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Hada A, Li L, Kandel A, Jin Y, Xiao Z. Characterization of Bovine Intraepithelial T Lymphocytes in the Gut. Pathogens 2023; 12:1173. [PMID: 37764981 PMCID: PMC10535955 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraepithelial T lymphocytes (T-IELs), which constitute over 50% of the total T lymphocytes in the animal, patrol the mucosal epithelial lining to defend against pathogen invasion while maintaining gut homeostasis. In addition to expressing T cell markers such as CD4 and CD8, T-IELs display T cell receptors (TCR), including either TCRαβ or TCRγδ. Both humans and mice share similar T-IEL subsets: TCRγδ+, TCRαβ+CD8αα+, TCRαβ+CD4+, and TCRαβ+CD8αβ+. Among these subsets, human T-IELs are predominantly TCRαβ+ (over 80%), whereas those in mice are mostly TCRγδ+ (~60%). Of note, the majority of the TCRγδ+ subset expresses CD8αα in both species. Although T-IELs have been extensively studied in humans and mice, their profiles in cattle have not been well examined. Our study is the first to characterize bovine T-IELs using flow cytometry, where we identified several distinct features. The percentage of TCRγδ+ was comparable to that of TCRαβ+ T-IELs (both ~50% of CD3+), and the majority of bovine TCRγδ+ T-IELs did not express CD8 (CD8-) (above 60%). Furthermore, about 20% of TCRαβ+ T-IELs were CD4+CD8αβ+, and the remaining TCRαβ+ T-IELs were evenly distributed between CD4+ and CD8αβ+ (~40% of TCRαβ+ T-IELs each) with no TCRαβ+CD8αα+ identified. Despite these unique properties, bovine T-IELs, similar to those in humans and mice, expressed a high level of CD69, an activation and tissue-retention marker, and a low level of CD62L, a lymphoid adhesion marker. Moreover, bovine T-IELs produced low levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ and IL17A, and secreted small amounts of the immune regulatory cytokine TGFβ1. Hence, bovine T-IELs' composition largely differs from that of human and mouse, with the dominance of the CD8- population among TCRγδ+ T-IELs, the substantial presence of TCRαβ+CD4+CD8αβ+ cells, and the absence of TCRαβ+CD8αα+ T-IELs. These results provide the groundwork for conducting future studies to examine how bovine T-IELs respond to intestinal pathogens and maintain the integrity of the gut epithelial barrier in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.H.); (L.L.); (A.K.); (Y.J.)
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2
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Ciszewski A, Jarosz Ł, Marek A, Michalak K, Grądzki Z, Kaczmarek B, Rysiak A. Effect of combined in ovo administration of zinc glycine chelate (Zn-Gly) and a multistrain probiotic on the modulation of cellular and humoral immune responses in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102823. [PMID: 37406438 PMCID: PMC10466233 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of in ovo administration of zinc glycine chelate (Zn-Gly), and a multistrain probiotic on the hatchability and selected parameters of the cellular and humoral immune response of chickens. The study was conducted on 1,400 fertilized eggs from commercial broiler breeders (Ross x Ross 708). Material for the study consisted of peripheral blood and spleens of chicks taken 12 h and 7 d after hatching. The results showed that both combined and single in ovo administration of the multistrain probiotic and zinc glycine chelate significantly reduced hatchability of chicks. The flow cytometry study showed that the highest percentage of CD4+ T cells, CD4+CD25+, and high expression of KUL01 in the serum were obtained in the group supplemented with probiotic and Zn-Gly both 12 h and 7 d after hatching. In birds supplemented with probiotic and zinc chelate, a high percentage of TCRγδ+ cells was found in serum and spleen 12 h after hatching and in serum after 7 d. The percentage of Bu-1A+ lymphocytes in serum and spleen 12 h and 7 d after hatching was the highest in the group supplemented with probiotic and Zn-Gly. The highest expression of CD79A was observed in the group supplemented only with zinc chelate. There were no significant differences in the percentage of CD4+ cells in the spleens of birds in the groups receiving the multistrain probiotic at 12 h after hatching, and after 7 d, the percentage of CD4+ T cells was lower in the experimental groups than in the control group. The percentage of CD8+ cells in the serum of birds after hatching was lower in the group supplemented with multistrain probiotic and Zn-Gly than in the control group, but reached the highest value on d 7 after hatching. The obtained results confirm the strong effect of the combined administration of a multistrain probiotic and Zn-Gly chelate on lymphocyte proliferation and stimulation of cellular immune mechanisms in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Ciszewski
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin 20-612, Poland
| | - Łukasz Jarosz
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin 20-612, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Marek
- Department of Preventive Veterinary and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin 20-950, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Michalak
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin 20-612, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Grądzki
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin 20-612, Poland
| | - Beata Kaczmarek
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Sub-Department of Internal Diseases of Farm Animals and Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin 20-612, Poland
| | - Anna Rysiak
- Department of Botany, Mycology, and Ecology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin 20-033, Poland
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3
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Characterization of vaccine-induced immune responses against coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Vaccine 2022; 40:3893-3902. [PMID: 35623907 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria protozoan species, is an economically important enteric disease of poultry. Although commercial live vaccines are widely used for disease control, the vaccine-induced protective immune mechanisms are poorly characterized. The present study used a commercial broiler vaccine containing a mixture of E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella. One-day-old chicks were vaccinated by spray followed by a challenge at 21 days of age with a mixture of wild type Eimeria species via oral gavage. Oocyst shedding, immune gene expression and cellular responses in the spleen and cecal tonsils were measured at pre- (days 14 and 21) and post-challenge (days 24, 28 and 35) time points. Results showed that the oocyst counts were significantly reduced in the vaccinated chickens at post-challenge compared to unvaccinated control group. While the vaccinated birds had a significantly increased toll-like receptor (TLR) 21 gene expression at pre-challenge, the transcription of interferon (IFN)γ, Interleukin (IL)-12 and CD40 genes in spleen and cecal tonsils of these birds was significantly higher at post-challenge compared to unvaccinated chickens. Cellular immunophenotyping analysis found that vaccination led to increased frequency of macrophages and activated T cells (CD8+CD44+ and CD4+CD44+) in the spleen and cecal tonsils at post-challenge. Furthermore, in vitro stimulation of chicken macrophages (MQ-NCSU cells) with purified individual species of E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella showed a significantly increased expression of TLR21, TLR2 and IFNγ genes as well as nitric oxide production. Collectively, these findings suggest that TLR21 and TLR2 may be involved in the immune cell recognition of Eimeria parasites and that the vaccine can induce a robust macrophage activation leading to a T helper-1 dominated protective response at both local and systemic lymphoid tissues.
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4
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Dixon R, Preston SG, Dascalu S, Flammer PG, Fiddaman SR, McLoughlin K, Boyd A, Volf J, Rychlik I, Bonsall MB, Kaspers B, Smith AL. Repertoire analysis of γδ T cells in the chicken enables functional annotation of the genomic region revealing highly variable pan-tissue TCR gamma V gene usage as well as identifying public and private repertoires. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:719. [PMID: 34610803 PMCID: PMC8493715 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing interest in γδ T cells and their non-classical behaviour, most studies focus on animals with low numbers of circulating γδ T cells, such as mice and humans. Arguably, γδ T cell functions might be more prominent in chickens where these cells form a higher proportion of the circulatory T cell compartment. The TCR repertoire defines different subsets of γδ T cells, and such analysis is facilitated by well-annotated TCR loci. γδ T cells are considered at the cusp of innate and adaptive immunity but most functions have been identified in γδ low species. A deeper understanding of TCR repertoire biology in γδ high and γδ low animals is critical for defining the evolution of the function of γδ T cells. Repertoire dynamics will reveal populations that can be classified as innate-like or adaptive-like as well as those that straddle this definition. RESULTS Here, a recent discrepancy in the structure of the chicken TCR gamma locus is resolved, demonstrating that tandem duplication events have shaped the evolution of this locus. Importantly, repertoire sequencing revealed large differences in the usage of individual TRGV genes, a pattern conserved across multiple tissues, including thymus, spleen and the gut. A single TRGV gene, TRGV3.3, with a highly diverse private CDR3 repertoire dominated every tissue in all birds. TRGV usage patterns were partly explained by the TRGV-associated recombination signal sequences. Public CDR3 clonotypes represented varying proportions of the repertoire of TCRs utilising different TRGVs, with one TRGV dominated by super-public clones present in all birds. CONCLUSIONS The application of repertoire analysis enabled functional annotation of the TCRG locus in a species with a high circulating γδ phenotype. This revealed variable usage of TCRGV genes across multiple tissues, a pattern quite different to that found in γδ low species (human and mouse). Defining the repertoire biology of avian γδ T cells will be key to understanding the evolution and functional diversity of these enigmatic lymphocytes in an animal that is numerically more reliant on them. Practically, this will reveal novel ways in which these cells can be exploited to improve health in medical and veterinary contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dixon
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Stefan Dascalu
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Amy Boyd
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jiri Volf
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Rychlik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Bernd Kaspers
- Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig Maximillians University, Planegg, Germany
| | - Adrian L Smith
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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5
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Broom LJ. Evidence-based consideration of dietary ‘alternatives’ to anticoccidial drugs to help control poultry coccidial infections. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1873713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leon J. Broom
- Gut Health Consultancy, Exeter, UK
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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6
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Mtshali SA, Adeleke MA. A review of adaptive immune responses to Eimeria tenella and Eimeria maxima challenge in chickens. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1833693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Mtshali
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - M. A. Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
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7
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Konjar Š, Frising UC, Ferreira C, Hinterleitner R, Mayassi T, Zhang Q, Blankenhaus B, Haberman N, Loo Y, Guedes J, Baptista M, Innocentin S, Stange J, Strathdee D, Jabri B, Veldhoen M. Mitochondria maintain controlled activation state of epithelial-resident T lymphocytes. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/24/eaan2543. [PMID: 29934344 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aan2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-resident T lymphocytes, such as intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) located at the intestinal barrier, can offer swift protection against invading pathogens. Lymphocyte activation is strictly regulated because of its potential harmful nature and metabolic cost, and most lymphocytes are maintained in a quiescent state. However, IELs are kept in a heightened state of activation resembling effector T cells but without cytokine production or clonal proliferation. We show that this controlled activation state correlates with alterations in the IEL mitochondrial membrane, especially the cardiolipin composition. Upon inflammation, the cardiolipin composition is altered to support IEL proliferation and effector function. Furthermore, we show that cardiolipin makeup can particularly restrict swift IEL proliferation and effector functions, reducing microbial containment capability. These findings uncover an alternative mechanism to control cellular activity, special to epithelial-resident T cells, and a novel role for mitochondria, maintaining cells in a metabolically poised state while enabling rapid progression to full functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Konjar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal.,Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Ulrika C Frising
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Cristina Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal.,Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Reinhard Hinterleitner
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, MB#9, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Toufic Mayassi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, MB#9, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Qifeng Zhang
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Birte Blankenhaus
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Nejc Haberman
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Yunhua Loo
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Joana Guedes
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Marta Baptista
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Silvia Innocentin
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Joerg Stange
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, MB#9, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal. .,Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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8
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Guzman E, Montoya M. Contributions of Farm Animals to Immunology. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:307. [PMID: 30574508 PMCID: PMC6292178 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
By their very nature, great advances in immunology are usually underpinned by experiments carried out in animal models and inbred lines of mice. Also, their corresponding knock-out or knock-in derivatives have been the most commonly used animal systems in immunological studies. With much credit to their usefulness, laboratory mice will never provide all the answers to fully understand immunological processes. Large animal models offer unique biological and experimental advantages that have been and continue to be of great value to the understanding of biological and immunological processes. From the identification of B cells to the realization that γδ T cells can function as professional antigen presenting cells, farm animals have contributed significantly to a better understanding of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Montoya
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Boulton K, Nolan MJ, Wu Z, Riggio V, Matika O, Harman K, Hocking PM, Bumstead N, Hesketh P, Archer A, Bishop SC, Kaiser P, Tomley FM, Hume DA, Smith AL, Blake DP, Psifidi A. Dissecting the Genomic Architecture of Resistance to Eimeria maxima Parasitism in the Chicken. Front Genet 2018; 9:528. [PMID: 30534137 PMCID: PMC6275401 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis in poultry, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, is an intestinal disease with substantial economic impact. With the use of anticoccidial drugs under public and political pressure, and the comparatively higher cost of live-attenuated vaccines, an attractive complementary strategy for control is to breed chickens with increased resistance to Eimeria parasitism. Prior infection with Eimeria maxima leads to complete immunity against challenge with homologous strains, but only partial resistance to challenge with antigenically diverse heterologous strains. We investigate the genetic architecture of avian resistance to E. maxima primary infection and heterologous strain secondary challenge using White Leghorn populations of derived inbred lines, C.B12 and 15I, known to differ in susceptibility to the parasite. An intercross population was infected with E. maxima Houghton (H) strain, followed 3 weeks later by E. maxima Weybridge (W) strain challenge, while a backcross population received a single E. maxima W infection. The phenotypes measured were parasite replication (counting fecal oocyst output or qPCR for parasite numbers in intestinal tissue), intestinal lesion score (gross pathology, scale 0-4), and for the backcross only, serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. Birds were genotyped using a high density genome-wide DNA array (600K, Affymetrix). Genome-wide association study located associations on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, and 5 following primary infection in the backcross population, and a suggestive association on chromosome 1 following heterologous E. maxima W challenge in the intercross population. This mapped several megabases away from the quantitative trait locus (QTL) linked to the backcross primary W strain infection, suggesting different underlying mechanisms for the primary- and heterologous secondary- responses. Underlying pathways for those genes located in the respective QTL for resistance to primary infection and protection against heterologous challenge were related mainly to immune response, with IL-10 signaling in the backcross primary infection being the most significant. Additionally, the identified markers associated with IL-10 levels exhibited significant additive genetic variance. We suggest this is a phenotype of interest to the outcome of challenge, being scalable in live birds and negating the requirement for single-bird cages, fecal oocyst counts, or slaughter for sampling (qPCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Boulton
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Riggio
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Oswald Matika
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley Harman
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Hocking
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nat Bumstead
- Enteric Immunology Group and Genetics and Genomics Group, Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Pat Hesketh
- Enteric Immunology Group and Genetics and Genomics Group, Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Archer
- Enteric Immunology Group and Genetics and Genomics Group, Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C Bishop
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Adrian L Smith
- Enteric Immunology Group and Genetics and Genomics Group, Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, Sir Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Androniki Psifidi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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10
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Hu MD, Jia L, Edelblum KL. Policing the intestinal epithelial barrier: Innate immune functions of intraepithelial lymphocytes. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 6:35-46. [PMID: 29755893 PMCID: PMC5943048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will explore the contribution of IELs to mucosal innate immunity and highlight the similarities in IEL functional responses to bacteria, viruses and protozoan parasite invasion. RECENT FINDINGS IELs rapidly respond to microbial invasion by activating host defense responses, including the production of mucus and antimicrobial peptides to prevent microbes from reaching the epithelial surface. During active infection, IELs promote epithelial cytolysis, cytokine and chemokine production to limit pathogen invasion, replication and dissemination. Commensal-induced priming of IEL effector function or continuous surveillance of the epithelium may be important contributing factors to the rapidity of response. SUMMARY Impaired microbial recognition, dysregulated innate immune signaling or microbial dysbiosis may limit the protective function of IELs and increase susceptibility to disease. Further understanding of the mechanisms regulating IEL surveillance and sentinel function may provide insight into the development of more effective targeted therapies designed to reinforce the mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine D Hu
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Luo Jia
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
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11
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Policing the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier: Innate Immune Functions of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-018-0157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Konjar Š, Ferreira C, Blankenhaus B, Veldhoen M. Intestinal Barrier Interactions with Specialized CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1281. [PMID: 29075263 PMCID: PMC5641586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The trillions of microorganisms that reside in the gastrointestinal tract, essential for nutrient absorption, are kept under control by a single cell barrier and large amounts of immune cells. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are critical in establishing an environment supporting microbial colonization and immunological tolerance. A large population of CD8+ T cells is in direct and constant contact with the IECs and the intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). Due to their location, at the interphase of the intestinal lumen and external environment and the host tissues, they seem ideally positioned to balance immune tolerance and protection to preserve the fragile intestinal barrier from invasion as well as immunopathology. IELs are a heterogeneous population, with a large innate-like contribution of unknown specificity, intercalated with antigen-specific tissue-resident memory T cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of IEL physiology and how they interact with the IECs and contribute to immune surveillance to preserve intestinal homeostasis and host-microbial relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Konjar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Birte Blankenhaus
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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13
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Hui L, Dai Y, Guo Z, Zhang J, Zheng F, Bian X, Wu Z, Jiang Q, Guo M, Ma K, Zhang J. Immunoregulation effects of different γδT cells and toll-like receptor signaling pathways in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6077. [PMID: 28225489 PMCID: PMC5569415 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to observe cytokine and T-cell-related toll-like-receptor (TLR) changes in intestinal samples of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis patients.Four necrotic bowels were collected from neonatal NEC patients with gestational ages of 28 to 29 weeks in our hospital, whereas 4 neonatal patients who underwent intestinal atresia surgery served as the controls. Intestinal flora was examined and IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17 expressions in resected intestine samples, as well as in isolated gamma delta T (γδT) cells, were analyzed immunohistochemically and via quantitative RT-PCR. γδT cells were isolated from the intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and their TLR4/TLR9 distribution in the intestinal tissues was determined by flow cytometry.The bacterial flora of the neonatal NEC patients' contained significantly higher amounts of Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, and Bacteroides but anaerobic Gram-positive Bifidobacteria occurred significantly less in the NEC than the control group. IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17 expressions in the resected intestine samples and in isolated γδT cells were enhanced in NEC samples compared to the controls. γδT cells were less prevalent in NEC-derived intestinal tissues, but their TLR4/TLR9 expressions were significantly enhanced.The changed bacterial flora in preterm neonatal NEC patients led to an obvious inflammation of the intestines, which was accompanied by reductions of γδT cell localizations to the intestine and a shift of their surface expressions to TLR4 and TLR9.
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MESH Headings
- Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/immunology
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/microbiology
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/pathology
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/surgery
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Infant, Newborn
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Intestinal Atresia/immunology
- Intestinal Atresia/microbiology
- Intestinal Atresia/pathology
- Intestinal Atresia/surgery
- Intestine, Large/immunology
- Intestine, Large/microbiology
- Intestine, Large/pathology
- Intestine, Large/surgery
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/microbiology
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Intestine, Small/surgery
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hui
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
| | - Yi Dai
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
| | - Zhi Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
| | - Xiangli Bian
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
| | - Zhimin Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
| | - Qin Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
| | - Miaomiao Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
| | - Ke Ma
- Emergency Department, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 6th People's East Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Pudong Nanhui New City
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Williams AR, Fryganas C, Reichwald K, Skov S, Mueller-Harvey I, Thamsborg SM. Polymerization-dependent activation of porcine γδ T-cells by proanthocyanidins. Res Vet Sci 2016; 105:209-15. [PMID: 27033935 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived proanthocyanidins (PAC) have been promoted as a natural method of improving health and immune function in livestock. It has previously been shown that PAC are effective agonists for activating ruminant γδ T-cells in vitro, however effects on other livestock species are not yet clear. Moreover, the fine structural characteristics of the PAC which contribute to this stimulatory effect have not been elucidated. Here, we demonstrate activation of porcine γδ T-cells by PAC via up-regulation of CD25 (IL-2Rα) and show that 1) activation is dependent on degree of polymerization (DP), with PAC fractions containing polymers with mean DP >6 significantly more effective than fractions with mean DP <6, whilst flavan-3-ol monomers (the constituent monomeric units of PAC) did not induce CD25 expression and 2) both procyanidin and prodelphinidin-type PAC are effective agonists. Furthermore, we show that this effect of PAC is restricted to the γδ T-cell population within porcine peripheral mononuclear cells as significant CD25 up-regulation was not observed in non γδ T-cells, and no activation (via CD80/86 up-regulation) was evident in monocytes. Our results show that dietary PAC may contribute to enhancement of innate immunity in swine via activation of γδ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Williams
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Christos Fryganas
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten Reichwald
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Søren Skov
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Irene Mueller-Harvey
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Stig M Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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15
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Swamy M, Abeler-Dörner L, Chettle J, Mahlakõiv T, Goubau D, Chakravarty P, Ramsay G, Reis e Sousa C, Staeheli P, Blacklaws BA, Heeney JL, Hayday AC. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte activation promotes innate antiviral resistance. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7090. [PMID: 25987506 PMCID: PMC4479038 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unrelenting environmental challenges to the gut epithelium place particular demands on the local immune system. In this context, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) compose a large, highly conserved T cell compartment, hypothesized to provide a first line of defence via cytolysis of dysregulated intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and cytokine-mediated re-growth of healthy IEC. Here we show that one of the most conspicuous impacts of activated IEL on IEC is the functional upregulation of antiviral interferon (IFN)-responsive genes, mediated by the collective actions of IFNs with other cytokines. Indeed, IEL activation in vivo rapidly provoked type I/III IFN receptor-dependent upregulation of IFN-responsive genes in the villus epithelium. Consistent with this, activated IEL mediators protected cells against virus infection in vitro, and pre-activation of IEL in vivo profoundly limited norovirus infection. Hence, intraepithelial T cell activation offers an overt means to promote the innate antiviral potential of the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Swamy
- Immunosurveillance lab, Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3LY, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lucie Abeler-Dörner
- Immunosurveillance lab, Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3LY, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - James Chettle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Tanel Mahlakõiv
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Delphine Goubau
- Immunosurveillance lab, Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- Immunosurveillance lab, Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - George Ramsay
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Caetano Reis e Sousa
- Immunosurveillance lab, Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Barbara A. Blacklaws
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Jonathan L. Heeney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Adrian C. Hayday
- Immunosurveillance lab, Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3LY, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Khairallah C, Netzer S, Villacreces A, Juzan M, Rousseau B, Dulanto S, Giese A, Costet P, Praloran V, Moreau JF, Dubus P, Vermijlen D, Déchanet-Merville J, Capone M. γδ T cells confer protection against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004702. [PMID: 25747674 PMCID: PMC4352080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a leading infectious cause of morbidity in immune-compromised patients. γδ T cells have been involved in the response to CMV but their role in protection has not been firmly established and their dependency on other lymphocytes has not been addressed. Using C57BL/6 αβ and/or γδ T cell-deficient mice, we here show that γδ T cells are as competent as αβ T cells to protect mice from CMV-induced death. γδ T cell-mediated protection involved control of viral load and prevented organ damage. γδ T cell recovery by bone marrow transplant or adoptive transfer experiments rescued CD3ε−/− mice from CMV-induced death confirming the protective antiviral role of γδ T cells. As observed in humans, different γδ T cell subsets were induced upon CMV challenge, which differentiated into effector memory cells. This response was observed in the liver and lungs and implicated both CD27+ and CD27− γδ T cells. NK cells were the largely preponderant producers of IFNγ and cytotoxic granules throughout the infection, suggesting that the protective role of γδ T cells did not principally rely on either of these two functions. Finally, γδ T cells were strikingly sufficient to fully protect Rag−/−γc−/− mice from death, demonstrating that they can act in the absence of B and NK cells. Altogether our results uncover an autonomous protective antiviral function of γδ T cells, and open new perspectives for the characterization of a non classical mode of action which should foster the design of new γδ T cell based therapies, especially useful in αβ T cell compromised patients. γδ T cells are unconventional T lymphocytes that play a unique role in host protection against pathogens. Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread virus that can cause severe organ disease such as hepatitis and pneumonitis in immune-compromised patients. Our decade-long study conveys compelling evidence for the implication of human γδ T cells in the immune response against HCMV, but their protective role could not be formally demonstrated in humans. In the present study we use the murine model of CMV infection which allows the spatial and temporal analysis of viral spread and anti-viral immune responses. We show that, in the absence of αβ T cells, γδ T cells control MCMV-induced hepatitis, pneumonitis and death by restricting viral load in the liver, lungs and spleen. γδ T cells expand in these organs and display memory features that could be further incorporated into vaccination strategies. In conclusion, γδ T cells represent an important arm in the immune response against CMV infection that could be particularly important in the context of αβ T cell immune-suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Khairallah
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sonia Netzer
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | - Arnaud Villacreces
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marina Juzan
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoît Rousseau
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie et d’Immunogénétique, Animalerie A2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sara Dulanto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alban Giese
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- EA2406 Histologie et pathologie moléculaire des tumeurs, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Costet
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Animalerie spécialisée, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Praloran
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-François Moreau
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Dubus
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- EA2406 Histologie et pathologie moléculaire des tumeurs, Bordeaux, France
| | - David Vermijlen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Déchanet-Merville
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail: (JDM); (MC)
| | - Myriam Capone
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail: (JDM); (MC)
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18
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19
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Shivaramaiah C, Barta JR, Hernandez-Velasco X, Téllez G, Hargis BM. Coccidiosis: recent advancements in the immunobiology of Eimeria species, preventive measures, and the importance of vaccination as a control tool against these Apicomplexan parasites. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2014; 5:23-34. [PMID: 32670843 PMCID: PMC7337151 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s57839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis, caused by parasites of the genus Eimeria, is probably the most expensive parasitic disease of poultry. Species of Eimeria are ubiquitous where poultry are raised and are known to cause drastic reductions in performance and induce mortality, thereby affecting the overall health status of poultry. Chemotherapy has been the predominant form of disease control for many years, even though vaccination is steadily gaining importance as a feasible control method. The objective of this review is to highlight recent advancements in understanding the role of host immunity against coccidiosis. In addition, pros and cons associated with chemotherapy and the role of vaccination as an increasingly popular disease control method are discussed. Finally, the role played by recombinant vaccines as a potential vaccination tool is highlighted. With interest growing rapidly in understanding host–parasite biology, recent developments in designing recombinant vaccines and potential epitopes that have shown promise are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R Barta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Guillermo Téllez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Billy M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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20
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Abstract
γδ T cells are a unique and conserved population of lymphocytes that have been the subject of a recent explosion of interest owing to their essential contributions to many types of immune response and immunopathology. But what does the integration of recent and long-established studies really tell us about these cells and their place in immunology? The time is ripe to consider the evidence for their unique and crucial functions. We conclude that whereas B cells and αβ T cells are commonly thought to contribute primarily to the antigen-specific effector and memory phases of immunity, γδ T cells are distinct in that they combine conventional adaptive features (inherent in their T cell receptors and pleiotropic effector functions) with rapid, innate-like responses that can place them in the initiation phase of immune reactions. This underpins a revised perspective on lymphocyte biology and the regulation of immunogenicity.
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21
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Tesarova L, Koutna I, Dvorakova M, Klabusay M. Relative expression of γδ T-cell receptor gene families detected by RT-PCR and capillary electrophoresis. Int J Immunogenet 2012; 39:381-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2012.01114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Effects of Immunotherapy on the Distribution and Clonality of TCR Vγ and Vδ Subfamily T Cells in Allergic Rhinitis Patients. J Med Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/v10011-011-0046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of Immunotherapy on the Distribution and Clonality of TCR Vγ and Vδ Subfamily T Cells in Allergic Rhinitis Patients
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the peripheral specific IgE level, distribution of TCR Vg and Vd subfamily T cells and mRNA expressions of TCR Vg I-III following specific immunotherapy (SIT) with house-dust-mite extract in allergic rhinitis (AR) patients. Ten AR patients undergoing SIT with house-dust-mite extract for 1 year were recruited. Quantitative analysis of immunofluorescence was performed to detect the serum specific IgE (sIgE) level before and after SIT; RT-PCR-genescan analysis was employed to detect the mRNA expressions of TCR Vg (I-III) and Vd (1-8) in the peripheral mononuclear cells followed by analysis of T cell clonality. Real-time quantitative PCR was applied to detect the expressions of TCR Vg I-III genes. Ten healthy volunteers served as controls. For AR patients, SIT treatment could improve the symptoms, but the serum sIgE level was not markedly decreased. Before SIT, the expressions of TCR Vg I-III gene were similar between AR patients and controls (P>0.05) but markedly decreased after SIT in AR patients (P<0.05 in TCR VgI and VgII). The expressions of TCR Vd (1-8) before and after SIT were 5.3±0.82 and 4.9±0.57, respectively, and that in healthy controls was 5.2±1.40. Vd1, 2, 3 and 6 were the most common genes found in these patients. Significant difference in the TCR Vd6 subfamily T cells was found between the two groups. Polyclonal or biclonal proliferation was found in the T cells of patients before SIT and in healthy controls, but oligoclonal proliferation in only 1 subject before SIT. After SIT, the proportion of patients with oligoclonal proliferation of T cells (6/10) was markedly increased (P<0.05). SIT for 1 year could alter the expressions of TCR Vg I-III genes, the distribution of TCR Vg and Vd T cells and the ways in which T cells proliferate. The early improvement of symptoms following immunotherapy might not be related to the serum sIgE content in AR patients, but associated with the TCR gd T cells, especially the TCR V d6 T cells.
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Sühwold A, Hermosilla C, Seeger T, Zahner H, Taubert A. T cell reactions of Eimeria bovis primary and challenge-infected calves. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:595-605. [PMID: 20066437 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria bovis infections commonly have clinical impact only on young animals, as homologous reinfections generally are under immunological control. So far, the nature of the immune responses delivering protection to calves has not been investigated. In this study we therefore analysed local and peripheral proliferative T cell activities of primary and challenge-infected calves and investigated the occurrence of T cell phenotypes in the peripheral blood and in mucosal gut segments isolated either by bioptic means or by necropsies.We show that lymphocytes of E. bovis-infected calves exhibit effective, transient antigen-specific proliferative responses in the course of prepatency of primary infection but fail to react after homologous reinfection suggesting early abrogation of parasite development. Whilst in primary infection an expansion of peripheral CD4+ T cells was observed, reinfection had no effect on the proportions of CD4+, CD8+ subsets or gammadeltaTCR+ T cells. In contrast, both E. bovis primary and challenge infections had an impact on local tissue T cell distribution. Primary infection was characterised by a CD4+ T cell infiltration early in prepatency in ileum and later in colon mucosa, whereas CD8+ T cells were only found accumulating in the latter gut segment. Challenge infection led to infiltration of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in small intestine and large intestine segments indicating protective functions of both cell types. In contrast, infiltration of ileum and colon mucosa with gammadeltaTCR+ T cells was restricted to primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Sühwold
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 2, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Worliczek HL, Buggelsheim M, Saalmüller A, Joachim A. Porcine isosporosis: infection dynamics, pathophysiology and immunology of experimental infections. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2010; 119:33-9. [PMID: 17987356 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-007-0859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isospora suis, an intestinal protozoan parasite of swine, is the causative agent of neonatal coccidiosis, a disease with high morbidity in affected pig-breeding units and consequently of high economic importance. Infection leads to damage of the mucosal surface in the jejunum and ileum and to non-haemorrhagic diarrhoea. As a result, weight gain of piglets is reduced and secondary infections with other enteric pathogens may lead to increased mortality. Despite its economic and veterinary importance, host-parasite interactions are still poorly understood. To examine these interactions experimental infection models are established using outbred piglets infected with defined numbers of parasites on different days of life. This review discusses the life cycle of Isospora suis and the clinical and parasitological characteristics of porcine neonatal coccidiosis including pathology, and compare the different experimental infection models and the tools for studying Isospora suis in vitro. Moreover, it summarises findings about natural age resistance of pigs against infections with Isospora suis, our current knowledge about immune response to other coccidial infections, e.g. with Eimeria spp. in different hosts, and gives a short overview on peculiarities of the porcine immune system and its development in young animals which may play a role in porcine coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna L Worliczek
- Institute of Parasitology and Zoology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Porcine Coccidiosis – Investigations on the Cellular Immune Response against Isospora suis. Parasitol Res 2009; 105 Suppl 1:S151-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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26
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Hoffmann JC, Pawlowski NN, Grollich K, Loddenkemper C, Zeitz M, Kühl AA. Gammadelta T lymphocytes: a new type of regulatory T cells suppressing murine 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2008; 23:909-20. [PMID: 18649083 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-008-0535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal immune system is continuously challenged by antigen without becoming dysregulated. However, injury of the mucosa by, i.e. dextran sulphate sodium causes severe inflammation in gammadelta T-cell-deficient mice. We therefore asked whether gammadelta T cells have regulatory functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS gammadelta T cells were isolated from spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes of C57BL/6 wild-type (wt) mice. Proliferation and cytokine secretion of gammadelta T cells were quantified by [(3)H] thymidine incorporation and ELISA. Additionally, proliferation of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidylester-labelled CD4(+) T cells cocultured with gammadelta T cells was analysed by flow cytometry. Finally, gammadelta T cells from wt or interleukin-10 transgenic (IL-10tg) mice were transferred into congenic mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. RESULTS gammadelta T cells were hyporesponsive to CD3/CD28 stimulation and suppressed CD4(+) T-cell proliferation (up to 66+/-7% suppression) in vitro. Further, the preventive transfer of wt or IL-10tg gammadelta T cells ameliorated TNBS-induced colitis resulting in prolonged survival and reduced histological damage (1.5+/-0.4 and 1.3+/-0.2, respectively vs. 3.8+/-0.3 in untransferred mice, p<0.05). This was accompanied by reduced TNF-alpha and increased IL-10 and TGF-beta secretion from intestinal and splenic lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS Murine gammadelta T cells are a new type of regulatory T cells in vitro and act protective on mouse TNBS-induced colitis in vivo. Future studies have to define the underlying mechanism and to investigate whether gammadelta T cells can be used for immunotherapy of human inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg C Hoffmann
- Medizinische Klinik I, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Beetz S, Marischen L, Kabelitz D, Wesch D. Human gamma delta T cells: candidates for the development of immunotherapeutic strategies. Immunol Res 2007; 37:97-111. [PMID: 17695246 DOI: 10.1007/bf02685893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A numerically small subset of human T lymphocytes expresses a gamma delta T cell receptor (TCR). These gamma delta T cells share certain effector functions with alpha beta T cells as well as with NK cells and NKT cells. The major peripheral blood gamma delta T cell subset in healthy adults expresses a Vgamma9Vdelta2 TCR, which recognizes small phosphorylated metabolites referred to as phosphoantigens. Vdelta1 gamma delta T cells mainly occur in the intestine. They recognize the stress-induced MICA/B and CD1c. Furthermore, gamma delta T cells express a variety of NK cell and pattern-recognition receptors which are responsible for the "fine-tuning" of effector functions. In recent years, gamma delta T cells start to emerge as a rewarding target for immunotherapeutic strategies against viral infections and cancer. A better understanding of factors that modulate gamma gamma delta T cell function will further eluminate the potential of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Beetz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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28
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Maley SW, Buxton D, Macaldowie CN, Anderson IE, Wright SE, Bartley PM, Esteban-Redondo I, Hamilton CM, Storset AK, Innes EA. Characterization of the immune response in the placenta of cattle experimentally infected with Neospora caninum in early gestation. J Comp Pathol 2006; 135:130-141. [PMID: 16997005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A serial examination of three groups of cattle infected intravenously (iv) (Group 1, n=8) or subcutaneously (sc) (Group 2, n=8) with live Neospora caninum tachyzoites or with VERO cells (Group 3, n=8) at 70 days' gestation was carried out and the nature of the inflammatory responses in the placenta and the presence of parasite antigen were analysed. Immune cells expressing CD3, CD4, CD8, gamma delta (gammadelta) T-cell receptors (TCR), CD79alpha cytoplasmic (cy) (B cells) and NKp46 [natural killer (NK) cells] antigens were identified immunohistochemically and cells expressing mRNA for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were labelled by in-situ hybridization. Intravenous inoculation caused mortality in all fetuses from 28 days post-inoculation (dpi) onwards. Subcutaneous inoculation caused mortality in 50% of the animals by 28dpi. Pathological changes in the placenta consisted of necrosis of fetal placental villi, necrosis and inflammation in adjacent areas of the maternal septum and inflammation at the base of the maternal caruncle. The inflammatory infiltrate consisted mainly of CD3(+) lymphocytes, dominated by CD4(+) and gammadelta TCR(+) cells, with CD8(+) cells present to a lesser extent. The results from the control group indicated fewer NK cells than those occurring in the placenta of human beings or mice. Infiltration of CD4(+) cells and NKp46(+) cells was observed in the caruncular base and septa 14 days after infection, whereas infiltration of gammadelta TCR(+) cells was observed from 28 dpi onwards. To our knowledge this is the first report on the presence and distribution of NK cells in the bovine placenta. Maternal inflammatory cells expressing mRNA for IFN-gamma were identified in animals inoculated with parasites iv or sc at 14 and 28 dpi, respectively. In the sc-inoculated dams with live fetuses at 28, 42 and 56dpi, there was no evidence of parasite antigen, infiltration of immune cells or production of IFN-gamma, suggesting that the parasite had not reached the placenta. The exact cause of fetal death was not established. Tissue destruction by the parasite may have occurred; in addition, there may have been a T helper 1 (Th-1) immune response to the neospora infection at the materno-fetal interface, resulting in infiltrations of CD4T cells, gammadelta T cells and NK cells and the subsequent production of IFN-gamma. It is possible that a pro-inflammatory Th-1 response early in gestation protects the dam by eliminating the parasite; however, it may lead to destruction of the placental tissues themselves and thus be incompatible with fetal survival.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/immunology
- Cattle Diseases/metabolism
- Cattle Diseases/parasitology
- Cattle Diseases/pathology
- Coccidiosis/immunology
- Coccidiosis/pathology
- Coccidiosis/veterinary
- Female
- Fetal Death
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Neospora/immunology
- Neospora/pathogenicity
- Placenta/immunology
- Placenta/metabolism
- Placenta/parasitology
- Placenta/pathology
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy, Animal/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Maley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ.
| | - D Buxton
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ
| | - C N Macaldowie
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ
| | - I E Anderson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ
| | - S E Wright
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ
| | - P M Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ
| | - I Esteban-Redondo
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ
| | - C M Hamilton
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - A K Storset
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146, dep., N-0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - E A Innes
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ
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29
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Inagaki-Ohara K, Dewi FN, Hisaeda H, Smith AL, Jimi F, Miyahira M, Abdel-Aleem ASF, Horii Y, Nawa Y. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes sustain the epithelial barrier function against Eimeria vermiformis infection. Infect Immun 2006; 74:5292-301. [PMID: 16926423 PMCID: PMC1594832 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02024-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eimeria spp. are intracellular protozoa that infect intestinal epithelia of most vertebrates, causing coccidiosis. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) that reside at the basolateral site of epithelial cells (EC) have immunoregulatory and immunoprotective roles against Eimeria spp. infection. However, it remains unknown how IEL are involved in the regulation of epithelial barrier during Eimeria sp. infection. Here, we demonstrated two distinct roles of IEL against infection with Eimeria vermiformis, a murine pathogen: production of cytokines to induce protective immunity and expression of junctional molecules to preserve epithelial barrier. The number of IEL markedly increased when oocyst production reached a peak. During infection, IEL increased production of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and decreased transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) production. Addition of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha or supernatants obtained from cultured IEL from E. vermiformis-infected mice reduced transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) in a confluent CMT93 cell monolayer, a murine intestine-derived epithelial line, but antibodies against these cytokines suppressed the decline of TER. Moreover, TGF-beta attenuated the damage of epithelial monolayer and changes in TER caused by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. The expression of junctional molecules by EC was decreased when IEL produced a high level of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and a low level of TGF-beta in E. vermiformis-infected mice. Interestingly, IEL constantly expressed junctional molecules and a coculture of EC with IEL increased TER. These results suggest that IEL play important multifunctional roles not only in protection of the epithelium against E. vermiformis-induced change by cytokine production but also in direct interaction with the epithelial barrier when intra-EC junctions are down-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Inagaki-Ohara
- Parasitic Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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30
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Kühl AA, Pawlowski NN, Grollich K, Loddenkemper C, Zeitz M, Hoffmann JC. Aggravation of intestinal inflammation by depletion/deficiency of gammadelta T cells in different types of IBD animal models. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 81:168-75. [PMID: 17041003 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of gammadelta T cells in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still controversial. Although gammadelta T cells induce IBD in immunodeficient animals, others suggest a protective role of gammadelta T cells. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to elucidate the effect of gammadelta T cell depletion/deficiency on different IBD animal models. Mice depleted of or deficient in gammadelta T cells were exposed to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in order to induce colitis. In addition, gammadelta T cells were depleted in mice with terminal ileitis (TNFDeltaARE) or colitis due to interleukin 2 deficiency (IL-2 ko). Finally, DSS-induced colitis was studied in mice deficient in interferon gamma (IFN-gamma ko) upon gammadelta T cell depletion. Depletion of gammadelta T cells aggravated DSS-induced colitis and terminal ileitis of TNFDeltaARE mice. Exacerbated DSS-induced colitis was also found in gammadelta T cell-deficient mice. IL-2 ko mice showed increased mortality upon early (starting at 4 wk of age) but not late depletion (starting at 8 wk of age). Early gammadelta T cell depletion or deficiency resulted in increased IFN-gamma production by both lamina propria lymphocytes and splenocytes in every model investigated herein. In IFN-gamma ko mice, gammadelta T cell depletion did not affect the development and course of DSS-induced colitis. The protective effect of gammadelta T cells in IBD was confirmed in various IBD animal models. Particularly, during the early phase of intestinal inflammation, gammadelta T cells appear to be important. The mechanism seems to involve the control of IFN-gamma production and epithelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja A Kühl
- Medizinische Klinik I, and Institute of Pathology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin D-12200, Germany
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31
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Hakkarainen H, Huhta E, Koskela E, Mappes T, Soveri T, Suorsa P. Eimeria-parasites are associated with a lowered mother's and offspring's body condition in island and mainland populations of the bank vole. Parasitology 2006; 134:23-31. [PMID: 16948876 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006001120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study, based on correlative data, tests the hypothesis that infections withEimeriaspp. parasites exert a significant loss of fitness of bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) reflected in lower reproductive success and survival, declining host population densities and are associated positively with population size. The study was conducted in 20 mainland and 27 island populations in central Finland during May–September in 1999. Faecal samples showed that 28% of 767 individuals were infected withEimeriaspp. The presence ofEimeriaparasites was higher in dense mainland populations than in sparsely populated islands. Eimerian infections increased during the course of the breeding season, probably as a result of the high infection rate of young individuals. Accordingly, the body masses of bank voles were negatively related to the presence ofEimeriaspp. Reproductive output, as measured by the breeding probability of females and litter size, was not associated with the presence of eimerian infection. Interestingly, the body condition of the infected mothers appeared to be low. Moreover, mother's body condition was the single most important variable studied that showed a positive correlation to pup's body condition at birth. On small islands ([les ]3·2 ha) that were comprehensively trapped, the mean number ofEimeriaspp. in the bank vole population was negatively related to density changes of the bank vole population during the study. Our data are consistent with the idea that infection with coccidian parasites may be one of the factors responsible for declining host populations in small, isolated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hakkarainen
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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32
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Abstract
Whereas the vast majority of T cells express a T-cell receptor (TCR) composed of alphabeta heterodimers, a smaller population expresses a gammadelta TCR. In contrast to alphabeta T cells, gammadelta T cells show less TCR diversity, are particularly enriched at epithelial surfaces and appear to respond to self-molecules that signal potential danger or cellular stress. In addition, various subsets of gammadelta T cells have shown antitumor and immunoregulatory activities. This review considers what has been discovered about the important cutaneous functions of gammadelta T cells through the study of mutant mice and offers perspectives on the roles of gammadelta T cells in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Girardi
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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33
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Ramsburg E, Tigelaar R, Craft J, Hayday A. Age-dependent requirement for gammadelta T cells in the primary but not secondary protective immune response against an intestinal parasite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 198:1403-14. [PMID: 14597739 PMCID: PMC2194243 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Between weaning (3 wk of age) and adulthood (7 wk of age), mice develop increased resistance to infection with Eimeria vermiformis, an abundant intestinal parasite that causes coccidiosis. This development of resistance was perturbed in T cell receptor (TCR)δ−/− mice, which at 4 wk of age remained largely susceptible to infection and prone to infection-associated dehydration. These phenotypes were rescued by the repopulation of γδ cells after adoptive transfer of lymphoid progenitors into newborn recipients. Because αβ T cells are necessary and sufficient for the protection of adult mice against E. vermiformis, the requirement for γδ cells in young mice shows a qualitative difference between the cellular immune responses operating at different ages. An important contribution toward primary immune protection in young hosts may have provided a strong selective pressure for the evolutionary conservation of γδ cells. This notwithstanding, the development of effective, pathogen-specific immunity in young mice requires αβ T cells, just as it does in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ramsburg
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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34
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Abstract
Immunological memory responses to intracellular protozoa and extracellular helminths govern host resistance and susceptibility to reinfection. Humans and livestock living in parasitic disease endemic regions face continuous exposure from a very early age that often leads to asymptomatic chronic infection over their entire lifespan. Fundamental immunological studies suggest that the generation of T-cell memory is driven by tightly coordinated innate and adaptive cellular immune responses rapidly triggered following initial host infection. A key distinguishing feature of immune memory maintenance between the majority of parasitic diseases and most bacterial or viral diseases is long-term antigen persistence. Consequently, functional parasite immune memory is in a continuous, dynamic flux between activation and deactivation producing functional parasite killing or functional memory cell death. In this sense, T-cell immune memory can be regarded as "memory illusion." Furthermore, due to the finite capacity of memory lymphocytes to proliferate, continuous parasite antigen stimulation may exceed a threshold level at some point in the chronically infected host. This may result in suboptimal effector immune memory leading to host susceptibility to reinfection, or immune dysregulation yielding disease reactivation or immune pathology. The goal of this review is to highlight, through numerous examples, what is currently known about T-cell immune memory to parasites and to provide compelling hypotheses on the survival and maintenance of parasite "memory illusion." These novel concepts are discussed in the context of rationale parasite vaccine design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brake
- Veterinary Medicine Biologicals Development, Pfizer Animal Health Group, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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35
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Abstract
The role of gammadelta T cells in adaptive immunity remains uncertain. Recent studies have demonstrated that a unique subset of gammadelta T cells in primates can mount adaptive immune responses during mycobacterial infections. This Review discusses notable similarities and differences in adaptive immune responses between non-peptide-specific gammadelta T cells and peptide-specific alphabeta T cells, and discusses both the molecular basis for gammadelta T-cell responses and potential functions of these enigmatic cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor/genetics
- Humans
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- Primates/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng W Chen
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, RE113/RE216, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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36
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Abstract
For a T-cell subset to be classified as immunoregulatory, it might reasonably be predicted that in its absence, animals would experience pathological immune dysregulation. Moreover, reconstitution of the subset should restore normal immune regulation. So far, these criteria have been satisfied by only a few of the candidate regulatory T-cell subsets, but among them is the intraepithelial gammadelta T-cell receptor (TCR)+ subset of mouse skin. In this article, we look at immunoregulatory gammadelta T cells, and the growing evidence for tissue-associated immunoregulation mediated by both gammadelta T cells and alphabeta T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Epithelium/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Mice
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Skin/immunology
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Guy's, King's and StThomas' Medical School, King's College, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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37
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Welsh MD, Kennedy HE, Smyth AJ, Girvin RM, Andersen P, Pollock JM. Responses of bovine WC1(+) gammadelta T cells to protein and nonprotein antigens of Mycobacterium bovis. Infect Immun 2002; 70:6114-20. [PMID: 12379688 PMCID: PMC130436 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.11.6114-6120.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
WC1(+) gammadelta T cells of Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle are highly responsive to M. bovis sonic extract (MBSE). In mycobacterial infections of other species, gammadelta T cells have been shown to respond to protein and nonprotein antigens, but the bovine WC1(+) gammadelta T-cell antigenic targets within MBSE require further definition in terms of the dominance of protein versus nonprotein components. The present study sought to characterize the WC1(+) gammadelta T-cell antigenic targets, together with the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2), in the context of M. bovis infection. This was achieved by testing crude and defined antigens to assess protein versus nonprotein recognition by WC1(+) gammadelta T cells in comparison with CD4(+) alphabeta T cells. Both cell types proliferated strongly in response to MBSE, with CD4(+) T cells being the major producers of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). However, enzymatic digestion of the protein in MBSE removed its ability to stimulate CD4(+) T-cell responses, whereas some WC1(+) gammadelta T-cell proliferation remained. The most antigenic protein inducing proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion in WC1(+) gammadelta T-cell cultures was found to be ESAT-6, which is a potential novel diagnostic reagent and vaccine candidate. In addition, WC1(+) gammadelta T-cell proliferation was observed in response to stimulation with prenyl pyrophosphate antigens (isopentenyl pyrophosphate and monomethyl phosphate). High levels of cellular activation (CD25 expression) resulted from MBSE stimulation of WC1(+) gammadelta T cells from infected animals. A similar degree of activation was induced by IL-2 alone, but for WC1(+) gammadelta T-cell division IL-2 was found to act only as a costimulatory signal, enhancing antigen-driven responses. Overall, the data indicate that protein antigens are important stimulators of WC1(+) gammadelta T-cell proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion in M. bovis infection, with nonprotein antigens inducing significant proliferation. These findings have important implications for diagnostic and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Welsh
- Veterinary Sciences Division, The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Queen's University of Belfast, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom.
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38
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Cretin N, Bracy J, Hanson K, Iacomini J. The role of T cell help in the production of antibodies specific for Gal alpha 1-3Gal. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:1479-83. [PMID: 11801692 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The majority of xenoreactive natural Abs in humans recognize the carbohydrate Ag present on pig tissue, Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R (alphaGal), synthesized by the enzyme UDP galactose:beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminide alpha(1-3)galactosyltransferase or alphaGT. Using alphaGT knockout mice (GT(0) mice), which like humans produce serum Abs that bind alphaGal, we examined the role of T cells in production of Abs specific for alphaGal. GT(0) mice were crossed with TCR-beta knockout mice (TCR-beta(0)) to generate double-knockout mice (GT(0)/TCR-beta(0)). While GT(0)/TCR-beta+ mice exhibited an age-dependent increase in the serum titer of natural Abs specific for alphaGal, a similar increase was not observed in GT(0)/TCR-beta(0) mice, and the titer of alphaGal-specific Abs in double knockouts was significantly lower than in age-matched GT(0)/TCR-beta+ mice. Immunization with pig cells resulted in a significant increase in the serum titer of alphaGal-specific Abs in GT(0)/TCR-beta+ mice, but had no effect on the level of alphaGal-specific serum Abs in GT(0)/TCR-beta(0) mice. Treatment of GT(0)/TCR-beta+ mice with anti-CD40L Abs before immunization with pig cells prevented sensitization to alphaGal. Our data suggest that the majority of alphaGal-specific Abs are T cell dependent and that production of alphaGal-specific Abs after sensitization can be prevented by blocking costimulatory pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Heterophile/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibody Specificity/genetics
- Antigens, T-Independent/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- Galactosyltransferases/deficiency
- Galactosyltransferases/genetics
- Galactosyltransferases/immunology
- Immunization
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/transplantation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Swine
- Swine, Miniature
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Cretin
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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39
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Abstract
Accumulative evidence suggests that resident gamma delta T cells in epithelia are biologically distinct from systemic gamma delta T cells in the circulation. Murine resident gamma delta T cells have innate immune characteristics and play an important role in tissue homeostasis after damages. In contrast, a unique subset of circulating gamma delta T cells in primates, like alpha beta T cells, can mount adaptive immune responses in infections. This article compares biological features between resident and circulating gamma delta T cells.
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40
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Hayday A, Theodoridis E, Ramsburg E, Shires J. Intraepithelial lymphocytes: exploring the Third Way in immunology. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:997-1003. [PMID: 11685222 DOI: 10.1038/ni1101-997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Locally resident intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are primarily T cells with potent cytolytic and immunoregulatory capacities, which they use to sustain epithelial integrity. Here, we consider that most IEL compartments comprise a variable mixture of two cell types: T cells primed to conventional antigen in the systemic compartment and T cells with ill-defined reactivities and origins, whose properties seem to place them mid-way between the adaptive and innate immune responses. We review the capacity of IELs to limit the dissemination of infectious pathogens and malignant cells and to control the infiltration of epithelial surfaces by systemic cells. An improved characterization of IELs would seem essential if we are to understand how immune responses and immunopathologies develop at body surfaces.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Autoimmunity
- Bone Marrow/embryology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/classification
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Celiac Disease/immunology
- Cell Lineage
- Epithelium/immunology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunologic Memory
- Infections/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/embryology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Models, Immunological
- Organ Specificity
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Skin/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/embryology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, GKT School of Medicine, University of London, Third floor New Guy's House, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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41
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Abstract
Epithelial tissues house gammadelta T cells, which are important for the mucosal immune system and may be involved in controlling malignancies, infections and inflammation. Whole-genome gene-expression analysis provides a new way to study the signals required for the activation of gammadelta T cells, their mode of action and relationships among cells of the mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Boismenu
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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