malignancies like PEL and Kaposi's sarcoma. There are no current therapies effective against the aggressive, KSHV-induced PEL. Here we demonstrate that activation of the p53 pathway using murine double minute 2 (MDM2) inhibitor Nutlin-3a conveyed specific and highly potent activation of PEL cell killing. Our results demonstrated that the KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) bound to both p53 and MDM2 and that the MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3a disrupted the p53-MDM2-LANA complex and selectively induced massive apoptosis in PEL cells. Together with our results indicating that KSHV-infection activated DNA damage signaling, these findings contribute to the specificity of the cytotoxic effects of Nutlin-3a in KSHV-infected cells. Moreover, we showed that Nutlin-3a had striking antitumor activity in vivo in a mouse xenograft model. Our results therefore present new options for exploiting reactivation of p53 as what we believe to be a novel and highly selective treatment modality for this virally induced lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- DNA Damage
- DNA, Neoplasm/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, p53
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Lymphoma/virology
- Mice
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Virus Latency
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Sarek
- Genome-Scale Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine,
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine, and
Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Max von Pettenkofer Institut LMU-München, Munich, Germany and School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sari Kurki
- Genome-Scale Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine,
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine, and
Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Max von Pettenkofer Institut LMU-München, Munich, Germany and School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Juulia Enbäck
- Genome-Scale Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine,
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine, and
Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Max von Pettenkofer Institut LMU-München, Munich, Germany and School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Guergana Iotzova
- Genome-Scale Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine,
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine, and
Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Max von Pettenkofer Institut LMU-München, Munich, Germany and School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Juergen Haas
- Genome-Scale Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine,
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine, and
Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Max von Pettenkofer Institut LMU-München, Munich, Germany and School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pirjo Laakkonen
- Genome-Scale Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine,
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine, and
Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Max von Pettenkofer Institut LMU-München, Munich, Germany and School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marikki Laiho
- Genome-Scale Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine,
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine, and
Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Max von Pettenkofer Institut LMU-München, Munich, Germany and School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Päivi M. Ojala
- Genome-Scale Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine,
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine, and
Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Max von Pettenkofer Institut LMU-München, Munich, Germany and School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Greene W, Kuhne K, Ye F, Chen J, Zhou F, Lei X, Gao SJ. Molecular biology of KSHV in relation to AIDS-associated oncogenesis. Cancer Treat Res 2007; 133:69-127. [PMID: 17672038 PMCID: PMC2798888 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-46816-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
KSHV has been established as the causative agent of KS, PEL, and MCD, malignancies occurring more frequently in AIDS patients. The aggressive nature of KSHV in the context of HIV infection suggests that interactions between the two viruses enhance pathogenesis. KSHV latent infection and lytic reactivation are characterized by distinct gene expression profiles, and both latency and lytic reactivation seem to be required for malignant progression. As a sophisticated oncogenic virus, KSHV has evolved to possess a formidable repertoire of potent mechanisms that enable it to target and manipulate host cell pathways, leading to increased cell proliferation, increased cell survival, dysregulated angiogenesis, evasion of immunity, and malignant progression in the immunocompromised host. Worldwide, approximately 40.3 million people are currently living with HIV infection. Of these, a significant number are coinfected with KSHV. The complex interplay between the two viruses dramatically elevates the risk for development of KSHV-induced malignancies, KS, PEL, and MCD. Although HAART significantly reduces HIV viral load, the entire T-cell repertoire and immune function may not be completely restored. In fact, clinically significant immune deficiency is not necessary for the induction of KSHV-related malignancy. Because of variables such as lack of access to therapy noncompliance with prescribed treatment, failure to respond to treatment and the development of drug-resistant strains of HIV, KSHV-induced malignancies will continue to present as major health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Greene
- Tiumor Virology Program, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Kobayashi Y, Kamitsuji Y, Kuroda J, Tsunoda S, Uoshima N, Kimura S, Wada K, Matsumoto Y, Nomura K, Horiike S, Shimazaki C, Yoshikawa T, Taniwaki M. Comparison of human herpes virus 8 related primary effusion lymphoma with human herpes virus 8 unrelated primary effusion lymphoma-like lymphoma on the basis of HIV: report of 2 cases and review of 212 cases in the literature. Acta Haematol 2006; 117:132-44. [PMID: 17135726 DOI: 10.1159/000097460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary lymphomatous effusion is a rare lymphoma that arises in the body cavity and has a peculiar proliferative form, lacking a tumor. This primary lymphomatous effusion includes human herpes virus 8 (HHV8)-related primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and HHV8-unrelated PEL-like lymphoma. We attempted to clarify the nature of the primary lymphomatous effusion. METHODS Using 'PEL' and 'body cavity-based lymphoma' (BCBL) as key words, reports written in English were collected from PubMed. Primary lymphomatous effusion was defined as BCBL with primary effusion and without tumor at onset. Adding our 2 PEL-like lymphoma cases, each case was studied as to the patients' and lymphomas' characteristics, therapy and survival time. Moreover, each item was compared among four groups according to the presence of HHV8 and HIV. RESULTS In 214 cases investigated, there was no difference in proliferation, but an apparent difference in age, gender, phenotype, effectiveness and prognosis among the four groups. CONCLUSIONS Both PEL and PEL-like lymphoma are thought to be characterized by a peculiar proliferation, regardless of the presence of HHV8. Dividing PEL or PEL-like lymphoma into two subgroups on the basis of HIV presentation might also be appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kobayashi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Establishment of a novel B-cell lymphoma cell line with suppressed growth by gamma-secretase inhibitors. Leuk Res 2006; 30:1385-90. [PMID: 16780947 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel lymphoma cell line, designated TMD8 was established from cells of a patient with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. TMD8 cells expressed HES1 mRNA, suggesting constitutive activation of Notch signaling. TMD8 cells expressed normal-sized Notch1 protein, and showed no mutations in the NOTCH1 gene. Cell growth was suppressed by gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSI). It was reported that GSI suppressed growth of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cell lines, which frequently had NOTCH1 mutations. In addition to T-ALL, TMD8 is another unique cell line sensitive to GSI, and is useful to study effects of GSI in molecular targeting therapy.
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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Case reports suggest an occasional involvement in bone marrow hypoplasia and haemophagocytic syndrome, but other disease associations are unconfirmed or controversial. KSHV-associated disease is of particular importance in immunosuppressed individuals, in particular in patients with HIV infection and transplant recipients. KSHV establishes a latent infection in the majority of infected cells in KS, MCD, and PEL, but lytic replication occurs in a small fraction of infected cells. Viral proteins expressed during both the latent and the lytic phase of the viral life cycle contribute to the pathogenesis of KSHV-associated diseases.
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Carbone A, Gloghini A, Vaccher E, Marchetti G, Gaidano G, Tirelli U. KSHV/HHV-8 associated lymph node based lymphomas in HIV seronegative subjects. Report of two cases with anaplastic large cell morphology and plasmablastic immunophenotype. J Clin Pathol 2005; 58:1039-45. [PMID: 16189148 PMCID: PMC1770735 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.026542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV)/human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) associated lymphomas, which often develop in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients with advanced AIDS, present predominantly as primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) or, less frequently, as "solid" extracavitary based lymphomas, associated with serous effusions. These last lymphomas, also called "solid PEL", have been reported before the development of an effusion lymphoma and after resolution of PEL. Interestingly, KSHV/HHV-8 associated lymphomas that present as solid or extracavitary based lesions in HIV seropositive patients without serous effusions have been reported recently. METHODS/RESULTS This paper provides evidence for the existence of a previously undescribed KSHV/HHV-8 associated lymphoma in HIV seronegative patients without serous effusions. These lymphomas exhibit a predilection for the lymph nodes and display anaplastic large cell morphology. These tumours were completely devoid of common cell type specific antigens, including epithelial and melanocytic cell markers. B and T cell associated antigens and other commonly used lymphoid markers were absent or weakly demonstrable in a fraction of the tumour cells. Conversely, immunohistochemical studies showed strong immunostaining with plasma cell reactive antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of viral infection and immunohistological studies are of primary importance to define this lymph node based KSHV/HHV-8 associated lymphoma with anaplastic large cell morphology and plasmablastic immunophenotype occurring in HIV seronegative patients without serous effusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carbone
- Department of Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, via Venezian 1, Milano I-20133, Italy.
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated lymphomas include: (1) lymphomas also occurring, although sporadically, in the absence of HIV infection. The vast majority of these lymphomas are high-grade B-cell lymphomas: Burkitt lymphoma (BL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with centroblastic (CB) features and DLBCL with immunoblastic (IBL) features; (2) unusual lymphomas occurring more specifically in HIV-positive patients and include two rare entities, namely 'primary effusion lymphoma' (PEL) and 'plasmablastic lymphoma' of the oral cavity. The pathological heterogeneity of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (AIDS-NHL) reflects the heterogeneity of their associated molecular lesions. In AIDS-BL, the molecular lesions involve activation of cMYC, inactivation of P53, and infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). AIDS-IBL infected with EBV are characterised by frequent expression of latent membrane protein 1--an EBV oncoprotein. The biological heterogeneity of AIDS-NHL is highlighted by their histogenetic differences. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 (KSHV/HHV8)-associated lymphomas, which often develop in persons with advanced AIDS, present predominantly as PEL. KSHV/HHV8 has also been recently detected in solid extracavitary-based lymphomas. The KSHV/HHV8-associated solid lymphomas are (1) unusual lymphomas that occur more specifically in HIV-positive patients; (2) extracavitary and arise in nodal and/or extranodal sites; and (3) histologically, they usually display a PEL-like morphology and plasma cell-related phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Carbone
- Department of Pathology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy.
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Carbone A, Gloghini A, Vaccher E, Cerri M, Gaidano G, Dalla-Favera R, Tirelli U. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus type 8-positive solid lymphomas: a tissue-based variant of primary effusion lymphoma. J Mol Diagn 2005; 7:17-27. [PMID: 15681470 PMCID: PMC1876263 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also termed human herpesvirus type 8, is consistently identified in Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman's disease. Here we report four cases of KSHV-bearing solid lymphomas that occurred in AIDS patients (cases 1 to 3) and in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative person (case 4). The patients presented extranodal masses in the abdomen (cases 1, 3, and 4) or skin (case 2), and nodal involvement, together with Kaposi's sarcoma (case 3). The gastrointestinal tract was involved in two patients (cases 1 and 3). The patients did not develop a lymphomatous effusion. KSHV was detected in the tumor cells of all cases by immunohistochemistry and by polymerase chain reaction. Epstein-Barr virus was detected in two of the HIV-related cases. All KSHV-positive solid lymphomas exhibited PEL-like cell morphology. To investigate the relationship of these disorders to PEL and to other AIDS-associated diffuse large cell lymphomas, KSHV-positive solid lymphomas were tested for the expression of a set of genes that were previously shown by gene profiling analysis to define PEL tumor cells. The results showed that expression of this set of genes in KSHV-positive lymphomas is similar to that of PEL but distinct from KSHV-negative AIDS-associated diffuse large cell lymphomas. Because pathobiological features of KSHV-positive solid lymphomas closely mimic those of PEL, our results suggest that KSHV-positive solid lymphomas should be considered as a tissue-based variant of classical PEL, irrespective of HIV status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Carbone
- Division of Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, via Pedemontana Occidentale, Aviano I-33081, Italy.
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Simonelli C, Tedeschi R, Gloghini A, Bortolin MT, Spina M, Bidoli E, Cinelli R, De Paoli P, Carbone A, Tirelli U. Characterization of Immunologic and Virological Parameters in HIV‐Infected Patients with Primary Effusion Lymphoma during Antiblastic Therapy and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1022-7. [PMID: 15824995 DOI: 10.1086/428615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) represents a peculiar lymphoma infected with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and occurs predominantly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunologic and virological parameters, including HHV-8 viremia, of 5 HIV-infected patients with PEL whose disease was diagnosed and treated at our institute. METHODS Five patients were enrolled in the study. Biological parameters, such as latent and lytic HHV-8 antigen levels, plasma HHV-8 load, Epstein-Barr virus plasma DNA load, HIV-1 load, and CD4 cell count, were assessed before treatment, during therapy, and at follow-up. RESULTS Four patients were treated with chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and 1 was treated with HAART alone; 3 of 5 patients reached complete remission. HHV-8 could be detected before the initiation of therapy in plasma from all patients analyzed. HHV-8 levels decreased after therapy in 4 patients. During the whole observation period, plasma HHV-8 load showed a statistically significant inverse correlation with CD4 cell count but no significant correlation with HIV load and response to therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis demonstrates that HHV-8 can be detected in the plasma at the onset of PEL; its prognostic role needs to be explored. CD4 cell count seems to be the most important indicator of progression of PEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Simonelli
- Division of Medical Oncology A, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.
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33
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Klass CM, Krug LT, Pozharskaya VP, Offermann MK. The targeting of primary effusion lymphoma cells for apoptosis by inducing lytic replication of human herpesvirus 8 while blocking virus production. Blood 2005; 105:4028-34. [PMID: 15687238 PMCID: PMC1895088 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-09-3569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a B-cell lymphoma in which human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) is found within all tumor cells and represents a target for selectively destroying tumor cells. HHV-8 is latent in most PEL cells and, hence, resistant to antiviral agents that inhibit lytic replication. We demonstrate that PEL cell lines containing HHV-8 without and with coinfection with Epstein-Barr virus responded to the antiseizure medication valproate with entry into the lytic cascade and production of infectious virus. Minimal cell death occurred when noninfected BL-41 cells were incubated with valproate, whereas apoptosis occurred in response to valproate in PELs that supported lytic replication of HHV-8. The anti-viral agents ganciclovir and phosphonoformic acid (PFA) blocked valproate-induced production of infectious virus without blocking entry into the lytic cascade, and apoptosis occurred at levels that were as high as when virus production was not blocked. Ganciclovir and PFA also prevented most valproate-induced expression of the late lytic viral transcript open reading frame 26 (ORF-26), but they did not block the induction of either viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6) or viral G protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR). These studies provide evidence that incubation of PELs with valproate in the presence of ganciclovir or PFA can selectively target tumor cells for apoptosis without increasing viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Klass
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365-B Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Verschuren EW, Jones N, Evan GI. The cell cycle and how it is steered by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus cyclin. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:1347-1361. [PMID: 15166416 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79812-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A timely coordination of cellular DNA synthesis and division cycles is governed by the temporal and spatial activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). The primary regulation of Cdk activation is through binding to partner cyclin proteins. Several gammaherpesviruses encode a viral homologue of cellular cyclin D, which may function to deregulate host cell cycle progression. One of these is encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and is called K cyclin or viral cyclin (v-cyclin). v-Cyclin is expressed in most of the malignant cells that are associated with KSHV infection in humans, labelling v-cyclin as a putative viral oncogene. Here are described some of the major structural and functional properties of mammalian cyclin/Cdk complexes, some of which are phenocopied by v-cyclin. In addition, the molecular events leading to orderly progression through the G1/S and G/M cell cycle phases are reviewed. This molecular picture serves as a platform on which to explain v-cyclin-specific functional properties. Interesting but largely speculative issues concern the interplay between v-cyclin-mediated cell cycle deregulation and molecular progression of KSHV-associated neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy W Verschuren
- Stanford University, Pathology Department, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC 5324, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nic Jones
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Gerard I Evan
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143-0875, USA
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35
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Simonelli C, Spina M, Cinelli R, Talamini R, Tedeschi R, Gloghini A, Vaccher E, Carbone A, Tirelli U. Clinical Features and Outcome of Primary Effusion Lymphoma in HIV-Infected Patients: A Single-Institution Study. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:3948-54. [PMID: 14581418 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2003.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To describe the clinical features and outcome of HIV-associated primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and to compare them with those of the other HIV-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHLs).Patients and Methods: From April 1987 to June 2002, 277 patients with HIV infection and systemic NHL were diagnosed and treated in our institution. Clinical features and outcome of PEL patients were compared with the features and outcomes of 162 patients belonging to the following histologic subtypes: plasmoblastic lymphoma of oral cavity (PBLOC, n = 11), immunoblastic lymphoma (IBL, n = 76), and centroblastic B-cell lymphoma (CBCL, n = 75).Results: Among the 277 NHL patients, PEL was diagnosed in 11 patients (4%). Eight of 11 patients were treated with a cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP)–like regimen. Complete remission was reached in 42% of patients, with a median survival time of 6 months. When the clinical features and outcome of 11 PEL patients were compared with the other three groups of patients affected by NHL, at the onset of the disease, no statistically significant differences were observed in demographic data, CD4 absolute number, HIV viremia plasma levels, and clinical characteristics. When we compared the outcome of PEL patients with the CBCL group, a statistically significant worse outcome was observed; however, the clinical outcome of PEL patients was not significantly different from the outcome observed in the other two groups (PBLOC and IBL groups).Conclusion: PEL is a rare HIV-associated NHL type occurring as a late manifestation of HIV infection with a poor clinical outcome and a shorter overall survival compared with CBCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecelia Simonelli
- Division of medical Oncology A, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
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36
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Gao SJ, Deng JH, Zhou FC. Productive lytic replication of a recombinant Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in efficient primary infection of primary human endothelial cells. J Virol 2003; 77:9738-49. [PMID: 12941882 PMCID: PMC224610 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.18.9738-9749.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is linked to the development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a vascular spindle cell tumor primarily consisting of proliferating endothelial cells. Although KSHV has been shown to infect primary human endothelial cells and convert them into spindle shapes, KSHV infection is largely latent, and efforts to establish a highly efficient and sustainable infection system have been unsuccessful. A recombinant KSHV, BAC36, that has high primary-infection efficiency in 293 cells has been obtained (F. C. Zhou, Y. J. Zhang, J. H. Deng, X. P. Wang, H. Y. Pan, E. Hettler, and S. J. Gao, J. Virol. 76:6185-6196, 2002). BAC36 contains a green fluorescent protein cassette which can be used to conveniently monitor viral infection. Here, we describe the establishment of a KSHV lytic-replication-permissive infection cell model using BAC36 virions to infect primary human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cultures. BAC36 infection of HUVEC cultures has as high as 90% primary-infection efficiency and consists of two phases: a permissive phase, in which the cultures undergo active viral lytic replication, producing a large number of virions and concomitantly resulting in large-scale cell death, and a latent phase, in which the surviving cells from the permissive phase switch into latent infection, with a small number of cells undergoing spontaneous viral lytic replication, and proliferate into bundles of spindle cells with KS slit-like spaces. An assay for determining the KSHV titer in a virus preparation has also been developed. The cell model should be useful for examining KSHV infection and replication, as well as for understanding the development of KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Jiang Gao
- Tumor Virology Program, Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Leão JC, Caterino-De-Araújo A, Porter SR, Scully C. Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and the etiopathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 57:175-86. [PMID: 12244338 DOI: 10.1590/s0041-87812002000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the current literature on human herpesvirus 8 with particular attention to the aspects related to the etiopathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors searched original research and review articles on specific aspects of human herpesvirus 8 infection, including virology, epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, natural history, therapy, and Kaposi's sarcoma etiopathogenesis. The relevant material was evaluated and reviewed. RESULTS Human herpesvirus 8 is a recently discovered DNA virus that is present throughout the world but with major geographic variation. In the Western world, the virus, transmitted mainly by means of sexual contact, is strongly associated with Kaposi's sarcoma and body cavity-based lymphoma and more controversially with multiple myeloma and other non-proliferative disorders. There is no specific effective treatment, but HIV protease inhibitors may play an indirect role in the clearance of human herpesvirus 8 DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-infected patients. Human herpesvirus 8 DNA is present in saliva, but there are as yet no documented cases of nosocomial transmission to health care workers. The prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 among health care workers is probably similar to that in the general population. CONCLUSION Human herpesvirus 8 appears to be, at least in Western Europe and United States, restricted to a population at risk of developing Kaposi's sarcoma. Human herpesvirus 8 certainly has the means to overcome cellular control and immune responses and thus predispose carriers to malignancy, particularly Kaposi's sarcoma. The wide diffusion of Human herpesvirus 8 in classic Kaposi's sarcoma areas appears to represent an important factor in the high incidence of the disease. However, additional co-factors are likely to play a role in the development of Kaposi's sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jair Carneiro Leão
- Department of Preventive Clinic and Dentistry, Science Health Center, UFPE
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38
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Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8, also known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, is etiologically associated with Kaposi sarcoma and other rare malignancies. Human herpesvirus 8 infection is common in certain areas of Africa and Italy, but occurs in only 0% to 15% of adult populations in North America and Europe. Reports of human herpesvirus 8 prevalence of 3% to over 50% among children in Central Africa, Brazil, and South Texas suggest that horizontal transmission of human herpesvirus 8 occurs among children. Primary human herpesvirus 8 infection in immunocompetent children is associated with a fever and maculopapular rash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hal B Jenson
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Pediatric Research, Eastern Virginia Medical School and Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, Norfolk, 23507, USA.
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39
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Miyagi JI, Masuda M, Takasu N, Nagasaki A, Shinjyo T, Uezato H, Kakazu N, Tanaka Y. Establishment of a primary effusion lymphoma cell line (RM-P1) and in vivo growth system using SCID mice. Int J Hematol 2002; 76:165-72. [PMID: 12215016 DOI: 10.1007/bf02982580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is recognized as a unique lymphoma entity, which occurs exclusively in body cavities as a serous lymphomatous effusion without tumor formation or organ infiltration. We established a cell line of B-cell origin from a pericardial effusion of a 63-year-old Japanese PEL patient who did not have human immunodeficiency virus infection. This PEL cell line had human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. We named this cell line RM-P1. This cell line showed complex chromosomal abnormalities that could not be identified by G-banding. However, spectral karyotyping analysis determined the origin and organization of all unidentified chromosomal abnormalities. When inoculated into the peritoneal cavity of 8 severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice depleted of natural killer cells, RM-P1 cells induced solid tumor with ascites in all animals tested. These tumor and ascitic cells had the same immunogenotypic features as those of the original RM-P1. These 2 types of cells were positive for both HHV-8 and EBV as demonstrated using polymerase chain reaction. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses showed that neither tumors nor ascitic cells grown in SCID mice expressed leukocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1alpha (CD11a), LFA-1lbeta (CD18), LFA-2 (CD2), LFA-3 (CD58), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 (CD54), ICAM-2 (CD102), ICAM-3 (CD50), or leukocyte endothelial adhesion molecule (LECAM)-1 (CD62L), suggesting that these cytoadhesion molecules are not involved in tumor formation of RM-P1 cells in vivo. The establishment of the RM-P1 cell line and the animal model of PEL may provide insights for understanding the relationship between these viruses and PEL and for understand the mechanism for PEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Miyagi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.
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40
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Zhou FC, Zhang YJ, Deng JH, Wang XP, Pan HY, Hettler E, Gao SJ. Efficient infection by a recombinant Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus cloned in a bacterial artificial chromosome: application for genetic analysis. J Virol 2002; 76:6185-96. [PMID: 12021352 PMCID: PMC136188 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.12.6185-6196.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is etiologically associated with Kaposi's sarcoma and several other malignancies. The lack of an efficient infection system has impeded the understanding of KSHV-related pathogenesis. A genetic approach was used to isolate infectious KSHV. Recombinant bacteria artificial chromosome (BAC) KSHV containing hygromycin resistance and green fluorescent protein (GFP) markers was generated by homologous recombination in KSHV-infected BCBL-1 cells. Recombinant KSHV genomes from cell clones that were resistant to hygromycin, expressed GFP, and produced infectious virions after induction with tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) were rescued in Escherichia coli and reconstituted in 293 cells. Several 293 cell lines resulting from infection with recombinant virions induced from a full-length recombinant KSHV genome, named BAC36, were obtained. BAC36 virions established stable latent infection in 293 cells, harboring 1 to 2 copies of viral genome per cell and expressing viral latent proteins, with approximately 0.5% of cells undergoing spontaneous lytic replication, which is reminiscent of KSHV infection in Kaposi's sarcoma tumors. TPA treatment induced BAC36-infected 293 cell lines into productive lytic replication, expressing lytic proteins and producing virions that efficiently infected normal 293 cells with a approximately 50% primary infection rate. BAC36 virions were also infectious to HeLa and E6E7-immortalized human endothelial cells. Since BAC36 can be efficiently shuttled between bacteria and mammalian cells, it is useful for KSHV genetic analysis. The feasibility of the system was illustrated through the generation of a KSHV mutant with the vIRF gene deleted. This cellular model is useful for the investigation of KSHV infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chun Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 78229, USA
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41
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Abstract
In the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (AIDS-NHL) and their treatment still represent an open issue, because HAART may not be sufficient to prevent the development of NHL. The present spectrum of AIDS-NHL includes systemic lymphomas, primary central nervous system lymphomas, and 2 rare entities, primary effusion lymphomas (PEL) and plasmablastic lymphomas of the oral cavity. The vast majority of systemic AIDS-NHL belongs to 3 high-grade B-cell lymphomas: Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), immunoblastic lymphoma (IBL), and large-cell lymphoma (LCL). The pathologic heterogeneity of AIDS-NHL is correlated with the heterogeneity of the molecular lesions associated with these lymphomas. The molecular lesions associated with AIDS-BL involve activation of c-MYC inactivation of p53, and infection by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV infection occurs in 40% of LCL cases and in 90% of IBL cases. Rearrangements of BCL-6 are detected in 20% of AIDS-LCL cases. In the presence of EBV infection, BCL-6 expressing AIDS-LCL fails to express the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) antigen. Conversely, AIDS-IBL are characterized by absent BCL-6 expression, absence of BCL-6 rearrangements, and frequent expression of LMP1. Consistently, the molecular pathways of viral infection and lesions of cancer-related genes associated with AIDS-NHL vary substantially in different clinicopathologic categories of the disease. The marked degree of biologic heterogeneity of AIDS-NHL is highlighted by their histogenetic differences, because AIDS-NHL are related to distinct B cell subsets (ie, germinal center [GC] or post-GC B cells). The phenotypic pattern of AIDS-BL and systemic AIDS-LCL closely reflects B cells residing in the GC, namely centroblasts and centrocytes. Conversely, the phenotype of AIDS-IBL, either systemic or localized primarily to the central nervous system, and AIDS-PEL reflects post-GC B cells in all cases. New information on the molecular and virologic pathogenesis of AIDS-NHL may serve as a point of attack for pathogenic-driven therapies. Moreover, a greater knowledge of other biologic features of these tumors may help investigators identify new potential targets for "intelligent" therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Carbone
- Division of Pathology and Scientific Direction, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico-IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
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42
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Katano H, Sata T, Mori S. AIDS lymphoma: its virological aspects. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002; 258:121-38. [PMID: 11443857 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56515-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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43
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Kuwabara H, Nagai M, Kawakami K, Ohmori M, Tasaka T, Funamoto Y, Yamaoka G, Nishio H, Suzuki K, Mori H. Establishment and characterization of a Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus- and Epstein-Barr virus-negative malignant lymphoma cell line (OHK) with primary effusion lymphoma immunophenotype. Br J Haematol 2002; 116:128-34. [PMID: 11841405 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel cell line, designated OHK, was established from ascites of a 59-year-old Japanese woman with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma showing a peculiar serosal tropism, as seen in primary effusion lymphomas (PEL). OHK exhibited a large pleomorphic morphology with irregular nuclei and distinct nucleoli, and included immunoblastic and Reed-Sternberg-like giant cells. On ultrastructural examination, rich intermediate filaments, and well-developed Golgi apparati and rough endoplasmic reticulum, were seen. Immunophenotypically, OHK lacked T and B cell-associated antigens, and had CD10, CD30, CD33 and CD138 antigens. Although OHK cells did not express immunoglobulin (Ig) protein, Southern blot analysis demonstrated clonal rearrangements of Ig heavy and light chain genes. These observations suggest that OHK cells are derived from preterminally differentiated B cells, and that they have features of PEL. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus were not detected. OHK displayed hyperploid karyotypes with multiple structural abnormalities, and produced some cytokines such as macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte-CSF, interleukin 6 and transforming growth factor beta 1. In particular, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), whose stimulation of vascular permeability is thought to be critical to the pathogenesis of PEL, was also produced in large quantities. These results indicate that OHK may be a useful tool for the investigation of PEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Kuwabara
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
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44
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Abstract
The human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) was initially described and characterised in Kaposi's sarcoma tissue. The virus was found in the lesion of most cases of Kaposi's sarcoma. Whilst there is a large body of evidence to implicate its role in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma, it has recently been found that the virus may also be important in a number of other human neoplasias. This review will examine the molecular pathology of HHV8 in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma and summarise the current evidence and postulated mechanisms in its role in other human neoplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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45
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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is associated with two lymphoproliferative disorders in the AIDS setting, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and the plasma cell variant of multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). In PEL, KSHV persists in a latent form in most lymphoma cells, although viral production has been seen infrequently. In MCD, the viral gene expression pattern is less restrictive, virus production appears to occur and to correlate with the severity of this disease. Several viral genes may contribute to the particular features of these two disorders: among them a viral homologue of interleukin 6 (vIL6) has attracted much attention and been shown to promote the growth of plasma cells. It is thought that its activity is important in the pathogenesis of both PEL and MCD. Other viral genes, in particular a D-type cyclin homologue, the latent nuclear antigen LANA, and one or more of the viral homologues of interferon regulatory factors (vIRFs) may also contribute. Although it is conceivable that viral infection per se could explain much, if not all, of the features of MCD, it is likely that additional genetic alterations play a role in the pathogenesis of PEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Schulz
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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46
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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a newly identified gammaherpesvirus associated with all clinical forms of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), body-cavity-based, primary effusion lymphomas (PELs), and a subset of Castleman's disease (CD). Sequence analysis of the KSHV genome demonstrates an extensive array of genes with homology to cellular genes involved in cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and immune modulation. Functional studies indicate that these genes may modify the host cell environment, contributing to the pathogenesis of KSHV-associated disorders. Several KSHV genes have been found to cause dysregulated cell proliferation or to interfere with established tumor suppressor pathways. The epidemiologic association of KSHV with malignancies and the coding features of its genome suggest that it is a new DNA tumor virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boshoff
- The CRC Viral Oncology Group, Department of Oncology, Sir Jules Thorn Institute, University College London, London W1N 8AA, United Kingdom.
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47
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Gaidano G, Carbone A. Primary effusion lymphoma: a liquid phase lymphoma of fluid-filled body cavities. Adv Cancer Res 2001; 80:115-46. [PMID: 11034542 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(01)80014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a B-cell neoplasm characterized by infection of the tumor clone by human herpesvirus type-8/Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8/KSHV) and by liquid growth in fluid-filled body spaces. During its entire clinical course, the lymphoma tends to remain localized to the serous body cavities with no formation of solid tumor masses. The epidemiology of PEL points to a close link with underlying immunodeficiency of the host, as most cases develop in individuals severely immunocompromised because of preexisting acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The histogenesis and pathogenesis of PEL have been clarified to a sizeable extent by intensive investigations performed since the disease recognition in 1995. PEL is composed of postgerminal center B cells, which bridge immunoblastic and anaplastic features and typically display a non-B, non-T phenotype consistent with late stages of B-cell differentiation. HHV-8/KSHV is thought to play a major role in PEL pathogenesis via expression of several viral latent genes, which have the potential to affect B-cell growth. Other factors involved in PEL pathogenesis include deregulation of cytokine and growth factor autocrine loops, molecular alterations of the tumor DNA, cell cycle abnormalities, stimulation and selection by antigen, and infection by Epstein-Barr virus, which occurs in 70% of PEL cases. In the years since the disease discovery, the distinctiveness of the biological and clinicopathological features of PEL has prompted its recognition as an independent lymphoma category by the World Health Organization classification system of hematologic neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gaidano
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy
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48
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Leao JC, Porter S, Scully C. Human herpesvirus 8 and oral health care: an update. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2000; 90:694-704. [PMID: 11113813 DOI: 10.1067/moe.2000.110036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this report was to review the current literature on human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) with particular attention to the aspects of interest for dental health care workers. MATERIAL AND METHODS The authors searched original research and review articles on specific aspects of HHV-8 infection, including virology, epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, natural history, therapy, and oral aspects. The relevant material was evaluated and reviewed. RESULTS HHV-8 is a recently discovered DNA virus that is present throughout the world but with major geographic variation. In the Western world, the virus, transmitted mainly by means of sexual contact, is strongly associated with Kaposi's sarcoma and body cavity-based lymphoma and more controversially with multiple myeloma and non-neoplastic disorders. There is no specific effective treatment, but human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors may play an indirect role in the clearance of HHV-8 DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. HHV-8 DNA is present in saliva, but as yet, there are no documented instances of nosocomial transmission to health care workers. The prevalence of HHV-8 among dental health care workers is probably similar to that in the general population. CONCLUSION HHV-8 does not appear to be ubiquitous in most populations, particularly in western Europe and the United States, where it may be restricted to a population at risk of having Kaposi's sarcoma develop (men infected with human immunodeficiency virus and patients who are iatrogenically immunosuppressed). Most serologic studies suggest a global HHV-8 seroprevalence of 2% to 10% and show that the virus may be under immunologic control in people who are healthy but infected with HHV-8. Also, HHV-8 certainly has the means to overcome cellular control and immune responses and thus predispose to malignancy. To date, there are no data to suggest that health care staff members are at particular risk of HHV-8 acquisition through occupational routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Leao
- Departamento de Clínica e Odontologia Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife PE, Brazil
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49
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Carbone A, Gloghini A, Cozzi MR, Capello D, Steffan A, Monini P, De Marco L, Gaidano G. Expression of MUM1/IRF4 selectively clusters with primary effusion lymphoma among lymphomatous effusions: implications for disease histogenesis and pathogenesis. Br J Haematol 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2000.02329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Carbone A, Gloghini A, Cozzi MR, Capello D, Steffan A, Monini P, De Marco L, Gaidano G. Expression of MUM1/IRF4 selectively clusters with primary effusion lymphoma among lymphomatous effusions: implications for disease histogenesis and pathogenesis. Br J Haematol 2000; 111:247-57. [PMID: 11091208 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a peculiar B-cell lymphoma characterized by infection by human herpesvirus type-8/Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8/KSHV) and by preferential growth in the serous body cavities. Histogenetic studies have suggested that PEL originates from B cells at a late stage of differentiation. In this study, we have investigated PEL for the expression status of MUM1/IRF4 (multiple myeloma 1/interferon regulatory factor 4) protein, which is involved in physiological B-cell maturation and represents a histogenetic marker of late B-cell differentiation. Using multiple detection assays, all cases of PEL (n = 22) were found to express MUM1/IRF4 molecules. MUM1/IRF4 expression was a selective feature of PEL among lymphomas involving the serous body cavities as secondary lymphomatous effusions generally failed to express the protein. In reactive lymphoid tissues, MUM1/ IRF4 expression clustered with advanced stages of B-cell differentiation. Comparison of MUM1/IRF4 expression with that of other histogenetic markers defined two phenotypic variants of PEL, i.e. MUM1/IRF4+, CD138/syndecan-1+, B-cell antigen- (20 out of 22 cases) and MUM1/IRF4+, CD138/syndecan-1-, B-cell antigen+ (2 out of 22 cases), suggesting a certain degree of heterogeneity in the disease histogenesis. The implications of these data are threefold. First, MUM1/IRF4 expression corroborates the notion that PEL originates from post-germinal centre, preterminally differentiated B-cells. Second, MUM1/IRF4 may help in the differential diagnosis of PEL among other lymphomas involving the serous body cavities. Finally, MUM1/IRF4 may interact with HHV-8/KSHV-encoded interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) and thus contribute to PEL escape from interferon-mediated control of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carbone
- Division of Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Aviano, Italy.
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