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Zhang W, Maksym R, Georgii E, Geist B, Schäffner AR. SA and NHP glucosyltransferase UGT76B1 affects plant defense in both SID2- and NPR1-dependent and independent manner. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:149. [PMID: 38780624 PMCID: PMC11116260 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The small-molecule glucosyltransferase loss-of-function mutant ugt76b1 exhibits both SID2- or NPR1-dependent and independent facets of enhanced plant immunity, whereupon FMO1 is required for the SID2 and NPR1 independence. The small-molecule glucosyltransferase UGT76B1 inactivates salicylic acid (SA), isoleucic acid (ILA), and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP). ugt76b1 loss-of-function plants manifest an enhanced defense status. Thus, we were interested how UGT76B1 genetically integrates in defense pathways and whether all impacts depend on SA and NHP. We study the integration of UGT76B1 by transcriptome analyses of ugt76b1. The comparison of transcripts altered by the loss of UGT76B1 with public transcriptome data reveals both SA-responsive, ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1/SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT 2 (ICS1/SID2)- and NON EXPRESSOR OF PR GENES 1 (NPR1)-dependent, consistent with the role of UGT76B1 in glucosylating SA, and SA-non-responsive, SID2/NPR1-independent genes. We also discovered that UGT76B1 impacts on a group of genes showing non-SA-responsiveness and regulation by infections independent from SID2/NPR1. Enhanced resistance of ugt76b1 against Pseudomonas syringae is partially independent from SID2 and NPR1. In contrast, the ugt76b1-activated resistance is completely dependent on FMO1 encoding the NHP-synthesizing FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1). Moreover, FMO1 ranks top among the ugt76b1-induced SID2- and NPR1-independent pathogen responsive genes, suggesting that FMO1 determines the SID2- and NPR1-independent effect of ugt76b1. Furthermore, the genetic study revealed that FMO1, ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1), SID2, and NPR1 are required for the SA-JA crosstalk and senescence development of ugt76b1, indicating that EDS1 and FMO1 have a similar effect like stress-induced SA biosynthesis (SID2) or the key SA signaling regulator NPR1. Thus, UGT76B1 influences both SID2/NPR1-dependent and independent plant immunity, and the SID2/NPR1 independence is relying on FMO1 and its product NHP, another substrate of UGT76B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rafał Maksym
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Georgii
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Geist
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anton R Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Quevedo-Colmena AS, Ortiz-Atienza A, Jáquez-Gutiérrez M, Quinet M, Atarés A, Yuste-Lisbona FJ, Moreno V, Angosto T, Lozano R. Loss of function mutations at the tomato SSI2 locus impair plant growth and development by altering the fatty acid desaturation pathway. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:106-116. [PMID: 37983594 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SACPD) is a key enzyme in the regulation of saturated to unsaturated fatty acid ratio, playing a crucial role in regulating membrane stability and fluidity, as well as photosynthesis efficiency, which makes it an important research focus in crop species. This study reports the characterization and molecular cloning of pale dwarf (pad), a new tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) T-DNA recessive mutant, which exhibits a dwarf and chlorotic phenotype. Functional studies of the T-DNA tagged gene were conducted, including phylogenetic analysis, expression and metabolomic analyses, and generation of CRISPR/Cas9 knockout lines. The cloning of T-DNA flanking genomic sequences and a co-segregation analysis found the pad phenotype was caused by a T-DNA insertion disrupting the tomato homologue of the Arabidopsis SUPPRESSOR OF SALICYLIC ACID INSENSITIVITY 2 (SlSSI2), encoding a plastid localized isoform of SACPD. The phenotype of CRISPR/Cas9 SlSSI2 knockout lines confirmed that the morphological abnormalities in pad plants were due to SlSSI2 loss of function. Functional, metabolomic and expression analyses proved that SlSSI2 disruption causes deficiencies in 18:1 fatty acid desaturation and leads to diminished jasmonic acid (JA) content and increased salicylic acid (SA) levels. Overall, these results proved that SSI2 plays a crucial role in the regulation of polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles in tomato, and revealed that SlSSI2 loss of function results in an inhibited JA-responsive signalling pathway and a constitutively activated SA-mediated defence signalling response. This study lays the foundation for further research on tomato SACPDs and their role in plant performance and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Quevedo-Colmena
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - A Ortiz-Atienza
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - M Jáquez-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Quinet
- Université catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - A Atarés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - F J Yuste-Lisbona
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - V Moreno
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - T Angosto
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - R Lozano
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
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Zhou H, Zhou KH, Zhao G, Wang PP, Yang DG, Ma XF, Gao JS. Physiological and Biochemical Properties of Cotton Seedlings in Response to Cu 2+ Stress. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4050-4062. [PMID: 37232727 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper(II) (Cu2+) is essential for plant growth and development. However, high concentrations are extremely toxic to plants. We investigated the tolerance mechanism of cotton under Cu2+ stress in a hybrid cotton variety (Zhongmian 63) and two parent lines with different Cu2+ concentrations (0, 0.2, 50, and 100 μM). The stem height, root length, and leaf area of cotton seedlings had decreased growth rates in response to increasing Cu2+ concentrations. Increasing Cu2+ concentration promoted Cu2+ accumulation in all three cotton genotypes' roots, stems, and leaves. However, compared with the parent lines, the roots of Zhongmian 63 were richer in Cu2+ and had the least amount of Cu2+ transported to the shoots. Moreover, excess Cu2+ also induced changes in cellular redox homeostasis, causing accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Conversely, antioxidant enzyme activity increased, while photosynthetic pigment content decreased. Our findings indicated that the hybrid cotton variety fared well under Cu2+ stress. This creates a theoretical foundation for the further analysis of the molecular mechanism of cotton resistance to copper and suggests the potential of the large-scale planting of Zhongmian 63 in copper-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ke-Hai Zhou
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Pei-Pei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Dai-Gang Yang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Xiong-Feng Ma
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jun-Shan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Singh A, Sharma A, Singh N, Nandi AK. MTO1-RESPONDING DOWN 1 (MRD1) is a transcriptional target of OZF1 for promoting salicylic acid-mediated defense in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1319-1328. [PMID: 35325291 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02861-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OZF1 promotes the transcription of MRD1, which is essential for SA-mediated defense against virulent and avirulent bacterial pathogens in Arabidopsis. Salicylic acid (SA) is critical for defense against biotrophic pathogens. A trans-activator protein NPR1 plays significant roles in SA-signaling. However, evidences suggest the existence of NPR1-independent pathways for SA signaling in plants. Previously, we reported Arabidopsis OXIDATION-RELATED ZN-FINGER PROTEIN1 (OZF1) as a positive regulator of NPR1-independent SA-signaling. However, the mechanism or components of OZF1-mediated SA signaling was not known. Through the analysis of differentially expressing genes, we report the identification of MTO1-RESPONDING DOWN 1 (MRD1) as a transcriptional target of OZF1. Expressions of MRD1 and its overlapping gene in Arabidopsis genome, HEI10 increase upon pathogen inoculation in an OZF1-dependent manner. Their mutants are susceptible to both virulent and avirulent bacterial pathogens and show compromised SA-mediated immunity. Overexpression of MRD1 but not the HEI10 rescues the loss-of-resistance phenotype of the ozf1 mutant. OZF1 physically associates at the MRD1 promoter area upon pathogen inoculation. Results altogether support that MRD1 is a transcriptional target of OZF1 for promoting SA-mediated defense in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Singh
- 415, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Akash Sharma
- 415, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Nidhi Singh
- 415, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Nandi
- 415, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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5
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Singh N, Nandi AK. AtOZF1 positively regulates JA signaling and SA-JA cross-talk in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biosci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Wang Q, Xu Y, Zhang M, Zhu F, Sun M, Lian X, Zhao G, Duan D. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of stress tolerance to aluminium in Vitis quinquangularis. PLANTA 2021; 254:105. [PMID: 34687358 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional and metabolic regulation of aluminium tolerance of Chinese wild Vitis quinquangularis after Al treatment for 12 h: genes and pathways related to stress resistance are activated to cope with Al stress. The phytotoxicity of aluminium (Al) has become a major issue in inhibiting plant growth in acidic soils. Chinese wild Vitis species have excellent stress resistance. In this study, to explore the mechanism underlying Al tolerance in Chinese wild Vitis quinquangularis, we conducted a transcriptome analysis to understand the changes in gene expression and pathways in V. quinquangularis leaves after Al treatment for 12 h (Al_12 h). Compared with the control (CK) treatment, 2266 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 2943 downregulated DEGs were identified after Al treatment. We analysed the top 60 upregulated DEGs and found that these genes were related mostly to cell wall organization or biogenesis, transition metal ion binding, etc. Another analysis of all the upregulated DEGs showed that genes related to the ABC transport pathway, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) hormone signalling pathway were expressed. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed that genes and metabolites (phenylalanine, cinnamate and quercetin) related to the phenylalanine metabolic pathway were expressed. In summary, the results provide a new contribution to a better understanding of the metabolic changes that occur in grapes after Al stress as well as to research on improving the resistance of grape cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Fanding Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Mingxuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xinyu Lian
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Guifang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Dong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Zeng HY, Liu Y, Chen DK, Bao HN, Huang LQ, Yin J, Chen YL, Xiao S, Yao N. The immune components ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 are required for cell death caused by overaccumulation of ceramides in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1447-1465. [PMID: 34180563 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids have key functions in plant membrane structure and signaling. Perturbations of plant sphingolipid metabolism often induce cell death and salicylic acid (SA) accumulation; SA accumulation, in turn, promotes sphingolipid metabolism and further cell death. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana lipase-like protein ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) and its partner PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4) participate in sphingolipid metabolism and associated cell death. The accelerated cell death 5 (acd5) mutants accumulate ceramides due to a defect in ceramide kinase and show spontaneous cell death. Loss of function of EDS1, PAD4 or SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT 2 (SID2) in the acd5 background suppressed the acd5 cell death phenotype and prevented ceramide accumulation. Treatment with the SA analogue benzothiadiazole partially restored sphingolipid accumulation in the acd5 pad4 and acd5 eds1 double mutants, showing that the inhibitory effect of the pad4-1 and eds1-2 mutations on acd5-conferred sphingolipid accumulation partly depends on SA. Moreover, the pad4-1 and eds1-2 mutations substantially rescued the susceptibility of the acd5 mutant to Botrytis cinerea. Consistent with this, B. cinerea-induced ceramide accumulation requires PAD4 or EDS1. Finally, examination of plants overexpressing the ceramide synthase gene LAG1 HOMOLOGUE2 suggested that EDS1, PAD4 and SA are involved in long-chain ceramide metabolism and ceramide-associated cell death. Collectively, our observations reveal that EDS1 and PAD4 mediate ceramide (especially long-chain ceramide) metabolism and associated cell death, by SA-dependent and SA-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ding-Kang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - He-Nan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Li-Qun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jian Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yi-Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Nan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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8
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Mo S, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yang J, Sun Z, Zhang D, Chen B, Wang G, Ke H, Liu Z, Meng C, Li Z, Wu L, Zhang G, Duan H, Ma Z. Cotton GhSSI2 isoforms from the stearoyl acyl carrier protein fatty acid desaturase family regulate Verticillium wilt resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1041-1056. [PMID: 34169624 PMCID: PMC8358998 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are major and essential constituents of plant cells and provide energy for various metabolic processes. However, the function of the lipid signal in defence against Verticillium dahliae, a hemibiotrophic pathogen, remains unknown. Here, we characterized 19 conserved stearoyl-ACP desaturase family proteins from upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). We further confirmed that GhSSI2 isoforms, including GhSSI2-A, GhSSI2-B, and GhSSI2-C located on chromosomes A10, D10, and A12, respectively, played a dominant role to the cotton 18:1 (oleic acid) pool. Suppressing the expression of GhSSI2s reduced the 18:1 level, which autoactivated the hypersensitive response (HR) and enhanced cotton Verticillium wilt and Fusarium wilt resistance. We found that low 18:1 levels induced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase-mediated salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and activated a SA-independent defence response in GhSSI2s-silenced cotton, whereas suppressing expression of GhSSI2s affected PDF1.2-dependent jasmonic acid (JA) perception but not the biosynthesis and signalling cascade of JA. Further investigation showed that structurally divergent resistance-related genes and nitric oxide (NO) signal were activated in GhSSI2s-silenced cotton. Taken together, these results indicate that SA-independent defence response, multiple resistance-related proteins, and elevated NO level play an important role in GhSSI2s-regulated Verticillium wilt resistance. These findings broaden our knowledge regarding the lipid signal in disease resistance and provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism of cotton fungal disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Mo
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Xingfen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Zhengwen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Guoning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Huifeng Ke
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Chengsheng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Zhikun Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Liqiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Guiyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Huijun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Zhiying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
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Li J, Galla A, Avila CA, Flattmann K, Vaughn K, Goggin FL. Fatty Acid Desaturases in the Chloroplast and Endoplasmic Reticulum Promote Susceptibility to the Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:691-702. [PMID: 33596108 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-20-0345-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturases (FADs) in plants influence levels of susceptibility to multiple stresses, including insect infestations. In this study, populations of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) on Arabidopsis thaliana were reduced by mutations in three desaturases: AtFAB2/SSI2, which encodes a chloroplastic stearoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] 9-desaturase, and AtFAD7 or AtFAD3, which encode ω-3 FADs in the chloroplast and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), respectively. These data indicate that certain FADs promote susceptibility to aphids and that aphids are impacted by desaturases in both the chloroplast and ER. Aphid resistance in ssi2, fad3, and fad7, singly or in combination, might involve altered signaling between these subcellular compartments. C18:1 levels are depleted in ssi2, whereas C18:2 accumulation is enhanced in fad3 and fad7. In contrast, fad8 has higher than normal C18:2 levels but also high C18:1 and low C18:0 and does not impact aphid numbers. Potentially, aphids may be influenced by the balance of multiple fatty acids (FAs) rather than by a single species, with C18:2 promoting aphid resistance and C18:1 promoting susceptibility. Although the fad7 mutant also accumulates higher-than-normal levels of C16:2, this FA does not contribute to aphid resistance because a triple mutant line that lacks detectable levels of C16:2 (fad2fad6fad7) retains comparable levels of aphid resistance as fad7. In addition, aphid numbers are unaffected by the fad5 mutation that inhibits C16:1 synthesis. Together, these results demonstrate that certain FADs are important susceptibility factors in plant-aphid interactions and that aphid resistance is more strongly associated with differences in C18 abundance than C16 abundance.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Li
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A
| | - Aravind Galla
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A
| | - Carlos A Avila
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A
| | - Kaitlin Flattmann
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A
| | - Kaleb Vaughn
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A
| | - Fiona L Goggin
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A
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Acyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Desaturases and Plant Biotic Interactions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030674. [PMID: 33803674 PMCID: PMC8002970 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between land plants and other organisms such as pathogens, pollinators, or symbionts usually involve a variety of specialized effectors participating in complex cross-talks between organisms. Fatty acids and their lipid derivatives play important roles in these biological interactions. While the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding acyl–acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturases appears to be largely responsive to biotic stress, the different monounsaturated fatty acids produced by these enzymes were shown to take active part in plant biotic interactions and were assigned with specific functions intrinsically linked to the position of the carbon–carbon double bond within their acyl chain. For example, oleic acid, an omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acid produced by Δ9-stearoyl–ACP desaturases, participates in signal transduction pathways affecting plant immunity against pathogen infection. Myristoleic acid, an omega-5 monounsaturated fatty acid produced by Δ9-myristoyl–ACP desaturases, serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of omega-5 anacardic acids that are active biocides against pests. Finally, different types of monounsaturated fatty acids synthesized in the labellum of orchids are used for the production of a variety of alkenes participating in the chemistry of sexual deception, hence favoring plant pollination by hymenopterans.
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11
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Yang L, Wang Z, Hua J. A Meta-Analysis Reveals Opposite Effects of Biotic and Abiotic Stresses on Transcript Levels of Arabidopsis Intracellular Immune Receptor Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:625729. [PMID: 33747005 PMCID: PMC7969532 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.625729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant intracellular immune receptor NLR (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat) proteins sense the presence of pathogens and trigger strong and robust immune responses. NLR genes are known to be tightly controlled at the protein level, but little is known about their dynamics at the transcript level. In this study, we presented a meta-analysis of transcript dynamics of all 207 NLR genes in the Col-0 accession of Arabidopsis thaliana under various biotic and abiotic stresses based on 88 publicly available RNA sequencing datasets from 27 independent studies. We find that about two thirds of the NLR genes are generally induced by pathogens, immune elicitors, or salicylic acid (SA), suggesting that transcriptional induction of NLR genes might be an important mechanism in plant immunity regulation. By contrast, NLR genes induced by biotic stresses are often repressed by abscisic acid, high temperature and drought, suggesting that transcriptional regulation of NLR genes might be important for interaction between abiotic and biotic stress responses. In addition, pathogen-induced expression of some NLR genes are dependent on SA induction. Interestingly, a small group of NLR genes are repressed under certain biotic stress treatments, suggesting an unconventional function of this group of NLRs. This meta-analysis thus reveals the transcript dynamics of NLR genes under biotic and abiotic stress conditions and suggests a contribution of NLR transcript regulation to plant immunity as well as interactions between abiotic and biotic stress responses.
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12
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Lakhssassi N, Zhou Z, Liu S, Piya S, Cullen MA, El Baze A, Knizia D, Patil GB, Badad O, Embaby MG, Meksem J, Lakhssassi A, AbuGhazaleh A, Hewezi T, Meksem K. Soybean TILLING-by-Sequencing+ reveals the role of novel GmSACPD members in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis while maintaining healthy nodules. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6969-6987. [PMID: 32898219 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Developing soybean lines with high levels of stearic acid is a primary goal of the soybean industry. Most high-stearic-acid soybeans carry different GmSACPD-C mutated alleles. However, due to the dual role of GmSACPD-C in seeds and nodule development, all derived deleterious GmSACPD-C mutant alleles are of extremely poor agronomic value because of defective nodulation. The soybean stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase (GmSACPD) gene family is composed of five members. Comparative genomics analysis indicated that SACPD genes were duplicated and derived from a common ancestor that is still present in chlorophytic algae. Synteny analysis showed the presence of segment duplications between GmSACPD-A/GmSACPD-B, and GmSACPD-C/GmSACPD-D. GmSACPD-E was not contained in any duplicated segment and may be the result of tandem duplication. We developed a TILLING by Target Capture Sequencing (Tilling-by-Sequencing+) technology, a versatile extension of the conventional TILLING by sequencing, and successfully identified 12, 14, and 18 ethyl methanesulfonate mutants at the GmSACPD-A, GmSACPD-B, and GmSACPD-D genes, respectively. Functional analysis of all identified mutants revealed an unprecedented role of GmSACPD-A, GmSACPD-B, and GmSACPD-D in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis without affecting nodule development and structure. This discovery will positively impact the development of high-stearic-acid lines to enhance soybean nutritional value without potential developmental tradeoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoufal Lakhssassi
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Shiming Liu
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Sarbottam Piya
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Mallory A Cullen
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Abdelhalim El Baze
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Dounya Knizia
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Gunvant B Patil
- Institute for Genomics of Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Oussama Badad
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Mohamed G Embaby
- Department of Animal Science, Food, and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Jonas Meksem
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aicha Lakhssassi
- Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Amer AbuGhazaleh
- Department of Animal Science, Food, and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Khalid Meksem
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
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13
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Chaturvedi R, Giri M, Chowdhury Z, Venables BJ, Mohanty D, Petros RA, Shah J. CYP720A1 function in roots is required for flowering time and systemic acquired resistance in the foliage of Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6612-6622. [PMID: 32793967 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defense mechanism that systemically enhances resistance against pathogens in foliar tissues. SAR, which engages salicylic acid (SA) signaling, shares molecular components with the autonomous pathway, which is involved in controlling flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana. FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD) is one such autonomous pathway component that is required for flowering time and the systemic accumulation of SA during SAR. Here, we show that CYP720A1, a putative cytochrome P450 monoxygenase, controls FLD expression and is required for the timing of flowering and the manifestation of SAR. The delayed flowering time in the cyp720a1 mutant correlated with the elevated transcript level of the floral repressor FLC, while the SAR deficiency phenotype of the cyp720a1 mutant correlated with the inability to systemically accumulate SA. CYP720A1 transcript abundance in shoots is poor compared with roots. Reciprocal root-shoot grafting confirmed that CYP720A1 function in the roots is critical for flowering time and SAR. We therefore suggest that root to shoot communication involving a CYP720A1-dependent factor contributes to the timing of reproductive development and defense in the foliage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnesh Chaturvedi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Mrunmay Giri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Zulkarnain Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Barney J Venables
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Devasantosh Mohanty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Robby A Petros
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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14
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Li L, Li Y, Wang R, Chao L, Xiu Y, Wang H. Characterization of the stearoyl-ACP desaturase gene (PoSAD) from woody oil crop Paeonia ostii var. lishizhenii in oleic acid biosynthesis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 178:112480. [PMID: 32768716 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Paeonia ostii var. lishizhenii has been approved as a woody oil crop with the outstanding characteristic of abundant α-linolenic acid (C18:3, ALA) in its seed oil. The stearoyl-ACP desaturase gene (SAD) regulates the first key step from stearic acid (C18:0, SA) to oleic acid (C18:1, OA) in the ALA biosynthetic pathway, but its functional characterization in P. ostii var. lishizhenii is absent to date. In this study, a key PoSAD gene (1719 bp in length) was acquired from endosperm of P. ostii var. lishizhenii by transcriptome sequencing analysis and the RACE (rapid-amplification of cDNA ends) method. Bioinformatic analysis of the PoSAD protein showed high homology (ranging from 90.4% to 94.4%) and similar physical and chemical properties to SAD from other higher plants, indicating that it encodes a putative stearoyl-ACP desaturase. Analysis of cis-acting elements found several endosperm tissue-specific motifs; i.e., one Prolamin box, thirteen DOFCOREs and one RY repeat in its promoter. The results of the qRT-PCR experiments verified that PoSAD was most highly expressed in developing endosperm at 59 days after pollination (53.7 times that in shoots) compared with that in roots (1.4 times), stems (2.5 times), leaves (3.1 times), petals (13.1 times) and stamens (46.0 times). Meanwhile, the fatty acid contents in P. ostii var. lishizhenii endosperm at seven growth stages were compared with variation in PoSAD expression. Heterologous expression of PoSAD significantly decreased SA and increased OA content, which effectively reduced the ratios of SA to OA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana. However, contents and ratios of palmitic acid (C16:0) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1) were stable in transgenic yeast, and palmitoleic acid remained absent in transgenic A. thaliana seeds. These results illustrate that PoSAD plays an essential role in endosperm development of P. ostii var. lishizhenii, strictly in catalysis of SA desaturation and OA biosynthesis but without functioning in PA desaturation. The results contribute to our understanding of the characterization of PoSAD in OA biosynthesis in P. ostii var. lishizhenii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linkun Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yipei Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Ruoxin Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Longjun Chao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Peonature Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 101301, China.
| | - Yu Xiu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Huafang Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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15
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Chowdhury Z, Mohanty D, Giri MK, Venables BJ, Chaturvedi R, Chao A, Petros RA, Shah J. Dehydroabietinal promotes flowering time and plant defense in Arabidopsis via the autonomous pathway genes FLOWERING LOCUS D, FVE, and RELATIVE OF EARLY FLOWERING 6. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4903-4913. [PMID: 32392578 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Abietane diterpenoids are tricyclic diterpenes whose biological functions in angiosperms are largely unknown. Here, we show that dehydroabietinal (DA) fosters transition from the vegetative phase to reproductive development in Arabidopsis thaliana by promoting flowering time. DA's promotion of flowering time was mediated through up-regulation of the autonomous pathway genes FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD), RELATIVE OF EARLY FLOWERING 6 (REF6), and FVE, which repress expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), a negative regulator of the key floral integrator FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). Our results further indicate that FLD, REF6, and FVE are also required for systemic acquired resistance (SAR), an inducible defense mechanism that is also activated by DA. However, unlike flowering time, FT was not required for DA-induced SAR. Conversely, salicylic acid, which is essential for the manifestation of SAR, was not required for the DA-promoted flowering time. Thus, although the autonomous pathway genes FLD, REF6, and FVE are involved in SAR and flowering time, these biological processes are not interdependent. We suggest that SAR and flowering time signaling pathways bifurcate at a step downstream of FLD, REF6, and FVE, with an FLC-dependent arm controlling flowering time, and an FLC-independent pathway controlling SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulkarnain Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Devasantosh Mohanty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Mrunmay K Giri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Barney J Venables
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Ratnesh Chaturvedi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Aaron Chao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Robby A Petros
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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16
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Chitarrini G, Riccadonna S, Zulini L, Vecchione A, Stefanini M, Larger S, Pindo M, Cestaro A, Franceschi P, Magris G, Foria S, Morgante M, Di Gaspero G, Vrhovsek U. Two-omics data revealed commonalities and differences between Rpv12- and Rpv3-mediated resistance in grapevine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12193. [PMID: 32699241 PMCID: PMC7376207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmopara viticola is the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew (DM). DM resistant varieties deploy effector-triggered immunity (ETI) to inhibit pathogen growth, which is activated by major resistance loci, the most common of which are Rpv3 and Rpv12. We previously showed that a quick metabolome response lies behind the ETI conferred by Rpv3 TIR-NB-LRR genes. Here we used a grape variety operating Rpv12-mediated ETI, which is conferred by an independent locus containing CC-NB-LRR genes, to investigate the defence response using GC/MS, UPLC, UHPLC and RNA-Seq analyses. Eighty-eight metabolites showed significantly different concentration and 432 genes showed differential expression between inoculated resistant leaves and controls. Most metabolite changes in sugars, fatty acids and phenols were similar in timing and direction to those observed in Rpv3-mediated ETI but some of them were stronger or more persistent. Activators, elicitors and signal transducers for the formation of reactive oxygen species were early observed in samples undergoing Rpv12-mediated ETI and were paralleled and followed by the upregulation of genes belonging to ontology categories associated with salicylic acid signalling, signal transduction, WRKY transcription factors and synthesis of PR-1, PR-2, PR-5 pathogenesis-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Chitarrini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Samantha Riccadonna
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luca Zulini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Antonella Vecchione
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Marco Stefanini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Simone Larger
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Massimo Pindo
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cestaro
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Pietro Franceschi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Gabriele Magris
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy.,Istituto di Genomica Applicata, via Jacopo Linussio 51, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Serena Foria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Michele Morgante
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy.,Istituto di Genomica Applicata, via Jacopo Linussio 51, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Gaspero
- Istituto di Genomica Applicata, via Jacopo Linussio 51, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
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17
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Roy S, Saxena S, Sinha A, Nandi AK. DORMANCY/AUXIN ASSOCIATED FAMILY PROTEIN 2 of Arabidopsis thaliana is a negative regulator of local and systemic acquired resistance. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:409-417. [PMID: 32227262 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To fine tune defense response output, plants recruit both positive and negative regulators. Here we report Arabidopsis DORMANCY/AUXIN ASSOCIATED FAMILY PROTEIN 2(DAP2) gene as a negative regulator of basal defense against virulent bacterial pathogens. Expression of DAP2 enhances upon pathogen inoculation. Our experiments show that DAP2 suppressed resistance against virulent strains of bacterial pathogens, pathogen-induced callose deposition, and ROS accumulation; however, it did not influence effector-triggered immunity. In addition, DAP2 negatively regulated systemic acquired resistance (SAR). DAP2 expression was enhanced in the pathogen-free systemic tissues of SAR-induced plants. Previously, Arabidopsis Flowering locus D (FLD) gene has been shown to be essential for SAR but not for local resistance. We show here that FLD function is necessary for SAR-induced expression of DAP2, suggesting DAP2 as a target of FLD for activation of SAR in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Roy
- 415, School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shobhita Saxena
- 415, School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Aviroop Sinha
- 415, School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Nandi
- 415, School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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18
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Zhang X, Ménard R, Li Y, Coruzzi GM, Heitz T, Shen WH, Berr A. Arabidopsis SDG8 Potentiates the Sustainable Transcriptional Induction of the Pathogenesis-Related Genes PR1 and PR2 During Plant Defense Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:277. [PMID: 32218796 PMCID: PMC7078350 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational covalent modifications of histones play important roles in modulating chromatin structure and are involved in the control of multiple developmental processes in plants. Here we provide insight into the contribution of the histone lysine methyltransferase SET DOMAIN GROUP 8 (SDG8), implicated in histone H3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3), in connection with RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) to enhance Arabidopsis immunity. We showed that even if the sdg8-1 loss-of-function mutant, defective in H3K36 methylation, displayed a higher sensitivity to different strains of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, effector-triggered immunity (ETI) still operated, but less efficiently than in the wild-type (WT) plants. In sdg8-1, the level of the plant defense hormone salicylic acid (SA) was abnormally high under resting conditions and was accumulated similarly to WT at the early stage of pathogen infection but quickly dropped down at later stages. Concomitantly, the transcription of several defense-related genes along the SA signaling pathway was inefficiently induced in the mutant. Remarkably, albeit the defense genes PATHOGENESIS-RELATED1 (PR1) and PR2 have retained responsiveness to exogenous SA, their inductions fade more rapidly in sdg8-1 than in WT. At chromatin, while global levels of histone methylations were found to be stable, local increases of H3K4 and H3K36 methylations as well as RNAPII loading were observed at some defense genes following SA-treatments in WT. In sdg8-1, the H3K36me3 increase was largely attenuated and also the increases of H3K4me3 and RNAPII were frequently compromised. Lastly, we demonstrated that SDG8 could physically interact with the RNAPII C-terminal Domain, providing a possible link between RNAPII loading and H3K36me3 deposition. Collectively, our results indicate that SDG8, through its histone methyltransferase activity and its physical coupling with RNAPII, participates in the strong transcriptional induction of some defense-related genes, in particular PR1 and PR2, to potentiate sustainable immunity during plant defense response to bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rozenn Ménard
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Gloria M. Coruzzi
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thierry Heitz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Wen-Hui Shen
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Berr
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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19
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Liu X, Inoue H, Tang X, Tan Y, Xu X, Wang C, Jiang CJ. Rice OsAAA-ATPase1 is Induced during Blast Infection in a Salicylic Acid-Dependent Manner, and Promotes Blast Fungus Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041443. [PMID: 32093321 PMCID: PMC7073101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) have been implicated in signaling roles in plant defense responses. We previously reported that mutation or RNAi-knockdown (OsSSI2-kd) of the rice OsSSI2 gene, encoding a stearoyl acyl carrier protein FA desaturase (SACPD), remarkably enhanced resistance to blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and the leaf-blight bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Transcriptomic analysis identified six AAA-ATPase family genes (hereafter OsAAA-ATPase1–6) upregulated in the OsSSI2-kd plants, in addition to other well-known defense-related genes. Here, we report the functional analysis of OsAAA-ATPase1 in rice’s defense response to M. oryzae. Recombinant OsAAA-ATPase1 synthesized in Escherichia coli showed ATPase activity. OsAAA-ATPase1 transcription was induced by exogenous treatment with a functional analogue of salicylic acid (SA), benzothiadiazole (BTH), but not by other plant hormones tested. The transcription of OsAAA-ATPase1 was also highly induced in response to M. oryzae infection in an SA-dependent manner, as gene induction was significantly attenuated in a transgenic rice line expressing a bacterial gene (nahG) encoding salicylate hydroxylase. Overexpression of OsAAA-ATPase1 significantly enhanced pathogenesis-related gene expression and the resistance to M. oryzae; conversely, RNAi-mediated suppression of this gene compromised this resistance. These results suggest that OsAAA-APTase1 plays an important role in SA-mediated defense responses against blast fungus M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiong Liu
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (C.-J.J.); Tel.: +86-189-7122-9082 (X.L.); +81-298-838-8385(C.-J.J.)
| | - Haruhiko Inoue
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Xianying Tang
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanping Tan
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chuntai Wang
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chang-Jie Jiang
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (C.-J.J.); Tel.: +86-189-7122-9082 (X.L.); +81-298-838-8385(C.-J.J.)
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20
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Sun R, Qin S, Zhang T, Wang Z, Li H, Li Y, Nie Y. Comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of blast resistant and susceptible rice cultivars in response to salicylic acid. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:454. [PMID: 31660870 PMCID: PMC6819546 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salicylic acid (SA) is a significant signaling molecule that induces rice resistance against pathogen invasion. Protein phosphorylation carries out an important regulatory function in plant defense responses, while the global phosphoproteome changes in rice response to SA-mediated defense response has not been reported. In this study, a comparative phosphoproteomic profiling was conducted by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, with two near-isogenic rice cultivars after SA treatment. RESULTS Thirty-seven phosphoprotein spots were differentially expressed after SA treatment, twenty-nine of which were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, belonging to nine functional categories. Phosphoproteins involved in photosynthesis, antioxidative enzymes, molecular chaperones were similarly expressed in the two cultivars, suggesting SA might alleviate decreases in plant photosynthesis, regulate the antioxidant defense activities, thus improving basal resistance response in both cultivars. Meanwhile, phosphoproteins related to defense, carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis and degradation were differentially expressed, suggesting phosphorylation regulation mediated by SA may coordinate complex cellular activities in the two cultivars. Furthermore, the phosphorylation sites of four identified phosphoproteins were verified by NanoLC-MS/MS, and phosphorylated regulation of three enzymes (cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, phosphoglycerate mutase and ascorbate peroxidase) was validated by activity determination. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that phosphorylation regulation mediated by SA may contribute to the different resistance response of the two cultivars. To our knowledge, this is the first report to measure rice phosphoproteomic changes in response to SA, which provides new insights into molecular mechanisms of SA-induced rice defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Sun
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Shiwen Qin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Research Center of Perennial Rice Engineering and Technology in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500 China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Huaping Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yanfang Nie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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21
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Lipidomic studies of membrane glycerolipids in plant leaves under heat stress. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 75:100990. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Chen Z, Chen T, Sathe AP, He Y, Zhang XB, Wu JL. Identification of a Novel Semi-Dominant Spotted-Leaf Mutant with Enhanced Resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3766. [PMID: 30486418 PMCID: PMC6321207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many spotted-leaf mutants show enhanced disease resistance to multiple pathogen attacks; however, the mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we reported a novel semi-dominant spotted-leaf mutant 24 (spl24) obtained from an ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-induced IR64 mutant bank. spl24 developed tiny brown lesions on the leaf tip and spread down gradually to the leaf base as well as the sheath at the early heading stage. The performances of major agronomic traits such as the plant height, panicle length, number of panicles/plant, and 1000-grain weight were significantly altered in spl24 when compared to the wild-type IR64. Furthermore, spl24 exhibited a premature senescing phenotype with degeneration of nuclear acids, significantly reduced soluble protein content, increased level of malonaldehyde (MDA), and lowered activities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes. Disease evaluation indicated that spl24 showed enhanced resistance to multiple races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal pathogen of bacterial leaf blight in rice, with elevated expression of pathogenesis-related genes, salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway-associated genes revealed by real-time quantitative PCR and high-throughput RNA sequencing analysis. Genetic analysis and gene mapping indicated that the lesion mimic phenotype was controlled by a novel semi-dominant nuclear gene. The mutation, tentatively termed as OsSPL24, was in a 110 kb region flanked by markers Indel-33 and Indel-12 in chromosome 11. Together, our data suggest that spl24 is a novel lesion mimic mutant with enhanced innate immunity and would facilitate the isolation and functional characterization of the target gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Atul Prakash Sathe
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Yuqing He
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Jian-Li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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23
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Imtiaz M, Ashraf M, Rizwan MS, Nawaz MA, Rizwan M, Mehmood S, Yousaf B, Yuan Y, Ditta A, Mumtaz MA, Ali M, Mahmood S, Tu S. Vanadium toxicity in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown in red soil: Effects on cell death, ROS and antioxidative systems. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 158:139-144. [PMID: 29677596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural soil contaminated with heavy metals induces toxic effects on plant growth. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of vanadium (V) on growth, H2O2 and enzyme activities, cell death, ion leakage, and at which concentration; V induces the toxic effects in chickpea plants grown in red soil. The obtained results indicated that the biomass (fresh and dry) and lengths of roots and shoots were significantly decreased by V application, and roots accumulated more V than shoots. The enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and POD) and ion leakage were increased linearly with increasing V concentrations. However, the protein contents, and tolerance indices were significantly declined with the increasing levels of V. The results about the cell death indicated that the cell viability was badly damaged when plants were exposed to higher V, and induction of H2O2 might be involved in this cell death. In conclusion, all the applied V levels affected the enzymatic activities, and induced the cell death of chickpea plants. Furthermore, our results also confirmed that vanadium ≥ 130 mg kg-1 induced detrimental effects on chickpea plants. Additional investigation is needed to clarify the mechanistic explanations of V toxicity at the molecular level and gene expression involved in plant cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imtiaz
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Soil and Environmental Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shahid Rizwan
- Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 59626, Republic of Korea.
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Sajid Mehmood
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Balal Yousaf
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Allah Ditta
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir (U) 18000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ali Mumtaz
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22010, Pakistan.
| | - Sammina Mahmood
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Shuxin Tu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 59626, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Meng Q, Gupta R, Kwon SJ, Wang Y, Agrawal GK, Rakwal R, Park SR, Kim ST. Transcriptomic Analysis of Oryza sativa Leaves Reveals Key Changes in Response to Magnaporthe oryzae MSP1. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 34:257-268. [PMID: 30140180 PMCID: PMC6097817 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.01.2018.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast disease, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, results in an extensive loss of rice productivity. Previously, we identified a novel M. oryzae secreted protein, termed MSP1 which causes cell death and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immune (PTI) responses in rice. Here, we report the transcriptome profile of MSP1-induced response in rice, which led to the identification of 21,619 genes, among which 4,386 showed significant changes (P < 0.05 and fold change > 2 or < 1/2) in response to exogenous MSP1 treatment. Functional annotation of differentially regulated genes showed that the suppressed genes were deeply associated with photosynthesis, secondary metabolism, lipid synthesis, and protein synthesis, while the induced genes were involved in lipid degradation, protein degradation, and signaling. Moreover, expression of genes encoding receptor-like kinases, MAPKs, WRKYs, hormone signaling proteins and pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins were also induced by MSP1. Mapping these differentially expressed genes onto various pathways revealed critical information about the MSP1-triggered responses, providing new insights into the molecular mechanism and components of MSP1-triggered PTI responses in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Meng
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Energy Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 46241,
Korea
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Energy Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 46241,
Korea
| | - Soon Jae Kwon
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Energy Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 46241,
Korea
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne,
Germany
| | - Ganesh Kumar Agrawal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), GPO Box 13265, Kathmandu,
Nepal
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), GPO Box 13265, Kathmandu,
Nepal
- GRADE Academy Private Limited, Adarsh Nagar-13, Birgunj,
Nepal
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences and Tsukuba International Academy for Sport Studies (TIAS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577,
Japan
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Peptide Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo 142-8501,
Japan
| | - Sang-Ryeol Park
- Gene Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874,
Korea
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Energy Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 46241,
Korea
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25
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Qin P, Fan S, Deng L, Zhong G, Zhang S, Li M, Chen W, Wang G, Tu B, Wang Y, Chen X, Ma B, Li S. LML1, Encoding a Conserved Eukaryotic Release Factor 1 Protein, Regulates Cell Death and Pathogen Resistance by Forming a Conserved Complex with SPL33 in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:887-902. [PMID: 29566164 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lesion mimic mutants are powerful tools for unveiling the molecular connections between cell death and pathogen resistance. Various proteins responsible for lesion mimics have been identified; however, the mechanisms underlying lesion formation and pathogen resistance are still unknown. Here, we identify a lesion mimic mutant in rice, lesion mimic leaf 1 (lml1). The lml1 mutant exhibited abnormal cell death and resistance to both bacterial blight and rice blast. LML1 is expressed in all types of leaf cells, and encodes a novel eukaryotic release factor 1 (eRF1) protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Protein sequences of LML1 orthologs are conserved in yeast, animals and plants. LML1 can partially rescue the growth delay phenotype of the LML1 yeast ortholog mutant, dom34. Both lml1 and mutants of AtLML1 (the LML1 Arabidopsis ortholog) exhibited a growth delay phenotype like dom34. This indicates that LML1 and its orthologs are functionally conserved. LML1 forms a functional complex with a eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A)-like protein, SPL33/LMM5.1, whose mutant phenotype was similar to the lml1 phenotype. This complex was conserved between rice and yeast. Our work provides new insight into understanding the mechanism of cell death and pathogen resistance, and also lays a good foundation for studying the fundamental molecular function of Pelota/DOM34 and its orthologs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qin
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Shijun Fan
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Luchang Deng
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, China
| | - Guangrong Zhong
- Hybrid Rice Research Center of Neijiang Academy of Agricultural, Neijiang, Sichuan 641000, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Meng Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Weilan Chen
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Geling Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Bin Tu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Bingtian Ma
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Shigui Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
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26
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Iwata Y, Iida T, Matsunami T, Yamada Y, Mishiba KI, Ogawa T, Kurata T, Koizumi N. Constitutive BiP protein accumulation in Arabidopsis mutants defective in a gene encoding chloroplast-resident stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase. Genes Cells 2018; 23:456-465. [PMID: 29688606 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) occurs when protein folding and maturation are disturbed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). During the UPR, a number of genes including those encoding ER-resident molecular chaperones are induced. In Arabidopsis, BiP3 has been used as a UPR marker gene whose expression is strongly induced in response to ER stress. In this study, we mutagenized Arabidopsis plants expressing β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene under the control of BiP3 promoter and isolated a mutant that exhibits strong GUS activity without treatment with ER stress inducers. By whole genome sequencing, we identified a causal gene in the mutant as SUPPRESSOR OF SALICYLIC ACID INSENSITIVITY2 (SSI2), which encodes stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase that converts stearic acids to oleic acids in the chloroplasts. In addition to GUS proteins, the ssi2 mutant accumulates endogenous BiP3 proteins without treatment by any stress reagents. Interestingly, although the degree of endogenous BiP3 protein accumulation in the ssi2 mutant was comparable to that in wild-type plants treated with the ER stress inducer tunicamycin, much less BiP3 transcripts were detected in the ssi2 mutant compared to tunicamycin-treated wild-type plants. Our finding suggests a genetic link between fatty acid metabolism in the chloroplasts and ER functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Iwata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Iida
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Matsunami
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yu Yamada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Mishiba
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takumi Ogawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kurata
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Nozomu Koizumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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27
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Chatukuta P, Dikobe TB, Kawadza DT, Sehlabane KS, Takundwa MM, Wong A, Gehring C, Ruzvidzo O. An Arabidopsis Clathrin Assembly Protein with a Predicted Role in Plant Defense Can Function as an Adenylate Cyclase. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8020015. [PMID: 29570675 PMCID: PMC6022867 DOI: 10.3390/biom8020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylate cyclases (ACs), much like guanylate cyclases (GCs), are increasingly recognized as essential parts of many plant processes including biotic and abiotic stress responses. In order to identify novel ACs, we have applied a search motif derived from experimentally tested GCs and identified a number of Arabidopsis thaliana candidates including a clathrin assembly protein (AT1G68110; AtClAP). AtClAP contains a catalytic centre that can complement the AC-deficient mutant cyaA in E. coli, and a recombinant AtClAP fragment (AtClAP261–379) can produce cyclic adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphate (cAMP) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in vitro. Furthermore, an integrated analysis of gene expression and expression correlation implicate cAMP in pathogen defense and in actin cytoskeletal remodeling during endocytic internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patience Chatukuta
- Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
| | - Tshegofatso B Dikobe
- Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
| | - David T Kawadza
- Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
| | - Katlego S Sehlabane
- Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
| | - Mutsa M Takundwa
- Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
| | - Aloysius Wong
- College of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Chris Gehring
- Department of Chemistry, Biology & Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Oziniel Ruzvidzo
- Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
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28
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Singh N, Swain S, Singh A, Nandi AK. AtOZF1 Positively Regulates Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens and NPR1-Independent Salicylic Acid Signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:323-333. [PMID: 29327969 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-17-0208-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) plays critical roles in defense signaling against biotrophic pathogens. Pathogen inoculation leads to SA accumulation in plants. SA activates a transactivator protein NPR1, which, in turn, transcriptionally activates many defense response genes. Reports also suggest the presence of NPR1-independent pathways for SA signaling in Arabidopsis. Here, we report the characterization of a zinc-finger protein-coding gene AtOZF1 that positively influences NPR1-independent SA signaling. Mutants of AtOZF1 are compromised, whereas AtOZF1-overexpressing plants are hyperactive for defense against virulent and avirulent pathogens. AtOZF1 expression is SA-inducible. AtOZF1 function is not required for pathogenesis-associated biosynthesis and accumulation of SA. However, it is required for SA responsiveness. By generating atozf1npr1 double mutant, we show that contributions of these two genes are additive in terms of defense. We identified AtOZF1-interacting proteins by a yeast-two-hybrid screening of an Arabidopsis cDNA library. VDAC2 and NHL3 are two AtOZF1-interacting proteins, which are positive regulators of basal defense. AtOZF1 interacts with NHL3 and VDAC2 in plasma membrane and mitochondria, respectively. Our results demonstrate that AtOZF1 coordinates multiple steps of plant-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Swadhin Swain
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Anupriya Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Nandi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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29
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Poque S, Wu HW, Huang CH, Cheng HW, Hu WC, Yang JY, Wang D, Yeh SD. Potyviral Gene-Silencing Suppressor HCPro Interacts with Salicylic Acid (SA)-Binding Protein 3 to Weaken SA-Mediated Defense Responses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:86-100. [PMID: 29090655 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-17-0128-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The viral infection process is a battle between host defense response and pathogen antagonizing action. Several studies have established a tight link between the viral RNA silencing suppressor (RSS) and the repression of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense responses, nonetheless host factors directly linking an RSS and the SA pathway remains unidentified. From yeast two-hybrid analysis, we identified an interaction between the potyviral RSS helper-component proteinase (HCPro) and SA-binding protein SABP3. Co-localization and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analyses validated the direct in vivo interaction between Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) HCPro and the Arabidopsis homologue of SABP3, AtCA1. Additionally, transient expression of TuMV HCPro demonstrated its ability to act as a negative regulator of AtCA1. When the plants of the AtCA1 knockout mutant line were inoculated with TuMV, our results indicated that AtCA1 is essential to restrict viral spreading and accumulation, induce SA accumulation, and trigger the SA pathway. Unexpectedly, the AtCA1 overexpression line also displayed a similar phenotype, suggesting that the constitutive expression of AtCA1 antagonizes the SA pathway. Taken together, our results depict AtCA1 as an essential regulator of SA defense responses. Moreover, the interaction of potyviral HCPro with this regulator compromises the SA pathway to weaken host defense responses and facilitate viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Poque
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hui-Wen Wu
- 2 Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University
| | - Chung-Hao Huang
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hao-Wen Cheng
- 3 NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University
| | - Wen-Chi Hu
- 3 NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University
| | - Jun-Yi Yang
- 4 Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung-Hsing University; and
| | - David Wang
- 5 Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University
| | - Shyi-Dong Yeh
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan, R.O.C
- 2 Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University
- 3 NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University
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30
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Rizwan M, Imtiaz M, Dai Z, Mehmood S, Adeel M, Liu J, Tu S. Nickel stressed responses of rice in Ni subcellular distribution, antioxidant production, and osmolyte accumulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:20587-20598. [PMID: 28712076 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nickel has been found a key pollutant in farmlands of central and south China, and understanding of Ni toxicity in rice is of great significance in safety production of rice and remediation of Ni polluted paddy soils. The present study aimed to investigate the uptake and subcellular distribution of Ni, antioxidant production, and osmolyte accumulation of rice (Oryza sativa L., cv. yangliangyou 6) plants exposed to excessive Ni concentrations to gain an insight into Ni-induced phytotoxicity. Results revealed that exposure of rice seedlings to high Ni concentrations resulted a decline in root and shoot lengths and fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) of rice plants, which are in connection with the depletion of the contents of photosynthetic pigments. Measurement of Ni concentrations in the roots and shoots showed that Ni was mainly accumulated in roots followed by shoots. Moreover, Ni was mainly deposited in soluble fraction and cell wall, than cell organelle, which suggests that both compartments act as crucial defensive barriers against Ni toxicity in rice plants. Ni also induced its toxicity by damaging oxidative metabolism, as indicated by increased level of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content. Furthermore, Ni stress also showed a desynchronized antioxidant system by increasing the activities of catalase, peroxidase, and the contents of ascorbic acid and glutathione, whereas decreasing the activity of superoxide dismutase in the roots and shoots of rice plants. Ni stress also triggered the rate of proline accumulation and decreasing the contents of soluble protein and soluble sugar. In crux, our results suggests that excessive Ni inhibited rice growth and induced oxidative stress through inducing ROS formation, while stimulated enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants system appeared as adaptive mechanisms of rice plants against Ni-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, majority of Ni was located in soluble fraction and modulation in osmolyte accumulation under Ni stress seemed to provide additional defense against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizwan
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhihua Dai
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sajid Mehmood
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 11044, China
| | - Jinchang Liu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuxin Tu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Jingzhou, 434023, China.
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31
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Lim GH, Singhal R, Kachroo A, Kachroo P. Fatty Acid- and Lipid-Mediated Signaling in Plant Defense. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:505-536. [PMID: 28777926 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids and lipids, which are major and essential constituents of all plant cells, not only provide structural integrity and energy for various metabolic processes but can also function as signal transduction mediators. Lipids and fatty acids can act as both intracellular and extracellular signals. In addition, cyclic and acyclic products generated during fatty acid metabolism can also function as important chemical signals. This review summarizes the biosynthesis of fatty acids and lipids and their involvement in pathogen defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gah-Hyun Lim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546;
| | - Richa Singhal
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546;
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546;
| | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546;
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32
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Li W, Li C, Sun J, Peng M. Metabolomic, Biochemical, and Gene Expression Analyses Reveal the Underlying Responses of Resistant and Susceptible Banana Species during Early Infection with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:534-543. [PMID: 30677364 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-16-1245-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Banana (Musa spp.) is an important staple and economic fruit crop, especially in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. The wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, especially F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense strain TR4, is disastrous for banana production. Banana plants infected by F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense TR4 gradually die from leaf blight or vascular rot. There is no efficient method to control this disease, and the underlying response of banana plants to F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense remains unknown. In this study, the responses of an economically important banana cultivar, the F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense-susceptible 'BX', and a wild banana relative, the F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense-resistant Musa yunnanensis ('YN'), to F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense infection were investigated using metabolomic, biochemical, and molecular biological methods. Numerous metabolomic compounds, including defense-responsive signaling molecules, phytohormones, phenolics, and antioxidants, were identified through metabolomic analysis. Changes in salicylic acid (SA), methyl-jasmonic acid, abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin, 3-indoleacetic acid, gibberellic acid, and total phenolic levels were detected using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The expression levels of genes involved in the biosynthesis of some defense-responsive compounds were studied through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results revealed that the resistant YN had a larger change in SA content and a lower ABA level throughout the early infection period, compared with the levels in BX. The susceptible BX had a lower phenolic content. The resistant YN also expressed pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, especially PR1, PR4, PR5-1, and PDF2.2, at higher levels than the susceptible BX. These dynamic metabolic and gene-expression profiles from susceptible and resistant banana during the early stage of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense infection increase our understanding of the complex interaction response between this crop and its pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Chunqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Ming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
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Krishnan HB, Alaswad AA, Oehrle NW, Gillman JD. Deletion of the SACPD-C Locus Alters the Symbiotic Relationship Between Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 and Soybean, Resulting in Elicitation of Plant Defense Response and Nodulation Defects. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:862-877. [PMID: 27749147 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-16-0173-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form symbiotic associations with soil-dwelling bacteria collectively called rhizobia. This association results in the formation of nodules, unique plant-derived organs, within which the rhizobia are housed. Rhizobia-encoded nitrogenase facilitates the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is utilized by the plants for its growth and development. Fatty acids have been shown to play an important role in root nodule symbiosis. In this study, we have investigated the role of stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase isoform C (SACPD-C), a soybean enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of stearic acid into oleic acid, which is expressed in developing seeds and in nitrogen-fixing nodules. In-depth cytological investigation of nodule development in sacpd-c mutant lines M25 and MM106 revealed gross anatomical alteration in the sacpd-c mutants. Transmission electron microscopy observations revealed ultrastructural alterations in the sacpd-c mutants that are typically associated with plant defense response to pathogens. In nodules of two sacpd-c mutants, the combined jasmonic acid (JA) species (JA and the isoleucine conjugate of JA) were found to be reduced and 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) levels were significantly higher relative to wild-type lines. Salicylic acid levels were not significantly different between genotypes, which is divergent from previous studies of sacpd mutant studies on vegetative tissues. Soybean nodule phytohormone profiles were very divergent from those of roots, and root profiles were found to be almost identical between mutant and wild-type genotypes. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were also found to be higher in nodules of sacpd-c mutants. PR-1 gene expression was extremely elevated in M25 and MM106, while the expression of nitrogenase was significantly reduced in these sacpd-c mutants, compared with the parent 'Bay'. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry analyses confirmed sacpd-c mutants also accumulated higher amounts of pathogenesis-related proteins in the nodules. Our study establishes a major role for SACPD-C activity as essential for proper maintenance of soybean nodule morphology and physiology and indicates that OPDA signaling is likely to be involved in attenuation of nodule biotic defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari B Krishnan
- 1 Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
- 2 Plant Science Division, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A.; and
| | - Alaa A Alaswad
- 2 Plant Science Division, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A.; and
- 3 King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nathan W Oehrle
- 1 Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Jason D Gillman
- 1 Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
- 2 Plant Science Division, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A.; and
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Yang W, Dong R, Liu L, Hu Z, Li J, Wang Y, Ding X, Chu Z. A novel mutant allele of SSI2 confers a better balance between disease resistance and plant growth inhibition on Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:208. [PMID: 27669891 PMCID: PMC5037883 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance and growth are opposing characteristics in plants. SA INSENSITIVITY OF npr1-5 (SSI2) encodes a stearoyl-ACP desaturase (S-ACP DES) that has previously been reported to simultaneously enhance resistance and repress growth. RESULTS Here, we characterize ssi2-2, a novel mutant allele of SSI2 that has two amino acid substitutions. Compared with wild-type and two other mutants of SSI2, ssi2-2 showed intermediate phenotypes in growth size, punctate necrosis, resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pst DC3000, salicylic acid (SA) content, pathogenesis-related (PR) gene levels and 18:1 content. These results indicate that ssi2-2 is a weak mutant of SSI2. Additionally, by using ssi2-2 as an intermediate control, a number of differentially expressed genes were identified in transcriptome profiling analysis. These results suggest that constitutive expression of defense-related genes and repression of IAA signaling-associated genes is present in all SSI2 mutants. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that the weak ssi2-2 mutant maintains a better balance between plant immunity and vegetative growth than other mutants, consequently providing a basis to genetically engineer disease resistance in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Ran Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100 China
- Present address: Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100 China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 China
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35
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Lemos M, Xiao Y, Bjornson M, Wang JZ, Hicks D, Souza AD, Wang CQ, Yang P, Ma S, Dinesh-Kumar S, Dehesh K. The plastidial retrograde signal methyl erythritol cyclopyrophosphate is a regulator of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid crosstalk. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1557-66. [PMID: 26733689 PMCID: PMC4762391 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The exquisite harmony between hormones and their corresponding signaling pathways is central to prioritizing plant responses to simultaneous and/or successive environmental trepidations. The crosstalk between jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) is an established effective mechanism that optimizes and tailors plant adaptive responses. However, the underlying regulatory modules of this crosstalk are largely unknown. Global transcriptomic analyses of mutant plants (ceh1) with elevated levels of the stress-induced plastidial retrograde signaling metabolite 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol cyclopyrophosphate (MEcPP) revealed robustly induced JA marker genes, expected to be suppressed by the presence of constitutively high SA levels in the mutant background. Analyses of a range of genotypes with varying SA and MEcPP levels established the selective role of MEcPP-mediated signal(s) in induction of JA-responsive genes in the presence of elevated SA. Metabolic profiling revealed the presence of high levels of the JA precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), but near wild type levels of JA in the ceh1 mutant plants. Analyses of coronatine-insensitive 1 (coi1)/ceh1 double mutant plants confirmed that the MEcPP-mediated induction is JA receptor COI1 dependent, potentially through elevated OPDA. These findings identify MEcPP as a previously unrecognized central regulatory module that induces JA-responsive genes in the presence of high SA, thereby staging a multifaceted plant response within the environmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lemos
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yanmei Xiao
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Marta Bjornson
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jin-Zheng Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Derrick Hicks
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Amancio de Souza
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Chang-Quan Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Panyu Yang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shisong Ma
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Savithramma Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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van Wersch R, Li X, Zhang Y. Mighty Dwarfs: Arabidopsis Autoimmune Mutants and Their Usages in Genetic Dissection of Plant Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1717. [PMID: 27909443 PMCID: PMC5112265 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants lack the adaptive immune system possessed by mammals. Instead they rely on innate immunity to defend against pathogen attacks. Genomes of higher plants encode a large number of plant immune receptors belonging to different protein families, which are involved in the detection of pathogens and activation of downstream defense pathways. Plant immunity is tightly controlled to avoid activation of defense responses in the absence of pathogens, as failure to do so can lead to autoimmunity that compromises plant growth and development. Many autoimmune mutants have been reported, most of which are associated with dwarfism and often spontaneous cell death. In this review, we summarize previously reported Arabidopsis autoimmune mutants, categorizing them based on their functional groups. We also discuss how their obvious morphological phenotypes make them ideal tools for epistatic analysis and suppressor screens, and summarize genetic screens that have been carried out in various autoimmune mutant backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan van Wersch
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Yuelin Zhang,
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37
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Kato H, Komeda Y, Saito T, Ito H, Kato A. Role of the ACL2 locus in flower stalk elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes Genet Syst 2015; 90:163-74. [PMID: 26510571 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.90.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The acaulis2 (acl2) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana shows a defect in flower stalk elongation. We identified the mutation point of acl2 by map-based cloning. The ACL2 locus is located within an approximately 320-kb region at around 100 map units on chromosome 1. One nucleotide substitution was detected in this region in the acl2 mutant, but no significant open reading frames were found around this mutation point. When wild-type DNA fragments containing the mutation point were introduced into acl2 mutant plants, some transgenic plants partially or almost completely recovered from the defect in flower stalk elongation. 3'-RACE experiments showed that bidirectional transcripts containing the acl2 mutation point were expressed, and the Plant MPSS database revealed that several small RNAs were produced from this region. Microarray analysis showed that transcription of many genes is activated in flower stalks of acl2 mutant plants. Overexpression of some of these genes caused a dwarf phenotype in wild-type plants. These results suggest the following novel mechanism for control of the elongation of flower stalks. Bidirectional non-coding RNAs are transcribed from the ACL2 locus, and small RNAs are generated from them in flower stalks. These small RNAs repress the transcription of a set of genes whose expression represses flower stalk elongation, and flower stalks are therefore fully elongated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kato
- Biosystems Science Course, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University
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38
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Ding W, Lin L, Zhang B, Xiang X, Wu J, Pan Z, Zhu S. OsKASI, a β-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase I, is involved in root development in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANTA 2015; 242:203-13. [PMID: 25893869 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of OsKASI in FA synthesis is found to play a critical role in root development of rice. The root system plays important roles in plant nutrient and water acquisition. However, mechanisms of root development and molecular regulation in rice are still poorly understood. Here, we characterized a rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant with shortened roots due to a defect in cell elongation. Map-based cloning revealed that the mutation occurred in a putative 3-oxoacyl-synthase, an ortholog of β-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase I (KASI) in Arabidopsis, thus designated as OsKASI. OsKASI was found to be ubiquitously expressed in various tissues throughout the plant and OsKASI protein was localized in the plastid. In addition, OsKASI deficiency resulted in reduced fertility and a remarkable change in fatty acid (FA) composition and contents in roots and seeds. Our results demonstrate that involvement of OsKASI in FA synthesis is required for root development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wona Ding
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
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Caarls L, Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM. How salicylic acid takes transcriptional control over jasmonic acid signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:170. [PMID: 25859250 PMCID: PMC4373269 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is a central process in plant immunity. The induction or repression of defense genes is orchestrated by signaling networks that are directed by plant hormones of which salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are the major players. Extensive cross-communication between the hormone signaling pathways allows for fine tuning of transcriptional programs, determining resistance to invaders and trade-offs with plant development. Here, we give an overview of how SA can control transcriptional reprogramming of JA-induced genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. SA can influence activity and/or localization of transcriptional regulators by post-translational modifications of transcription factors and co-regulators. SA-induced redox changes, mediated by thioredoxins and glutaredoxins, modify transcriptional regulators that are involved in suppression of JA-dependent genes, such as NPR1 and TGA transcription factors, which affects their localization or DNA binding activity. Furthermore, SA can mediate sequestering of JA-responsive transcription factors away from their target genes by stalling them in the cytosol or in complexes with repressor proteins in the nucleus. SA also affects JA-induced transcription by inducing degradation of transcription factors with an activating role in JA signaling, as was shown for the ERF transcription factor ORA59. Additionally, SA can induce negative regulators, among which WRKY transcription factors, that can directly or indirectly inhibit JA-responsive gene expression. Finally, at the DNA level, modification of histones by SA-dependent factors can result in repression of JA-responsive genes. These diverse and complex regulatory mechanisms affect important signaling hubs in the integration of hormone signaling networks. Some pathogens have evolved effectors that highjack hormone crosstalk mechanisms for their own good, which are described in this review as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saskia C. M. Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
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40
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Louis J, Shah J. Plant defence against aphids: the PAD4 signalling nexus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:449-54. [PMID: 25416793 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4) functions as a key player in modulating defence against the phloem sap-feeding aphid Myzus persicae (Sülzer), more commonly known as the green peach aphid (GPA), an important pest of a wide variety of plants. PAD4 controls antibiosis and antixenosis against the GPA. In addition, PAD4 deters aphid feeding from sieve elements on Arabidopsis. In the past few years, substantial progress has been made in dissecting the role of PAD4 and its interaction with other signalling components in limiting aphid infestation. Several key genes/mechanisms involved in providing aphid resistance/susceptibility in Arabidopsis regulate the aphid infestation-stimulated expression of PAD4. Together, PAD4 and its interacting signalling partners provide a critical barrier to curtail GPA colonization of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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Zhang Y, Smith P, Maximova SN, Guiltinan MJ. Application of glycerol as a foliar spray activates the defence response and enhances disease resistance of Theobroma cacao. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:27-37. [PMID: 24863347 PMCID: PMC6638433 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has implicated glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) as a mobile inducer of systemic immunity in plants. We tested the hypothesis that the exogenous application of glycerol as a foliar spray might enhance the disease resistance of Theobroma cacao through the modulation of endogenous G3P levels. We found that exogenous application of glycerol to cacao leaves over a period of 4 days increased the endogenous level of G3P and decreased the level of oleic acid (18:1). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced (a marker of defence activation) and the expression of many pathogenesis-related genes was induced. Notably, the effects of glycerol application on G3P and 18:1 fatty acid content, and gene expression levels, in cacao leaves were dosage dependent. A 100 mm glycerol spray application was sufficient to stimulate the defence response without causing any observable damage, and resulted in a significantly decreased lesion formation by the cacao pathogen Phytophthora capsici; however, a 500 mm glycerol treatment led to chlorosis and cell death. The effects of glycerol treatment on the level of 18:1 and ROS were constrained to the locally treated leaves without affecting distal tissues. The mechanism of the glycerol-mediated defence response in cacao and its potential use as part of a sustainable farming system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Zhang
- The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; The Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Zhang Y, Maximova SN, Guiltinan MJ. Characterization of a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase gene family from chocolate tree, Theobroma cacao L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:239. [PMID: 25926841 PMCID: PMC4396352 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the conversion of stearoyl-ACP to oleoyol-ACP is catalyzed by a plastid-localized soluble stearoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturase (SAD). The activity of SAD significantly impacts the ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and is thus a major determinant of fatty acid composition. The cacao genome contains eight putative SAD isoforms with high amino acid sequence similarities and functional domain conservation with SAD genes from other species. Sequence variation in known functional domains between different SAD family members suggested that these eight SAD isoforms might have distinct functions in plant development, a hypothesis supported by their diverse expression patterns in various cacao tissues. Notably, TcSAD1 is universally expressed across all the tissues, and its expression pattern in seeds is highly correlated with the dramatic change in fatty acid composition during seed maturation. Interestingly, TcSAD3 and TcSAD4 appear to be exclusively and highly expressed in flowers, functions of which remain unknown. To test the function of TcSAD1 in vivo, transgenic complementation of the Arabidopsis ssi2 mutant was performed, demonstrating that TcSAD1 successfully rescued all AtSSI2 related phenotypes further supporting the functional orthology between these two genes. The identification of the major SAD gene responsible for cocoa butter biosynthesis provides new strategies for screening for novel genotypes with desirable fatty acid compositions, and for use in breeding programs to help pyramid genes for quality and other traits such as disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Zhang
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA
| | - Siela N. Maximova
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA
| | - Mark J. Guiltinan
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA
- *Correspondence: Mark J. Guiltinan, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 422 Life Sciences Building, PA 16802, USA
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Bruggeman Q, Raynaud C, Benhamed M, Delarue M. To die or not to die? Lessons from lesion mimic mutants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:24. [PMID: 25688254 PMCID: PMC4311611 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a ubiquitous genetically regulated process consisting in an activation of finely controlled signaling pathways that lead to cellular suicide. Although some aspects of PCD control appear evolutionary conserved between plants, animals and fungi, the extent of conservation remains controversial. Over the last decades, identification and characterization of several lesion mimic mutants (LMM) has been a powerful tool in the quest to unravel PCD pathways in plants. Thanks to progress in molecular genetics, mutations causing the phenotype of a large number of LMM and their related suppressors were mapped, and the identification of the mutated genes shed light on major pathways in the onset of plant PCD such as (i) the involvements of chloroplasts and light energy, (ii) the roles of sphingolipids and fatty acids, (iii) a signal perception at the plasma membrane that requires efficient membrane trafficking, (iv) secondary messengers such as ion fluxes and ROS and (v) the control of gene expression as the last integrator of the signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Bruggeman
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant SciencesOrsay, France
| | - Cécile Raynaud
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant SciencesOrsay, France
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant SciencesOrsay, France
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marianne Delarue
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant SciencesOrsay, France
- *Correspondence: Marianne Delarue, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, Bâtiment 630, Route de Noetzlin, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France e-mail:
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Zhang J, Li J, Garcia-Ruiz H, Bates PD, Mirkov TE, Wang X. A stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase, NbSACPD-C, is critical for ovule development in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:489-502. [PMID: 25155407 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase (SACPD) activity is essential for production of the major unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in plant lipids. We report here the characterization of three SACPD genes from Nicotiana benthamiana, NbSACPD-A, -B, and -C. All three genes share high similarity to AtSSI2/FAB2 (Suppressor of Salicylic acid-Insensitivity2/Fatty Acid Biosynthesis2), the primary SACPD isoform in Arabidopsis. Knocking down the expression of individual or combinations of NbSACPDs by an artificial microRNA approach resulted in significantly reduced accumulation of 18C UFAs and elevated levels of 18:0-FA (Fatty acids) in leaves, indicating that all three genes participated in fatty acid desaturation. The triple knockdown (KD) plants displayed severe growth phenotypes, including spontaneous cell death and dwarfing. While no vegetative morphologic abnormality was observed in NbSACPD-A, -B, or -C KD plants, strikingly, NbSACPD-C KD plants produced small fruits with aborted ovules. Reciprocal crosses with wild-type and NbSACPD-C KD plants revealed that knocking down NbSACPD-C expression caused female, but not male, sterility. Furthermore, arrested ovule development and significantly altered lipid composition in ovaries were observed in NbSACPD-C KD plants, consistent with the predominant NbSACPD-C expression in ovules. The ovule development defect was fully complemented by coexpressing an amiRNA-resistant NbSACPD-C variant in the NbSACPD-C KD background, further supporting a specific requirement for NbSACPD-C in female fertility. Our results thus indicated that NbSACPD-C plays a critical role maintaining membrane lipid composition in ovule development for female fertility in N. benthamiana, complementing and extending prior understanding on the well-demonstrated roles of SACPDs in biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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Ye S, Jiang Y, Duan Y, Karim A, Fan D, Yang L, Zhao X, Yin J, Luo K. Constitutive expression of the poplar WRKY transcription factor PtoWRKY60 enhances resistance to Dothiorella gregaria Sacc. in transgenic plants. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:1118-29. [PMID: 25281841 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
WRKY proteins are involved in various physiological processes in plants, especially in coping with diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. However, limited information is available on the roles of specific WRKY transcription factors in poplar defense. In this study, we reported the characterization of PtoWRKY60, a Group IIa WRKY member, from Populus tomentosa Carr. The gene expression profile of PtoWRKY60 in various tissues showed that it significantly accumulated in old leaves. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that PtoWRKY60 had a close relationship with AtWRKY18, AtWRKY40 and AtWRKY60. PtoWRKY60 was induced mainly by salicylic acid (SA) and slightly by Dothiorella gregaria Sacc., jasmonic acid, wounding treatment, low temperature and salinity stresses. Overexpression of PtoWRKY60 in poplar resulted in increased resistance to D. gregaria. The defense-associated genes, such as PR5.1, PR5.2, PR5.4, PR5.5 and CPR5, were markedly up-regulated in transgenic plants overexpressing PtoWRKY60. These results indicate that PtoWRKY60 might be partly involved in the signal transduction pathway initiated by SA in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuanzhong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yanjiao Duan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Abdul Karim
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Di Fan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
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Miura K, Yamada K, Shigemori H. Raphanusanin-mediated resistance to pathogens is light dependent in radish and Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2014; 240:513-524. [PMID: 24923677 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Raphanusanin (Ra) is a light-induced inhibitor of hypocotyl growth that responds to unilateral blue light illumination in radish seedlings. We have previously shown that Ra regulates genes that are involved in common defense mechanisms. Many genes that are induced by Ra are also positively regulated by early blue light. To extend the understanding of the role of Ra in pathogen defense, we evaluated the effects of Ra on radish and Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) infected with the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) and biotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae (P. syringae). Radish and A. thaliana were found to be resistant to both pathogens when treated with Ra, depending on the concentration used. Interestingly, Ra-mediated resistance to P. syringae is dependent on light because Ra-treated seedlings exhibited enhanced susceptibility to P. syringae infection when grown in the dark. In addition to regulating the biotic defense response, Ra inhibited seed germination and root elongation and enhanced the growth of root hairs in the presence of light in radish and A. thaliana. Our data suggest that Ra regulates the expression of a set of genes involved in defense signaling pathways and plays a role in pathogen defense and plant development. Our results show that light may be generally required not only for the accumulation of Ra but also for its activation during the pathogen defense response.
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Sašek V, Janda M, Delage E, Puyaubert J, Guivarc'h A, López Maseda E, Dobrev PI, Caius J, Bóka K, Valentová O, Burketová L, Zachowski A, Ruelland E. Constitutive salicylic acid accumulation in pi4kIIIβ1β2 Arabidopsis plants stunts rosette but not root growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:805-16. [PMID: 24758581 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids have recently been found to be integral elements of hormone signalling pathways. An Arabidopsis thaliana double mutant in two type III phosphatidylinositol-4-kinases (PI4Ks), pi4kIIIβ1β2, displays a stunted rosette growth. The causal link between PI4K activity and growth is unknown. Using microarray analysis, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and multiple phytohormone analysis by LC-MS we investigated the mechanism responsible for the pi4kIIIβ1β2 phenotype. The pi4kIIIβ1β2 mutant accumulated a high concentration of salicylic acid (SA), constitutively expressed SA marker genes including PR-1, and was more resistant to Pseudomonas syringae. pi4kIIIβ1β2 was crossed with SA signalling mutants eds1 and npr1 and SA biosynthesis mutant sid2 and NahG. The dwarf phenotype of pi4kIIIβ1β2 rosettes was suppressed in all four triple mutants. Whereas eds1 pi4kIIIβ1β2, sid2 pi4kIIIβ1β2 and NahG pi4kIIIβ1β2 had similar amounts of SA as the wild-type (WT), npr1pi4kIIIβ1β2 had more SA than pi4kIIIβ1β2 despite being less dwarfed. This indicates that PI4KIIIβ1 and PI4KIIIβ2 are genetically upstream of EDS1 and need functional SA biosynthesis and perception through NPR1 to express the dwarf phenotype. The slow root growth phenotype of pi4kIIIβ1β2 was not suppressed in any of the triple mutants. The pi4kIIIβ1β2 mutations together cause constitutive activation of SA signalling that is responsible for the dwarf rosette phenotype but not for the short root phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Sašek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Prague, 165 02, Czech Republic
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Giri MK, Swain S, Gautam JK, Singh S, Singh N, Bhattacharjee L, Nandi AK. The Arabidopsis thaliana At4g13040 gene, a unique member of the AP2/EREBP family, is a positive regulator for salicylic acid accumulation and basal defense against bacterial pathogens. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:860-7. [PMID: 24612849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis genome contains a large number of putative transcription factors, containing a DNA binding domain similar to APETALA2/ethylene response element binding protein (AP2/EREBP), for most of which a function is not known. Phylogenetic analysis divides the Apetala 2 (AP2) super-family into 5 major groups: AP2, RAV, ethylene response factor (ERF), dehydration response element binding protein (DREB) and At4g13040. Similar to ERF and DREB, the At4g13040 protein contains only one AP2 domain; however, its structural uniqueness places it into a distinct group. In this article, we report that At4g13040 (referred herein as Apetala 2 family protein involved in SA mediated disease defense 1 - APD1) is an important regulator for SA mediated plant defense. The APD1 gene is upregulated upon pathogen inoculation, exogenous SA application and in the mutant that constitutively activates SA signaling. The T-DNA insertion lines (inserted in the APD1 promoter), which fail to induce expression upon pathogen inoculation, are compromised for resistance against virulent bacterial pathogens and show reduced induction of pathogenesis related 1 gene. Our results suggest that APD1 functions downstream of PAD4 in Arabidopsis and promotes pathogen-induced SA accumulation. Exogenous SA application completely restores the loss-of-resistance phenotype of the apd1 mutant. Thus, APD1 is a positive regulator of disease defense that functions upstream of SA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrunmay Kumar Giri
- Room #415, School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Swadhin Swain
- Room #415, School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Janesh Kumar Gautam
- Room #415, School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Subaran Singh
- Room #415, School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Nidhi Singh
- Room #415, School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Lipika Bhattacharjee
- Room #415, School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Nandi
- Room #415, School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Gillman JD, Stacey MG, Cui Y, Berg HR, Stacey G. Deletions of the SACPD-C locus elevate seed stearic acid levels but also result in fatty acid and morphological alterations in nitrogen fixing nodules. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:143. [PMID: 24886084 PMCID: PMC4058718 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean (Glycine max) seeds are the primary source of edible oil in the United States. Despite its widespread utility, soybean oil is oxidatively unstable. Until recently, the majority of soybean oil underwent chemical hydrogenation, a process which also generates trans fats. An alternative to chemical hydrogenation is genetic modification of seed oil through identification and introgression of mutant alleles. One target for improvement is the elevation of a saturated fat with no negative cardiovascular impacts, stearic acid, which typically constitutes a minute portion of seed oil (~3%). RESULTS We examined radiation induced soybean mutants with moderately increased stearic acid (10-15% of seed oil, ~3-5 X the levels in wild-type soybean seeds) via comparative whole genome hybridization and genetic analysis. The deletion of one SACPD isoform encoding gene (SACPD-C) was perfectly correlated with moderate elevation of seed stearic acid content. However, SACPD-C deletion lines were also found to have altered nodule fatty acid composition and grossly altered morphology. Despite these defects, overall nodule accumulation and nitrogen fixation were unaffected, at least under laboratory conditions. CONCLUSIONS Although no yield penalty has been reported for moderate elevated seed stearic acid content in soybean seeds, our results demonstrate that genetic alteration of seed traits can have unforeseen pleiotropic consequences. We have identified a role for fatty acid biosynthesis, and SACPD activity in particular, in the establishment and maintenance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Gillman
- USDA-ARS, University of Missouri-Columbia, 205 Curtis Hall, Columbia MO 65211, USA
| | - Minviluz G Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia MO 65211, USA
| | - Yaya Cui
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia MO 65211, USA
| | - Howard R Berg
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis MO, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia MO 65211, USA
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Pant SR, Matsye PD, McNeece BT, Sharma K, Krishnavajhala A, Lawrence GW, Klink VP. Syntaxin 31 functions in Glycine max resistance to the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 85:107-21. [PMID: 24452833 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A Glycine max syntaxin 31 homolog (Gm-SYP38) was identified as being expressed in nematode-induced feeding structures known as syncytia undergoing an incompatible interaction with the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines. The observed Gm-SYP38 expression was consistent with prior gene expression analyses that identified the alpha soluble NSF attachment protein (Gm-α-SNAP) resistance gene because homologs of these genes physically interact and function together in other genetic systems. Syntaxin 31 is a protein that resides on the cis face of the Golgi apparatus and binds α-SNAP-like proteins, but has no known role in resistance. Experiments presented here show Gm-α-SNAP overexpression induces Gm-SYP38 transcription. Overexpression of Gm-SYP38 rescues G. max [Williams 82/PI 518671], genetically rhg1 (-/-), by suppressing H. glycines parasitism. In contrast, Gm-SYP38 RNAi in the rhg1 (+/+) genotype G. max [Peking/PI 548402] increases susceptibility. Gm-α-SNAP and Gm-SYP38 overexpression induce the transcriptional activity of the cytoplasmic receptor-like kinase BOTRYTIS INDUCED KINASE 1 (Gm-BIK1-6) which is a family of defense proteins known to anchor to membranes through a 5' MGXXXS/T(R) N-myristoylation sequence. Gm-BIK1-6 had been identified previously by RNA-seq experiments as expressed in syncytia undergoing an incompatible reaction. Gm-BIK1-6 overexpression rescues the resistant phenotype. In contrast, Gm-BIK1-6 RNAi increases parasitism. The analysis demonstrates a role for syntaxin 31-like genes in resistance that until now was not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar R Pant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA,
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