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Yang JK, Kwon H, Kim S. Recent advances in light-triggered cancer immunotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2650-2669. [PMID: 38353138 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Light-triggered phototherapies, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), have shown strong therapeutic efficacy with minimal invasiveness and systemic toxicity, offering opportunities for tumor-specific therapies. Phototherapies not only induce direct tumor cell killing, but also trigger anti-tumor immune responses by releasing various immune-stimulating factors. In recent years, conventional phototherapies have been combined with cancer immunotherapy as synergistic therapeutic modalities to eradicate cancer by exploiting the innate and adaptive immunity. These combined photoimmunotherapies have demonstrated excellent therapeutic efficacy in preventing tumor recurrence and metastasis compared to phototherapy alone. This review covers recent advancements in combined photoimmunotherapy, including photoimmunotherapy (PIT), PDT-combined immunotherapy, and PTT-combined immunotherapy, along with their underlying anti-tumor immune response mechanisms. In addition, the challenges and future research directions for light-triggered cancer immunotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kyoung Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hayoon Kwon
- Chemical & Biological integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehoon Kim
- Chemical & Biological integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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2
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Mosaddad SA, Namanloo RA, Aghili SS, Maskani P, Alam M, Abbasi K, Nouri F, Tahmasebi E, Yazdanian M, Tebyaniyan H. Photodynamic therapy in oral cancer: a review of clinical studies. Med Oncol 2023; 40:91. [PMID: 36749489 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-01949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A significant mortality rate is associated with oral cancer, particularly in cases of late-stage diagnosis. Since the last decades, oral cancer survival rates have only gradually improved despite advances in treatment. This poor success rate is mainly due to the development of secondary tumors, local recurrence, and regional failure. Invasive treatments frequently have a negative impact on the aesthetic and functional outcomes of survivors. Novel approaches are thus needed to manage this deadly disease in light of these statistics. In photodynamic therapy (PDT), a light-sensitive medication called a photosensitizer is given first, followed by exposure to light of the proper wavelength that matches the absorbance band of the photosensitizer. The tissue oxygen-induced cytotoxic free radicals kill tumor cells directly, harm the microvascular structure, and cause inflammatory reactions at the targeted sites. In the case of early lesions, PDT can be used as a stand-alone therapy, and in the case of advanced lesions, it can be used as adjuvant therapy. The current review article discussed the uses of PDT in oral cancer therapy based on recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Mosaddad
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Seyedeh Sara Aghili
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Poorya Maskani
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Alam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Abbasi
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Nouri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Elahe Tahmasebi
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Yazdanian
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Tebyaniyan
- Department of Science and Research, Islimic Azade University, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Patel M, Prabhu A. Smart nanocomposite assemblies for multimodal cancer theranostics. Int J Pharm 2022; 618:121697. [PMID: 35337903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite great strides in anticancer research, performance statistics of current treatment modalities remain dismal, highlighting the need for safe, efficacious strategies for tumour mitigation. Non-invasive fusion technology platforms combining photodynamic, photothermal and hyperthermia therapies have emerged as alternate strategies with potential to meet many of the unmet clinical demands in the domain of cancer. These therapies make use of metallic and magnetic nanoparticles with light absorbing properties, which are manipulated to generate either reactive cytotoxic oxygen species or heat for tumour ablation. Combination therapies integrating light, heat and magnetism-mediated nanoplatforms with the conventional approaches of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery are emerging as precision medicine for targeted interventions against cancer. This article aims to compile recent developments of advanced nanocomposite assemblies that integrate multimodal therapeutics for cancer treatment. Amalgamation of various effective, non-invasive technological platforms such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), magnetic hyperthermia (MHT), and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) have tremendous potential in presenting safe and efficacious solutions to the formidable challenges in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manshi Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Arati Prabhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India.
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4
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Zhang D, Xie Q, Liu Y, Li Z, Li H, Li S, Li Z, Cui J, Su M, Jiang X, Xue P, Bai M. Photosensitizer IR700DX-6T- and IR700DX-mbc94-mediated photodynamic therapy markedly elicits anticancer immune responses during treatment of pancreatic cancer. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105811. [PMID: 34390852 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS IR700DX-6T and IR700DX-mbc94 are two chemically synthesized photosensitizers (PSs) that target the translocator protein (TSPO) and type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R), respectively, for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. Recently, we found that IR700DX-6T and IR700DX-mbc94 exhibited high selectivity and efficiency in PDT for breast cancer and malignant astrocytoma. Yet, the phototherapeutic effects of the PSs on pancreatic cancer and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This study investigated the effect of IR700DX-6T- or IR700DX-mbc94-PDT on pancreatic cancer and whether the treatment involves eliciting anticancer immune responses in support of superior therapeutic efficacy. METHODS Four pancreatic cancer cell lines were used for in vitro studies. C57BL/6 mice bearing pancreatic cancer cell-derived xenografts were generated for in vivo studies regarding the therapeutic effects of IR700DX-6T-PDT and IR700DX-mbc94-PDT on pancreatic cancer. The immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive effects of IR700DX-6T-PDT and IR700DX-mbc94-PDT were examined by detecting CD8+ T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and dendritic cells (DCs) using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS TSPO and CB2R were markedly upregulated in pancreatic cancer cells and tissues. Both IR700DX-6T-PDT and IR700DX-mbc94-PDT significantly inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Notably, assessment of anticancer immune responses revealed that both IR700DX-6T-PDT and IR700DX-mbc94-PDT significantly induced CD8+ T cells, promoted maturation of DCs, and suppressed Tregs, with stronger effects exerted by IR700DX-6T-PDT compared to IR700DX-mbc94-PDT. CONCLUSIONS IR700DX-6T-PDT and IR700DX-mbc94-PDT involves eliciting anticancer immune responses. Our study has also implicated that PDT in combination with immunotherapy holds promise to improve therapeutic efficacy for patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qing Xie
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Zongyan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Fourth General Surgery Department, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Meng Su
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Ping Xue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China.
| | - Mingfeng Bai
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Sorrin AJ, Ruhi MK, Ferlic NA, Karimnia V, Polacheck WJ, Celli JP, Huang HC, Rizvi I. Photodynamic Therapy and the Biophysics of the Tumor Microenvironment. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:232-259. [PMID: 31895481 PMCID: PMC7138751 DOI: 10.1111/php.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) provides opportunities to modulate tumor physiology, enhance the delivery of therapeutic agents, impact immune response and overcome resistance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemistry-based, nonthermal modality that produces reactive molecular species at the site of light activation and is in the clinic for nononcologic and oncologic applications. The unique mechanisms and exquisite spatiotemporal control inherent to PDT enable selective modulation or destruction of the TME and cancer cells. Mechanical stress plays an important role in tumor growth and survival, with increasing implications for therapy design and drug delivery, but remains understudied in the context of PDT and PDT-based combinations. This review describes pharmacoengineering and bioengineering approaches in PDT to target cellular and noncellular components of the TME, as well as molecular targets on tumor and tumor-associated cells. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of mechanical stress in the context of targeted PDT regimens, and combinations, for primary and metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Sorrin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Mustafa Kemal Ruhi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Nathaniel A. Ferlic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Vida Karimnia
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - William J. Polacheck
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Celli
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Huang-Chiao Huang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Targeted photoimmunotherapy based on photosensitizer-antibody conjugates for multiple myeloma treatment. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 203:111777. [PMID: 31931387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high in vitro efficacy of photodynamic therapeutics, lack of tumor targeting significantly reduces their in vivo efficacy and thus limits their clinical use. Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is a new synthetic strategy to target and treat cancer by photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this study, we describe design and synthesis of a third-generation photosensitizer comprising a PEGylated-phthalocyanine star-polymer photosensitizer that covalently bound to a myeloma tumor-selective antibody (MAb) via the carbodiimide chemistry. The free photosensitizer demonstrated a minimum dark toxicity when tested in mammalian myeloma cell line (SP2/OR); and a moderate phototoxicity after irradiation with non thermal laser red light as a result of light-induced production of cytotoxic singlet oxygen species. Covalent attachment of the photosensitizer (Pc) to the MAb resulted in a significantly enhanced phototoxicity. This is mainly ascribed to the fact that internalization enhances phototoxicity of Pc-MAb bioconjugates. The radioactivated photoimmuno-conjugates 131I(PcMAb) demonstrated the highest phototoxicity to myeloma cells. The suggested bioconjugates are promising candidates as multiple therapeutic models for in vivo treatment of myeloma.
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Patient-Derived Head and Neck Cancer Organoids Recapitulate EGFR Expression Levels of Respective Tissues and Are Responsive to EGFR-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111880. [PMID: 31694307 PMCID: PMC6912517 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are currently treated with surgery and/or radio- and chemotherapy. Despite these therapeutic interventions, 40% of patients relapse, urging the need for more effective therapies. In photodynamic therapy (PDT), a light-activated photosensitizer produces reactive oxygen species that ultimately lead to cell death. Targeted PDT, using a photosensitizer conjugated to tumor-targeting molecules, has been explored as a more selective cancer therapy. Organoids are self-organizing three-dimensional structures that can be grown from both normal and tumor patient-material and have recently shown translational potential. Here, we explore the potential of a recently described HNSCC–organoid model to evaluate Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-targeted PDT, through either antibody- or nanobody-photosensitizer conjugates. We find that EGFR expression levels differ between organoids derived from different donors, and recapitulate EGFR expression levels of patient material. EGFR expression levels were found to correlate with the response to EGFR-targeted PDT. Importantly, organoids grown from surrounding normal tissues showed lower EGFR expression levels than their tumor counterparts, and were not affected by the treatment. In general, nanobody-targeted PDT was more effective than antibody-targeted PDT. Taken together, patient-derived HNSCC organoids are a useful 3D model for testing in vitro targeted PDT.
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Sandland J, Boyle RW. Photosensitizer Antibody–Drug Conjugates: Past, Present, and Future. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:975-993. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Okoth EA, Zhou Z, Ongarora B, Stutes A, Mathis JM, Vicente MGH. Synthesis and investigation of phthalocyanine-biotin conjugates. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019; 23:125-135. [PMID: 33132689 PMCID: PMC7598017 DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An isothiocyanato-functionalized phthalocyanine (Pc) was synthesized in good yield from the corresponding amine-substituted Pc. This Pc reacted with ethanolamine, biotin hydrazine, and biotin diethylamine under mild conditions (room temperature in DMF or DMSO in the presence of TEA) to produce the corresponding thiourea products in 60-75% yields. All Pcs showed intense Q absorptions in DMF around 677 nm, emissions centered at 683 nm, and fluorescence quantum yields in the range 0.18-0.27. The Pcs were phototoxic to human carcinoma HEp2 cells (IC50 ~ 7 at 1.5 J/cm2) and localized in multiple organelles, including the lysosomes, Golgi and ER. One biotin-Pc conjugate was injected via tail vein into nude mice bearing HT-29 tumors and demonstrated selective localization in the tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Okoth
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Zehua Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Benson Ongarora
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Alyssa Stutes
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - J. Michael Mathis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Tang Q, Nagaya T, Liu Y, Horng H, Lin J, Sato K, Kobayashi H, Chen Y. 3D mesoscopic fluorescence tomography for imaging micro-distribution of antibody-photon absorber conjugates during near infrared photoimmunotherapy in vivo. J Control Release 2018; 279:171-180. [PMID: 29673644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As a novel low-side-effect cancer therapy, photo-immunotherapy (PIT) is based on conjugating monoclonal antibody (mAb) with a near-infrared (NIR) phthalocyanine dye IRDye700DX (IR 700). IR700 is not only fluorescent to be used as an imaging agent, but also phototoxic. When illuminating with NIR light, PIT can induce highly-selective cancer cell death while leaving most of tumor blood vessels unharmed, leading to an effect termed super-enhanced permeability and retention (SUPR), which can significantly improve the effectiveness of anti-cancer drug. Currently, the therapeutic effects of PIT are monitored using 2D macroscopic fluorescence reflectance imager, which lacks the resolution and depth information to reveal the 3D distribution of mAb-IR700. In the study, we applied a multi-modal optical imaging approach including high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) and high-sensitivity fluorescence laminar optical tomography (FLOT), to provide 3D tumor micro-structure and micro-distribution of mAb-IR700 in the tumor simultaneously during PIT in situ and in vivo. The multi-wavelength FLOT can also provide the blood vessels morphology of the tumor. Thus, the 3D FLOT reconstructed images allow us to evaluate the IR700 fluorescence distribution change with respect to the blood vessels and at different tumor locations/depths non-invasively, thereby enabling evaluation of the therapeutic effects in vivo and optimization of treatment regimens accordingly. The mAb-IR700 can access more tumor areas after PIT treatment, which can be explained by increased vascular permeability immediately after NIR-PIT. Two-photon microscopy was also used to record the mAb-IR700 on the tumor surface near the blood vessels to verify the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggong Tang
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2218 Jeong H.Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Tadanobu Nagaya
- National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute, Molecular Imaging Program, Bldg 10, Room B3B47, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2218 Jeong H.Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Hannah Horng
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2218 Jeong H.Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Jonathan Lin
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2218 Jeong H.Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Kazuhide Sato
- National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute, Molecular Imaging Program, Bldg 10, Room B3B47, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, United States
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute, Molecular Imaging Program, Bldg 10, Room B3B47, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, United States.
| | - Yu Chen
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2218 Jeong H.Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
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van Lith SA, van den Brand D, Wallbrecher R, Wübbeke L, van Duijnhoven SM, Mäkinen PI, Hoogstad-van Evert JS, Massuger L, Ylä-Herttuala S, Brock R, Leenders WP. The effect of subcellular localization on the efficiency of EGFR-targeted VHH photosensitizer conjugates. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 124:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Almeida-Marrero V, van de Winckel E, Anaya-Plaza E, Torres T, de la Escosura A. Porphyrinoid biohybrid materials as an emerging toolbox for biomedical light management. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7369-7400. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00554g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the most important developing strategies in light-induced nanomedicine, based on the combination of porphyrinoid photosensitizers with a wide variety of biomolecules and biomolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eduardo Anaya-Plaza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem)
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem)
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13
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Korsak B, Almeida GM, Rocha S, Pereira C, Mendes N, Osório H, Pereira PMR, Rodrigues JMM, Schneider RJ, Sarmento B, Tomé JPC, Oliveira C. Porphyrin modified trastuzumab improves efficacy of HER2 targeted photodynamic therapy of gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1478-1489. [PMID: 28639285 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the 3rd deadliest cancer worldwide, due to limited treatment options and late diagnosis. Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) is overexpressed in ∼20% of GC cases and anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab in combination with conventional chemotherapy, is recognized as standard therapy for HER2-positive metastatic GC. This strategy improves GC patients' survival by 2-3 months, however its optimal results in breast cancer indicate that GC survival may be improved. A new photoimmunoconjugate was developed by conjugating a porphyrin with trastuzumab (Trast:Porph) for targeted photodynamic therapy in HER2-positive GC. Using mass spectrometry analysis, the lysine residues in the trastuzumab structure most prone for porphyrin conjugation were mapped. The in vitro data demonstrates that Trast:Porph specifically binds to HER2-positive cells, accumulates intracellularly, co-localizes with lysosomal marker LAMP1, and induces massive HER2-positive cell death upon cellular irradiation. The high selectivity and cytotoxicity of Trast:Porph based photoimmunotherapy is confirmed in vivo in comparison with trastuzumab alone, using nude mice xenografted with a HER2-positive GC cell line. In the setting of human disease, these data suggest that repetitive cycles of Trast:Porph photoimmunotherapy may be used as an improved treatment strategy in HER2-positive GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Korsak
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde- i3S, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology at the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gabriela M Almeida
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde- i3S, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology at the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Rocha
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde- i3S, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology at the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde- i3S, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology at the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mendes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde- i3S, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology at the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Osório
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde- i3S, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology at the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - João M M Rodrigues
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rudolf J Schneider
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde- i3S, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- INEB, National Institute of Biomedical Engineering-University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Inovapotek Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Porto, Portugal
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde and Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal
| | - João P C Tomé
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Oliveira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde- i3S, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology at the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Tang Q, Nagaya T, Liu Y, Lin J, Sato K, Kobayashi H, Chen Y. Real-time monitoring of microdistribution of antibody-photon absorber conjugates during photoimmunotherapy in vivo. J Control Release 2017; 260:154-163. [PMID: 28601576 PMCID: PMC5726775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is an emerging low side effect cancer therapy based on a monoclonal antibody (mAb) conjugated with a near-infrared (NIR) phthalocyanine dye IRDye 700DX. IR700 is fluorescent, can be used as an imaging agent, and also is phototoxic. It induces rapid cell death after exposure to NIR light. PIT induces highly selective cancer cell death, while leaving most of tumor blood vessels unharmed, leading to an effect called super-enhanced permeability and retention (SUPR). SUPR significantly improves the effectiveness of the anticancer drug. Currently, the therapeutic effects of PIT are monitored using the IR700 fluorescent signal based on macroscopic fluorescence reflectance imagery. This technique, however, lacks the resolution and depth information to reveal the intratumor heterogeneity of mAb-IR700 distribution. We applied a minimally invasive two-channel fluorescence fiber imaging system by combining the traditional fluorescence imaging microscope with two imaging fiber bundles (~0.85mm). This method monitored mAb-IR700 distribution and therapeutic effects during PIT at different intratumor locations (e.g., tumor surface vs. deep tumor) in situ and in real time simultaneously. This enabled evaluation of the therapeutic effects in vivo and treatment regimens. The average IR700 fluorescence intensity recovery after PIT to the tumor surface is 91.50%, while it is 100.63% in deep tumors. To verify the results, two-photon microscopy combined with a microprism was also used to record the mAb-IR700 distribution and fluorescence intensity of green fluorescent protein (GFP) at different tumor depths during PIT. After PIT treatment, there was significantly higher IR700 fluorescence recovery in deep tumor than in the tumor surface. This phenomenon can be explained by increased vascular permeability immediately after NIR-PIT. Fluorescence intensity of GFP at the tumor surface decreased significantly more compared to that of deep tumor and in controls (no PIT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggong Tang
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2218 Jeong H.Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Tadanobu Nagaya
- National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute, Molecular Imaging Program, Bldg 10, Room B3B69, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2218 Jeong H.Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Jonathan Lin
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2218 Jeong H.Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Kazuhide Sato
- National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute, Molecular Imaging Program, Bldg 10, Room B3B69, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, United States
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute, Molecular Imaging Program, Bldg 10, Room B3B69, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, United States.
| | - Yu Chen
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2218 Jeong H.Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
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15
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Feng G, Fang Y, Liu J, Geng J, Ding D, Liu B. Multifunctional Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Image-Guided Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13. [PMID: 28084693 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201602807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional theranostic platform based on conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) with tumor targeting, fluorescence detection, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal therapy (PTT) is developed for effective cancer imaging and therapy. Two conjugated polymers, poly[9,9-bis(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)-ethyl)fluorenyldivinylene]-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole) with bright red emission and photosensitizing ability and poly[(4,4,9,9-tetrakis(4-(octyloxy)phenyl)-4,9-dihydro-s-indacenol-dithiophene-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-4,9-bis(thiophen-2-yl)-6,7-bis(4-(hexyloxy)phenyl)-thiadiazolo-quinoxaline] with strong near-infrared absorption and excellent photothermal conversion ability are co-loaded into one single CPN via encapsulation approach using lipid-polyethylene glycol as the matrix. The obtained co-loaded CPNs show sizes of around 30 nm with a high singlet oxygen quantum yield of 60.4% and an effective photothermal conversion efficiency of 47.6%. The CPN surface is further decorated with anti-HER2 affibody, which bestows the resultant anti-HER2-CPNs superior selectivity toward tumor cells with HER2 overexpression both in vitro and in vivo. Under light irradiation, the PDT and PTT show synergistic therapeutic efficacy, which provides new opportunities for the development of multifunctional biocompatible organic materials in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxue Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Junlong Geng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Dan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, 136834, Singapore
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16
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Saini R, Lee NV, Liu KYP, Poh CF. Prospects in the Application of Photodynamic Therapy in Oral Cancer and Premalignant Lesions. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8090083. [PMID: 27598202 PMCID: PMC5040985 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8090083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is a global health burden with significantly poor survival, especially when the diagnosis is at its late stage. Despite advances in current treatment modalities, there has been minimal improvement in survival rates over the last five decades. The development of local recurrence, regional failure, and the formation of second primary tumors accounts for this poor outcome. For survivors, cosmetic and functional compromises resulting from treatment are often devastating. These statistics underscore the need for novel approaches in the management of this deadly disease. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality that involves administration of a light-sensitive drug, known as a photosensitizer, followed by light irradiation of an appropriate wavelength that corresponds to an absorbance band of the sensitizer. In the presence of tissue oxygen, cytotoxic free radicals that are produced cause direct tumor cell death, damage to the microvasculature, and induction of inflammatory reactions at the target sites. PDT offers a prospective new approach in controlling this disease at its various stages either as a stand-alone therapy for early lesions or as an adjuvant therapy for advanced cases. In this review, we aim to explore the applications of PDT in oral cancer therapy and to present an overview of the recent advances in PDT that can potentially reposition its utility for oral cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Saini
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Nathan V Lee
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Kelly Y P Liu
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Catherine F Poh
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
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17
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Feng Q, Tong R. Anticancer nanoparticulate polymer-drug conjugate. Bioeng Transl Med 2016; 1:277-296. [PMID: 29313017 PMCID: PMC5689533 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We review recent progress in polymer-drug conjugate for cancer nanomedicine. Polymer-drug conjugates, including the nanoparticle prepared from these conjugates, are designed to release drug in tumor tissues or cells in order to improve drugs' therapeutic efficacy. We summarize general design principles for the polymer-drug conjugate, including the synthetic strategies, the design of the chemical linkers between the drug and polymer in the conjugate, and the in vivo drug delivery barriers for polymer-drug conjugates. Several new strategies, such as the synthesis of polymer-drug conjugates and supramolecular-drug conjugates, the use of stimulus-responsive delivery, and triggering the change of the nanoparticle physiochemical properties to over delivery barriers, are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyou Feng
- Dept. of Chemical EngineeringVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University635 Prices Fork RoadBlacksburgVA24061
| | - Rong Tong
- Dept. of Chemical EngineeringVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University635 Prices Fork RoadBlacksburgVA24061
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18
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van Driel PBAA, Boonstra MC, Slooter MD, Heukers R, Stammes MA, Snoeks TJA, de Bruijn HS, van Diest PJ, Vahrmeijer AL, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, van de Velde CJH, Löwik CWGM, Robinson DJ, Oliveira S. EGFR targeted nanobody-photosensitizer conjugates for photodynamic therapy in a pre-clinical model of head and neck cancer. J Control Release 2016; 229:93-105. [PMID: 26988602 PMCID: PMC7116242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) induces cell death through local light activation of a photosensitizer (PS) and has been used to treat head and neck cancers. Yet, common PS lack tumor specificity, which leads to collateral damage to normal tissues. Targeted delivery of PS via antibodies has pre-clinically improved tumor selectivity. However, antibodies have long half-lives and relatively poor tissue penetration, which could limit therapeutic efficacy and lead to long photosensitivity. Here, in this feasibility study, we evaluate at the pre-clinical level a recently introduced format of targeted PDT, which employs nanobodies as targeting agents and a water-soluble PS (IRDye700DX) that is traceable through optical imaging. In vitro, the PS solely binds to cells and induces phototoxicity on cells overexpressing the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), when conjugated to the EGFR targeted nanobodies. To investigate whether this new format of targeted PDT is capable of inducing selective tumor cell death in vivo, PDT was applied on an orthotopic mouse tumor model with illumination at 1h post-injection of the nanobody-PS conjugates, as selected from quantitative fluorescence spectroscopy measurements. In parallel, and as a reference, PDT was applied with an antibody-PS conjugate, with illumination performed 24h post-injection. Importantly, EGFR targeted nanobody-PS conjugates led to extensive tumor necrosis (approx. 90%) and almost no toxicity in healthy tissues, as observed through histology 24h after PDT. Overall, results show that these EGFR targeted nanobody-PS conjugates are selective and able to induce tumor cell death in vivo. Additional studies are now needed to assess the full potential of this approach to improving PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter B A A van Driel
- Department of Radiology, Division of Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Percuros BV, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C Boonstra
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime D Slooter
- Department of Radiology, Division of Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Percuros BV, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Raimond Heukers
- Molecular Oncology, Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke A Stammes
- Department of Radiology, Division of Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Percuros BV, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J A Snoeks
- Department of Radiology, Division of Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henriette S de Bruijn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus Medical Center, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander L Vahrmeijer
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M P van Bergen En Henegouwen
- Molecular Oncology, Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J H van de Velde
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens W G M Löwik
- Department of Radiology, Division of Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dominic J Robinson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus Medical Center, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Molecular Oncology, Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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19
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Ito K, Mitsunaga M, Arihiro S, Saruta M, Matsuoka M, Kobayashi H, Tajiri H. Molecular targeted photoimmunotherapy for HER2-positive human gastric cancer in combination with chemotherapy results in improved treatment outcomes through different cytotoxic mechanisms. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:37. [PMID: 26810644 PMCID: PMC4727331 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is a novel type of molecular optical imaging-guided cancer phototherapy based on a monoclonal antibody conjugated to a photosensitizer, IR700, in combination with near-infrared (NIR) light. PIT rapidly causes target-specific cell death by inducing cell membrane damages and appears to be highly effective; however, we have previously demonstrated that tumor recurrences were eventually seen in PIT-treated mice, likely owing to inhomogeneous mAb-IR700 conjugate distribution in the tumor, thus limiting the effectiveness of PIT as a monotherapy. Here, we examined the effects of human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2)-targeted PIT in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) compared to PIT alone for HER2-expressing human gastric cancer cells. METHODS NCI-N87 cells, HER2-positive human gastric cancer cells, were used for the experiments. Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against HER2, was conjugated to IR700. To assess the short-term cytotoxicity and examine the apoptotic effects upon addition of 5-FU in vitro, we performed LIVE/DEAD and caspase-3 activity assays. Additionally, to explore the effects on long-term growth inhibition, trypan blue dye exclusion assay was performed. NCI-N87 tumor xenograft models were prepared for in vivo treatment studies and the tumor-bearing mice were randomized into various treatment groups. RESULTS Compared to PIT alone, the combination of HER2-targeted PIT and 5-FU rapidly induced significant cytotoxicity in both the short-term and long-term cytotoxicity assays. While both 5-FU and/or trastuzumab-IR700 conjugate treatment induced an increase in caspase-3 activity, there was no additional increase in caspase-3 activity upon NIR light irradiation after incubation with 5-FU and/or trastuzumab-IR700. The combination of HER2-targeted PIT and 5-FU resulted in greater and longer tumor growth inhibition than PIT monotherapy in vivo. This combined effect of PIT and 5-FU is likely owing to their different mechanisms of inducing tumor cell death, namely necrotic membrane damage by PIT and apoptotic cell death by 5-FU and trastuzumab. CONCLUSIONS PIT in combination with 5-FU resulted in enhanced antitumor effects compared to PIT alone for HER2-expressing human gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo. This combination photoimmunochemotherapy represents a practical method for treating human gastric cancer and should be investigated further in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiro Ito
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishinbashi, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Makoto Mitsunaga
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishinbashi, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Seiji Arihiro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishinbashi, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Saruta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishinbashi, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Mika Matsuoka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishinbashi, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, RoomB3B69, MSC1088, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1088, USA.
| | - Hisao Tajiri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishinbashi, Minato, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
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20
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Pereira PMR, Korsak B, Sarmento B, Schneider RJ, Fernandes R, Tomé JPC. Antibodies armed with photosensitizers: from chemical synthesis to photobiological applications. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2518-29. [PMID: 25612113 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02334j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Targeting photosensitizers to cancer cells by conjugating them with specific antibodies, able to recognize and bind to tumor-associated antigens, is today one of the most attractive strategies in photodynamic therapy (PDT). This comprehensive review updates on chemical routes available for the preparation of photo-immunoconjugates (PICs), which show dual chemical and biological functionalities: photo-properties of the photosensitizer and the immunoreactivity of the antibody. Moreover, photobiological results obtained with such photo-immunoconjugates using in vitro and in vivo cancer models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M R Pereira
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Kishimoto S, Bernardo M, Saito K, Koyasu S, Mitchell JB, Choyke PL, Krishna MC. Evaluation of oxygen dependence on in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of photoimmunotherapy using IR-700-antibody conjugates. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 85:24-32. [PMID: 25862414 PMCID: PMC4508222 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) using the near-infrared-absorbing photosensitizing phthalocyanine dye, IRDye 700DX (IR-700), conjugated with a tumor-targeting antibody such as panitumumab (Pan) has shown efficacy in in vitro studies and several preclinical models in mice with promise for clinical translation. PIT results in rapid necrotic cell death in vitro and tumor shrinkage in vivo. Photochemical studies with the Pan-IR-700 conjugate showed that this agent can support generation of singlet oxygen and also generate reactive oxygen species after exposure to near-infrared (NIR) light. Moreover, in vitro studies using A431 cells, singlet oxygen scavengers abrogated the efficacy of PIT with Pan-IR-700, while oxygen depletion to undetectable levels in the exposure chamber almost completely inhibited the cellular cytotoxicity of PIT. Survival of tumor bearing mice was prolonged in PIT-treated animals but mice whose tumors were made transiently hypoxic prior to PIT had no benefit from the treatment. The results from this study support a central role for molecular oxygen-derived species in cell death caused by PIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kishimoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marcelino Bernardo
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keita Saito
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sho Koyasu
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Murali C Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, Room B3B69, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA.
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Cuthbert RJ, Giannoudis PV, Wang XN, Nicholson L, Pawson D, Lubenko A, Tan HB, Dickinson A, McGonagle D, Jones E. Examining the feasibility of clinical grade CD271+ enrichment of mesenchymal stromal cells for bone regeneration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117855. [PMID: 25760857 PMCID: PMC4356586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current clinical trials utilize mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) expanded in culture, however these interventions carry considerable costs and concerns pertaining to culture-induced losses of potency. This study assessed the feasibility of new clinical-grade technology to obtain uncultured MSC isolates from three human intra-osseous tissue sources based on immunomagnetic selection for CD271-positive cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS MSCs were isolated from bone marrow (BM) aspirates or surgical waste materials; enzymatically digested femoral heads (FHs) and reamer irrigator aspirator (RIA) waste fluids. Flow cytometry for the CD45-/lowCD73+CD271+ phenotype was used to evaluate uncultured MSCs before and after selection, and to measure MSC enrichment in parallel to colony forming-unit fibroblast assay. Trilineage differentiation assays and quantitative polymerase chain-reaction for key transcripts involved in bone regeneration was used to assess the functional utility of isolated cells for bone repair. RESULTS Uncultured CD45-/lowCD271+ MSCs uniformly expressed CD73, CD90 and CD105 but showed variable expression of MSCA-1 and SUSD2 (BM>RIA>FH). MSCs were enriched over 150-fold from BM aspirates and RIA fluids, whereas the highest MSC purities were obtained from FH digests. Enriched fractions expressed increased levels of BMP-2, COL1A2, VEGFC, SPARC and CXCL12 transcripts (BM>RIA>FH), with the highest up-regulation detected for CXCL12 in BM (>1300-fold). Following culture expansion, CD271-selected MSCS were tri-potential and phenotypically identical to plastic adherence-selected MSCs. DISCUSSION A CD271-based GMP-compliant immunomagnetic selection resulted in a substantial increase in MSC purity and elevated expression of transcripts involved in bone formation, vascularisation and chemo-attraction. Although this technology, particularly from RIA fluids, can be immediately applied by orthopaedic surgeons as autologous therapy, further improvements in MSC purities and pre-clinical testing of product safety would be required to develop this process for allogeneic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Cuthbert
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter V. Giannoudis
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao N. Wang
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Nicholson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - David Pawson
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Leeds Blood Centre, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anatole Lubenko
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Leeds Blood Centre, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hiang B. Tan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Dickinson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis McGonagle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Jones
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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23
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HER2/neu: an increasingly important therapeutic target. Part 1: basic biology & therapeutic armamentarium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/cli.14.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Heukers R, van Bergen en Henegouwen PMP, Oliveira S. Nanobody-photosensitizer conjugates for targeted photodynamic therapy. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1441-51. [PMID: 24394212 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) induces cell death through light activation of a photosensitizer (PS). Targeted delivery of PS via monoclonal antibodies has improved tumor selectivity. However, these conjugates have long half-lives, leading to relatively long photosensitivity in patients. In an attempt to target PS specifically to tumors and to accelerate PS clearance, we have developed new conjugates consisting of nanobodies (NB) targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and a traceable PS (IRDye700DX). These fluorescent conjugates allow the distinction of cell lines with different expression levels of EGFR. Results show that these conjugates specifically induce cell death of EGFR overexpressing cells in low nanomolar concentrations, while PS alone or the NB-PS conjugates in the absence of light induce no toxicity. Delivery of PS using internalizing biparatopic NB-PS conjugates results in even more pronounced phototoxicities. Altogether, EGFR-targeted NB-PS conjugates are specific and potent, enabling the combination of molecular imaging with cancer therapy. From the clinical editor: This study investigates the role of EGFR targeting nanobodies to deliver traceable photosensitizers to cancer molecules for therapeutic exploitation and concomitant imaging. Altogether, EGFR-targeted NB-PS conjugates combine molecular imaging with cancer therapy, the method is specific and potent, paving the way to clinical application of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimond Heukers
- Molecular Oncology, Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul M P van Bergen en Henegouwen
- Molecular Oncology, Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Molecular Oncology, Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Sehgal I, Li H, Ongarora B, Devillier D, Vicente MGH. Synthesis and biological investigations of a ZnPc-antiCEA bioconjugate for imaging of colorectal cancer. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013; 17:150-156. [PMID: 25328375 DOI: 10.1142/s108842461250143x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Two zinc(II) phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) were conjugated with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) directed against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), using an in situ activated carboxylic acid on the ZnPcs. The bioconjugate with the highest ZnPc/MAb ratio of 3 was investigated in vitro for its ability to target and fluorescently label human colorectal HT-29 cells. The ZnPc-CEA MAb 2 was observed to efficiently target HT-29 cells, about 37 times more than unconjugated ZnPc. Furthermore, in the presence of a 4-fold excess of unlabelled anti-CEA antibody, the fluorescence signal of 2 was reduced by ~90% showing that the targeting is CEA-mediated. These studies further confirm the high specificity of Pc-antibody conjugates for antigens over-expressed on tumor cells and warrant further investigations of these immunoconjugates and their derivatives for imaging of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inder Sehgal
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Hairong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Benson Ongarora
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Daniel Devillier
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - M Graça H Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Tong R, Kohane DS. Shedding light on nanomedicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 4:638-62. [PMID: 22887840 PMCID: PMC3474862 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Light is an electromagnetic radiation that can convert its energy into different forms (e.g., heat, chemical energy, and acoustic waves). This property has been exploited in phototherapy (e.g., photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT)) and optical imaging (e.g., fluorescence imaging) for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Light-controlled therapies can provide minimally- or noninvasive spatiotemporal control as well as deep tissue penetration. Nanotechnology provides numerous advantages, including selective targeting of tissues, prolongation of therapeutic effect, protection of active payloads, and improved therapeutic indices. This review explores the advances that nanotechnology can bring to light-based therapies and diagnostics, and vice versa, including photo-triggered systems, nanoparticles containing photoactive molecules, and nanoparticles that are themselves photoactive. Limitations of light-based therapies such as photic injury and phototoxicity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Josefsen LB, Boyle RW. Unique diagnostic and therapeutic roles of porphyrins and phthalocyanines in photodynamic therapy, imaging and theranostics. Theranostics 2012; 2:916-66. [PMID: 23082103 PMCID: PMC3475217 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrinic molecules have a unique theranostic role in disease therapy; they have been used to image, detect and treat different forms of diseased tissue including age-related macular degeneration and a number of different cancer types. Current focus is on the clinical imaging of tumour tissue; targeted delivery of photosensitisers and the potential of photosensitisers in multimodal biomedical theranostic nanoplatforms. The roles of porphyrinic molecules in imaging and pdt, along with research into improving their selective uptake in diseased tissue and their utility in theranostic applications are highlighted in this Review.
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Sakai M, Fujimoto N, Ishii K, Nakamura H, Kaneda Y, Awazu K. In vitro investigation of efficient photodynamic therapy using a nonviral vector; hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:77009. [PMID: 23085849 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.7.077009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemical modality approved for cancer treatment. PDT has demonstrated efficacy in early stage lung cancer and esophageal cancer. The accumulation of photosensitizers in cancer cells is necessary to enhance the therapeutic benefits of PDT; however, photosensitizers have low uptake efficiency. To overcome this limitation, a drug delivery system, such as the hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) vector, is required. In this study, the combination of PDT and HVJ-E was investigated for enhancing the efficacy of PDT. The photosensitizers that were evaluated included 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA), protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), and HVJ-PPIX. The uptake of the photosensitizers as increased twenty-fold with the addition of HVJ-E. The cytotoxicity of conventional 5-ALA was enhanced by the addition of HVJ-E vector. In conclusion, HVJ-E vector improved the uptake of photosensitizers and the PDT effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sakai
- Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Sakai M, Fujimoto N, Ishii K, Nakamura H, Kaneda Y, Awazu K. In vitro investigation of efficient photodynamic therapy using a nonviral vector; hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:078002. [PMID: 22894526 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.7.078002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemical modality approved for cancer treatment. PDT has demonstrated efficacy in early stage lung cancer and esophageal cancer. The accumulation of photosensitizers in cancer cells is necessary to enhance the therapeutic benefits of PDT; however, photosensitizers have low uptake efficiency. To overcome this limitation, a drug delivery system, such as the hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) vector, is required. In this study, the combination of PDT and HVJ-E was investigated for enhancing the efficacy of PDT. The photosensitizers that were evaluated included 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA), protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), and HVJ-PPIX. The uptake of the photosensitizers as increased twenty-fold with the addition of HVJ-E. The cytotoxicity of conventional 5-ALA was enhanced by the addition of HVJ-E vector. In conclusion, HVJ-E vector improved the uptake of photosensitizers and the PDT effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sakai
- Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Hudson R, Boyle RW. Strategies for selective delivery of photodynamic sensitisers to biological targets. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424604000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for increasing the affinity of photodynamic sensitisers for specific tissues, cells and organisms are reviewed. Biological outcomes are evaluated and therapeutic potential assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hudson
- Photobiology & Photomedicine Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ross W. Boyle
- Photobiology & Photomedicine Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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Sekkat N, van den Bergh H, Nyokong T, Lange N. Like a bolt from the blue: phthalocyanines in biomedical optics. Molecules 2011; 17:98-144. [PMID: 22198535 PMCID: PMC6269082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to compile preclinical and clinical results on phthalocyanines (Pcs) as photosensitizers (PS) for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and contrast agents for fluorescence imaging. Indeed, Pcs are excellent candidates in these fields due to their strong absorbance in the NIR region and high chemical and photo-stability. In particular, this is mostly relevant for their in vivo activation in deeper tissular regions. However, most Pcs present two major limitations, i.e., a strong tendency to aggregate and a low water-solubility. In order to overcome these issues, both chemical tuning and pharmaceutical formulation combined with tumor targeting strategies were applied. These aspects will be developed in this review for the most extensively studied Pcs during the last 25 years, i.e., aluminium-, zinc- and silicon-based Pcs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Sekkat
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lausanne/Geneva, Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Hubert van den Bergh
- Laboratory of Photomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Norbert Lange
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lausanne/Geneva, Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.:+41-22-379-3335; Fax: +41-22-379-6567
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Cancer cell-selective in vivo near infrared photoimmunotherapy targeting specific membrane molecules. Nat Med 2011; 17:1685-91. [PMID: 22057348 PMCID: PMC3233641 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 730] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Three major modes of cancer therapies, surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, have been the mainstay of modern oncologic therapy. To minimize side effects, molecular targeted cancer therapies including armed antibody therapy have been developed with limited success. In this study, we developed a new type of molecular targeted cancer therapy, photoimmunotherapy (PIT), employing a target-specific photosensitizer based on a near infrared (NIR) phthalocyanine dye, IR700, conjugated to monoclonal antibodies (MAb) targeting epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR). Cell death was induced immediately only upon irradiating, MAb-IR700 bound, target cells with NIR light. In vivo tumor shrinkage after irradiation with NIR light was observed only in target EGFR-expressing cells. The MAb-IR700 conjugates were most effective when bound to the cell membrane, producing no phototoxicity when not bound, suggesting a different mechanism for PIT compared with conventional photodynamic therapies. Target selective PIT enables treatment of cancer based on MAb binding on the cell membrane.
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Weyergang A, Selbo PK, Berstad MEB, Bostad M, Berg K. Photochemical internalization of tumor-targeted protein toxins. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43:721-33. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kameyama N, Matsuda S, Itano O, Ito A, Konno T, Arai T, Ishihara K, Ueda M, Kitagawa Y. Photodynamic therapy using an anti-EGF receptor antibody complexed with verteporfin nanoparticles: a proof of concept study. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 26:697-704. [PMID: 21861705 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2011.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive optical treatment method in which the topical or systemic delivery of photosensitizing drugs is followed by irradiation with broadband red light. Coupling photosensitizers with a specific antibody may allow this approach to target specific cancers. This study determines the antitumor efficacy of coupling verteporfin (Visudyne(®)), a hydrophobic polyporphryin oligomer, with an antiepidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) antibody. Poly[2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-n-butyl methacrylate-co-p-nitrophenylcarbonyloxyethyl methacrylate] (PMBN) was conjugated with an anti-EGFR antibody and mixed with verteporfin (verteporfin-PMBN-antibody complex). Tumor-bearing mice were intravenously injected with the verteporfin-PMBN-antibody complex or verteporfin plus PMBN without the antibody. Irradiation was conducted at 640 nm with a dose of 75 J/cm(2). The fluorescence intensity in A431 cells in vitro was threefold higher after exposure to verteporfin-PMBN-antibody complex than after exposure to verteporfin-PMBN. In A431 tumor-bearing mice, the intratumor concentration of verteporfin was 9.4 times higher than that of the skin, following administration of the verteporfin-PMBN-antibody complex. Tumor size significantly decreased within 8 days in mice treated with verteporfin-PMBN-antibody complex compared with those treated with verteporfin-PMBN. PDT using a PMBN-verteporfin-antibody complex offers a promising anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Kameyama
- Department of Surgery, International Goodwill Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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Bullous AJ, Alonso CMA, Boyle RW. Photosensitiser–antibody conjugates for photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:721-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00266f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Qiang YG, Yow CMN, Huang Z. Combination of photodynamic therapy and immunomodulation: current status and future trends. Med Res Rev 2009; 28:632-44. [PMID: 18161883 DOI: 10.1002/med.20121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used for the treatment of nonmalignant and malignant diseases from head to toe. Over the last decade its clinical application has gained increasing acceptance around the world. Pre-clinical studies demonstrate that, in addition to the direct local cytotoxicity and vascular effects, PDT can induce various host immune responses. Recent clinical data also show that improved clinical outcomes are obtained through the combination of PDT and immunomodulation. This review will summarize and discuss recent progress in developing innovative regimen of PDT combined with immunomodulation for the treatment of both nonmalignant and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Qiang
- Department of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Nesterova IV, Verdree VT, Pakhomov S, Strickler KL, Allen MW, Hammer RP, Soper SA. Metallo-phthalocyanine near-IR fluorophores: oligonucleotide conjugates and their applications in PCR assays. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:2159-68. [PMID: 18030995 DOI: 10.1021/bc700233w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Water soluble, metallo-pthalocyanine (MPc) near-IR fluorophores were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as highly stable and sensitive reporters for fluorescence assays. Their conjugation to oligonucleotides was achieved via succinimidyl ester-amino coupling chemistry with the conditions for conjugation extensively examined and optimized. In addition, various conjugate purification and isolation techniques were evaluated as well. Results showed that under proper conditions and following purification using reverse-phase ion-pair chromatography, labeling efficiencies near 80% could be achieved using ZnPc (Zn phthalocyanine) as the labeling fluorophore. Absorption and fluorescence spectra accumulated for the conjugates indicated that the intrinsic fluorescence properties of the MPc's were not significantly altered by covalent attachment to oligonucleotides. As an example of the utility of MPc reporters, we used the MPc-oligonucleotide conjugates as primers for PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplifications with the products sorted via electrophoresis and detected using near-IR fluorescence (lambda ex = 680 nm). The MPc dyes were found to be more chemically stable under typical thermal cycling conditions used for PCR compared to the carbocyanine-based near-IR reporter systems typically used and produced single and narrow bands in the electrophoretic traces, indicative of producing a single PCR product during amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Nesterova
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Sibrian-Vazquez M, Ortiz J, Nesterova IV, Fernandez-Lazaro F, Sastre-Santos A, Soper SA, Vicente MGH. Synthesis and Properties of Cell-Targeted Zn(II)−Phthalocyanine−Peptide Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:410-20. [PMID: 17279788 DOI: 10.1021/bc060297b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two Zn-Pc-peptide conjugates bearing either a short linker or a long PEG-linker between the macrocycle and a bifunctional peptide containing the nucleoplasmin and HIV-1 Tat 48-60 sequences have been synthesized in order to increase the Pc cell-targeting ability and to evaluate the effect of the linker. The presence of the peptide chain increased the water solubility of the Pc macrocycle and, consequently, its fluorescence in aqueous solutions. The highest fluorescence quantum yields were observed at low pH (5.0) for both conjugates and were always higher for the conjugate bearing the short linker. Both conjugates were found to have low dark cytotoxicity toward human HEp2 cells (IC50 > 77 microM) but were highly phototoxic (IC50 < 2 microM at 1 J cm-2). The conjugate bearing the long PEG-linker accumulated the most within cells (26 times more than the unconjugated Zn-Pc), followed by the short linker conjugate (17 times more than the unconjugated Zn-Pc). Both conjugates were found to localized preferentially within the cell lysosomes.
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Wojtyk JT, Goyan R, Gudgin-Dickson E, Pottier R. Exploiting tumour biology to develop novel drug delivery strategies for PDT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mla.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Savellano MD, Pogue BW, Hoopes PJ, Vitetta ES, Paulsen KD. Multiepitope HER2 targeting enhances photoimmunotherapy of HER2-overexpressing cancer cells with pyropheophorbide-a immunoconjugates. Cancer Res 2005; 65:6371-9. [PMID: 16024640 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multi-targeting strategies improve the efficacy of antibody and immunotoxin therapies but have not yet been thoroughly explored for HER2-based cancer treatments. We investigated multi-epitope HER2 targeting to boost photosensitizer immunoconjugate uptake as a way of enhancing photoimmunotherapy. Photoimmunotherapy may allow targeted photodynamic destruction of malignancies and may also potentiate anticancer antibodies. However, one obstacle preventing its clinical use is the delivery of enough photosensitizer immunoconjugates to target cells. Anti-HER2 photosensitizer immunoconjugates were constructed from two monoclonal antibodies (mAb), HER50 and HER66, using a novel method originally developed to label photosensitizer immunoconjugates with the photosensitizer, benzoporphyrin derivative verteporfin. Photosensitizer immunoconjugates were labeled instead with a promising alternative photosensitizer, pyropheophorbide-a (PPa), which required only minor changes to the conjugation procedure. Uptake and phototoxicity experiments using human cancer cells were conducted with the photosensitizer immunoconjugates and, for comparison, with free PPa. SK-BR-3 and SK-OV-3 cells served as HER2-overexpressing target cells. MDA-MB-468 cells served as HER2-nonexpressing control cells. Photosensitizer immunoconjugates with PPa/mAb molar ratios up to approximately 10 specifically targeted and photodynamically killed HER2-overexpressing cells. On a per mole basis, photosensitizer immunoconjugates were less phototoxic than free PPa, but photosensitizer immunoconjugates were selective for target cells whereas free PPa was not. Multiepitope targeted photoimmunotherapy with a HER50 and HER66 photosensitizer immunoconjugate mixture was significantly more effective than single-epitope targeted photoimmunotherapy with a single anti-HER2 photosensitizer immunoconjugate, provided photosensitizer immunoconjugate binding was saturated. This study shows that multiepitope targeting enhances HER2-targeted photoimmunotherapy and maintains a high degree of specificity. Consequently, it seems that multitargeted photoimmunotherapy should also be useful against cancers that overexpress other receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Savellano
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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Hudson R, Carcenac M, Smith K, Madden L, Clarke OJ, Pèlegrin A, Greenman J, Boyle RW. The development and characterisation of porphyrin isothiocyanate-monoclonal antibody conjugates for photoimmunotherapy. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1442-9. [PMID: 15812551 PMCID: PMC2362018 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising approach to increase the specificity of photosensitisers used in photodynamic therapy has been through conjugation to monoclonal antibodies (MAb) directed against tumour-associated antigens. Many of the conjugations performed to date have relied on the activated ester method, which can lead to impure conjugate preparations and antibody crosslinking. Here, we report the development of photosensitiser–MAb conjugates utilising two porphyrin isothiocyanates. The presence of a single reactive isothiocyanate allowed facile conjugation to MAb FSP 77 and 17.1A directed against internalising antigens, and MAb 35A7 that binds to a non-internalising antigen. The photosensitiser–MAb conjugates substituted with 1–3 mol of photosensitiser were characterised in vitro. No appreciable loss of immunoreactivity was observed and binding specificity was comparable to that of the unconjugated MAb. Substitution with photosensitiser had a minimal effect on antibody biodistribution in vivo for the majority of the conjugates, although a decreased serum half-life was observed using a cationic photosensitiser at the higher loading ratios. Tumour-to-normal tissue ratios as high as 33.5 were observed using MAb 35A7 conjugates. The internalising conjugate showed a higher level of phototoxicity as compared with the non-internalising reagent, using a cell line engineered to express both target antigens. These data demonstrate the applicability of the isothiocyanate group for the development of high-quality conjugates, and the use of internalising MAb to significantly increase the photodynamic efficiency of conjugates during photoimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, Clinical Biosciences Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK
| | - M Carcenac
- CRLC Val d’Aurelle-Paul Lamarque, Montpellier, France
| | - K Smith
- Postgraduate Medical School, Clinical Biosciences Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK
| | - L Madden
- Postgraduate Medical School, Clinical Biosciences Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK
| | - O J Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Clinical Biosciences Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK
| | - A Pèlegrin
- CRLC Val d’Aurelle-Paul Lamarque, Montpellier, France
| | - J Greenman
- Postgraduate Medical School, Clinical Biosciences Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK
| | - R W Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, Clinical Biosciences Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Clinical Biosciences Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK. E-mail:
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