Chemokines--chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation

Peritubular myoid cells of the testis produce monocyte chemotactic protein 1 upon direct exposure to Mono-(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate through the IL-1 signaling pathway

Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is a metabolite of the diester parent compound Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a widespread environmental toxicant known for its harmful effects on Sertoli cells and the subsequent loss of germ cells through apoptosis in postnatal animals. Peritubular myoid cells (PTMCs) produce various signaling factors, including the chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1); however, the MEHP exposure-induced BTB disruption followed by MCP-1 secretion by PTMCs, the recruitment, and activation of macrophages as well as molecular mechanisms that initiate the secretion in the testis has yet to be closely examined. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that PTMCs generate MCP-1 via the interleukin-1 signaling pathway upon MEHP exposure. Primary PTMCs isolated from the testis of peripubertal rats were cultured and exposed to 100 μM and 200 µM MEHP. Total RNA was used for bulk RNA sequencing, qRT-PCR, and protein lysates for proteomic analysis. Testis and their interstitial fluid (IF) were obtained from MEHP-exposed animals to evaluate the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in IF through a multiplex assay and in tissue sections through immunofluorescence studies. The RNA sequencing data show significant enrichment of the interleukin-1 signaling pathway after MEHP (200 µM) exposure for 48 hours. This finding is further supported by the qRT-PCR results for select genes associated with the IL-1 signaling pathway, highlighting the crucial role of this pathway in the response of PTMCs to MEHP exposure. In summary, MEHP exposure stimulates MCP-1 production by PTMCs, and mechanistically, the IL-1 signal transduction pathway governs this response. Keywords: MCP-1, PTMCs, Rats, Testis, Chemokine, IL-1 signaling.

Characteristics and preliminary immune function of SRA5 in Lateolabrax maculatus

Scavenger receptors (SRs) are crucial for pattern recognition in the innate immune system. However, the role of Scavenger Receptors class A member 5 (SRA5) in the immunological response of bony fish to pathogen invasion remains unclear. This study identified and characterized the SRA5 of Lateolabrax maculatus (LmSRA5) from its transcriptome database. LmSRA5 has a 1494 bp open reading frame, encodes 497 amino acids, has a molecular weight of 55.01 kDa, and contains a collagen domain and a conserved Scavenger Receptor Cysteine-Rich domain. LmSRA5 exhibited high sequence similarity to previously reported SRA5 genes. LmSRA5 exhibited high sequence similarity to previously reported SRA5 genes. LmSRA5 is primarily localized in the cytoplasm, with its encoded proteins distributed in both the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. LmSRA5 was expressed in all tissues. The highest expression was observed in the pituitary gland, with significant levels in the stomach, intestines, liver, and kidney. LmSRA5 expression in the head kidney, spleen, blood, and intestines initially increased, then decreased following infection with Aeromonas veronii. The binding affinity of LmSRA5 for A. veronii was enhanced by increasing concentrations of the extracellular domain recombinant LmSRA5. Knockdown and overexpression experiments in liver cells demonstrated that LmSRA5 significantly regulates the expression of IL-8 and c-Jun. LmSRA5 participates in the immune response by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and contributes to immune regulation through modulation IL-8 and c-Jun. This study offers valuable insights into the role of SRA5 in pathogen resistance and immune regulation in bony fish, thereby contributing to the advancement of aquaculture under escalating disease pressures.

Advances in cytokine gene polymorphisms in tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB), especially pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), is a prevalent infectious disease affecting the respiratory system and is characterized by high morbidity, disability, and mortality rates that significantly impact the quality of life of patients and their families. Host genetic susceptibility plays a crucial role in the infection process of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified as key factors in the genetic loci associated with tuberculosis occurrence and progression. Research indicates that polymorphisms in cytokine genes-including interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, and chemokines-are closely linked to the onset, progression, and treatment outcomes of pulmonary tuberculosis. Investigating cytokine gene polymorphisms in PTB patients is essential for understanding disease mechanisms and prognosis. This review summarizes the role of cytokine polymorphisms in tuberculosis morbidity, elucidates the biological genetic mechanisms involved at the molecular level, and provides insights into clinical treatment strategies for TB.

Understanding the pleiotropic effects of CXCL10/IP-10 in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory rheumatic diseases: Implications for better understanding disease mechanisms

Chemokines play a critical role in immune responses, acting as chemotactic factors and effectors in different immune processes. CXCL10/IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) is an inflammatory chemokine that regulates immune cell activation and recruitment by binding to its receptor CXCR3. Additionally, CXCL10 inhibits angiogenesis by interacting with endothelial cells (ECs). In the context of inflammatory rheumatic diseases, CXCL10 influences multiple pathways including chemotaxis, angiostasis, bone destruction, joint inflammation, and regulation of fibroblast-like synoviocyte properties. High levels of CXCL10 have been detected in the serum and tissues of individuals with autoimmune conditions like systemic sclerosis (SSc), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and among others (ankylosing spondylitis, Behçet's syndrome). The CXCL10 may inhibit fibroblast recruitment after tissue injury, delaying wound healing; inhibiting angiogenesis, and uncontrolled pulmonary fibrosis in SSc. In RA disease, the CXCL10-CXCR3 axis could increase the inflammatory cell infiltration, including T lymphocytes and macrophages, into inflamed joints, enhancing arthritis severity and bone and cartilage destruction. The interaction between CXCR3 and ligand-CXCL10 on directing the CD4+ T lymphocytes polarization and observed that CXCL10 skew T lymphocytes polarization into Th1/Th17 effector cells that could lead to an increase in the inflammatory responses in the SLE. This study aims to explore the role of CXCL10 in rheumatic diseases and its potential as both a therapeutic target and a biomarker for these conditions. Understanding the involvement of CXCL10 in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory rheumatic diseases may provide valuable insights for the development of targeted therapies and diagnostic strategies.

Sex Differences in Thrombin Generation in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Sex differences in stroke exist, including variation in stroke risk and outcome. Differences in thrombin generation may contribute to this variation between females and males. To examine this, we assessed sex differences in thrombin generation between females and males with acute ischemic stroke and the relationship to blood cell gene expression. In 97 patients with acute ischemic stroke, thrombin generation was measured by thrombin generation assay. Blood cell gene expression was measured by microarray. Differences in thrombin generation between sexes were identified and the relationship to blood cell gene expression examined. Genes associated with sex differences in thrombin generation were analyzed by functional pathway analysis. Females and males had similar overall capacity to generate thrombin. The peak thrombin generated in females was 468.8 nM (SD 91.6), comparable to males (479.3nM;SD 90.8; p = 0.58). Lag time, time to peak thrombin, and endogenous thrombin potential were also similar between females and males. While overall thrombin generation was comparable between females and males with stroke, differences in genes that promote this thrombin generation exist. Females with high peak thrombin had an increase in genes that promote thrombosis, and platelet activation. In contrast, males with high peak thrombin had a decrease in genes involved in thrombus degradation. Females and males with acute ischemic stroke have similar capacity to generate thrombin, however, differences may exist in how this thrombin generation is achieved, with females having increased thrombin signaling, and platelet activation, and males having decreased thrombus degradation. This suggests regulatory differences in thrombosis may exist between females and males that may contribute to sex differences in stroke.

The role of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL13 chemokines in patients with Sjögren's syndrome

INTRODUCTION

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic, systemic, and autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of all exocrine glands, primarily the lacrimal and salivary glands. Chemokines play a key role in many inflammatory diseases. They play a fundamental role in recruitment, transport, and activation of immune cells. This study aimed to investigate the role of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL13 chemokines in primary SS patients.

METHOD

The study included 62 SS patients and 68 individuals without known systemic or rheumatological disease. CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL13 levels were analyzed in both groups using ELISA test kits and compared. The mean age of SS and healthy controls (HC) were similar. White blood cell neutrophil and lymphocyte values were found significantly lower in the SS compared to the HC; ESR value was higher in SS. Other hemogram parameters such as hemoglobin, platelets, monocytes, and CRP did not show a significant difference. CXCL10 levels were found to be significantly higher in SS compared to HC. CXCL13 level was significantly lower in SS. However, there was no statistically significant difference in CXCL9 serum between SS and HC. There was a negative correlation between serum CXCL9 level and lymphocyte and there was also a positive correlation between CXCL13 serum level and leukocyte.

CONCLUSION

CXCL10 chemokine may serve as a potential biomarker for primary SS and it may also be a new therapeutic target. Key Points • Chemokines play a key role in Sjögren's syndrome. • CXCL10 may serve as a potential biomarker for primary SS.

Decoding the immune Response: Analyzing PBMCs in ischemic stroke and Evaluating the effects of Rivaroxaban on gene expression

BACKGROUND

Ischemic stroke (IS) is primarily caused by intricate inflammatory pathways and is a major global reason for mortality and disability. Patients with atrial fibrillation are treated with Rivaroxaban, a direct factor Xa inhibitor, to avoid stroke. This study looks at how certain genes are expressed in individuals with IS and how Rivaroxaban affects these genes and proteins.

METHODS

Using gene expression data from the GEO database, dysregulated genes in IS patients were found. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 50 IS patients were used to measure the expression of CXCL8, CXCL2, and G0S2 90 days before and after Rivaroxaban therapy using RT-PCR and ELISA. The Enrichr online tool was used to perform a functional enrichment analysis.

RESULTS

GEO2R analysis revealed that CXCL8, CXCL2, and G0S2 were significantly upregulated in IS samples compared to controls. Following Rivaroxaban therapy, the mRNA and protein levels of these genes showed a marked reduction, indicating a potential anti-inflammatory effect.

CONCLUSION

Rivaroxaban may control inflammatory responses in patients with IS, according to the study, which also reveals important genes implicated in IS. These results demonstrate the possibility of focused treatment approaches to reduce inflammation brought on by stroke.

Targeted delivery of CCL3 reprograms macrophage antigen presentation and enhances the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, especially in advanced stages where limited treatment options result in poor prognosis. The immunosuppressive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), characterized by low immune cell infiltration and exhaustion, limits immunotherapy efficacy. To address this, our study investigates the role of C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3) in modulating the HCC TIME.

METHODS

We analyzed CCL3 expression in human HCC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, focusing on its correlation with inflammatory gene signatures and immune cell infiltration. High-dimensional single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), flow cytometry, and multiplex immunofluorescence were used to investigate CCL3's effects on macrophage function and T cell activation. The biological impact of CCL3 on macrophages was assessed using co-culture systems, confocal imaging, metabolite detection, and inhibition assays. Preclinical HCC models and ex vivo tumor fragment assays further explored how CCL3 modulates immune responses and enhances immune checkpoint blockade efficacy.

RESULTS

Our study shows that CCL3 is suppressed in the tumor microenvironment and positively correlates with immune infiltration and inflammatory responses. Targeted liver delivery of rAAV-Ccl3 reprograms the immune microenvironment in HCC, promoting immune cell recruitment and tertiary lymphoid structure formation, thus suppressing tumor growth via immune engagement. Through scRNA-seq, flow cytometry, and multiplex immunofluorescence, we found that CCL3 enhances macrophage antigen uptake and activates cytotoxic T cells. In vivo and in vitro experiments confirmed that CCL3 facilitates T cell infiltration and upregulates MHC II expression on macrophages, enhancing antigen presentation. The CCL3-CCR5 pathway also boosts macrophage metabolism, increasing lysosomal activity and antigen uptake, thereby strengthening adaptive immune responses and increasing sensitivity to immune checkpoint blockade therapies in preclinical models.

CONCLUSIONS

This study highlights the pivotal role of CCL3 in reshaping the TIME and enhancing antitumor immunity in HCC. By promoting immune cell recruitment and enhancing antigen presentation, CCL3 demonstrates significant potential to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy, particularly in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Targeting CCL3 may help to overcome the immunosuppressive TIME in HCC and improve patient outcomes.

Interleukin-1 signaling and CD4+ T cells control B cell recruitment to the lungs in chronic beryllium disease

Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is a debilitating pulmonary disorder that occurs due to persistent exposure to beryllium (Be) particles in the workplace. Be-exposure causes activation of the innate immune system, resulting in the secretion of interleukins and chemokines that drive the accumulation of B and T cells in the lungs. However, the mechanisms by which innate molecules influence the recruitment of B cells and B cell-mediated protection in CBD are poorly understood. In this study, we employed multiple approaches to examine the role of innate immune signaling and CD4+ T cells in B cell recruitment and function in the lungs. We show that the absence or blocking of IL-1R1 signaling prevents the recruitment of B cells to the lungs of BeO-exposed mice. Additionally, we show that B cell recruitment to the lungs depends on the chemokine receptor, CXCR5, and CD4+ T cells. In BeO-exposed mice, lung B cells down-regulate IgM but showed an increased IgD and CD44 surface expression. Further, RNA sequencing of pulmonary tissue-specific B cells in CBD revealed distinct gene signatures compared to splenic B cells, with increased expression of pathways involved in antigen presentation, tight junction interactions, and interferon signaling. Overall, our study shows that B cell recruitment and aggregate formation during CBD depend on sequential activation of innate and adaptive immune responses.

Alcohol promotes CPT1A-induced lipid metabolism disorder to sentinel-regulate acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Previous studies have confirmed that alcohol can increase the sensitivity of the pancreas to stressors and exacerbate the severity of pancreatitis when excessive alcohol intake is combined with other causes. In the current work, this study attempted to explore how does alcohol regulate cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis, especially before inflammation occurs.

METHODS

Proteomics was performed to analyze the differentially expressed proteins in pancreatic tissues from a rat model of pancreatitis. The metabolite levels in the pancreatic tissue, serum of rats and serum of persons with a history of alcohol consumption were detected by LC‒MS/MS. In the present study the impact of etomoxir (a carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1A-specific inhibitor) treatment on AR42J cells treated with alcohol and the effect of etomoxir injection on the inflammatory response in an alcohol + cerulein-induced AAP rat model was evaluated.

RESULTS

When treated with the same amount of cerulein, the rats that ingested alcohol presented with more severe pancreatitis. The proteomics results revealed that the fatty acid degradation pathway was closely related to the development of alcoholic acute pancreatitis, and CPT1A exhibited the greatest increase (approximately twofold increase). The products (acylcarnitines) of CPT1A were changed in the serum of persons with a history of alcohol consumption. Etomoxir treatment mitigates the influence of alcohol stimulation on the aberrant expression of proteins associated with oxidative stress, increased ROS production, mitochondrial ultrastructural alterations and mitochondrial dysfunction in AR42J cells. Etomoxir injection reduced the inflammatory response in the AAP rat model.

CONCLUSION

Alcohol upregulates CPT1A protein expression in pancreatic tissue, resulting in abnormal lipid metabolism. The products of lipid metabolism, ROS, contribute to mitochondrial ultrastructural alterations and mitochondrial dysfunction. These changes act as sentinel events that regulate acute pancreatitis.

Weibel-Palade bodies: function and role in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and in diarrhea phase of STEC-hemolytic uremic syndrome

Vascular endothelial cells are equipped with numerous specialized granules called Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs). They contain a cocktail of proteins that can be rapidly secreted (3-5 min) into the vascular lumen after an appropriate stimulus such as thrombin. These proteins are ready without synthesis. Von Willebrand factor (VWF) and P-selectin are the main constituents of WPBs. Upon stimulation, release of ultralarge VWF multimers occurs and assembles into VWF strings on the apical side of endothelium. The VWF A1 domain becomes exposed in a shear-dependent manner recruiting and activating platelets. VWF is able to recruit leukocytes via direct leukocyte binding or via the activated platelets promoting NETosis. Ultralarge VWF strings are ultimately cleaved into smaller pieces by the protease ADAMTS-13 preventing excessive platelet adhesion. Under carefully performed flowing conditions and adequate dose of Shiga toxins, the toxin induces the release of ultralarge VWF multimers from cultured endothelial cells. This basic information allows insight into the pathogenesis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and of STEC-HUS in the diarrhea phase. In TTP, ADAMTS-13 activity is deficient and systemic aggregation of platelets will occur after a second trigger. In STEC-HUS, stimulated release of WPB components in the diarrhea phase of the disease can be presumed to be the first hit in the damage of Gb3 positive endothelial cells.

Circulating Chemokines and Short- and Long-Term Outcomes After Ischemic Stroke

Chemokines are vital in post-cerebral ischemia inflammatory reactions. We investigate the possible relationship between plasma chemokines and short-term and long-term outcomes after stroke. This study included 235 patients (median age, 72 years; 49.8% female) suffering from ischemic stroke, or transient ischemic attack admitted to the hospital within 24 h of onset. We evaluated chemokines CCL2, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 in plasma samples collected upon admission. Further, we assessed functional outcomes at 3- and 12-months, all-cause fatality over 5 years, and episodes of delirium within the first 7 days of admission. Multivariate analysis revealed an association between higher CXCL10 levels and an increased risk of poor functional outcomes at 3 months (OR: 3.02, 95%CI: 1.22-7.46, p = 0.016) and 12 months (OR: 2.32, 95%CI: 1.03-5.26, p = 0.043), as well as an increased death risk (HR: 1.79, 95%CI: 1.04-3.07, p = 0.036). High CXCL8 levels independently predicted poor functional outcomes at 12 months (OR: 2.69, 95%CI: 1.39-6.31, p = 0.005) and a higher 5-year case fatality rate (HR: 1.90, 95%CI: 1.23-2.93, p = 0.004). Elevated CXCL9 levels also predicted unfavourable functional outcomes at 12 months (OR: 2.45, 95%CI: 1.07-5.61, p = 0.034). In univariate analysis, increased levels of CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 showed an association with delirium, although this link was not evident in the multivariate analysis. Plasma CXCL8 and CXCL10 show potential as prognostic biomarkers for stroke outcomes and as therapeutic targets suitable for reverse translation.

The Chemokine System as a Key Regulator of Pulmonary Fibrosis: Converging Pathways in Human Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) and the Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis Model in Mice

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and lethal interstitial lung disease (ILD) of unknown origin, characterized by limited treatment efficacy and a fibroproliferative nature. It is marked by excessive extracellular matrix deposition in the pulmonary parenchyma, leading to progressive lung volume decline and impaired gas exchange. The chemokine system, a network of proteins involved in cellular communication with diverse biological functions, plays a crucial role in various respiratory diseases. Chemokine receptors trigger the activation, proliferation, and migration of lung-resident cells, including pneumocytes, endothelial cells, alveolar macrophages, and fibroblasts. Around 50 chemokines can potentially interact with 20 receptors, expressed by both leukocytes and non-leukocytes such as tissue parenchyma cells, contributing to processes such as leukocyte mobilization from the bone marrow, recirculation through lymphoid organs, and tissue influx during inflammation or immune response. This narrative review explores the complexity of the chemokine system in the context of IPF and the bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis mouse model. The goal is to identify specific chemokines and receptors as potential therapeutic targets. Recent progress in understanding the role of the chemokine system during IPF, using experimental models and molecular diagnosis, underscores the complex nature of this system in the context of the disease. Despite advances in experimental models and molecular diagnostics, discovering an effective therapy for IPF remains a significant challenge in both medicine and pharmacology. This work delves into microarray results from lung samples of IPF patients and murine samples at different stages of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. By discussing common pathways identified in both IPF and the experimental model, we aim to shed light on potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Dysregulation caused by abnormal chemokine levels observed in IPF lungs may activate multiple targets, suggesting that chemokine signaling plays a central role in maintaining or perpetuating lung fibrogenesis. The highlighted chemokine axes (CCL8-CCR2, CCL19/CCL21-CCR7, CXCL9-CXCR3, CCL3/CCL4/CCL5-CCR5, and CCL20-CCR6) present promising opportunities for advancing IPF treatment research and uncovering new pharmacological targets within the chemokine system.

Second Generation I-Body AD-214 Attenuates Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO)-Induced Kidney Fibrosis Through Inhibiting Leukocyte Infiltration and Macrophage Migration

Kidney fibrosis is the common pathological pathway in progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD), and current treatments are largely ineffective. The C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is crucial to fibrosis development. By using neural cell adhesion molecules as scaffolds with binding loops that mimic the shape of shark antibodies, fully humanized single-domain i-bodies have been developed. The first-generation i-body, AD-114, demonstrated antifibrotic effects in a mouse model of folic acid (FA)-induced renal fibrosis. The second-generation i-body, AD-214, is an Fc-fusion protein with an extended half-life, enhanced activity, and a mutated Fc domain to prevent immune activation. To investigate the renoprotective mechanisms of AD-214, RPTEC/TERT1 cells (a human proximal tubular cell line) were incubated with TGF-b1 with/without AD-214 and the supernatant was collected to measure collagen levels by Western blot. Mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) received AD-214 intraperitoneally (i.p.) every two days for 14 days. Kidney fibrosis markers and kidney function were then analyzed. AD-214 suppressed TGF-b1-induced collagen overexpression in RPTEC/TERT1 cells. In UUO mice, AD-214 reduced extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, restored kidney function, and limited leukocyte infiltration. In a scratch assay, AD-214 also inhibited macrophage migration. To conclude, i-body AD-214 attenuates UUO-induced kidney fibrosis by inhibiting leukocyte infiltration and macrophage migration.

Multi-Algorithm-Integrated Tertiary Lymphoid Structure Gene Signature for Immune Landscape Characterization and Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer Patients

PURPOSE

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy with a low survival rate as well as a low response rate to immunotherapy. This study aims to develop a risk model based on tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS)-associated gene signatures to enhance predictions of prognosis and immunotherapy response.

METHODS

TLS-associated gene data were obtained from TCGA-CRC and GEO cohorts. A comprehensive analysis using univariate Cox regression identified TLS-associated genes with significant prognostic implications. Subsequently, multiple algorithms were employed to select the most influential genes, and a stepwise Cox regression model was constructed. The model's predictive performance was validated using independent datasets (GSE39582, GSE17536, and GSE38832). To further investigate the immune microenvironment, immune cell infiltration in high-risk (HRG) and low-risk (LRG) groups was assessed using the CIBERSORT and ssGSEA algorithms. Additionally, we evaluated the model's potential to predict immune checkpoint blockade therapy response using data from The Cancer Imaging Archive, the TIDE algorithm, and external immunotherapy cohorts (GSE35640, GSE78200, and PRJEB23709). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was employed to characterize TLS presence and CCL2 gene expression.

RESULTS

A three-gene (CCL2, PDCD1, and ICOS) TLS-associated model was identified as strongly associated with prognosis and demonstrated predictive power for CRC patient outcomes and immunotherapy efficacy. Notably, patients in the low-risk group (LRG) had a higher overall survival rate as well as a higher re-response rate to immunotherapy compared to the high-risk group (HRG). Finally, IHC results confirmed significantly elevated CCL2 expression in the TLS regions.

CONCLUSIONS

The multi-algorithm-integrated model demonstrated robust performance in predicting patient prognosis and immunotherapy response, offering a novel perspective for assessing immunotherapy efficacy. CCL2 may function as a TLS modulator and holds potential as a therapeutic target in CRC.

Removal of circulating mitochondrial N-formyl peptides via immobilized antibody therapy restores sepsis-induced neutrophil dysfunction

During recovery from septic shock, circulating mitochondrial N-formyl peptides predispose to secondary infection by occupying formyl peptide receptor 1 on the neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte) membrane, suppressing cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i)-dependent responses to secondarily encountered bacteria. However, no study has yet investigated therapeutic clearance of circulating mitochondrial N-formyl peptides in clinical settings. Thus, we studied how to remove mitochondrial N-formyl peptides from septic-shock plasma and whether such removal could preserve cell-surface formyl peptide receptor 1 and restore sepsis-induced polymorphonuclear leukocyte dysfunction by normalizing [Ca2+]i flux. In in vitro model systems, mitochondrial N-formyl peptide removal rescued polymorphonuclear leukocyte formyl peptide receptor 1-mediated [Ca2+]i flux and chemotaxis that had been suppressed by prior mitochondrial N-formyl peptide exposure. However, polymorphonuclear leukocyte functional recovery occurred in a stepwise fashion over 30 to 90 min. Intracellular Ca2+-calmodulin appears to contribute to this delay. In ex vivo model, systems using blood samples obtained from patients with septic shock, antimitochondrial N-formyl peptide antibodies alone failed to eliminate mitochondrial N-formyl peptides from septic-shock plasma or inhibit mitochondrial N-formyl peptide activity. We therefore created a beads-based antimitochondrial N-formyl peptide antibody cocktail by combining protein A/sepharose with antibodies specific for the most potent human mitochondrial N-formyl peptide chemoattractants. The beads-based antimitochondrial N-formyl peptide antibody cocktail treatment successfully removed those active mitochondrial N-formyl peptides from septic-shock plasma. Furthermore, the beads-based antimitochondrial N-formyl peptide antibody cocktail treatment significantly restored chemotactic and bactericidal dysfunction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes obtained from patients with septic shock who developed secondary infections. By clearing circulating mitochondrial N-formyl peptides, the immobilized antimitochondrial N-formyl peptide antibody therapy prevented mitochondrial N-formyl peptide interactions with surface formyl peptide receptor 1, thereby restoring [Ca2+]i-dependent polymorphonuclear leukocyte antimicrobial function in clinical septic-shock environments. This approach may help prevent the development of secondary, nosocomial infections in patients recovering from septic shock.

Breast cancer during pregnancy of Luminal A type overexpressed CXCL13

Pregnancy-associated breast cancer has been increasing. In this study, we analyzed patients with breast cancer that occurred during pregnancy (PrBC) and compared their genetic profiles with those of patients with breast cancer that did not occur during pregnancy, within 1 year after childbirth nor during lactation (non-PrBC). We performed gene expression analyses of patients with PrBC and non-PrBC using microarrays and qRT-PCR. Microarray analysis showed that 355 genes were upregulated in the luminal-type PrBC group compared to those in the non-PrBC group. The C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) gene was the most upregulated in the PrBC group compared to that in the non-PrBC group, especially in the luminal A-type (p = 0.016). This result was corroborated by the qRT-PCR analysis of microdissected cancer cells (p < 0.001). A negative correlation was observed between CXCL13 and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) mRNA expression levels in luminal A-type breast carcinoma (p < 0.001). Our results provide clues for a better understanding of breast cancer pathogenesis during pregnancy.

The Role of Chemokines in Obesity and Exercise-Induced Weight Loss

Obesity is a global health crisis that is closely interrelated to many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. This review provides an in-depth analysis of specific chemokines involved in the development of obesity, including C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL14, and XCL1 (lymphotactin). These chemokines exacerbate the symptoms of obesity by either promoting the inflammatory response or by influencing metabolic pathways and recruiting immune cells. Additionally, the research highlights the positive effect of exercise on modulating chemokine expression in the obese state. Notably, it explores the potential effects of both aerobic exercises and combined aerobic and resistance training in lowering levels of inflammatory mediators, reducing insulin resistance, and improving metabolic health. These findings suggest new strategies for obesity intervention through the modulation of chemokine levels by exercise, providing fresh perspectives and directions for the treatment of obesity and future research.

Virus-Induced Host Chemokine CCL2 in COVID-19 Pathogenesis: Potential Prognostic Marker and Target of Anti-Inflammatory Strategy

A wide variety of inflammatory mediators, mainly cytokines and chemokines, are induced during SARS CoV-2 infection. Among these proinflammatory mediators, chemokines tend to play a pivotal role in virus-mediated immunopathology. The C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine and strong chemoattractant of monocytes, macrophages and CD4+ T cells bearing C-C chemokine receptor type-2 (CCR2). Besides controlling immune cell trafficking, CCL2 is also involved in multiple pathophysiological processes including systemic hyperinflammation associated cytokine release syndrome (CRS), organ fibrosis and blood coagulation. These pathological features are commonly manifested in severe and fatal cases of COVID-19. Given the crucial role of CCL2 in COVID-19 pathogenesis, the CCL2:CCR2 axis may constitute a potential therapeutic target to control virus-induced hyperinflammation and multi-organ dysfunction. Herein we describe recent advances on elucidating the role of CCL2 in COVID-19 pathogenesis, prognosis, and a potential target of anti-inflammatory interventions.

CXCL5 Promotes the Malignant Phenotype of Pancreatic Cancer and Is Associated With Immune Infiltration

Background

The significance of CXCL5 in pancreatic cancer is unclear, although it has been implicated in the malignant process of many different types of cancer. Research on the impact of CXCL5 on immune cell infiltration and the malignant phenotype of pancreatic cancer is needed. This study aimed to examine the connection between CXCL5 expression and immune cell infiltration and the malignant phenotype of pancreatic cancer.

Methods

Tissue samples and clinical information were collected from 90 patients with pancreatic cancer. Tumour tissues and adjacent tissues were made into a tissue microarray and stained for immunohistochemistry analysis. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis were performed to measure the expression level of CXCL5. CXCL5-overexpressing/CXCL5-knockdown cell lines were constructed via transfection for cytological experiments. CCK-8, cell apoptosis, cell cycle, cell invasion, and cell colony formation assays were used to detect the effect of CXCL5 on the malignant phenotype of pancreatic cancer cells. Finally, a mouse model of pancreatic cancer was constructed for in vivo verification.

Results

Compared with control cells, pancreatic cancer cells overexpressing CXCL5 exhibited increased proliferation, migration, and invasion but decreased apoptosis. Conversely, knockdown of CXCL5 did not enhance the malignant phenotype of pancreatic cancer cells. Spearman correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant negative correlation between CXCL5 levels and the CD8 IRS. However, there was a significant positive correlation between FOXP3 IRS and CXCL5 levels.

Conclusions

CXCL5 is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer and promotes the malignant phenotype of pancreatic cancer cells. CXCL5 is associated with immunosuppressive FOXP3 + T-cell infiltration, which facilitates the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment (with low CD8 + T-cell infiltration).

Chemokine receptors and their ligands in breast cancer: The key roles in progression and metastasis

Chemokines and their receptors are a family of chemotactic cytokines with important functions in the immune response in both health and disease. Their known physiological roles such as the regulation of leukocyte trafficking and the development of immune organs generated great interest when it was found that they were also related to the control of early and late inflammatory stages in the tumor microenvironment. In fact, in breast cancer, an imbalance in the synthesis of chemokines and/or in the expression of their receptors was attributed to be involved in the regulation of disease progression, including invasion and metastasis. Research in this area is progressing rapidly and the development of new agents based on chemokine and chemokine receptor antagonists are emerging as attractive alternative strategies. This chapter provides a snapshot of the different functions reported for chemokines and their receptors with respect to the potential to regulate breast cancer progression.

CXCR3-independent role of CXCL10 in alveolar epithelial repair

The alveolar type II epithelial cells (AEC2s) act as stem cells in the lung for alveolar epithelial maintenance and repair. Chemokine C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) is expressed in injured tissues, modulating multiple cellular functions. AEC2s, previously reported to release chemokines to recruit leukocytes, were found in our study to secrete CXCL10 after bleomycin injury. We found that Sftpc-Cxcl10 transgenic mice were protected from bleomycin injury. The transgenic mice showed an increase in the AEC2 population in the lung by flow cytometry analysis. Both endogenous and exogenous CXCL10 promoted the colony formation efficiency of AEC2s in a three-dimensional (3-D) organoid growth assay. We identified that the regenerative effect of CXCL10 was CXCR3 independent using Cxcr3-deficient mice, but it was related to the TrkA pathway. Binding experiments showed that CXCL10 interacted with TrkA directly and reversibly. This study demonstrates a previously unidentified AEC2 autocrine signaling of CXCL10 to promote their regeneration and proliferation, probably involving a CXCR3-independent TrkA pathway.NEW & NOTEWORTHY CXCL10 may aid in lung injury recovery by promoting the proliferation of alveolar stem cells and using a distinct regulatory pathway from the classical one.

Macrophage-Mimicking Cellular Nanoparticles Scavenge Proinflammatory Cytokines in Specimens of Patients with Inflammatory Disorders

Effectively neutralizing inflammatory cytokines is crucial for managing a variety of inflammatory disorders. Current techniques that target only a subset of cytokines often fall short due to the intricate nature of redundant and compensatory cytokine networks. A promising solution to this challenge is using cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CNPs). These nanoparticles replicate the complex interactions between cells and cytokines observed in disease pathology, providing a potential avenue for multiplex cytokine scavenging. While the development of CNPs using experimental animal models has shown great promise, their effectiveness in scavenging multiple cytokines in human diseases has yet to be demonstrated. To bridge this gap, this study selected macrophage membrane-coated CNPs (MФ-CNPs) and assessed their ability to scavenge inflammatory cytokines in serum samples from patients with COVID-19, sepsis, acute pancreatitis, or type-1 diabetes, along with synovial fluid samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The results show that MФ-CNPs effectively scavenge critical inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, this study demonstrates MФ-CNPs as a multiplex cytokine scavenging formulation with promising applications in clinical settings to treat a range of inflammatory disorders.

Association of SDF-1-3' Gene A Variant with Diabetic Retinopathy in the Hungarian Population

We investigated the association between the SDF-1-3' (c801G > A) variant and the development of diabetic macular edema (DME) or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in a Hungarian cohort. SDF-1-3' (c801G > A) was genotyped in 103 patients with diabetic retinopathy and 31 age- and sex-matched non-diabetic controls. Central retinal and choroidal thickness was measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography. The distribution of heterozygous and homozygous SDF-1-3' (c801G > A) genotypes was similar in diabetic and control subjects. The SDF-3'(c801AA) genotype was associated with DME (n = 94 eyes, allele distribution p = 0.006, genotype distribution p = 0.01 OR: 2.48, 95% CL: 1.21-5.08) in both univariable and multivariable modelling, independent of duration and type of diabetes, HbA1C, hypertension and microalbuminuria (p = 0.03). DME occurred earlier in patients carrying the SDF-1 (c801A) allele (Kaplan-Meier analysis, log-rank test p = 0.02). A marginally significant association was found between the presence of the SDF-1 (c801A) allele and the development of PDR (n = 89 eyes, p = 0.06). The SDF-1-3' (c801A) allele also showed a correlation with central retinal (p = 0.006) and choroidal (p = 0.08) thickness. SDF-1-3' (c801G > A) is involved in the development of macular complications in DM independent of critical clinical factors, suggesting that SDF-1 may be a future therapeutic target for high-risk patients, especially those carrying the SDF-1 (c801A) allele.

The Role of Exhaled Breath Condensate in Chronic Inflammatory and Neoplastic Diseases of the Respiratory Tract

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are among the most common chronic respiratory diseases. Chronic inflammation of the airways leads to an increased production of inflammatory markers by the effector cells of the respiratory tract and lung tissue. These biomarkers allow the assessment of physiological and pathological processes and responses to therapeutic interventions. Lung cancer, which is characterized by high mortality, is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Current screening methods and tissue biopsies have limitations that highlight the need for rapid diagnosis, patient differentiation, and effective management and monitoring. One promising non-invasive diagnostic method for respiratory diseases is the assessment of exhaled breath condensate (EBC). EBC contains a mixture of volatile and non-volatile biomarkers such as cytokines, leukotrienes, oxidative stress markers, and molecular biomarkers, providing significant information about inflammatory and neoplastic states in the lungs. This article summarizes the research on the application and development of EBC assessment in diagnosing and monitoring respiratory diseases, focusing on asthma, COPD, and lung cancer. The process of collecting condensate, potential issues, and selected groups of markers for detailed disease assessment in the future are discussed. Further research may contribute to the development of more precise and personalized diagnostic and treatment methods.

Multi-omics analysis reveals mechanism of Schisandra chinensis lignans and acteoside on EMT in hepatoma cells via ERK1/2 pathway

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a globally common cancer, often presents late and shows high resistance to chemotherapy, resulting in suboptimal treatment efficacy. Components from traditional Chinese medicines have been recognized for their anti-cancer properties.

OBJECTIVE

Exploring the mechanism of Schisandra chinensis lignans and acteoside in suppressing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in hepatoma cells through the Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinases (ERK)1/2 pathway and identifying biomarkers, molecular subtypes, and targets via multi-omics for precision oncology.

METHODS

Proliferation was assessed using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, with scratch and transwell assays for evaluating invasion and migration. Flow cytometry quantified apoptosis rates. Expression levels of CCL20, p-ERK1/2, c-Myc, Vimentin, and E-cadherin/N-cadherin were analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blot. Tumor volume was calculated with a specific formula, and growth.

RESULTS

The Schisandra chinensis lignans and acteoside combination decreased CCL20 expression, inhibited hepatoma proliferation and migration, and enhanced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Molecular analysis revealed increased E-cadherin and decreased N-cadherin, p-ERK1/2, c-Myc, and Vimentin expression, indicating ERK1/2 pathway modulation. In vivo, treated nude mice showed significantly reduced tumor growth and volume.

CONCLUSION

Schisandra chinensis lignans and acteoside potentially counteract CCL20-induced EMT, invasion, and migration in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the ERK1/2 pathway, enhancing apoptosis. Multi-omics analysis further aids in pinpointing novel biomarkers for precision cancer therapy.

Meta-analyses of the relationship between five CXCL8 gene polymorphisms and overall cancer risk, and a case-control study of oral cancer

BACKGROUND

C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL8), also known as interleukin-8, is a prototypical CXC family chemokine bearing a glutamic acid-leucine-arginine (ELR) motif that plays key roles in the onset and progression of a range of cancers in humans. Many prior studies have focused on exploring the relationship between CXCL8 gene polymorphisms and the risk of cancer. However, the statistical power of many of these reports was limited, yielding ambiguous or conflicting results in many cases.

METHODS

Accordingly, the PubMed, Wanfang, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched for articles published until July 20, 2023 using the keywords 'IL-8' or 'interleukin-8' or 'CXCL8', 'polymorphism' and 'cancer' or 'tumor'. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were utilized to examine the association. The CXCL8 +781 polymorphism genotypes were assessed with a TaqMan assay.

RESULTS

About 29 related publications was conducted in an effort to better understand the association between these polymorphisms and disease risk. The CXCL8 -353A/T polymorphism was associated with an increased overall cancer risk [A vs. T, odds ratio (OR) = 1.255, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.079-1.459), Pheterogeneity = 0.449, P = 0.003]. The CXCL8 +781 T/C allele was similarly associated with a higher risk of cancer among Caucasians [TT vs. TC + CC, OR = 1.320, 95%CI (1.046-1.666), Pheterogeneity = 0.375, P = 0.019]. Furthermore, oral cancer patients carrying the CXCL8 +781 TT + TC genotypes exhibited pronounced increases in serum levels of CXCL8 as compared to the CC genotype (P < 0.01), and also shown similar trend as compared to genotype-matched normal controls (P < 0.01). Finally, several limitations, such as the potential for publication bias or heterogeneity among the included studies should be paid attention.

CONCLUSION

Current study suggested that the CXCL8 -353 and +781 polymorphisms may be associated with a greater risk of cancer, which might impact cancer prevention, diagnosis, or treatment through the different expression of CXCL8. At the same time, the +781 polymorphism may further offer value as a biomarker that can aid in the early identification and prognostic evaluation of oral cancer.

Heritability of tear fluid cytokines in healthy twins

PURPOSE

Ocular surface disease is common and it is associated with elevated concentration levels of cytokines in tear fluid. Studies of the normal variation in tear fluid inflammatory markers are lacking. New knowledge may help guide research into ocular surface disease biomarkers and therapeutics.

METHODS

In this prospective twin cohort study, healthy individuals were recruited from a population-based registry. Tear fluid was collected with the Schirmer test strips was submerged in phosphate buffered saline and stored at -80° before undergoing 27-cytokine multiplex immunoassay analysis. Broad-sense heritability (h2) of cytokine concentrations was analyzed.

RESULTS

90 participants (23 monozygotic and 22 dizygotic twin pairs) were included. Data availability allowed for heritability analysis of 15 cytokines, and a h2 >50% was seen for 10 cytokines. A statistical power of >80% was achieved for heritability analyses of the cytokines interferon gamma induced protein 10 (h2 = 94.8%), eotaxin (89.8%), interleukin 7 (86.6%), interleukin 1β (82.2%) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (68.2%).

CONCLUSIONS

The tear fluid concentration of several analyzed cytokines was found to be highly heritable. A considerable amount of the inter-individual variation observed for the concentration of certain tear fluid cytokines can be linked to hereditary factors that cannot easily be modified by changing factors in the environment of patients. This suggests that a higher success in ocular surface disease drug discovery may be anticipated for drugs that have targets in specific populations, and points to the importance of emphasizing known preventive measures of ocular surface disease and examinations of close relatives of patients with ocular surface disease, such as dry eye disease.

Which is the optimal choice for neonates' formula or breast milk?

The incidence of prematurity has been increasing since the twenty-first century. Premature neonates are extremely vulnerable and require a rich supply of nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (ARA) and others. Typical breast milk serves as the primary source for infants under six months old to provide these nutrients. However, depending on the individual needs of preterm infants, a more diverse and intricate range of nutrients may be necessary. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current research progress on the physical and chemical properties, biological activity, function, and structure of breast milk, as well as explores the relationship between the main components of milk globular membrane and infant growth. Additionally, compare the nutritional composition of milk from different mammals and newborn milk powder, providing a comprehensive understanding of the differences in milk composition and detailed reference for meeting daily nutritional needs during lactation.

An Intriguing Structural Modification in Neutrophil Migration Across Blood Vessels to Inflammatory Sites: Progress in the Core Mechanisms

The role and function of neutrophils are well known, but we still have incomplete understanding of the mechanisms by which neutrophils migrate from blood vessels to inflammatory sites. Neutrophil migration is a complex process that involves several distinct steps. To resist the blood flow and maintain their rolling, neutrophils employ tether and sling formation. They also polarize and form pseudopods and uropods, guided by hierarchical chemotactic agents that enable precise directional movement. Meanwhile, chemotactic agents secreted by neutrophils, such as CXCL1, CXCL8, LTB4, and C5a, can recruit more neutrophils and amplify their response. In the context of diapedesis neutrophils traverse the endothelial cells via two pathways: the transmigratory cup and the lateral border recycling department. These structures aid in overcoming the narrow pore size of the endothelial barrier, resulting in more efficient transmembrane migration. Interestingly, neutrophils exhibit a preference for the paracellular pathway over the transcellular pathway, likely due to the former's lower resistance. In this review, we will delve into the intricate process of neutrophil migration by focusing on critical structures that underpins this process.

Association between CCL5, CCL11, and CCL17 polymorphisms and atopic dermatitis risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common and recurrent inflammatory disease with strong genetic susceptibility. The abnormal production of chemokines plays an important role in the occurrence and development of AD.

METHODS

A comprehensive online literature search was performed in databases of China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, VIP China Science and Technology Journal Database, China Biomedical Literature Database, PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library to retrieve relevant articles published from January 2000 to October 2022. The odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) was employed to calculate this relationship.

RESULTS

A total of 7 studies were finally screened out, including 1316 AD patients and 1099 controls. There were 3 studies for CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) polymorphisms, 2 for CCL11 polymorphisms, and 2 for CCL17 polymorphisms, respectively. The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between the CCL5 - 403G/A polymorphism and AD under the allelic model (A vs G: OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.02-1.52, P = .03), heterozygous model (AG vs GG: OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.08-1.80, P = .01) and dominant model (AA + AG vs GG: OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.08-1.76, P = .01) in a fixed-effect model. The allelic model (G vs C: OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.07-1.98, P < .01) and dominant model (GG + GC vs CC: OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.23-2.47, P < .001) of the CCL5 - 28C/G polymorphism were also associated with an increased risk of AD. However, this significant association was not found in other alleles and genotypes (P > .05).

CONCLUSION

Our results show that the A allele, AG and AA + AG genotypes of the CCL5 - 403G/A polymorphism, the G allele and GG + GC genotype of the CCL5 - 28C/G polymorphism are risk factors for AD. Future studies with large population are still needed to further explore those correlations.

Natural carboxyterminal truncation of human CXCL10 attenuates glycosaminoglycan binding, CXCR3A signaling and lymphocyte chemotaxis, while retaining angiostatic activity

BACKGROUND

Interferon-γ-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10/CXCL10) is a dual-function CXC chemokine that coordinates chemotaxis of activated T cells and natural killer (NK) cells via interaction with its G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3). As a consequence of natural posttranslational modifications, human CXCL10 exhibits a high degree of structural and functional heterogeneity. However, the biological effect of natural posttranslational processing of CXCL10 at the carboxy (C)-terminus has remained partially elusive. We studied CXCL10(1-73), lacking the four endmost C-terminal amino acids, which was previously identified in supernatant of cultured human fibroblasts and keratinocytes.

METHODS

Relative levels of CXCL10(1-73) and intact CXCL10(1-77) were determined in synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through tandem mass spectrometry. The production of CXCL10(1-73) was optimized through Fmoc-based solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and a strategy to efficiently generate human CXCL10 proteoforms was introduced. CXCL10(1-73) was compared to intact CXCL10(1-77) using surface plasmon resonance for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding affinity, assays for cell migration, second messenger signaling downstream of CXCR3, and flow cytometry of CHO cells and primary human T lymphocytes and endothelial cells. Leukocyte recruitment in vivo upon intraperitoneal injection of CXCL10(1-73) was also evaluated.

RESULTS

Natural CXCL10(1-73) was more abundantly present compared to intact CXCL10(1-77) in synovial fluids of patients with RA. CXCL10(1-73) had diminished affinity for GAG including heparin, heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate A. Moreover, CXCL10(1-73) exhibited an attenuated capacity to induce CXCR3A-mediated signaling, as evidenced in calcium mobilization assays and through quantification of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B/Akt. Furthermore, CXCL10(1-73) incited significantly less primary human T lymphocyte chemotaxis in vitro and peritoneal ingress of CXCR3+ T lymphocytes in mice. In contrast, loss of the four endmost C-terminal residues did not affect the inhibitory properties of CXCL10 on migration, proliferation, wound closure, phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and sprouting of human microvascular endothelial cells.

CONCLUSION

Our study shows that the C-terminal residues Lys74-Pro77 of CXCL10 are important for GAG binding, signaling through CXCR3A, T lymphocyte chemotaxis, but dispensable for angiostasis.

MCP-5 suppresses osteoclast differentiation through Ccr5 upregulation

Human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in mice has two orthologs, MCP-1 and MCP-5. MCP-1, which is highly expressed in osteoclasts rather than in osteoclast precursor cells, is an important factor in osteoclast differentiation. However, the roles of MCP-5 in osteoclasts are completely unknown. In this study, contrary to MCP-1, MCP-5 was downregulated during receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation and was considered an inhibitory factor in osteoclast differentiation. The inhibitory role of MCP-5 in osteoclast differentiation was closely related to the increase in Ccr5 expression and the inhibition of IκB degradation by RANKL. Transgenic mice expressing MCP-5 controlled by Mx-1 promoter exhibited an increased bone mass because of a decrease in osteoclasts. This result strongly supported that MCP-5 negatively regulated osteoclast differentiation. MCP-5 also prevented severe bone loss caused by RANKL.

Beyond FOXP3: a 20-year journey unravelling human regulatory T-cell heterogeneity

The initial idea of a distinct group of T-cells responsible for suppressing immune responses was first postulated half a century ago. However, it is only in the last three decades that we have identified what we now term regulatory T-cells (Tregs), and subsequently elucidated and crystallized our understanding of them. Human Tregs have emerged as essential to immune tolerance and the prevention of autoimmune diseases and are typically contemporaneously characterized by their CD3+CD4+CD25high CD127lowFOXP3+ phenotype. It is important to note that FOXP3+ Tregs exhibit substantial diversity in their origin, phenotypic characteristics, and function. Identifying reliable markers is crucial to the accurate identification, quantification, and assessment of Tregs in health and disease, as well as the enrichment and expansion of viable cells for adoptive cell therapy. In our comprehensive review, we address the contributions of various markers identified in the last two decades since the master transcriptional factor FOXP3 was identified in establishing and enriching purity, lineage stability, tissue homing and suppressive proficiency in CD4+ Tregs. Additionally, our review delves into recent breakthroughs in innovative Treg-based therapies, underscoring the significance of distinct markers in their therapeutic utilization. Understanding Treg subsets holds the key to effectively harnessing human Tregs for immunotherapeutic approaches.

Exploring the efficacious constituents and underlying mechanisms of sini decoction for sepsis treatment through network pharmacology and multi-omics

BACKGROUND

Traditional Chinese medicine prescription sini decoction (SND) can alleviate inflammation, improve microcirculation, and modulate immune status in sepsis patients. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear, and therapeutic effects may vary among individuals.

PURPOSE

Through a comprehensive and systematic network pharmacology analysis, the purpose of this study is to investigate the therapeutic mechanisms of SND in treating sepsis.

METHODS

An analysis of WGCNA identified CX3CR1 as a key gene influencing sepsis prognosis. A drug-active component-target network for SND was created using the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology (TCMSP) database and Cytoscape software. Shared targets between SND and CX3CR1 high-expression gene modules were found through the GEO database. Gene module functionality was analyzed using GO, KEGG, GSEA, and GSVA. Unsupervised clustering of sepsis patients was performed based on the ferroptosis gene set, and immune cell interactions and mechanisms were explored using CIBERSORT, single-cell sequencing, and intercellular communication analysis.

RESULTS

This study demonstrates that high expression of CX3CR1 improves survival rates in sepsis patients and is associated with immune cell signaling pathways. SND contains 116 active components involved in oxidative stress and lipid metabolism pathways. HMOX1, a co-expressed gene in SND and CX3CR1 high-expression gene module, plays a crucial role in sepsis survival. Unsupervised clustering analysis classified sepsis patients into three clusters based on the ferroptosis gene set, revealing differences in immune cell expression and involvement in heme metabolism pathways. Notably, intercellular interactions among immune cells primarily occur through paracrine and autocrine mechanisms in MIF, GALECTIN, and IL16 signaling pathways, modulating the immune-inflammatory microenvironment in sepsis.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identifies CX3CR1 as a crucial molecule impacting sepsis prognosis through WGCNA analysis. It reveals that SND's active component, quercetin and kaempferol, target HMOX1 via related pathways to regulate heme metabolism, reduce inflammation, inhibit ferroptosis, and improve immune function, ultimately improving sepsis prognosis. These findings offer a solid pharmacological foundation and potential therapeutic targets for SND in treating sepsis.

Near Infrared Light-Activatable Platelet-Mimicking NIR-II NO Nano-Prodrug for Precise Atherosclerosis Theranostics

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects arteries and is the main cause of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerotic plaque formation is usually asymptomatic and does not manifest until the occurrence of clinical events. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerotic plaques is particularly important. Here, a series of NIR-II fluorescent dyes (RBT-NH) are developed for three photoresponsive NO prodrugs (RBT-NO), which can be controllably triggered by 808 nm laser to release NO and turn on the NIR-II emission in the clinical medicine "therapeutic window". Notably, RBT3-NO is selected for its exhibited high NO releasing efficiency and superior fluorescence signal enhancement. Subsequently, a platelet-mimicking nano-prodrug system (RBT3-NO-PEG@PM) is constructed by DSPE-mPEG5k and platelet membrane (PM) for effectively targeted diagnosis and therapy of atherosclerosis in mice. The results indicate that this platelet-mimicking NO nano-prodrug system can reduce the accumulation of lipids at the sites of atherosclerotic plaques, improve the inflammatory response at the lesion sites, and promote endothelial cell migration, thereby slowing the progression of plaques.

Novel Insight into Inflammatory Pathways in Acute Pulmonary Embolism in Humans

Accumulating data have shown a pathophysiological association between inflammatory pathways and thrombosis. Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and acute pulmonary embolism (APE), is a significant health burden. It involves not only hemodynamic disturbances due to the emboli occluding the pulmonary arteries, but also platelet activation, endothelial dysfunction, and "firing up" of the inflammatory cascade. In humans, the systemic inflammatory state can also be evaluated using plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6, which correlate with venous obstruction, thrombus extension, and clinical VTE complications such as postthrombotic syndrome, recurrent thromboembolism, worse quality of life, and functional impairment. The exaggerated inflammatory state during postthrombotic syndrome aligns with severe alterations in endothelial function, such as activation of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and E-selectin, as well as vascular proteolysis and fibrinolysis. Moreover, a hypercoagulable state, indicated by higher levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and factor VIII, is closely associated with the inflammatory response. We aimed to describe the role of basic inflammatory markers in daily clinical practice as well as the most important cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-a [TNF-α], growth differentiation factor-15 [GDF-15]). These markers could provide valuable insight into the interplay between thrombosis and inflammation, helping inform better management and treatment strategies.

Research progress of CXCR3 inhibitors

The human CXCR3 receptor was initially identified and cloned in the mid-1990s. In the process of understanding CXCR3, it gradually found that it plays an important role in the process of a variety of diseases, including inflammation, immune diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system diseases, etc., which attracted the attention of many researchers. Subsequently, some small molecule inhibitors targeting CXCR3 receptors were also developed. Unfortunately, no CXCR3 inhibitors have been approved for marketing by FDA. Up to now, only one CXCR3 small molecule inhibitor has entered the clinical trial stage, but it has not achieved ideal results in the end. Therefore, there is still much to think about and explore for the development of CXCR3 inhibitors. This article reviews the important role of CXCR3 in various physiological and pathological processes and some small molecule inhibitors of CXCR3.

Chemokines in Cartilage Regeneration and Degradation: New Insights

Cartilage plays a crucial role in the human body by forming long bones during development and growth to bear loads on joints and intervertebral discs. However, the increasing prevalence of cartilage degenerative disorders is a growing public health concern, especially due to the poor innate regenerative capacity of cartilage. Chondrocytes are a source of several inflammatory mediators that play vital roles in the pathogenesis of cartilage disorders. Among these mediators, chemokines have been explored as potential contributors to cartilage degeneration and regeneration. Our review focuses on the progress made during the last ten years in identifying the regulators and roles of chemokines and their receptors in different mechanisms related to chondrocytes and cartilage. Recent findings have demonstrated that chemokines influence cartilage both positively and negatively. Their induction and involvement in either process depends on the local molecular environment and is both site- and time-dependent. One of the challenges in defining the role of chemokines in cartilage pathology or regeneration is the apparent redundancy in the interaction of chemokines with their receptors. Hence, it is crucial to determine, for each situation, whether targeting specific chemokines or their receptors will help in developing effective therapeutic strategies for cartilage repair.

CXCL6: A potential therapeutic target for inflammation and cancer

Chemokines were originally defined as cytokines that affect the movement of immune cells. In recent years, due to the increasing importance of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), the role of chemokines has changed from a single "chemotactic agent" to a key factor that can regulate TME and affect the tumor phenotype. CXCL6, also known as granulocyte chemoattractant protein-2 (GCP-2), can recruit neutrophils to complete non-specific immunity in the process of inflammation. Cancer-related genes and interleukin family can promote the abnormal secretion of CXCL6, which promotes tumor growth, metastasis, epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and angiogenesis in the TME. CXCL6 also has a role in promoting fibrosis and tissue damage repair. In this review, we focus on the regulatory network affecting CXCL6 expression, its role in the progress of inflammation and how it affects tumorigenesis and progression based on the TME, in an attempt to provide a potential target for the treatment of diseases such as inflammation and cancer.

Bone Marrow-Derived GCA+ Immune Cells Drive Alzheimer's Disease Progression

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), whereas the role of bone marrow immune cells in the pathogenesis of AD remains unclear. Here, the study reveals that compared to matched healthy individuals, AD patients have higher circulating grancalcin (GCA) levels, which negatively correlate with cognitive function. Bone marrow-derived GCA+ immune cells, which secret abundant GCA and increase during aging, preferentially invaded the hippocampus and cortex of AD mouse model in a C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 10 (CCR10)-dependent manner. Transplanting GCA+ immune cells or direct stereotaxic injection of recombinant GCA protein intensified amyloid plaque load and aggravated cognitive and memory impairments. In contrast, genetic ablation of GCA in the hematopoietic compartment improves cognitive and memory function. Mechanistically, GCA competitively binds to the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) in microglia, thus inhibiting phagocytosis and clearance of Aβ and potentiating neuropathological changes. Importantly, GCA-neutralizing antibody treatment rejuvenated cognitive and memory function and constrained AD progression. Together, the study demonstrates a pathological role of GCA+ immune cells instigating cognitive and memory decline, suggesting that GCA+ immune cells can be a potential target for innovative therapeutic strategies in AD.

Homeostatic chemokines as putative therapeutic targets in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal chronic interstitial lung disease (ILD) that affects lung mechanical functions and gas exchange. IPF is caused by increased fibroblast activity and collagen deposition that compromise the alveolar-capillary barrier. Identifying an effective therapy for IPF remains a clinical challenge. Chemokines are key proteins in cell communication that have functions in immunity as well as in tissue homeostasis, damage, and repair. Chemokine receptor signaling induces the activation and proliferation of lung-resident cells, including alveolar macrophages (AMs) and fibroblasts. AMs are an important source of chemokines and cytokines during IPF. We highlight the complexity of this system and, based on insights from genetic and transcriptomic studies, propose a new role for homeostatic chemokine imbalance in IPF, with implications for putative therapeutic targets.

Natalizumab Treatment of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Has No Long-Term Effects on the Proportion of Circulating Regulatory T Cells

INTRODUCTION

Natalizumab (NTZ), a monoclonal antibody against the integrin α4β1 (VLA-4) found on activated T cells and B cells, blocks the interaction of this integrin with adhesion molecules of central nervous system (CNS) endothelial cells and lymphocyte migration through the blood-brain barrier, effectively preventing new lesion formation and relapses in multiple sclerosis (MS). Whether NTZ treatment has additional effects on the peripheral immune system cells, and how its actions compare with other MS disease-modifying treatments, have not been extensively investigated. In particular, its effect on the proportions of circulating regulatory T cells (Treg) is unclear.

METHODS

In this study, we investigated the effect of NTZ treatment in 12 patients with relapsing MS, at 6 and 12 months after the start of treatment. We evaluated the proportions of regulatory T cells (Treg), defined by flow cytometry as CD4+ CD25++ FoxP3+ cells and CD4+ CD25++ CD127- cells at these intervals. As an exploratory study, we also investigated the NTZ effects on the proportions of bulk T and B lymphocyte populations, and of those expressing novel the markers CD195 (CCR5), CD196 (CCR6), or CD161 (KLRB1), which are involved in MS pathogenesis but have been studied less in the context of MS treatment. The effects of NTZ were compared to those obtained with 11 patients under interferon-beta-1a (IFN-β1a) treatment, and against 9 healthy volunteers.

RESULTS

We observed a transient increment in the proportion of Treg cells at 6 months, which was not sustained at 12 months. We observed a reduction in the proportion of T cells expressing CD195 (CCR5) and CD161 (KLRB1) subsets of T cells.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that NTZ does not have an effect on the proportion of Treg cells over 1 year, but it may affect the expression of molecules important for some aspects MS pathogenesis, in a manner that is not shared with IFN-β1a.

Direct antimicrobial effects of chemokines on Cryptococcus spp, with special emphasis on a 'CXC' chemokine

Cryptococcus species are ingenious human pathogens that are widespread globally. They continue to cause over 200,000 deaths per year. Presently due to the rise in resistance and therapy failure, it is necessary to shift the focus to an alternate therapeutic strategy against this pathogen. One promising approach is to emphasize the host defense system in order to develop more precise and customized treatment strategies. In this regard, research has revealed that interferon-γ-inducible CXCL10 chemokine, amongst other chemokines spanning both CXC and CC categories, has a direct killing effect in vitro against Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, with a significantly greater microbicidal effect against the former. Moreover, when CXCL10 is used in combination with CCL5, there is a significant reduction in the survival of C. gattii at normal-serum level concentration, indicating a previously unreported synergistic effect of these two chemokines. Confocal and STED microscopic studies have demonstrated that CXCL10 has both cell wall/membrane and intracellular targets against this fungus. These findings present new possibilities for developing chemokine-derived small molecule antifungals and may represent a step forward in creating precision medicine tailored to each patient.

The intricate role of CCL5/CCR5 axis in Alzheimer disease

The morbidity and mortality associated with Alzheimer disease (AD), one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, are increasing each year. Although both amyloid β and tau proteins are known to be involved in AD pathology, their detailed functions in the pathogenesis of the disease are not fully understood. There is increasing evidence that neuroinflammation contributes to the development and progression of AD, with astrocytes, microglia, and the cytokines and chemokines they secrete acting coordinately in these processes. Signaling involving chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) and its main receptor C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) plays an important role in normal physiologic processes as well as pathologic conditions such as neurodegeneration. In recent years, many studies have shown that the CCL5/CCR5 axis plays a major effect in the pathogenesis of AD, but there are also a few studies that contradict this. In short, the role of CCL5/CCR5 axis in the pathogenesis of AD is still intricate. This review summarizes the structure, distribution, physiologic functions of the CCL5/CCR5 axis, and the progress in understanding its involvement in the pathogenesis of AD.

Transcriptional profiling of a fungal granuloma reveals a low metabolic activity of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts and an actively regulated host immune response

Granulomas are important immunological structures in the host defense against the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the main etiologic agent of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a granulomatous systemic mycosis endemic in Latin America. We have performed transcriptional and proteomic studies of yeasts present in the pulmonary granulomas of PCM aiming to identify relevant genes and proteins that act under stressing conditions. C57BL/6 mice were infected with 1x106 yeasts and after 8- and 12-weeks of infection, granulomatous lesions were obtained for extraction of fungal and murine RNAs and fungal proteins. Dual transcriptional profiling was done comparing lung cells and P. brasiliensis yeasts from granulomas with uninfected lung cells and the original yeast suspension used in the infection, respectively. Mouse transcripts indicated a lung malfunction, with low expression of genes related to muscle contraction and organization. In addition, an increased expression of transcripts related to the activity of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes as well as an elevated expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17 transcripts were observed. The increased expression of transcripts for CTLA-4, PD-1 and arginase-1, provided evidence of immune regulatory mechanisms within the granulomatous lesions. Also, our results indicate iron as a key element for the granuloma to function, where a high number of transcripts related to fungal siderophores for iron uptake was observed, a mechanism of fungal virulence not previously described in granulomas. Furthermore, transcriptomics and proteomics analyzes indicated a low fungal activity within the granuloma, as demonstrated by the decreased expression of genes and proteins related to energy metabolism and cell cycle.

Effects of BL 23 (Shenshu) acupuncture on serum cytokine levels in healthy adults: A randomized double-blind sham-controlled phase 1 study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of BL 23 (Shenshu) acupuncture on serum cytokine levels. Sixteen healthy adults were randomized into the BL 23 acupuncture group or pseudo-acupuncture group and changes of serum cytokines were analyzed. The changes in IL-13, TNF-α, and GM-CSF levels were different between the BL 23 acupuncture group and pseudo-acupuncture group (P < 0.05). No adverse events associated with acupuncture were observed. In conclusion, BL 23 acupuncture can suppress immune responses via decreases in TNF-α and suppression of increases in IL-13 and GM-CSF. This study elucidated some of the mechanisms of the acupuncture effect.

rhFGF-21 accelerates corneal epithelial wound healing through the attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in diabetic mice

Diabetic keratopathy, commonly associated with a hyperactive inflammatory response, is one of the most common eye complications of diabetes. The peptide hormone fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, whether administration of recombinant human (rh) FGF-21 can potentially regulate diabetic keratopathy is still unknown. Therefore, in this work, we investigated the role of rhFGF-21 in the modulation of corneal epithelial wound healing, the inflammation response, and oxidative stress using type 1 diabetic mice and high glucose-treated human corneal epithelial cells. Our experimental results indicated that the application of rhFGF-21 contributed to the enhancement of epithelial wound healing. This treatment also led to advancements in tear production and reduction in corneal edema. Moreover, there was a notable reduction in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, IFN-γ, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in both diabetic mouse corneal epithelium and human corneal epithelial cells treated with high glucose. Furthermore, we found rhFGF-21 treatment inhibited reactive oxygen species production and increased levels of anti-inflammatory molecules IL-10 and SOD-1, which suggests that FGF-21 has a protective role in diabetic corneal epithelial healing by increasing the antioxidant capacity and reducing the release of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases. Therefore, we propose that administration of FGF-21 may represent a potential treatment for diabetic keratopathy.

Cell-intrinsic effects of clonal hematopoiesis in heart failure

Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is caused by somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells and associates with worse prognosis in patients with heart failure. Patients harboring CHIP mutations show enhanced inflammation. However, whether these signatures are derived from the relatively low number of cells harboring mutations or are indicators of systemic pro-inflammatory activation that is associated with CHIP is unclear. Here we assess the cell-intrinsic effects of CHIP mutant cells in patients with heart failure. Using an improved single-cell sequencing pipeline (MutDetect-Seq), we show that DNMT3A mutant monocytes, CD4+ T cells and NK cells exhibit altered gene expression profiles. While monocytes showed increased genes associated with inflammation and phagocytosis, T cells and NK cells present increased activation signatures and effector functions. Increased paracrine signaling pathways are predicted and validated between mutant and wild-type monocytes and T cells, which amplify inflammatory circuits. Altogether, these data provide novel insights into how CHIP might promote a worse prognosis in patients with heart failure.

Could cooling dialysate improve inflammatory and nutritional status of hemodialysis patients?

BACKGROUND

It has been shown that dialysate cooling (lowering the dialysate temperature to 0.5 °C below central body temperature) reduces the incidence of intradialytic hypotension. Other influences on hemodialysis patients, however, have not been adequately investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of individualized dialysate cooling on nutritional and inflammatory parameters in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients.

METHODS

Seventy HD patients were separated into two groups: group A: (control group) standard dialysate temperature was 37 °C, and group B: (intervention group) dialysate temperature was 0.5 °C below core body temperature. In addition to routine laboratory tests, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, inflammatory markers, and the malnutrition inflammation score (MIS) were calculated.

RESULTS

After six months of dialysate cooling, intradialytic hypotension episodes were much less prevalent in the intervention group (p = 0.001). Serum ferritin, transferrin saturation (TSAT), high sensitive C-reactive protein (HS-CRP), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) reduced following dialysate cooling, whereas serum albumin rose. In the control group, IL-6 dropped but serum ferritin, TSAT, albumin, and HS-CRP rose. In both groups, hemoglobin levels dropped, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) rose, both groups' midarm muscle circumference and MIS worsened.

CONCLUSION

Cold dialysate decreased intradialytic hypotension with no significant improvement of the nutritional and inflammatory surrogates. However, more studies including larger number of patients with longer duration of follow up are required to adequately assess its effect on inflammation and nutrition in chronic hemodialysis patients.