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Herb M. NADPH Oxidase 3: Beyond the Inner Ear. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:219. [PMID: 38397817 PMCID: PMC10886416 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were formerly known as mere byproducts of metabolism with damaging effects on cellular structures. The discovery and description of NADPH oxidases (Nox) as a whole enzyme family that only produce this harmful group of molecules was surprising. After intensive research, seven Nox isoforms were discovered, described and extensively studied. Among them, the NADPH oxidase 3 is the perhaps most underrated Nox isoform, since it was firstly discovered in the inner ear. This stigma of Nox3 as "being only expressed in the inner ear" was also used by me several times. Therefore, the question arose whether this sentence is still valid or even usable. To this end, this review solely focuses on Nox3 and summarizes its discovery, the structural components, the activating and regulating factors, the expression in cells, tissues and organs, as well as the beneficial and detrimental effects of Nox3-mediated ROS production on body functions. Furthermore, the involvement of Nox3-derived ROS in diseases progression and, accordingly, as a potential target for disease treatment, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Herb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany;
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
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2
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Bakri FG, Mollin M, Beaumel S, Vigne B, Roux-Buisson N, Al-Wahadneh AM, Alzyoud RM, Hayajneh WA, Daoud AK, Shukair MEA, Karadshe MF, Sarhan MM, Al-Ramahi JAW, Fauré J, Rendu J, Stasia MJ. Second Report of Chronic Granulomatous Disease in Jordan: Clinical and Genetic Description of 31 Patients From 21 Different Families, Including Families From Lybia and Iraq. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639226. [PMID: 33746979 PMCID: PMC7973097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous Disease (CGD) is a rare innate immunodeficiency disorder caused by mutations in one of the six genes (CYBA, CYBB, NCF1, NCF2, NCF4, and CYBC1/EROS) encoding the superoxide-producing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)—oxidase complex in phagocytes. In the Western population, the most prevalent form of CGD (about two-thirds of all cases) is the X-linked form (X-CGD) caused by mutations in CYBB. The autosomal recessive forms (AR-CGD), due to mutations in the other genes, collectively account for the remaining one-third of CGD cases. We investigated the clinical and molecular features of 22 Jordanian, 7 Libyan, and 2 Iraqi CGD patients from 21 different families. In addition, 11 sibling patients from these families were suspected to have been died from CGD as suggested by their familial and clinical history. All patients except 9 were children of consanguineous parents. Most of the patients suffered from AR-CGD, with mutations in CYBA, NCF1, and NCF2, encoding p22phox, p47phox, and p67phox proteins, respectively. AR-CGD was the most frequent form, in Jordan probably because consanguineous marriages are common in this country. Only one patient from non-consanguineous parents suffered from an X910 CGD subtype (0 indicates no protein expression). AR670 CGD and AR220 CGD appeared to be the most frequently found sub-types but also the most severe clinical forms compared to AR470 CGD. As a geographical clustering of 11 patients from eight Jordanian families exhibited the c.1171_1175delAAGCT mutation in NCF2, segregation analysis with nine polymorphic markers overlapping NCF2 indicates that a common ancestor has arisen ~1,075 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Ghalib Bakri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan.,Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Center, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Michelle Mollin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Pôle de Biologie, Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvain Beaumel
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Pôle de Biologie, Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France
| | - Bénédicte Vigne
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Pôle de Biologie, Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France
| | - Nathalie Roux-Buisson
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Pôle de Biologie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, La Tronche, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Raed Mohammed Alzyoud
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Queen Rani Children's Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Wail Ahmad Hayajneh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ammar Khaled Daoud
- Division of Immunology, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | | | | | | | - Julien Fauré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Pôle de Biologie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, La Tronche, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - John Rendu
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Pôle de Biologie, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, La Tronche, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie Jose Stasia
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Pôle de Biologie, Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
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3
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Mollin M, Beaumel S, Vigne B, Brault J, Roux-Buisson N, Rendu J, Barlogis V, Catho G, Dumeril C, Fouyssac F, Monnier D, Gandemer V, Revest M, Brion JP, Bost-Bru C, Jeziorski E, Eitenschenck L, Jarrasse C, Drillon Haus S, Houachée-Chardin M, Hancart M, Michel G, Bertrand Y, Plantaz D, Kelecic J, Traberg R, Kainulainen L, Fauré J, Fieschi F, Stasia MJ. Clinical, functional and genetic characterization of 16 patients suffering from chronic granulomatous disease variants - identification of 11 novel mutations in CYBB. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 203:247-266. [PMID: 32954498 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited disorder in which phagocytes lack nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity. The most common form is the X-linked CGD (X91-CGD), caused by mutations in the CYBB gene. Clinical, functional and genetic characterizations of 16 CGD cases of male patients and their relatives were performed. We classified them as suffering from different variants of CGD (X910 , X91- or X91+ ), according to NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) expression and NADPH oxidase activity in neutrophils. Eleven mutations were novel (nine X910 -CGD and two X91- -CGD). One X910 -CGD was due to a new and extremely rare double missense mutation Thr208Arg-Thr503Ile. We investigated the pathological impact of each single mutation using stable transfection of each mutated cDNA in the NOX2 knock-out PLB-985 cell line. Both mutations leading to X91- -CGD were also novel; one deletion, c.-67delT, was localized in the promoter region of CYBB; the second c.253-1879A>G mutation activates a splicing donor site, which unveils a cryptic acceptor site leading to the inclusion of a 124-nucleotide pseudo-exon between exons 3 and 4 and responsible for the partial loss of NOX2 expression. Both X91- -CGD mutations were characterized by a low cytochrome b558 expression and a faint NADPH oxidase activity. The functional impact of new missense mutations is discussed in the context of a new three-dimensional model of the dehydrogenase domain of NOX2. Our study demonstrates that low NADPH oxidase activity found in both X91- -CGD patients correlates with mild clinical forms of CGD, whereas X910 -CGD and X91+ -CGD cases remain the most clinically severe forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mollin
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France
| | - S Beaumel
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France
| | - B Vigne
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France
| | - J Brault
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France
| | - N Roux-Buisson
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - J Rendu
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - V Barlogis
- Service de Pédiatrie et Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - G Catho
- Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hospices Civiles de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - C Dumeril
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Annecy Genevois, Pringy, France
| | - F Fouyssac
- Département d'Onco-hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - D Monnier
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - V Gandemer
- Service d'Onco-hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - M Revest
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - J-P Brion
- Pôle Médecine Aigue et Communautaire, Service d'Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - C Bost-Bru
- Département de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - E Jeziorski
- Département Urgences Post-urgences, CHU Montpellier, Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - L Eitenschenck
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Annecy Genevois, Pringy, France
| | - C Jarrasse
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Annecy Genevois, Pringy, France
| | - S Drillon Haus
- Service de Pédiatrie et Onco-hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - M Houachée-Chardin
- Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hospices Civiles de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - M Hancart
- Département Urgences Post-urgences, CHU Montpellier, Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - G Michel
- Service de Pédiatrie et Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Y Bertrand
- Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hospices Civiles de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - D Plantaz
- Département de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - J Kelecic
- Klinicki Bolnicki Centar Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - R Traberg
- Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kauno Klinikos, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - L Kainulainen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine Turku, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - J Fauré
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - F Fieschi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France
| | - M J Stasia
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France.,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France
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4
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Aflaki E, Borger DK, Grey RJ, Kirby M, Anderson S, Lopez G, Sidransky E. Efferocytosis is impaired in Gaucher macrophages. Haematologica 2016; 102:656-665. [PMID: 28011901 PMCID: PMC5395106 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.155093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease, the inherited deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase, is characterized by the presence of glucosylceramide-laden macrophages resulting from impaired digestion of aged erythrocytes or apoptotic leukocytes. Studies of macrophages from patients with type 1 Gaucher disease with genotypes N370S/N370S, N370S/L444P or N370S/c.84dupG revealed that Gaucher macrophages have impaired efferocytosis resulting from reduced levels of p67phox and Rab7. The decreased Rab7 expression leads to impaired fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes. Moreover, there is defective translocation of p67phox to phagosomes, resulting in reduced intracellular production of reactive oxygen species. These factors contribute to defective deposition and clearance of apoptotic cells in phagolysosomes, which may have an impact on the inflammatory response and contribute to the organomegaly and inflammation seen in patients with Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Aflaki
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel K Borger
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard J Grey
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martha Kirby
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stacie Anderson
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Grisel Lopez
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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5
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Baillet A, Hograindleur M, El Benna J, Grichine A, Berthier S, Morel F, Paclet M. Unexpected function of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase in supporting hyperglycolysis in stimulated neutrophils: key role of 6‐phosphofructo‐2‐kinase. FASEB J 2016; 31:663-673. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600720r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Athan Baillet
- Groupe de Recherche et D'etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), EA 7408Université Grenoble AlpesSaint‐Martin‐d'HèresFrance
- Rheumatology DepartmentCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble AlpesLa TroncheFrance
| | - Marc‐André Hograindleur
- Groupe de Recherche et D'etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), EA 7408Université Grenoble AlpesSaint‐Martin‐d'HèresFrance
| | - Jamel El Benna
- INSERM, Unité 1149, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL8252Centre de Recherche sur l'InflammationParisFrance
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéLaboratoire d'Excellence InflamexDépartements HospitaloUniversitaires Fibrosis, Inflammation, Remodeling in Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Renal Diseases (DHU FIRE), Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier BichatParisFrance
| | - Alexei Grichine
- Platform Optical Microscopy–Cell ImagingUniversité Joseph Fourier, INSERM Unité 823, Institut Albert BonniotLa TroncheFrance
| | - Sylvie Berthier
- Groupe de Recherche et D'etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), EA 7408Université Grenoble AlpesSaint‐Martin‐d'HèresFrance
- Pôle BiologieCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble AlpesLa TroncheFrance
| | - Françoise Morel
- Groupe de Recherche et D'etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), EA 7408Université Grenoble AlpesSaint‐Martin‐d'HèresFrance
| | - Marie‐Hélèene Paclet
- Groupe de Recherche et D'etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), EA 7408Université Grenoble AlpesSaint‐Martin‐d'HèresFrance
- Pôle BiologieCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble AlpesLa TroncheFrance
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Segal AW. NADPH oxidases as electrochemical generators to produce ion fluxes and turgor in fungi, plants and humans. Open Biol 2016; 6:160028. [PMID: 27249799 PMCID: PMC4892433 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The NOXs are a family of flavocytochromes whose basic structure has been largely conserved from algae to man. This is a very simple system. NADPH is generally available, in plants it is a direct product of photosynthesis, and oxygen is a largely ubiquitous electron acceptor, and the electron-transporting core of an FAD and two haems is the minimal required to pass electrons across the plasma membrane. These NOXs have been shown to be essential for diverse functions throughout the biological world and, lacking a clear mechanism of action, their effects have generally been attributed to free radical reactions. Investigation into the function of neutrophil leucocytes has demonstrated that electron transport through the prototype NOX2 is accompanied by the generation of a charge across the membrane that provides the driving force propelling protons and other ions across the plasma membrane. The contention is that the primary function of the NOXs is to supply the driving force to transport ions, the nature of which will depend upon the composition and characteristics of the local ion channels, to undertake a host of diverse functions. These include the generation of turgor in fungi and plants for the growth of filaments and invasion by appressoria in the former, and extension of pollen tubes and root hairs, and stomatal closure, in the latter. In neutrophils, they elevate the pH in the phagocytic vacuole coupled to other ion fluxes. In endothelial cells of blood vessels, they could alter luminal volume to regulate blood pressure and tissue perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Segal
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
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Wieczfinska J, Sokolowska M, Pawliczak R. NOX Modifiers-Just a Step Away from Application in the Therapy of Airway Inflammation? Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:428-45. [PMID: 24383678 PMCID: PMC4543397 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes, which are widely expressed in different airway cell types, not only contribute to the maintenance of physiological processes in the airways but also participate in the pathogenesis of many acute and chronic diseases. Therefore, the understanding of NOX isoform regulation, expression, and the manner of their potent inhibition might lead to effective therapeutic approaches. RECENT ADVANCES The study of the role of NADPH oxidases family in airway physiology and pathophysiology should be considered as a work in progress. While key questions still remain unresolved, there is significant progress in terms of our understanding of NOX importance in airway diseases as well as a more efficient way of using NOX modifiers in human settings. CRITICAL ISSUES Agents that modify the activity of NADPH enzyme components would be considered useful tools in the treatment of various airway diseases. Nevertheless, profound knowledge of airway pathology, as well as the mechanisms of NOX regulation is needed to develop potent but safe NOX modifiers. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Many compounds seem to be promising candidates for development into useful therapeutic agents, but their clinical potential is yet to be demonstrated. Further analysis of basic mechanisms in human settings, high-throughput compound scanning, clinical trials with new and existing molecules, and the development of new drug delivery approaches are the main directions of future studies on NOX modifiers. In this article, we discuss the current knowledge with regard to NOX isoform expression and regulation in airway inflammatory diseases as well as the aptitudes and therapeutic potential of NOX modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wieczfinska
- 1 Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz, Poland
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- 2 Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- 1 Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz, Poland
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Functional and genetic characterization of two extremely rare cases of Williams-Beuren syndrome associated with chronic granulomatous disease. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 21:1079-84. [PMID: 23340515 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with multi-systemic manifestations, caused by a heterozygous segmental deletion of 1.55-1.83 Mb at chromosomal band 7q11.23. The deletion can include the NCF1 gene that encodes the p47(phox) protein, a component of the leukocyte NADPH oxidase enzyme, which is essential for the defense against microbial pathogens. It has been postulated that WBS patients with two functional NCF1 genes are more susceptible to occurrence of hypertension than WBS patients with only one functional NCF1 gene. We now describe two extremely rare WBS patients without any functional NCF1 gene, because of a mutation in NCF1 on the allele not carrying the NCF1-removing WBS deletion. These two patients suffer from chronic granulomatous disease with increased microbial infections in addition to WBS. Interestingly, one of these patients did suffer from hypertension, indicating that other factors than NADPH oxidase in vascular tissue may be involved in causing hypertension.
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9
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Clinical, Functional and Genetic Analysis of Twenty-Four Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease – Identification of Eight Novel Mutations in CYBB and NCF2 Genes. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:942-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Dang PMC, Raad H, Derkawi RA, Boussetta T, Paclet MH, Belambri SA, Makni-Maalej K, Kroviarski Y, Morel F, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, El-Benna J. The NADPH oxidase cytosolic component p67phox is constitutively phosphorylated in human neutrophils: Regulation by a protein tyrosine kinase, MEK1/2 and phosphatases 1/2A. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1145-52. [PMID: 21784060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play a key role in host defense and inflammation through the production of superoxide anion and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the enzyme complex NADPH oxidase. The cytosolic NADPH oxidase component, p67phox, has been shown to be phosphorylated in human neutrophils but the pathways involved in this process are largely unknown. In this study, we show that p67phox is constitutively phosphorylated in resting human neutrophils and that neutrophil stimulation with PMA further enhanced this phosphorylation. Inhibition of the constitutively active serine/threonine phosphatases type 1 and type 2A (PP1/2A) by calyculin A resulted in the enhancement of p67phox phosphorylation. Constitutive and calyculin A-induced phosphorylation of p67phox was completely inhibited by the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein and partially inhibited by the MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, but was unaffected by GF109203X, wortmannin and SB203580, inhibitors of PKC, PI3K and p38MAP kinase, respectively. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping revealed that constitutive and calyculin A-induced p67phox phosphorylation occurred on the same major sites. Interestingly, calyculin A enhanced formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-induced superoxide production, while genistein inhibited this process. Taken together, these results suggest that (i) p67phox undergoes a continual cycle of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in resting cells; (ii) p67phox phosphorylation is controlled by MEK1/2 and an upstream tyrosine kinase; (iii) PP1/2A directly or indirectly antagonize this process. Thus, these pathways could play a role in regulating ROS production by human neutrophils at inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham My-Chan Dang
- INSERM, U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat Beaujon CRB3, Paris F-75018, France
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11
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Baillet A, Xu R, Grichine A, Berthier S, Morel F, Paclet MH. Coupling of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase with NADPH oxidase in neutrophils: Nox2 activity regulation by NADPH availability. FASEB J 2011; 25:2333-43. [PMID: 21444627 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-173807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase requires the association of cytosolic proteins (p67-phox, p47-phox, p40-phox, and Rac) with the membrane cytochrome b(558), leading to its conformation change. Recently, the phagocyte NADPH oxidase complex was isolated in a constitutively active form. In this complex, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), an enzyme involved in the production of intracellular NADPH, was identified. This protein was absent from the oxidase complex isolated from B lymphocytes, suggesting a specific interaction with the neutrophil NADPH oxidase. To clarify the implication of 6PGDH in the NADPH oxidase activity, a siRNA approach was conducted in neutrophil-like PLB985 cells. NADPH oxidase activity of siRNA-transfected cells was shown to be decreased. Similar results were obtained in vitro, after reconstitution of oxidase activity with subcellular fractions isolated from siRNA-transfected cells. Interestingly, the Michaelis constant (K(m)) of Nox2 for NADPH increases in 6PGDH-depleted cells. Moreover, 6PGDH coimmunoprecipitated with oxidase cytosolic factors from cytosol of stimulated cells. Data suggested that the affinity of Nox2 for NADPH is increased in the presence of 6PGDH on cell stimulation. The present work proposes a new way of NADPH oxidase activity regulation by modulating Nox2 affinity for NADPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athan Baillet
- Groupe de Recherche et d'Etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier (UJF), Grenoble, France
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12
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Debeurme F, Picciocchi A, Dagher MC, Grunwald D, Beaumel S, Fieschi F, Stasia MJ. Regulation of NADPH oxidase activity in phagocytes: relationship between FAD/NADPH binding and oxidase complex assembly. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33197-33208. [PMID: 20724480 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.151555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The X(+)-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X(+)-CGD) variants are natural mutants characterized by defective NADPH oxidase activity but with normal Nox2 expression. According to the three-dimensional model of the cytosolic Nox2 domain, most of the X(+)-CGD mutations are located in/or close to the FAD/NADPH binding regions. A structure/function study of this domain was conducted in X(+)-CGD PLB-985 cells exactly mimicking 10 human variants: T341K, C369R, G408E, G408R, P415H, P415L, Δ507QKT509-HIWAinsert, C537R, L546P, and E568K. Diaphorase activity is defective in all these mutants. NADPH oxidase assembly is normal for P415H/P415L and T341K mutants where mutation occurs in the consensus sequences of NADPH- and FAD-binding sites, respectively. This is in accordance with their buried position in the three-dimensional model of the cytosolic Nox2 domain. FAD incorporation is abolished only in the T341K mutant explaining its absence of diaphorase activity. This demonstrates that NADPH oxidase assembly can occur without FAD incorporation. In addition, a defect of NADPH binding is a plausible explanation for the diaphorase activity inhibition in the P415H, P415L, and C537R mutants. In contrast, Cys-369, Gly-408, Leu-546, and Glu-568 are essential for NADPH oxidase complex assembly. However, according to their position in the three-dimensional model of the cytosolic domain of Nox2, only Cys-369 could be in direct contact with cytosolic factors during oxidase assembly. In addition, the defect in oxidase assembly observed in the C369R, G408E, G408R, and E568K mutants correlates with the lack of FAD incorporation. Thus, the NADPH oxidase assembly process and FAD incorporation are closely related events essential for the diaphorase activity of Nox2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Debeurme
- From the Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Center, University Hospital Grenoble, Therex-TIMC/Imag UMR CNRS 5525, Université Joseph Fourier, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
| | - Antoine Picciocchi
- From the Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Center, University Hospital Grenoble, Therex-TIMC/Imag UMR CNRS 5525, Université Joseph Fourier, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
| | - Marie-Claire Dagher
- From the Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Center, University Hospital Grenoble, Therex-TIMC/Imag UMR CNRS 5525, Université Joseph Fourier, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
| | - Didier Grunwald
- iRTSV/CEA, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sylvain Beaumel
- From the Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Center, University Hospital Grenoble, Therex-TIMC/Imag UMR CNRS 5525, Université Joseph Fourier, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CEA, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, Grenoble F-38027; CNRS, UMR 5075, Grenoble F-38027; Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble F-38041
| | - Marie-José Stasia
- From the Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Center, University Hospital Grenoble, Therex-TIMC/Imag UMR CNRS 5525, Université Joseph Fourier, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9.
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13
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Carrichon L, Picciocchi A, Debeurme F, Defendi F, Beaumel S, Jesaitis AJ, Dagher MC, Stasia MJ. Characterization of superoxide overproduction by the D-Loop(Nox4)-Nox2 cytochrome b(558) in phagocytes-Differential sensitivity to calcium and phosphorylation events. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1808:78-90. [PMID: 20708598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase is a crucial element of phagocytes involved in microbicidal mechanisms. It becomes active when membrane-bound cytochrome b(558), the redox core, is assembled with cytosolic p47(phox), p67(phox), p40(phox), and rac proteins to produce superoxide, the precursor for generation of toxic reactive oxygen species. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the potential second intracellular loop of Nox2 was essential to maintaining NADPH oxidase activity by controlling electron transfer from FAD to O(2). Moreover, replacement of this loop by the Nox4-D-loop (D-loop(Nox4)-Nox2) in PLB-985 cells induced superoxide overproduction. In the present investigation, we demonstrated that both soluble and particulate stimuli were able to induce this superoxide overproduction. Superoxide overproduction was also observed after phosphatidic acid activation in a purified cell-free-system assay. The highest oxidase activity was obtained after ionomycin and fMLF stimulation. In addition, enhanced sensitivity to Ca(2+) influx was shown by thapsigargin, EDTA, or BTP2 treatment before fMLF activation. Mutated cytochrome b(558) was less dependent on phosphorylation triggered by ERK1/2 during fMLF or PMA stimulation and by PI3K during OpZ stimulation. The superoxide overproduction of the D-loop(Nox4)-Nox2 mutant may come from a change of responsiveness to intracellular Ca(2+) level and to phosphorylation events during oxidase activation. Finally the D-loop(Nox4)-Nox2-PLB-985 cells were more effective against an attenuated strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to WT-Nox2 cells. The killing mechanism was biphasic, an early step of ROS production that was directly bactericidal, and a second oxidase-independent step related to the amount of ROS produced in the first step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Carrichon
- Centre Diagnostic et Recherche sur la Granulomatose septique chronique CGD, TheREx-TIMC/Imag UMR CNRS 5525, CHU and Université Joseph Fourier, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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14
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Defendi F, Decleva E, Martel C, Dri P, Stasia MJ. A novel point mutation in the CYBB gene promoter leading to a rare X minus chronic granulomatous disease variant--impact on the microbicidal activity of neutrophils. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:201-10. [PMID: 19708127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This article reports an atypical and extremely rare case of X-linked CGD in an Italian family characterized by a low expression of gp91phox (X91- CGD). A novel point mutation in the CYBB gene's promoter (insertion of a T at position -54T to -56T) appeared to prevent the full expression of this gene in the patient's neutrophils and correlated with a residual oxidase activity in the whole cells population. The expression and functional activity of the oxidase in eosinophils appeared to be almost normal. Gel shift assays indicated that the mutation led to decreased interactions with DNA-binding proteins. The total O2- production in the patient's granulocytes (5-7% of normal) supported no microbicidal power after 45 min and 60 min of contact with S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively. Despite this residual oxidase activity, the patients suffered from severe and life-threatening infections. It was concluded that in these X91- CGD neutrophils, the O2- production per se was not sufficient to protect the patient against severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Defendi
- Centre Diagnostic et Recherche sur la Granulomatose Septique CGD, Laboratoire TIMC-IMAG, UMR CNRS 5525, Université Joseph Fourier, CHU Grenoble, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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15
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Campion Y, Jesaitis AJ, Nguyen MVC, Grichine A, Herenger Y, Baillet A, Berthier S, Morel F, Paclet MH. New p22-phox monoclonal antibodies: identification of a conformational probe for cytochrome b 558. J Innate Immun 2009; 1:556-69. [PMID: 20375611 DOI: 10.1159/000231977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte NADPH oxidase, belonging to the NADPH oxidase family (Nox), is dedicated to the production of bactericidal reactive oxygen species. The enzyme catalytic center is the cytochrome b(558), formed by 2 subunits, Nox2 (gp91-phox) and p22-phox. Cytochrome b(558) activation results from a conformational change induced by cytosolic regulatory proteins (p67-phox, p47-phox, p40-phox and Rac). The catalytic subunit is Nox2, while p22-phox is essential for both Nox2 maturation and the membrane anchorage of regulatory proteins. Moreover, it has been shown to be necessary for novel Nox activity. In order to characterize both p22-phox topology and cytochrome b(558) conformational change, 6 monoclonal antibodies were produced against purified cytochrome b(558). Phage display epitope mapping combined with a truncation analysis of recombinant p22-phox allowed the identification of epitope regions. Some of these antibodies almost completely inhibited in vitro reconstituted NADPH oxidase activity. Data analysis identified antibodies that recognized epitopes involved in either Nox2 maturation or Nox2 activation. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis and confocal microscopy performed on stimulated neutrophils showed that the monoclonal antibody 12E6 bound preferentially active cytochrome b(558). These monoclonal antibodies provided novel and unique probes to investigate maturation, activation and activity, not only of Nox2 but also of novel Nox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Campion
- GREPI, TIMC-Imag UMR 5525 CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France
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16
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Bakri FG, Martel C, Khuri-Bulos N, Mahafzah A, El-Khateeb MS, Al-Wahadneh AM, Hayajneh WA, Hamamy HA, Maquet E, Molin M, Stasia MJ. First report of clinical, functional, and molecular investigation of chronic granulomatous disease in nine Jordanian families. J Clin Immunol 2008; 29:215-30. [PMID: 18773283 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-008-9243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic granulomatous disease is a rare inherited immunodeficiency syndrome caused by mutations in four genes encoding essential nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex components. MATERIAL AND METHODS Clinical, functional, and molecular investigations were conducted in 15 Jordanian CGD patients from nine families. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fourteen patients were children of consanguineous parents and suffered from autosomal recessive (AR) CGD forms with mutations in the CYBA, NCF1, and NCF2 genes encoding p22phox, p47phox, and p67phox proteins, except for one patient in whom the mutation's location was not found. One patient had an extremely rare X(+)CGD subtype resulting from a novel missense mutation (G1234C) in exon 10 of CYBB. We found a genetic heterogeneity in the Jordanian families with a high frequency of rare ARCGD, probably because consanguineous marriages are common in Jordan. No clear correlation between the severity of the clinical symptoms and the CGD types could be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris G Bakri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
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17
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Ueyama T, Kusakabe T, Karasawa S, Kawasaki T, Shimizu A, Son J, Leto TL, Miyawaki A, Saito N. Sequential binding of cytosolic Phox complex to phagosomes through regulated adaptor proteins: evaluation using the novel monomeric Kusabira-Green System and live imaging of phagocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:629-40. [PMID: 18566430 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We engineered a method for detecting intramolecular and intermolecular phox protein interactions in cells by fluorescence microscopy using fusion proteins of complementary fragments of a coral fluorescent reporter protein (monomeric Kusabira-Green). We confirmed the efficacy of the monomeric Kusabira-Green system by showing that the PX and PB1 domains of p40phox interact in intact cells, which we suggested maintains this protein in an inactive closed conformation. Using this system, we also explored intramolecular interactions within p47phox and showed that the PX domain interacts with the autoinhibited tandem Src homology 3 domains maintained in contact with the autoinhibitory region, along with residues 341-360. Furthermore, we demonstrated sequential interactions of p67phox with phagosomes involving adaptor proteins, p47phox and p40phox, during FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis. Although p67phox is not targeted to phagosomes by itself, p47phox functions as an adaptor for the ternary complex (p47phox-p67phox-p40phox) in early stages of phagocytosis before phagosome closure, while p40phox functions in later stages after phagosomal closure. Interestingly, a mutated "open" form of p40phox linked p47phox to closed phagosomes and prolonged p47phox and p67phox retention on phagosomes. These results indicate that binding of the ternary complex to phagosomes can be temporally regulated by switching between adaptor proteins that have PX domains with distinct lipid-binding specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ueyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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18
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Genetics and immunopathology of chronic granulomatous disease. Semin Immunopathol 2008; 30:209-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-008-0121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Chen J, He R, Minshall RD, Dinauer MC, Ye RD. Characterization of a mutation in the Phox homology domain of the NADPH oxidase component p40phox identifies a mechanism for negative regulation of superoxide production. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:30273-84. [PMID: 17698849 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704416200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte oxidase (Phox) protein p40(phox) contains a Phox homology (PX) domain which, when expressed alone, interacts with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns (3)P). The functions of the PX domain in p40(phox) localization, association with the cytoskeleton, and superoxide production were examined in transgenic COS-7 cells expressing gp91(phox), p22(phox), p67(phox), and p47(phox) (COS(phox) cells). Full-length p40(phox) exhibited a cytoplasmic localization pattern in resting cells. Upon stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or fMet-Leu-Phe, p40(phox) translocated to plasma membrane in a p67(phox)- and p47(phox)-dependent manner. Heterologous expression of p40(phox) markedly enhanced superoxide production in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate - and fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated COS(phox) cells. Unexpectedly, mutation of Arg-57 in the PX domain to Gln, which abrogated PtdIns (3)P binding, produced a dominant inhibitory effect on agonist-induced superoxide production and membrane translocation of p47(phox) and p67(phox). The mutant p40(phox) (p40R57Q) displayed increased association with actin and moesin and was found enriched in the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction along with p67(phox) and p47(phox). The enhanced cytoskeleton association of p67(phox) and p47(phox) and the dominant inhibitory effect produced by the p40R57Q were alleviated when a second mutation at Asp-289, which eliminated p40(phox) interaction with p67(phox), was introduced. Likewise, cytochalasin B treatment abolished the dominant inhibitory effect of p40R57Q on superoxide production. These findings suggest a dual regulatory mechanism through the PX domain of p40(phox); its interaction with the actin cytoskeleton may stabilize NADPH oxidase in resting cells, and its binding of PtdIns (3)P potentiates superoxide production upon agonist stimulation. Both functions require the association of p40(phox) with p67(phox).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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20
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Ueyama T, Tatsuno T, Kawasaki T, Tsujibe S, Shirai Y, Sumimoto H, Leto TL, Saito N. A regulated adaptor function of p40phox: distinct p67phox membrane targeting by p40phox and by p47phox. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:441-54. [PMID: 17122360 PMCID: PMC1783789 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-08-0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the phagocytic cell, NADPH oxidase (Nox2) system, cytoplasmic regulators (p47(phox), p67(phox), p40(phox), and Rac) translocate and associate with the membrane-spanning flavocytochrome b(558), leading to activation of superoxide production. We examined membrane targeting of phox proteins and explored conformational changes in p40(phox) that regulate its translocation to membranes upon stimulation. GFP-p40(phox) translocates to early endosomes, whereas GFP-p47(phox) translocates to the plasma membrane in response to arachidonic acid. In contrast, GFP-p67(phox) does not translocate to membranes when expressed alone, but it is dependent on p40(phox) and p47(phox) for its translocation to early endosomes or the plasma membrane, respectively. Translocation of GFP-p40(phox) or GFP-p47(phox) to their respective membrane-targeting sites is abolished by mutations in their phox (PX) domains that disrupt their interactions with their cognate phospholipid ligands. Furthermore, GFP-p67(phox) translocation to either membrane is abolished by mutations that disrupt its interaction with p40(phox) or p47(phox). Finally, we detected a head-to-tail (PX-Phox and Bem1 [PB1] domain) intramolecular interaction within p40(phox) in its resting state by deletion mutagenesis, cell localization, and binding experiments, suggesting that its PX domain is inaccessible to interact with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate without cell stimulation. Thus, both p40(phox) and p47(phox) function as diverse p67(phox) "carrier proteins" regulated by the unmasking of membrane-targeting domains in distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ueyama
- *Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Tatsuno
- *Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takumi Kawasaki
- *Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsujibe
- *Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Shirai
- *Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Thomas L. Leto
- Molecular Defenses Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Naoaki Saito
- *Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Paclet MH, Berthier S, Kuhn L, Garin J, Morel F. Regulation of phagocyte NADPH oxidase activity: identification of two cytochrome b558 activation states. FASEB J 2007; 21:1244-55. [PMID: 17227953 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6852com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase (phox) requires the association of cytosolic proteins (p67-phox, p47-phox, p40-phox, and Rac1/2) with the membrane cytochrome b558, leading to a hemoprotein conformation change. To clarify this mechanism, the phagocyte NADPH oxidase complex was isolated through cytochrome b558 purification after three chromatographic steps. The purified neutrophil complex was constitutively active in the absence of an amphiphile agent with a maximum turnover (125 mol O2(-) x s(-1) x mol heme b(-1)), indicating that cytochrome b558 has been activated by cytosolic proteins and is in an "open conformation," able to transfer a maximum rate of electrons. In contrast, the phox complex prepared with B lymphocyte cytosol shows a lower constitutive turnover (approximately 50 mol O2(-) x s(-1) x mol heme b(-1)). Analysis of phox complex components by Western blot and mass spectrometry showed the presence of cytosolic factors (especially p67-phox) and structural proteins (moesin, ezrin). To investigate the difference in activity of phox complexes, we evaluated the effect of MRP8 and MRP14, specifically expressed in neutrophils, on the activity of the B lymphocyte complex. MRPs induce the switch between the partially and the fully "open" cytochrome b558 conformation. Moreover, their effect was independent of p67-phox. Data point out two potential cytochrome b558 activation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Paclet
- GREPI EA 2938, Laboratory Enzymologie/DBPC, CHU Grenoble BP 217, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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22
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Li XJ, Fieschi F, Paclet MH, Grunwald D, Campion Y, Gaudin P, Morel F, Stasia MJ. Leu505 of Nox2 is crucial for optimal p67phox-dependent activation of the flavocytochrome b558 during phagocytic NADPH oxidase assembly. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 81:238-49. [PMID: 17060362 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0905541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Leu505 of Nox2 on the NADPH oxidase activation process was investigated. An X-CGD PLB-985 cell line expressing the Leu505Arg Nox2 mutant was obtained, exactly mimicking the phenotype of a previously published X91+-CGD case. In a reconstituted cell-free system (CFS), NADPH oxidase and iodonitrotetrazolium (INT) reductase activities were partially maintained concomitantly with a partial cytosolic factors translocation to the plasma membrane. This suggests that assembly and electron transfer from NADPH occurred partially in the Leu505Arg Nox2 mutant. Moreover, in a simplified CFS using purified mutant cytochrome b558 and recombinant p67phox, p47phox, and Rac1proteins, we found that the Km for NADPH and for NADH was about three times higher than those of purified WT cytochrome b558, indicating that the Leu505Arg mutation induces a slight decrease of the affinity for NADPH and NADH. In addition, oxidase activity can be extended by increasing the amount of p67phox in the simplified CFS assay. However, the maximal reconstituted oxidase activity using WT purified cytochrome b558 could not be reached using mutant cytochrome b558. In a three-dimensional model of the C-terminal tail of Nox2, Leu505 appears to have a strategic position just at the entry of the NADPH binding site and at the end of the alpha-helical loop (residues 484-504), a potential cytosolic factor binding region. The Leu505Arg mutation seems to affect the oxidase complex activation process through alteration of cytosolic factors binding and more particularly the p67phox interaction with cytochrome b558, thus affecting NADPH access to its binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Jun Li
- Groupe de Recherche et d'Etude du Processus Inflammatoire, Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble CHU 38043, Cedex 9, France
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23
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Suh CI, Stull ND, Li XJ, Tian W, Price MO, Grinstein S, Yaffe MB, Atkinson S, Dinauer MC. The phosphoinositide-binding protein p40phox activates the NADPH oxidase during FcgammaIIA receptor-induced phagocytosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:1915-25. [PMID: 16880255 PMCID: PMC2118377 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20052085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide produced by the phagocyte reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is essential for host defense. Enzyme activation requires translocation of p67phox, p47phox, and Rac-GTP to flavocytochrome b558 in phagocyte membranes. To examine the regulation of phagocytosis-induced superoxide production, flavocytochrome b558, p47phox, p67phox, and the FcγIIA receptor were expressed from stable transgenes in COS7 cells. The resulting COSphoxFcγR cells produce high levels of superoxide when stimulated with phorbol ester and efficiently ingest immunoglobulin (Ig)G-coated erythrocytes, but phagocytosis did not activate the NADPH oxidase. COS7 cells lack p40phox, whose role in the NADPH oxidase is poorly understood. p40phox contains SH3 and phagocyte oxidase and Bem1p (PB1) domains that can mediate binding to p47phox and p67phox, respectively, along with a PX domain that binds to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI(3)P), which is generated in phagosomal membranes. Expression of p40phox was sufficient to activate superoxide production in COSphoxFcγR phagosomes. FcγIIA-stimulated NADPH oxidase activity was abrogated by point mutations in p40phox that disrupt PI(3)P binding, or by simultaneous mutations in the SH3 and PB1 domains. Consistent with an essential role for PI(3)P in regulating the oxidase complex, phagosome NADPH oxidase activation in primary macrophages ingesting IgG-coated beads was inhibited by phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase inhibitors to a much greater extent than phagocytosis itself. Hence, this study identifies a role for p40phox and PI(3)P in coupling FcγR-mediated phagocytosis to activation of the NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Il Suh
- Department of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology), Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Sancho-Shimizu V, Malo D. Sequencing, expression, and functional analyses support the candidacy of Ncf2 in susceptibility to Salmonella typhimurium infection in wild-derived mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6954-61. [PMID: 16709856 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A recessive Salmonella Typhimurium susceptibility locus (immunity to Typhimurium (Ity3) was reported previously on distal mouse chromosome 1 using a cross between C57BL/6J and wild-derived MOLF/Ei mice. This quantitative trait locus is located in a genomic region spanning 84 Mb, rich in candidate genes for which a role in host resistance to Salmonella infection is either known or can be envisioned. In this study, we report the evaluation of neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 (Ncf2) as a candidate Salmonella susceptibility gene for Ity3. Ncf2 encodes p67phox, a subunit of the multiprotein enzyme complex NADPH oxidase, known to be responsible for the generation of superoxides. Congenic mice carrying the Ity3 region from MOLF/Ei, B6.MOLF-Ity/Ity3 were more susceptible to infection compared with control mice heterozygous at Ity3, B6.MOLF-Ity/Ity3(MOLF/B6), confirming the existence of a recessive Salmonella susceptibility locus on distal chromosome 1. Spleen Ncf2 expression levels were lower in infected congenic mice homozygous for the MOLF/Ei allele at Ity3 compared with mice heterozygous at Ity3. C57BL/6J and MOLF/Ei Ncf2 sequence comparisons revealed one nonconservative amino acid change (R394Q) in the functional and highly conserved Phox and Bem1 domain of the protein. Functional analysis revealed that the MOLF/Ei allele had reduced PMA- and Salmonella-induced superoxide induction as compared with their wild-type counterparts ex vivo. The R394Q substitution seems to occur on an amino acid involved in electrostatic interactions with p40phox, crucial in its activation. Moreover, a human mutation in the corresponding R395W, resulting in chronic granulatomous disease, is known to lead to reduced superoxide levels. These results support the candidacy of Ncf2 as the gene underlying Ity3.
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25
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Gauss KA, Bunger PL, Crawford MA, McDermott BE, Swearingen R, Nelson-Overton LK, Siemsen DW, Kobayashi SD, Deleo FR, Quinn MT. Variants of the 5'-untranslated region of human NCF2: expression and translational efficiency. Gene 2005; 366:169-79. [PMID: 16310324 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The NCF2 gene encodes p67(phox), an essential component of the multi-protein NADPH oxidase enzyme in phagocytic leukocytes, as well as in certain non-phagocytic cells. In humans, the NCF2 gene is expressed as multiple NCF2 variants that differ in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR). Previously, we reported the presence of four NCF2 5'-UTR mRNA variants (designated as NCF2 exon 1, intron 1a, intron 1b and intron 1c). As each of the gene variants encodes an identical p67(phox) protein, the functional significance of these message variants was not apparent. In this study, we investigated the relative expression levels and tissue-specificity of NCF2 5'-UTR variant mRNAs and their translation efficiency and stability. NCF2 5'-UTR variant transcripts were differentially expressed in various cell lines and human tissues. In vitro translation assays indicated that the NCF2 5'-UTR variants also differed in their effects on the translation of a luciferase reporter mRNA and NCF2 mRNA. Notably, NCF2 intron 1 5'-UTR variants, which are the predominantly expressed variants found in vivo, strongly inhibited translation when compared to the NCF2 exon 1 5'-UTR variant. In contrast, RNA decay assays demonstrated that there was no significant difference between stability of NCF2 intron 1 transcripts and the exon 1 5'-UTR variant in HL-60, MonoMac 6, and U937 cells. Moreover, expression of the variant transcripts remained unchanged after neutrophil phagocytosis, and was similar in normal neutrophils and neutrophils from a patient with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. These studies suggest that expression of p67(phox) is regulated through mechanisms that include modulation of transcription and translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Gauss
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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26
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Sheppard FR, Kelher MR, Moore EE, McLaughlin NJD, Banerjee A, Silliman CC. Structural organization of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase: phosphorylation and translocation during priming and activation. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:1025-42. [PMID: 16204621 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0804442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is part of the microbicidal arsenal used by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) to eradicate invading pathogens. The production of a superoxide anion (O2-) into the phagolysosome is the precursor for the generation of more potent products, such as hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite. However, this production of O2- is dependent on translocation of the oxidase subunits, including gp91phox, p22phox, p47phox, p67phox, p40phox, and Rac2 from the cytosol or specific granules to the plasma membrane. In response to an external stimuli, PMNs change from a resting, nonadhesive state to a primed, adherent phenotype, which allows for margination from the vasculature into the tissue and chemotaxis to the site of infection upon activation. Depending on the stimuli, primed PMNs display altered structural organization of the NADPH oxidase, in that there is phosphorylation of the oxidase subunits and/or translocation from the cytosol to the plasma or granular membrane, but there is not the complete assembly required for O2- generation. Activation of PMNs is the complete assembly of the membrane-linked and cytosolic NADPH oxidase components on a PMN membrane, the plasma or granular membrane. This review will discuss the individual components associated with the NADPH oxidase complex and the function of each of these units in each physiologic stage of the PMN: rested, primed, and activated.
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27
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Hardy G, Vergnaud S, Lunardi J, Peoc'h M, Bessard G, Stanke-Labesque F. 5-lipoxygenase expression and activity in aorta from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2005; 75:91-103. [PMID: 15789618 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported an activation of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in aorta from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this activation was associated with an increased expression of 5-lipoxygenase, an increased cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) production in response to arachidonic acid or calcium ionophore A23187 and/or a hypersensitivity of the aorta to CysLTs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In aorta from diabetic and control rats, reverse transcriptase-PCR and western blot analysis with a specific 5-lipoxygenase antibody provided evidence for the presence of 5-lipoxygenase in aorta. However, the expression of 5-lipoxygenase was not significantly different between diabetic and control rats. Challenge by A23187 (10 microM) and arachidonic acid (10 microM and 0.1 mM) with or without A23187 (10 micromol/l) induced a significant increase of CysLT release (measured by enzyme immunoassay) that was in the same range in aorta from control and diabetic rats. In contrast, aortas from diabetic rats showed a greater sensitivity to LTC4 and LTD4 contractile effects. These data suggested that the activation of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway previously reported in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats could be explained by an augmented sensitivity to CysLTs of the diabetic aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hardy
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Laboratory HP2, University of Medicine, F-38706 La Tronche, France
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28
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Matute JD, Arias AA, Dinauer MC, Patiño PJ. p40phox: The last NADPH oxidase subunit. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2005; 35:291-302. [PMID: 16102984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The phagocytic NADPH-oxidase is a multiprotein system activated during the inflammatory response to produce superoxide anion (O2-), which is the substrate for formation of additional reactive oxygen species (ROS). The importance of this system for innate immunity is established by chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a primary immunodeficiency caused by defects in the NADPH oxidase. In this review, we present and discuss recent knowledge about p40phox, the last NADPH oxidase component to be identified. Furthermore, its interaction with cellular pathways outside of the NADPH oxidase is discussed. Described in this review is evidence that p40phox participates in NADPH oxidase dynamics within cells, what is known about its role in the oxidase, the possibility that p40phox participates in non-NADPH oxidase processes in phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells and whether p40phox could mediate a similar function in other NADPH oxidases. An improved understanding of p40phox should provide new insights about NADPH oxidase, the physiology of phagocytic cells and the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Matute
- Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Corporación Biogénesis and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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29
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Massenet C, Chenavas S, Cohen-Addad C, Dagher MC, Brandolin G, Pebay-Peyroula E, Fieschi F. Effects of p47 C Terminus Phosphorylations on Binding Interactions with p40 and p67. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:13752-61. [PMID: 15657040 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412897200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The neutrophil NADPH oxidase produces superoxide anions in response to infection. This reaction is activated by association of cytosolic factors, p47phox and p67phox, and a small G protein Rac with the membranous flavocytochrome b558. Another cytosolic factor, p40phox, is associated to the complex and is reported to play regulatory roles. Initiation of the NADPH oxidase activation cascade has been reported as consecutive to phosphorylation on serines 359/370 and 379 of the p47phox C terminus. These serines surround a polyproline motif that can interact with the Src homology 3 (SH3) module of p40phox (SH3p40) or the C-terminal SH3 of p67phox (C-SH3p67). The latter one presents a higher affinity in the resting state for p47phox. A change in SH3 binding preference following phosphorylation has been postulated earlier. Here we report the crystal structures of SH3p40 alone or in complex with a 12-residue proline-rich region of p47phox at 1.46 angstrom resolution. Using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence measurements, we compared the affinity of the strict polyproline motif and the whole C terminus peptide with both SH3p40 and C-SH3p67. These data reveal that SH3p40 can interact with a consensus polyproline motif but also with a noncanonical motif of the p47phox C terminus. The electrostatic surfaces of both SH3 are very different, and therefore the binding preference for C-SH3p67 can be attributed to the polyproline motif recognition and particularly to the Arg-368p47 binding mode. The noncanonical motif contributes equally to interaction with both SH3. The influence of serine phosphorylation on residues 359/370 and 379 on the affinity for both SH3 domains has been checked. We conclude that contrarily to previous suggestions, phosphorylation of Ser-359/370 does not modify the SH3 binding affinity for both SH3, whereas phosphorylation of Ser-379 has a destabilizing effect on both interactions. Other mechanisms than a phosphorylation induced switch between the two SH3 must therefore take place for NADPH oxidase activation cascade to start.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Massenet
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075 CEA/CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire des Protéines Membranaires, 41 rue Jules Horowitz 38027 Grenoble cedex 1, France
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30
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Li XJ, Grunwald D, Mathieu J, Morel F, Stasia MJ. Crucial role of two potential cytosolic regions of Nox2, 191TSSTKTIRRS200 and 484DESQANHFAVHHDEEKD500, on NADPH oxidase activation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:14962-73. [PMID: 15684431 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500226200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Assembly of cytosolic factors p67(phox) and p47(phox) with cytochrome b(558) is one of the crucial keys for NADPH oxidase activation. Certain sequences of Nox2 appear to be involved in cytosolic factor interaction. The role of the D-loop (191)TSSTKTIRRS(200) and the C-terminal (484)DESQANHFAVHHDEEKD(500) of Nox2 on oxidase activity and assembly was investigated. Charged amino acids were mutated to neutral or reverse charge by directed mutagenesis to generate 21 mutants. Recombinant wild-type or mutant Nox2 were expressed in the X-CGD PLB-985 cell model. K195A/E, R198E, R199E, and RR198199QQ/AA mutations in the D-loop of Nox2 totally abolished oxidase activity. However, these D-loop mutants demonstrated normal p47(phox) translocation and iodonitrotetrazolium (INT) reductase activity, suggesting that charged amino acids of this region are essential for electron transfer from FAD to oxygen. Replacement of Nox2 D-loop with its homolog of Nox1, Nox3, or Nox4 was fully functional. In addition, fMLP (formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine)-activated R199Q-Nox2 and D-loop(Nox4)-Nox2 mutants exhibited four to eight times the NADPH oxidase activity of control cells, suggesting that these mutations lead to a more efficient oxidase activation process. In contrast, the D484T and D500A/R/G mutants of the alpha-helical loop of Nox2 exhibited no NADPH oxidase and INT reductase activities associated with a defective p47(phox) membrane translocation. This suggests that the alpha-helical loop of the C-terminal of Nox2 is probably involved in the correct assembly of the NADPH oxidase complex occurring during activation, permitting cytosolic factor translocation and electron transfer from NADPH to FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Jun Li
- Groupe de Recherche et d'Etude du Processus Inflammatoire EA 2938 Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire Enzymologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
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31
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He R, Nanamori M, Sang H, Yin H, Dinauer MC, Ye RD. Reconstitution of chemotactic peptide-induced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) oxidase activation in transgenic COS-phox cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2004; 173:7462-70. [PMID: 15585872 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.12.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A whole-cell-based reconstitution system was developed to study the signaling mechanisms underlying chemoattractant-induced activation of NADPH oxidase. This system takes advantage of the lack of formyl peptide receptor-mediated response in COS-phox cells expressing gp91(phox), p22(phox), p67(phox), and p47(phox), which respond to phorbol ester and arachidonic acid with O()(2) production. By exogenous expression of signaling molecules enriched in neutrophils, we have identified several critical components for fMLP-induced NADPH oxidase activation. Expression of PKCdelta, but not PKCalpha, -betaII, and -zeta, is necessary for the COS-phox cells to respond to fMLP. A role of PKCdelta in neutrophil NADPH oxidase was confirmed based on the ability of fMLP to induce PKCdelta translocation and the sensitivity of fMLP-induced O()(2) production to rottlerin, a PKCdelta-selective inhibitor. Optimal reconstitution also requires phospholipase C-beta2 and PI3K-gamma. We found that formyl peptide receptor could use the endogenous Rac1 as well as exogenous Rac1 and Rac2 for NADPH oxidase activation. Exogenous expression of p40(phox) potentiated fMLP-induced O()(2) production and raised the level of O()(2) in unstimulated cells. Collectively, these results provide first direct evidence for reconstituting fMLP-induced O()(2) production in a nonhemopoietic cell line, and demonstrate the requirement of multiple signaling components for optimal activation of NADPH oxidase by a chemoattractant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong He
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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32
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Stasia MJ, Bordigoni P, Floret D, Brion JP, Bost-Bru C, Michel G, Gatel P, Durant-Vital D, Voelckel MA, Li XJ, Guillot M, Maquet E, Martel C, Morel F. Characterization of six novel mutations in the CYBB gene leading to different sub-types of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. Hum Genet 2004; 116:72-82. [PMID: 15538631 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-004-1208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease is an inherited disorder in which phagocytes lack a functional NADPH oxidase and so cannot generate superoxide anions (O(2) (-)). The most common form is caused by mutations in CYBB encoding gp91 phox, the heavy chain of flavocytochrome b(558) (XCGD). We investigated 11 male patients and their families suspected of suffering from X-linked CGD. These XCGD patients were classified as having different variants (X91(0), X91(-) or X91(+)) according to their cytochrome b(558) expression and NADPH oxidase activity. Nine patients had X91(0) CGD, one had X91(-) CGD and one had X91(+) CGD. Six mutations in CYBB were novel. Of the four new X91(0) CGD cases, three were point mutations: G65A in exon 2, G387T in exon 5 and G970T in exon 9, leading to premature stop codons at positions Try18, Try125 and Glu320, respectively, in gp91 phox. One case of X91(0) CGD originated from a new 1005G deletion detected in exon 9. Surprisingly, four nonsense mutations in exon 5 led to the generation of two mRNAs, one with a normal size containing the mutation and the other in which exon 5 had been spliced. A novel X91(-) CGD case with low gp91 phox expression was diagnosed. It was caused by an 11-bp deletion in the linking region between exon 12 and intron 12, activating a new cryptic site. Finally, a new X91(+) CGD case was detected, characterized by a missense mutation Leu505Arg in the potential NADPH-binding site of gp91 phox. No clear correlation between the severity of the clinical symptoms and the sub-type of XCGD could be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie José Stasia
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, GREPI EA 2938 UJF, CHU 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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33
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Gauss KA, Bunger PL, Larson TC, Young CJ, Nelson-Overton LK, Siemsen DW, Quinn MT. Identification of a novel tumor necrosis factor alpha-responsive region in the NCF2 promoter. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 77:267-78. [PMID: 15513967 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0604329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase is a multiprotein enzyme that catalyzes the production of microbicidal oxidants. Although oxidase assembly involves association of several membrane and cytosolic oxidase proteins, one of the cytosolic cofactors, p67phox, appears to play a more prominent role in final activation of the enzyme complex. Based on the importance of p67phox, we investigated transcriptional regulation of the p67phox gene [neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 (NCF2)] and demonstrated previously that activator protein-1 (AP-1) was essential for basal transcriptional activity. As p67phox can be up-regulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), which activates AP-1, we hypothesized that TNF-alpha might regulate NCF2transcription via AP-1. In support of this hypothesis, we show here that NCF2 promoter-reporter constructs are up-regulated by TNF-alpha but only when AP-1 factors were coexpressed. Consistent with this observation, we also demonstrate that NCF2 mRNA and p67phox protein are up-regulated by TNF-alpha in various myeloid cell lines as well as in human monocytes. It was surprising that mutagenesis of the AP-1 site in NCF2 promoter constructs did not eliminate TNF-alpha induction, suggesting additional elements were involved in this response and that AP-1 might play a more indirect role. Indeed, we used NCF2 promoter-deletion constructs to map a novel TNF-alpha-responsive region (TRR) located between -56 and -16 bp upstream of the translational start site and demonstrated its importance in vivo using transcription factor decoy analysis. Furthermore, DNase footprinting verified specific binding of factor(s) to the TRR with AP-1 binding indirectly to this region. Thus, we have identified a novel NCF2 promoter/enhancer domain, which is essential for TNF-alpha-induced up-regulation of p67phox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Gauss
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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34
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Quinn MT, Gauss KA. Structure and regulation of the neutrophil respiratory burst oxidase: comparison with nonphagocyte oxidases. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:760-81. [PMID: 15240752 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0404216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play an essential role in the body's innate defense against pathogens and are one of the primary mediators of the inflammatory response. To defend the host, neutrophils use a wide range of microbicidal products, such as oxidants, microbicidal peptides, and lytic enzymes. The generation of microbicidal oxidants by neutrophils results from the activation of a multiprotein enzyme complex known as the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, which is responsible for transferring electrons from NADPH to O2, resulting in the formation of superoxide anion. During oxidase activation, cytosolic oxidase proteins translocate to the phagosome or plasma membrane, where they assemble around a central membrane-bound component known as flavocytochrome b. This process is highly regulated, involving phosphorylation, translocation, and multiple conformational changes. Originally, it was thought that the NADPH oxidase was restricted to phagocytes and used solely in host defense. However, recent studies indicate that similar NADPH oxidase systems are present in a wide variety of nonphagocytic cells. Although the nature of these nonphagocyte NADPH oxidases is still being defined, it is clear that they are functionally distinct from the phagocyte oxidases. It should be noted, however, that structural features of many nonphagocyte oxidase proteins do seem to be similar to those of their phagocyte counterparts. In this review, key structural and functional features of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase and its protein components are described, including a consideration of transcriptional and post-translational regulatory features. Furthermore, relevant details about structural and functional features of various nonphagocyte oxidase proteins will be included for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Quinn
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman 59717-3610, USA.
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35
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Cross AR, Segal AW. The NADPH oxidase of professional phagocytes--prototype of the NOX electron transport chain systems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2004; 1657:1-22. [PMID: 15238208 PMCID: PMC2636547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2003] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase is an electron transport chain in "professional" phagocytic cells that transfers electrons from NADPH in the cytoplasm, across the wall of the phagocytic vacuole, to form superoxide. The electron transporting flavocytochrome b is activated by the integrated function of four cytoplasmic proteins. The antimicrobial function of this system involves pumping K+ into the vacuole through BKCa channels, the effect of which is to elevate the vacuolar pH and activate neutral proteases. A number of homologous systems have been discovered in plants and lower animals as well as in man. Their function remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Cross
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anthony W. Segal
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
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36
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Lassègue B, Clempus RE. Vascular NAD(P)H oxidases: specific features, expression, and regulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285:R277-97. [PMID: 12855411 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00758.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 639] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vascular physiology and pathology is becoming increasingly evident. All cell types in the vascular wall produce ROS derived from superoxide-generating protein complexes similar to the leukocyte NADPH oxidase. Specific features of the vascular enzymes include constitutive and inducible activities, substrate specificity, and intracellular superoxide production. Most phagocyte enzyme subunits are found in vascular cells, including the catalytic gp91phox (aka, nox2), which was the earliest member of the newly discovered nox family. However, smooth muscle frequently expresses nox1 rather than gp91phox, and nox4 is additionally present in all cell types. In cell culture, agonists increase ROS production by activating multiple signals, including protein kinase C and Rac, and by upregulating oxidase subunits. The oxidases are also upregulated in vascular disease and are involved in the development of atherosclerosis and a significant part of angiotensin II-induced hypertension, possibly via nox1 and nox4. Likewise, enhanced vascular oxidase activity is associated with diabetes. Therefore, members of this enzyme family appear to be important in vascular biology and disease and constitute promising targets for future therapeutic interventions.
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37
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Berthier S, Paclet MH, Lerouge S, Roux F, Vergnaud S, Coleman AW, Morel F. Changing the conformation state of cytochrome b558 initiates NADPH oxidase activation: MRP8/MRP14 regulation. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:25499-508. [PMID: 12719414 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209755200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocyte NADPH oxidase generates O2. for defense mechanisms and cellular signaling. Myeloid-related proteins MRP8 and MRP14 of the S100 family are EF-hand calcium-binding proteins. MRP8 and MRP14 were co-isolated from neutrophils on an anti-p47phox matrix with oxidase cytosolic factors and identified by mass spectrometry. MRP8 and MRP14 are absent from Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B lymphocytes, and, coincidentally, these cells display weak oxidase activity compared with neutrophils. MRP8/MRP14 that was purified from neutrophils enhanced oxidase turnover of B cells in vitro, suggesting that MRP8/MRP14 is involved in the activation process. This was confirmed ex vivo by co-transfection of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B lymphocytes with genes encoding MRP8 and MRP14. In a semi-recombinant cell-free assay, recombinant MRP8/MRP14 increased the affinity of p67phox for cytochrome b558 synergistically with p47phox. Moreover, MRP8/MRP14 initiated oxidase activation on its own, through a calcium-dependent specific interaction with cytochrome b558 as shown by atomic force microscopy and a structure-function relationship investigation. The data suggest that the change of conformation in cytochrome b558, which initiates the electron transfer, can be mediated by effectors other than oxidase cytosolic factors p67phox and p47phox. Moreover, MRP8/MRP14 dimer behaves as a positive mediator of phagocyte NADPH oxidase regulation.
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MESH Headings
- Arachidonic Acid/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Calgranulin A/isolation & purification
- Calgranulin A/metabolism
- Calgranulin B/isolation & purification
- Calgranulin B/metabolism
- Cell-Free System
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Cytochrome b Group/chemistry
- Cytosol/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Enzyme Activation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Humans
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Mass Spectrometry
- Microscopy, Atomic Force
- NADPH Oxidases/chemistry
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Oxygen/metabolism
- Phagocytes/enzymology
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Trypsin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Berthier
- Groupe de Recherche et d'Etude du Processus Inflammatoire, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble, France
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38
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Stahelin RV, Burian A, Bruzik KS, Murray D, Cho W. Membrane binding mechanisms of the PX domains of NADPH oxidase p40phox and p47phox. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:14469-79. [PMID: 12556460 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212579200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phox (PX) domains are phosphoinositide (PI)-binding domains with broad PI specificity. Two cytosolic components of NADPH oxidase, p40(phox) and p47(phox), contain PX domains. The PX domain of p40(phox) specifically binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, whereas the PX domain of p47(phox) has two lipid binding sites, one specific for phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate and the other with affinity for phosphatidic acid or phosphatidylserine. To delineate the mechanisms by which these PX domains interact with PI-containing membranes, we measured the membrane binding of these domains and respective mutants by surface plasmon resonance and monolayer techniques and also calculated the electrostatic potentials of the domains as a function of PI binding. Results indicate that membrane binding of both PX domains is initiated by nonspecific electrostatic interactions, which is followed by the membrane penetration of hydrophobic residues. The membrane penetration of the p40(phox) PX domain is induced by phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, whereas that of the p47(phox) PX domain is triggered by both phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate and phosphatidic acid (or phosphatidylserine). Studies of enhanced green fluorescent protein-fused PX domains in HEK293 cells indicate that this specific membrane penetration is also important for subcellular localization of the two PX domains. Further studies on the full-length p40(phox) and p47(phox) proteins showed that an intramolecular interaction between the C-terminal Src homology 3 domain and the PX domain prevents the nonspecific monolayer penetration of p47(phox), whereas such an interaction is absent in p40(phox).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert V Stahelin
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60607, USA
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39
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Price MO, Atkinson SJ, Knaus UG, Dinauer MC. Rac activation induces NADPH oxidase activity in transgenic COSphox cells, and the level of superoxide production is exchange factor-dependent. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:19220-8. [PMID: 11896053 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200061200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient expression of constitutively active Rac1 derivatives, (G12V) or (Q61L), was sufficient to induce phagocyte NADPH oxidase activity in a COS-7 cell model in which human cDNAs for essential oxidase components, gp91(phox), p22(phox), p47(phox), and p67(phox), were expressed as stable transgenes. Expression of constitutively active Rac1 in "COS(phox)" cells induced translocation of p47(phox) and p67(phox) to the membrane. Furthermore, translocation of p47(phox) was induced in the absence of p67(phox) expression, even though Rac does not directly bind p47(phox). Rac effector domain point substitutions (A27K, G30S, D38A, Y40C), which can selectively eliminate interaction with different effector proteins, impaired Rac1V12-induced superoxide production. Activation of endogenous Rac1 by expression of constitutively active Rac-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) derivatives was sufficient to induce high level NADPH oxidase activity in COS(phox) cells. The constitutively active form of the hematopoietic-specific GEF, Vav1, was the most effective at activating superoxide production, despite detection of higher levels of Rac1-GTP upon expression of constitutively active Vav2 or Tiam1 derivatives. These data suggest that Rac can play a dual role in NADPH oxidase activation, both by directly participating in the oxidase complex and by activating signaling events leading to oxidase assembly, and that Vav1 may be the physiologically relevant GEF responsible for activating this Rac-regulated complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne O Price
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology), James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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40
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Stasia MJ, Lardy B, Maturana A, Rousseau P, Martel C, Bordigoni P, Demaurex N, Morel F. Molecular and functional characterization of a new X-linked chronic granulomatous disease variant (X91+) case with a double missense mutation in the cytosolic gp91phox C-terminal tail. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1586:316-30. [PMID: 11997083 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(01)00110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We report here two atypical cases of X-linked CGD patients (first cousins) in which cytochrome b(558) is present at a normal level but is not functional (X91+). The mutations were localized by single-strand conformational polymorphism of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplified fragments and then identified by sequence analysis. They consisted in two base substitutions (C919 to A and C923 to G), changing His303 to Asn and Pro304 to Arg in the cytosolic gp91phox C-terminal tail. Mismatched polymerase chain reaction and genomic DNA sequencing showed that mothers had both wild-type and mutated alleles, confirming that this case was transmitted in an X-linked fashion. A normal amount of FAD was found in neutrophil membranes, both in the X91+ patients and their parents. Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B lymphocytes from the X91+ patients acidified normally upon stimulation with arachidonic acid, indicating that the mutated gp91phox still functioned as a proton channel. A cell-free translocation assay demonstrated that the association of the cytosolic factors p47phox and p67phox with the membrane fraction was strongly disrupted. We concluded that residues 303 and 304 are crucial for the stable assembly of the NADPH oxidase complex and for electron transfer, but not for its proton channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie José Stasia
- GREPI EA 2938 UJF, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, CHU 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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41
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Zhan Y, Virbasius JV, Song X, Pomerleau DP, Zhou GW. The p40phox and p47phox PX domains of NADPH oxidase target cell membranes via direct and indirect recruitment by phosphoinositides. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:4512-8. [PMID: 11729195 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109520200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Phox homology (PX) domain has recently been reported to bind to phosphoinositides, and some PX domains can localize to endosomes in vivo. Here we show data to support the conclusion that the p40(phox) PX domain binds to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate specifically in vitro and localizes to endosomes in intact cells. In addition, its Y59A/L65Q mutant, which has decreased affinity for phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate in vitro, fails to target EGFP-p40-PX to endosomes. However, unlike published results, we find that the p47(phox) PX domain weakly binds to many phosphoinositides in vitro showing slightly higher affinity for phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. Moreover, we show for the first time that upon insulin-like growth factor-1 stimulation of COS cells, the p47(phox) PX domain is localized to the plasma membrane, and this subcellular localization is dependent on PI 3-kinase activity. Unexpectedly, its R42Q mutant that loses in vitro phosphoinositide-binding ability can still target EGFP-p47-PX to the plasma membrane. Our data suggest that the translocation of p47(phox) PX domain to the plasma membrane does involve 3'-phosphoinositide(s) in the process, but the phosphoinositide-binding of p47(phox) PX domain is not sufficient to recruit it to the plasma membrane. Therefore, the p40(phox) and p47(phox) PX domains can target subcellular membranes via direct or indirect recruitment by phosphoinositides, while both are under the control of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhan
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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42
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Stanke-Labesque F, Hardy G, Vergnaud S, Devillier P, Peoc'h M, Randon J, Bricca G, Caron F, Cracowski JL, Bessard G. Involvement of cysteinyl leukotrienes in angiotensin II-induced contraction in isolated aortas from transgenic (mRen-2)27 rats. J Hypertens 2002; 20:263-72. [PMID: 11821711 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200202000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We have previously reported that 5-lipoxygenase-derived products, and particularly the cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), were involved in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced contractions in isolated aortas from spontaneously hypertensive rats. DESIGN The aim of this study was to assess the role of CysLTs in the vascular response to Ang II in an Ang II-dependent model of hypertension, the (mRen-2)27 transgenic rats (TGs). METHODS Intact aortic rings from TG and normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats (SDs) were suspended in organ chambers for isometric tension development in response to Ang II. In addition, the release of CysLTs in response to Ang II (0.3 micromol/l) was measured by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS In isolated aortas from TG rats, pretreatment with the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (AA861, 10 micromol/l) or the CysLT1 receptor antagonist (MK571, 1 micromol/l) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced Ang II-induced contractions by 52 and 42%, respectively. In addition, Ang II induced a 2.6-fold increase in CysLT release (pg/mg dry weight tissue: 58.3 +/- 17.9 (Ang II, n = 7) versus 22.5 +/- 5.9 (basal, n = 7) P < 0.05), which was inhibited by the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan (1 micromol/l). In contrast, in aortas from SD rats, pretreatment with AA861 or MK571 did not alter Ang II-induced contraction and CysLT production remained unchanged after exposure to Ang II. CONCLUSION These data suggest that CysLTs are involved in the contractile responses to Ang II in isolated aortas from TG but not from SD rats.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified/physiology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/physiology
- Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/immunology
- Benzoquinones/pharmacology
- Blood Pressure/physiology
- Blotting, Western
- Body Weight/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Leukotriene Antagonists
- Lipoxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Membrane Proteins
- Models, Animal
- Models, Cardiovascular
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/immunology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR/genetics
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley/genetics
- Receptors, Leukotriene/biosynthesis
- Vascular Patency/drug effects
- Vascular Patency/physiology
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
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43
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Paclet MH, Coleman AW, Burritt J, Morel F. NADPH oxidase of Epstein-Barr-virus immortalized B lymphocytes. Effect of cytochrome b(558) glycosylation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:5197-208. [PMID: 11589712 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The phagocyte NADPH oxidase is known to be expressed in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immortalized B lymphocytes. But even if its molecular composition and its catalytic mechanisms are similar, the activity measured in B cells is very low compared to that of neutrophils. This could be explained by the low expression of cytochrome b558, the membrane redox component, but also by a defect in the activation process. This work is focused on gp91-phox glycosylation in B lymphocytes to assess its role in the complex assembly upon activation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) combined with immunochemical approaches were used to investigate the effect of the glycosylation on the structure of cytochrome b558 inserted into liposomes, on the reconstituted oxidase activity in vitro, and to directly monitor interaction forces between specific antibodies and the hemoprotein in its native or deglycosylated state. The results show that in EBV-B cells, gp91-phox glycosylation is higher than in neutrophils. The interaction force measured between the monoclonal antibody 11C12, known to inhibit O(-2) production in B lymphocytes, and the hemoprotein is increased after deglycosylation. This suggested that the epitope region recognized by this antibody is partly hidden in B cells, and that this region could be involved in the conformational change that occurs in the hemoprotein during the complex assembly. The high glycosylation of gp91-phox in B cells associated with the lipidic environment could lead to additional structural constraints in the membrane-bound hemoprotein that partly blocked the hemoprotein in its inactive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Paclet
- GREPI, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, CHU Albert Michallon BP 217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
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44
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Kobayashi T, Tsunawaki S, Seguchi H. Evaluation of the process for superoxide production by NADPH oxidase in human neutrophils: evidence for cytoplasmic origin of superoxide. Redox Rep 2001; 6:27-36. [PMID: 11333112 DOI: 10.1179/135100001101536003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an up-to-date insight into the function of NADPH oxidase in human neutrophils, the signalling pathways involved in activation of this enzyme and the process of association of its components with the cytoskeleton. We also discuss the functional implications of morphological studies revealing localization of the sites of NADPH oxidase activity. An original model of the process of superoxide (O2*-) production in human neutrophils is shown. Organization of NADPH oxidase is associated with several components. Upon stimulation, tri-phox cytosolic components of NADPH oxidase (p40-phox, p47-phox and p67-phox) bind to actin filaments. This process involves other actin-binding proteins, such as cofilin and coronin. Activated protein kinase C, translocated from the plasma membrane, phosphorylates cytosolic components at a scaffold of cytoskeleton. Subsequently, p40-phox, responsible for maintaining the resting state of NADPH oxidase, is separated from other two cytosolic phox proteins following an attachment of the active form of small GTP-binding protein Rac to p67-phox. Cytosolic duo-phox proteins (p47-phox and p67-phox) conjugate with membrane components (gp91-phox, p22-phox and Rapla) of NADPH oxidase residing within membranes of intracellular compartments. This chain of events triggers production of O2*-. Then, oxidant-producing intracellular compartments associate with the plasma membrane. Eventually, intracellularly produced O2*- is released to the extracellular environment through the orifice formed by fusion of oxidant-producing compartments with the plasma membrane. Intracellular movement of the oxidant-producing compartments may be regulated by myosin light chain kinase. The review emphasizes that functional assembly of NADPH oxidase and, therefore, generation of O2*- is accomplished essentially within the intracellular compartments. Upon neutrophil stimulation, intracellularly generated O2*- is transported to the plasma membrane to be released and to ensure host defense against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kochi Medical School, Japan
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45
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Hasebe T, Hua J, Someya A, Morain P, Checler F, Nagaoka I. Involvement of cytosolic prolyl endopeptidase in degradation of p40‐phox splice variant protein in myeloid cells. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.69.6.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hasebe
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan; and
| | - Jian Hua
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan; and
| | - Akimasa Someya
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan; and
| | - Philippe Morain
- Division D of Medical Chemistry, Institute de Recherche Servier, 92150 Suresnes, and
| | | | - Isao Nagaoka
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan; and
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46
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Polack B, Vergnaud S, Paclet MH, Lamotte D, Toussaint B, Morel F. Protein delivery by Pseudomonas type III secretion system: Ex vivo complementation of p67(phox)-deficient chronic granulomatous disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 275:854-8. [PMID: 10973811 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial type III secretion system drives the translocation of virulence factors into the cystosol of host target cells. In phagocytes and in Epstein-Barr virus immortalized B lymphocytes, NADPH oxidase generates O(-2) through an electron transfer chain the activity of which depends on the assembly of three, p67(phox), p47(phox) and p40(phox) cytosolic activating factors with Rac 1/2 and a membrane redox component, cytochrome b(558). In p67(phox) deficient chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) patients, p67-phox is missing and NADPH oxidase activity is abolished. ExoS is a virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is secreted via the type III secretion system: it was fused with p67(phox). Pseudomonas aeruginosa synthesized and translocated the hybrid ExoS-p67(phox) fusion protein into the cytosol of B lymphocytes via the type III secretion system. Purified ExoS-p67(phox) hybrid protein was as efficient as normal recombinant p67(phox) in cell-free reconstitution of NADPH oxidase activity. Therefore, ExoS-p67(phox) was transferred via the type III secretion system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa into the cytosol of B lymphocytes from a p67(phox)-deficient CGD patient and functionally reconstituted NADPH oxidase activity. In the complementation process, ExoS acted as a molecular courier for protein delivery: the reconstitution of an active NADPH oxidase complex suggests type III secretion system to be a new approach for cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Polack
- Groupe d'étude du processus inflammatoire (GREPI), MENRT EA 2938, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
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47
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Paclet MH, Coleman AW, Vergnaud S, Morel F. P67-phox-mediated NADPH oxidase assembly: imaging of cytochrome b558 liposomes by atomic force microscopy. Biochemistry 2000; 39:9302-10. [PMID: 10924123 DOI: 10.1021/bi000483j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase activity depends on the assembly of the cytosolic activating factors, p67-phox, p47-phox, p40-phox, and Rac with cytochrome b(558). The transition from an inactive to an active oxidase complex induces the transfer of electrons from NADPH to oxygen through cytochrome b(558). The assembly of oxidase complex was studied in vitro after reconstitution in a heterologous cell-free assay by using true noncontact mode atomic force microscopy. Cytochrome b(558) was purified from neutrophils and Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B lymphocytes and incorporated into liposomes. The effect of protein glycosylation on liposome size and oxidase activity was investigated. The liposomes containing the native hemoprotein purified from neutrophils had a diameter of 146 nm, whereas after deglycosylation, the diameter was reduced to 68 nm, although oxidase activity was similar in both cases. Native cytochrome b(558) was used after purification in reconstitution experiments to investigate the topography of NADPH oxidase once it was assembled. For the first time, atomic force microscopy illustrated conformational changes of cytochrome b(558) during the transition from the inactive to the active state of oxidase; height measurements allow the determination of a size of 4 nm for the assembled complex. In the processes that were studied, p67-phox displayed a critical function; it was shown to be involved in both assembly and activation of oxidase complex while p47-phox proceeded as a positive effector and increased the affinity of p67-phox with cytochrome b(558), and p40-phox stabilizes the resting state. The results suggest that although an oligomeric structure of oxidase machinery has not been demonstrated, allosteric regulation mechanisms may be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Paclet
- GREPI EA 2938 MENRT laboratoire Enzymologie, CHU Grenoble BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
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