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Bou Daher F, Serra L, Carter R, Jönsson H, Robinson S, Meyerowitz EM, Gray WM. Xyloglucan deficiency leads to a reduction in turgor pressure and changes in cell wall properties, affecting early seedling establishment. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2094-2106.e6. [PMID: 38677280 PMCID: PMC11111339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Xyloglucan is believed to play a significant role in cell wall mechanics of dicot plants. Surprisingly, Arabidopsis plants defective in xyloglucan biosynthesis exhibit nearly normal growth and development. We investigated a mutant line, cslc-Δ5, lacking activity in all five Arabidopsis cellulose synthase like-C (CSLC) genes responsible for xyloglucan backbone biosynthesis. We observed that this xyloglucan-deficient line exhibited reduced cellulose crystallinity and increased pectin levels, suggesting the existence of feedback mechanisms that regulate wall composition to compensate for the absence of xyloglucan. These alterations in cell wall composition in the xyloglucan-absent plants were further linked to a decrease in cell wall elastic modulus and rupture stress, as observed through atomic force microscopy (AFM) and extensometer-based techniques. This raised questions about how plants with such modified cell wall properties can maintain normal growth. Our investigation revealed two key factors contributing to this phenomenon. First, measurements of turgor pressure, a primary driver of plant growth, revealed that cslc-Δ5 plants have reduced turgor, preventing the compromised walls from bursting while still allowing growth to occur. Second, we discovered the conservation of elastic asymmetry (ratio of axial to transverse wall elasticity) in the mutant, suggesting an additional mechanism contributing to the maintenance of normal growth. This novel feedback mechanism between cell wall composition and mechanical properties, coupled with turgor pressure regulation, plays a central role in the control of plant growth and is critical for seedling establishment in a mechanically challenging environment by affecting shoot emergence and root penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Bou Daher
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
| | - Leo Serra
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Ross Carter
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Henrik Jönsson
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - William M Gray
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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2
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Delmer D, Dixon RA, Keegstra K, Mohnen D. The plant cell wall-dynamic, strong, and adaptable-is a natural shapeshifter. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1257-1311. [PMID: 38301734 PMCID: PMC11062476 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mythology is replete with good and evil shapeshifters, who, by definition, display great adaptability and assume many different forms-with several even turning themselves into trees. Cell walls certainly fit this definition as they can undergo subtle or dramatic changes in structure, assume many shapes, and perform many functions. In this review, we cover the evolution of knowledge of the structures, biosynthesis, and functions of the 5 major cell wall polymer types that range from deceptively simple to fiendishly complex. Along the way, we recognize some of the colorful historical figures who shaped cell wall research over the past 100 years. The shapeshifter analogy emerges more clearly as we examine the evolving proposals for how cell walls are constructed to allow growth while remaining strong, the complex signaling involved in maintaining cell wall integrity and defense against disease, and the ways cell walls adapt as they progress from birth, through growth to maturation, and in the end, often function long after cell death. We predict the next century of progress will include deciphering cell type-specific wall polymers; regulation at all levels of polymer production, crosslinks, and architecture; and how walls respond to developmental and environmental signals to drive plant success in diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Delmer
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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3
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Bhattarai M, Wang Q, Javaid T, Venkataraghavan A, Al Hassan MT, O'Neill M, Tan L, Chen H, Faik A. Streamlining assays of glycosyltransferases activity using in vitro GT-array (i-GT-ray) platform: Application to family GT37 fucosyltransferases. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105734. [PMID: 38336294 PMCID: PMC10933551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous putative glycosyltransferases (GTs) have been identified using bioinformatic approaches. However, demonstrating the activity of these GTs remains a challenge. Here, we describe the development of a rapid in vitro GT-array screening platform for activity of GTs. GT-arrays are generated by cell-free in vitro protein synthesis and binding using microplates precoated with a N-terminal Halo- or a C-terminal GST-tagged GT-encoding plasmid DNA and a capture antibody. These arrays are then used for screening of transferase activities and the reactions are monitored by a luminescence GLO assay. The products formed by these reactions can be analyzed directly from the microplates by mass spectrometry. Using this platform, a total of 280 assays were performed to screen 22 putative fucosyltransferases (FUTs) from family GT37 (seven from Arabidopsis and 15 from rice) for activity toward five acceptors: non-fucosylated tamarind xyloglucan (TXyG), arabinotriose (Ara3), non-fucosylated rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), and RG-II from the mur1-1 Arabidopsis mutant, and the celery RG-II monomer lacking Arap and MeFuc of chain B and l-Gal of chain A. Our screen showed that AtFUT2, AtFUT5, and AtFUT10 have activity toward RG-I, while AtFUT8 was active on RG-II. Five rice OsFUTs have XyG-FUT activity and four rice OsFUTs have activity toward Ara3. None of the putative OsFUTs were active on the RG-I and RG-II. However, promiscuity toward acceptors was observed for several FUTs. These findings extend our knowledge of cell wall polysaccharide fucosylation in plants. We believe that in vitro GT-array platform provides a valuable tool for cell wall biochemistry and other research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matrika Bhattarai
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tasleem Javaid
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Md Tanim Al Hassan
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Malcolm O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ahmed Faik
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.
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4
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Stratilová B, Šesták S, Stratilová E, Vadinová K, Kozmon S, Hrmova M. Engineering of substrate specificity in a plant cell-wall modifying enzyme through alterations of carboxyl-terminal amino acid residues. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1529-1544. [PMID: 37658783 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Structural determinants of substrate recognition remain inadequately defined in broad specific cell-wall modifying enzymes, termed xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases (XETs). Here, we investigate the Tropaeolum majus seed TmXET6.3 isoform, a member of the GH16_20 subfamily of the GH16 network. This enzyme recognises xyloglucan (XG)-derived donors and acceptors, and a wide spectrum of other chiefly saccharide substrates, although it lacks the activity with homogalacturonan (pectin) fragments. We focus on defining the functionality of carboxyl-terminal residues in TmXET6.3, which extend acceptor binding regions in the GH16_20 subfamily but are absent in the related GH16_21 subfamily. Site-directed mutagenesis using double to quintuple mutants in the carboxyl-terminal region - substitutions emulated on barley XETs recognising the XG/penta-galacturonide acceptor substrate pair - demonstrated that this activity could be gained in TmXET6.3. We demonstrate the roles of semi-conserved Arg238 and Lys237 residues, introducing a net positive charge in the carboxyl-terminal region (which complements a negative charge of the acidic penta-galacturonide) for the transfer of xyloglucan fragments. Experimental data, supported by molecular modelling of TmXET6.3 with the XG oligosaccharide donor and penta-galacturonide acceptor substrates, indicated that they could be accommodated in the active site. Our findings support the conclusion on the significance of positively charged residues at the carboxyl terminus of TmXET6.3 and suggest that a broad specificity could be engineered via modifications of an acceptor binding site. The definition of substrate specificity in XETs should prove invaluable for defining the structure, dynamics, and function of plant cell walls, and their metabolism; these data could be applicable in various biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sergej Šesták
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kristína Vadinová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Hrmova
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Precinct, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, China
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5
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Xiang M, Yuan S, Zhang Q, Liu X, Li Q, Leng Z, Sha J, Anderson CT, Xiao C. Galactosylation of xyloglucan is essential for the stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton and endomembrane system through the proper assembly of cell walls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5104-5123. [PMID: 37386914 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan, a major hemicellulose, interacts with cellulose and pectin to assemble primary cell walls in plants. Loss of the xyloglucan galactosyltransferase MURUS3 (MUR3) leads to the deficiency of galactosylated xyloglucan and perturbs plant growth. However, it is unclear whether defects in xyloglucan galactosylation influence the synthesis of other wall polysaccharides, cell wall integrity, cytoskeleton behaviour, and endomembrane homeostasis. Here, we found that in mur3-7 etiolated seedlings cellulose was reduced, CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) genes were down-regulated, the density and mobility of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) were decreased, and cellulose microfibrils become discontinuous. Pectin, rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII), and boron contents were reduced in mur3-7 plants, and B-RGII cross-linking was abnormal. Wall porosity and thickness were significantly increased in mur3-7 seedlings. Endomembrane aggregation was also apparent in the mur3-7 mutant. Furthermore, mutant seedlings and their actin filaments were more sensitive to Latrunculin A (LatA) treatment. However, all defects in mur3-7 mutants were substantially restored by exogenous boric acid application. Our study reveals the importance of MUR3-mediated xyloglucan galactosylation for cell wall structural assembly and homeostasis, which is required for the stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton and the endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qingyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhengmei Leng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jingjing Sha
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Chaowen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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6
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Zhang N, Julian JD, Yap CE, Swaminathan S, Zabotina OA. The Arabidopsis xylosyltransferases, XXT3, XXT4, and XXT5, are essential to complete the fully xylosylated glucan backbone XXXG-type structure of xyloglucans. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1986-1999. [PMID: 36856333 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although most xyloglucans (XyGs) biosynthesis enzymes have been identified, the molecular mechanism that defines XyG branching patterns is unclear. Four out of five XyG xylosyltransferases (XXT1, XXT2, XXT4, and XXT5) are known to add the xylosyl residue from UDP-xylose onto a glucan backbone chain; however, the function of XXT3 has yet to be demonstrated. Single xxt3 and triple xxt3xxt4xxt5 mutant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants were generated using CRISPR-Cas9 technology to determine the specific function of XXT3. Combined biochemical, bioinformatic, and morphological data conclusively established for the first time that XXT3, together with XXT4 and XXT5, adds xylosyl residue specifically at the third glucose in the glucan chain to synthesize XXXG-type XyGs. We propose that the specificity of XXT3, XXT4, and XXT5 is directed toward the prior synthesis of the acceptor substrate by the other two enzymes, XXT1 and XXT2. We also conclude that XXT5 plays a dominant role in the synthesis of XXXG-type XyGs, while XXT3 and XXT4 complementarily contribute their activities in a tissue-specific manner. The newly generated xxt3xxt4xxt5 mutant produces only XXGG-type XyGs, which further helps to understand the impact of structurally deficient polysaccharides on plant cell wall organization, growth, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jordan D Julian
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Cheng Ern Yap
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Sivakumar Swaminathan
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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7
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Sun Q, Vega NM, Cervantes B, Mancuso CP, Mao N, Taylor MN, Collins JJ, Khalil AS, Gore J, Lu TK. Enhancing nutritional niche and host defenses by modifying the gut microbiome. Mol Syst Biol 2022; 18:e9933. [PMID: 36377768 PMCID: PMC9664710 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is essential for processing complex food compounds and synthesizing nutrients that the host cannot digest or produce, respectively. New model systems are needed to study how the metabolic capacity provided by the gut microbiome impacts the nutritional status of the host, and to explore possibilities for altering host metabolic capacity via the microbiome. Here, we colonized the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans gut with cellulolytic bacteria that enabled C. elegans to utilize cellulose, an otherwise indigestible substrate, as a carbon source. Cellulolytic bacteria as a community component in the worm gut can also support additional bacterial species with specialized roles, which we demonstrate by using Lactobacillus plantarum to protect C. elegans against Salmonella enterica infection. This work shows that engineered microbiome communities can be used to endow host organisms with novel functions, such as the ability to utilize alternate nutrient sources or to better fight pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sun
- Synthetic Biology CenterMITCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Nic M Vega
- Department of PhysicsMITCambridgeMAUSA
- Biology DepartmentEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Bernardo Cervantes
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science and Department of Biological EngineeringMITCambridgeMAUSA
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Microbiology Graduate ProgramMITCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Christopher P Mancuso
- Biological Design CenterBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Ning Mao
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | | | - James J Collins
- Synthetic Biology CenterMITCambridgeMAUSA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science and Department of Biological EngineeringMITCambridgeMAUSA
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Ahmad S Khalil
- Biological Design CenterBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Jeff Gore
- Department of PhysicsMITCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Synthetic Biology CenterMITCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceMITCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Biological EngineeringMITCambridgeMAUSA
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Zhou Y, Lu Q, Ma J, Wang D, Li X, Di H, Zhang L, Hu X, Dong L, Liu X, Zeng X, Zhou Z, Weng J, Wang Z. Using a high density bin map to analyze quantitative trait locis of germination ability of maize at low temperatures. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:978941. [PMID: 36072324 PMCID: PMC9441762 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.978941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Low temperatures in the spring often lead to a decline in the emergence rate and uniformity of maize, which can affect yield in northern regions. This study used 365 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), which arose from crossing Qi319 and Ye478, to identify low-temperature resistance during the germination stage by measuring eight low-temperature-related traits. The quantitative trait locis (QTLs) were mapped using R/qtl software by combining phenotypic data, and the genotyping by sequencing (GBS) method to produce a high-density genetic linkage map. Twenty QTLs were detected during QTL mapping, of which seven QTLs simultaneously detected a consistent 197.10-202.30 Mb segment on chromosome 1. The primary segment was named cQTL1-2, with a phenotypic variation of 5.18-25.96% and a physical distance of 5.2 Mb. This combines the phenotype and genotype with the identification of seven chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs), which were derived from Ye478*Qi319 and related to cQTL1-2. The physical distance of cQTL1-2 was reduced to approximately 1.9 Mb. The consistent meta-QTL mQTL1 was located at 619.06 cM on chromosome 1, had a genetic distance of 7.27 cM, and overlapped with cQTL1-2. This was identified by combining the results of previous QTL studies assessing maize tolerance to low temperatures at the germination stage. An assessment of the results of the RIL population, CSSLs, and mQTL1 found the consistent QTL to be LtQTL1-1. It was identified in bin1.06-1.07 at a confidence interval of between 200,400,148 and 201,775,619 bp. In this interval, qRT-PCR found that relative expression of the candidate genes GRMZM2G082630 and GRMZM2G115730 were both up-regulated in low-temperature tolerant lines and down-regulated in sensitive lines (P < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinxin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Di
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinge Hu
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ling Dong
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Weng
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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9
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An Y, Lu W, Li W, Pan L, Lu M, Cesarino I, Li Z, Zeng W. Dietary Fiber in Plant Cell Walls—The Healthy Carbohydrates. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) is one of the major classes of nutrients for humans. It is widely distributed in the edible parts of natural plants, with the cell wall being the main DF-containing structure. The DF content varies significantly in different plant species and organs, and the processing procedure can have a dramatic effect on the DF composition of plant-based foods. Given the considerable nutritional value of DF, a deeper understanding of DF in food plants, including its composition and biosynthesis, is fundamental to the establishment of a daily intake reference of DF and is also critical to molecular breeding programs for modifying DF content. In the past decades, plant cell wall biology has seen dramatic progress, and such knowledge is of great potential to be translated into DF-related food science research and may provide future research directions for improving the health benefits of food crops. In this review, to spark interdisciplinary discussions between food science researchers and plant cell wall biologists, we focus on a specific category of DF—cell wall carbohydrates. We first summarize the content and composition of carbohydrate DF in various plant-based foods, and then discuss the structure and biosynthesis mechanism of each carbohydrate DF category, in particular the respective biosynthetic enzymes. Health impacts of DF are highlighted, and finally, future directions of DF research are also briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Cesarino
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Julian JD, Zabotina OA. Xyloglucan Biosynthesis: From Genes to Proteins and Their Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:920494. [PMID: 35720558 PMCID: PMC9201394 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.920494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant's recalcitrant cell wall is composed of numerous polysaccharides, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. The most abundant hemicellulose in dicot cell walls is xyloglucan, which consists of a β-(1- > 4) glucan backbone with α-(1- > 6) xylosylation producing an XXGG or XXXG pattern. Xylose residues of xyloglucan are branched further with different patterns of arabinose, fucose, galactose, and acetylation that varies between species. Although xyloglucan research in other species lag behind Arabidopsis thaliana, significant advances have been made into the agriculturally relevant species Oryza sativa and Solanum lycopersicum, which can be considered model organisms for XXGG type xyloglucan. In this review, we will present what is currently known about xyloglucan biosynthesis in A. thaliana, O. sativa, and S. lycopersicum and discuss the recent advances in the characterization of the glycosyltransferases involved in this complex process and their organization in the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Julian
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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11
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Ehrlich JJ, Weerts RM, Shome S, Culbertson AT, Honzatko RB, Jernigan RL, Zabotina OA. Xyloglucan Xylosyltransferase 1 Displays Promiscuity Toward Donor Substrates During in Vitro Reactions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1890-1901. [PMID: 34265062 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are a large family of enzymes that add sugars to a broad range of acceptor substrates, including polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, by utilizing a wide variety of donor substrates in the form of activated sugars. Individual GTs have generally been considered to exhibit a high level of substrate specificity, but this has not been thoroughly investigated across the extremely large set of GTs. Here we investigate xyloglucan xylosyltransferase 1 (XXT1), a GT involved in the synthesis of the plant cell wall polysaccharide, xyloglucan. Xyloglucan has a glucan backbone, with initial side chain substitutions exclusively composed of xylose from uridine diphosphate (UDP)-xylose. While this conserved substitution pattern suggests a high substrate specificity for XXT1, our in vitro kinetic studies elucidate a more complex set of behavior. Kinetic studies demonstrate comparable kcat values for reactions with UDP-xylose and UDP-glucose, while reactions with UDP-arabinose and UDP-galactose are over 10-fold slower. Using kcat/KM as a measure of efficiency, UDP-xylose is 8-fold more efficient as a substrate than the next best alternative, UDP-glucose. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to demonstrate that not all plant XXTs are highly substrate specific and some do show significant promiscuity in their in vitro reactions. Kinetic parameters alone likely do not explain the high substrate selectivity in planta, suggesting that there are additional control mechanisms operating during polysaccharide biosynthesis. Improved understanding of substrate specificity of the GTs will aid in protein engineering, development of diagnostic tools, and understanding of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline J Ehrlich
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 1210 Molecular Biology Building, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames IA 50011-1079, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, 107 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703, USA
| | - Richard M Weerts
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 1210 Molecular Biology Building, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames IA 50011-1079, USA
| | - Sayane Shome
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 1210 Molecular Biology Building, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames IA 50011-1079, USA
| | - Alan T Culbertson
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 1210 Molecular Biology Building, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames IA 50011-1079, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard B Honzatko
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 1210 Molecular Biology Building, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames IA 50011-1079, USA
| | - Robert L Jernigan
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 1210 Molecular Biology Building, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames IA 50011-1079, USA
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 1210 Molecular Biology Building, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames IA 50011-1079, USA
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12
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Zhong R, Phillips DR, Ye ZH. A Single Xyloglucan Xylosyltransferase Is Sufficient for Generation of the XXXG Xylosylation Pattern of Xyloglucan. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1589-1602. [PMID: 34264339 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan is the most abundant hemicellulose in the primary cell walls of dicots. Dicot xyloglucan is the XXXG type consisting of repeating units of three consecutive xylosylated Glc residues followed by one unsubstituted Glc. Its xylosylation is catalyzed by xyloglucan 6-xylosyltransferases (XXTs) and there exist five XXTs (AtXXT1-5) in Arabidopsis. While AtXXT1 and AtXXT2 have been shown to add the first two Xyl residues in the XXXG repeat, which XXTs are responsible for the addition of the third Xyl residue remains elusive although AtXXT5 was a proposed candidate. In this report, we generated recombinant proteins of all five Arabidopsis XXTs and one rice XXT (OsXXT1) in the mammalian HEK293 cells and investigated their ability to sequentially xylosylate Glc residues to generate the XXXG xylosylation pattern. We found that like AtXXT1/2, AtXXT4 and OsXXT1 could efficiently xylosylate the cellohexaose (G6) acceptor to produce mono- and di-xylosylated G6, whereas AtXXT5 was only barely capable of adding one Xyl onto G6. When AtXXT1-catalyzed products were used as acceptors, AtXXT1/2/4 and OsXXT1, but not AtXXT5, were able to xylosylate additional Glc residues to generate tri- and tetra-xylosylated G6. Further characterization of the tri- and tetra-xylosylated G6 revealed that they had the sequence of GXXXGG and GXXXXG with three and four consecutive xylosylated Glc residues, respectively. In addition, we have found that although tri-xylosylation occurred on G6, cello-oligomers with a degree of polymerization of 3 to 5 could only be mono- and di-xylosylated. Together, these results indicate that each of AtXXT1/2/4 and OsXXT1 is capable of sequentially adding Xyl onto three contiguous Glc residues to generate the XXXG xylosylation pattern and these findings provide new insight into the biochemical mechanism underlying xyloglucan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Dennis R Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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13
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Ren Z, Wang X, Tao Q, Guo Q, Zhou Y, Yi F, Huang G, Li Y, Zhang M, Li Z, Duan L. Transcriptome dynamic landscape underlying the improvement of maize lodging resistance under coronatine treatment. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:202. [PMID: 33906598 PMCID: PMC8077928 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lodging is one of the important factors causing maize yield. Plant height is an important factor in determining plant architecture in maize (Zea mays L.), which is closely related to lodging resistance under high planting density. Coronatine (COR), which is a phytotoxin and produced by the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, is a functional and structural analogue of jasmonic acid (JA). RESULTS In this study, we found COR, as a new plant growth regulator, could effectively reduce plant height and ear height of both hybrids (ZD958 and XY335) and inbred (B73) maize by inhibiting internode growth during elongation, thus improve maize lodging resistance. To study gene expression changes in internode after COR treatment, we collected spatio-temporal transcriptome of inbred B73 internode under normal condition and COR treatment, including the three different regions of internode (fixed, meristem and elongation regions) at three different developmental stages. The gene expression levels of the three regions at normal condition were described and then compared with that upon COR treatment. In total, 8605 COR-responsive genes (COR-RGs) were found, consist of 802 genes specifically expressed in internode. For these COR-RGs, 614, 870, 2123 of which showed expression changes in only fixed, meristem and elongation region, respectively. Both the number and function were significantly changed for COR-RGs identified in different regions, indicating genes with different functions were regulated at the three regions. Besides, we found more than 80% genes of gibberellin and jasmonic acid were changed under COR treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a gene expression profiling in different regions of internode development and molecular mechanism of COR affecting internode elongation. A putative schematic of the internode response to COR treatment is proposed which shows the basic process of COR affecting internode elongation. This research provides a useful resource for studying maize internode development and improves our understanding of the COR regulation mechanism based on plant height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fei Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Guanmin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingcai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaohu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liusheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China.
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Changping, Beijing, 102206, China.
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A Pipeline towards the Biochemical Characterization of the Arabidopsis GT14 Family. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031360. [PMID: 33572987 PMCID: PMC7866395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) catalyze the synthesis of glycosidic linkages and are essential in the biosynthesis of glycans, glycoconjugates (glycolipids and glycoproteins), and glycosides. Plant genomes generally encode many more GTs than animal genomes due to the synthesis of a cell wall and a wide variety of glycosylated secondary metabolites. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome is predicted to encode over 573 GTs that are currently classified into 42 diverse families. The biochemical functions of most of these GTs are still unknown. In this study, we updated the JBEI Arabidopsis GT clone collection by cloning an additional 105 GT cDNAs, 508 in total (89%), into Gateway-compatible vectors for downstream characterization. We further established a functional analysis pipeline using transient expression in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) followed by enzymatic assays, fractionation of enzymatic products by reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) and characterization by mass spectrometry (MS). Using the GT14 family as an exemplar, we outline a strategy for identifying effective substrates of GT enzymes. By addition of UDP-GlcA as donor and the synthetic acceptors galactose-nitrobenzodiazole (Gal-NBD), β-1,6-galactotetraose (β-1,6-Gal4) and β-1,3-galactopentose (β-1,3-Gal5) to microsomes expressing individual GT14 enzymes, we verified the β-glucuronosyltransferase (GlcAT) activity of three members of this family (AtGlcAT14A, B, and E). In addition, a new family member (AT4G27480, 248) was shown to possess significantly higher activity than other GT14 enzymes. Our data indicate a likely role in arabinogalactan-protein (AGP) biosynthesis for these GT14 members. Together, the updated Arabidopsis GT clone collection and the biochemical analysis pipeline present an efficient means to identify and characterize novel GT catalytic activities.
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15
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Zhang W, Qin W, Li H, Wu AM. Biosynthesis and Transport of Nucleotide Sugars for Plant Hemicellulose. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:723128. [PMID: 34868108 PMCID: PMC8636097 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.723128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Hemicellulose is entangled with cellulose through hydrogen bonds and meanwhile acts as a bridge for the deposition of lignin monomer in the secondary wall. Therefore, hemicellulose plays a vital role in the utilization of cell wall biomass. Many advances in hemicellulose research have recently been made, and a large number of genes and their functions have been identified and verified. However, due to the diversity and complexity of hemicellulose, the biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms are yet unknown. In this review, we summarized the types of plant hemicellulose, hemicellulose-specific nucleotide sugar substrates, key transporters, and biosynthesis pathways. This review will contribute to a better understanding of substrate-level regulation of hemicellulose synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ai-min Wu,
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16
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Duman Z, Hadas-Brandwein G, Eliyahu A, Belausov E, Abu-Abied M, Yeselson Y, Faigenboim A, Lichter A, Irihimovitch V, Sadot E. Short De-Etiolation Increases the Rooting of VC801 Avocado Rootstock. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1481. [PMID: 33153170 PMCID: PMC7693756 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dark-grown (etiolated) branches of many recalcitrant plant species root better than their green counterparts. Here it was hypothesized that changes in cell-wall properties and hormones occurring during etiolation contribute to rooting efficiency. Measurements of chlorophyll, carbohydrate and auxin contents, as well as tissue compression, histological analysis and gene-expression profiles were determined in etiolated and de-etiolated branches of the avocado rootstock VC801. Differences in chlorophyll content and tissue rigidity, and changes in xyloglucan and pectin in cambium and parenchyma cells were found. Interestingly, lignin and sugar contents were similar, suggesting that de-etiolated branches resemble the etiolated ones in this respect. Surprisingly, the branches that underwent short de-etiolation rooted better than the etiolated ones, and only a slight difference in IAA content between the two was observed. Gene-expression profiles revealed an increase in ethylene-responsive transcripts in the etiolated branches, which correlated with enrichment in xyloglucan hydrolases. In contrast, transcripts encoding pectin methylesterase and pectolyases were enriched in the de-etiolated branches. Taken together, it seems that the short de-etiolation period led to fine tuning of the conditions favoring adventitious root formation in terms of auxin-ethylene balance and cell-wall properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Duman
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gal Hadas-Brandwein
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Avi Eliyahu
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
| | - Mohamad Abu-Abied
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
| | - Yelena Yeselson
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
| | - Amnon Lichter
- The Institute of Post Harvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel;
| | - Vered Irihimovitch
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
| | - Einat Sadot
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
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17
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Wang Q, Bhattarai M, Zhao P, Alnsour T, Held M, Faik A, Chen H. Fast and Sensitive Detection of Oligosaccharides Using Desalting Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry (DPS-MS). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2226-2235. [PMID: 32910855 PMCID: PMC8189650 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Conventional mass spectrometry (MS)-based analytical methods for small carbohydrate fragments (oligosaccharides, degree of polymerization 2-12) are time-consuming due to the need for an offline sample pretreatment such as desalting. Herein, we report a new paper spray ionization method, named desalting paper spray (DPS), which employs a piece of triangular filter paper for both sample desalting and ionization. Unlike regular paper spray ionization (PSI) and nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI), DPS-MS allows fast and sensitive detection of oligosaccharides in biological samples having complex matrices (e.g., Tris, PBS, HEPES buffers, or urine). When an oligosaccharide sample is loaded onto the filter paper substrate (10 × 5 mm, height × base) made mostly of cellulose, oligosaccharides are adsorbed on the paper via hydrophilic interactions with cellulose. Salts and buffers can be washed away using an ACN/H2O (90/10 v/v) solution, while oligosaccharides can be eluted from the paper using a solution of ACN/H2O/formic acid (FA) (10/90/1 v/v/v) and directly spray-ionized from the tip of the paper. Various saccharides at trace levels (e.g., 50 fmol) in nonvolatile buffer can be quickly analyzed by DPS-MS (<5 min per sample). DPS-MS is also applicable for direct detection of oligosaccharides from glycosyltransferase (GT) reactions, a challenging task that typically requires a radioactive assay. Quantitative analysis of acceptor and product oligosaccharides shows increased product with increased GT enzymes used for the reaction, a result in line with the radioactivity assay. This work suggests that DPS-MS has potential for rapid oligosaccharide analysis from biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Matrika Bhattarai
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology & Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Pengyi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Tariq Alnsour
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Michael Held
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- Corresponding Authors: Hao Chen - Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey. , Ahmed Faik – Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. , Michael Held – Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.
| | - Ahmed Faik
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology & Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- Corresponding Authors: Hao Chen - Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey. , Ahmed Faik – Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. , Michael Held – Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
- Corresponding Authors: Hao Chen - Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey. , Ahmed Faik – Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. , Michael Held – Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.
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18
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The synthesis of xyloglucan, an abundant plant cell wall polysaccharide, requires CSLC function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20316-20324. [PMID: 32737163 PMCID: PMC7443942 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007245117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells have a polysaccharide-based wall that maintains their structural and functional integrity and determines their shape. Reorganization of wall components is required to allow growth and differentiation. One matrix polysaccharide that is postulated to play an important role in this reorganization is xyloglucan (XyG). While the structure of XyG is well understood, its biosynthesis is not. Through genetic studies with Arabidopsis CSLC genes, we demonstrate that they are responsible for the synthesis of the XyG glucan backbone. A quintuple cslc mutant is able to grow and develop normally but lacks detectable XyG. These results raise important questions regarding cell wall structure and its reorganization during growth. The series of cslc mutants will be valuable tools for investigating these questions. Xyloglucan (XyG) is an abundant component of the primary cell walls of most plants. While the structure of XyG has been well studied, much remains to be learned about its biosynthesis. Here we employed reverse genetics to investigate the role of Arabidopsis cellulose synthase like-C (CSLC) proteins in XyG biosynthesis. We found that single mutants containing a T-DNA in each of the five Arabidopsis CSLC genes had normal levels of XyG. However, higher-order cslc mutants had significantly reduced XyG levels, and a mutant with disruptions in all five CSLC genes had no detectable XyG. The higher-order mutants grew with mild tissue-specific phenotypes. Despite the apparent lack of XyG, the cslc quintuple mutant did not display significant alteration of gene expression at the whole-genome level, excluding transcriptional compensation. The quintuple mutant could be complemented by each of the five CSLC genes, supporting the conclusion that each of them encodes a XyG glucan synthase. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the CSLC genes are widespread in the plant kingdom and evolved from an ancient family. These results establish the role of the CSLC genes in XyG biosynthesis, and the mutants described here provide valuable tools with which to study both the molecular details of XyG biosynthesis and the role of XyG in plant cell wall structure and function.
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19
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Ruprecht C, Bartetzko MP, Senf D, Lakhina A, Smith PJ, Soto MJ, Oh H, Yang J, Chapla D, Varon Silva D, Clausen MH, Hahn MG, Moremen KW, Urbanowicz BR, Pfrengle F. A Glycan Array‐Based Assay for the Identification and Characterization of Plant Glycosyltransferases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Ruprecht
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Present address: Department of Chemistry University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Max P. Bartetzko
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Deborah Senf
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Anna Lakhina
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Maria J. Soto
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road Athens GA 30602 USA
- Present address: US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI) Berkeley CA 94702 USA
| | - Hyunil Oh
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jeong‐Yeh Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Digantkumar Chapla
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Daniel Varon Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet 207 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
- Present address: Department of Chemistry University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
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20
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Ruprecht C, Bartetzko MP, Senf D, Lakhina A, Smith PJ, Soto MJ, Oh H, Yang J, Chapla D, Varon Silva D, Clausen MH, Hahn MG, Moremen KW, Urbanowicz BR, Pfrengle F. A Glycan Array-Based Assay for the Identification and Characterization of Plant Glycosyltransferases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12493-12498. [PMID: 32396713 PMCID: PMC7383710 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Growing plants with modified cell wall compositions is a promising strategy to improve resistance to pathogens, increase biomass digestibility, and tune other important properties. In order to alter biomass architecture, a detailed knowledge of cell wall structure and biosynthesis is a prerequisite. We report here a glycan array-based assay for the high-throughput identification and characterization of plant cell wall biosynthetic glycosyltransferases (GTs). We demonstrate that different heterologously expressed galactosyl-, fucosyl-, and xylosyltransferases can transfer azido-functionalized sugar nucleotide donors to selected synthetic plant cell wall oligosaccharides on the array and that the transferred monosaccharides can be visualized "on chip" by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction with an alkynyl-modified dye. The opportunity to simultaneously screen thousands of combinations of putative GTs, nucleotide sugar donors, and oligosaccharide acceptors will dramatically accelerate plant cell wall biosynthesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Ruprecht
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Present address: Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
| | - Max P. Bartetzko
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Deborah Senf
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Anna Lakhina
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA30602USA
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA30602USA
| | - Maria J. Soto
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA30602USA
- Present address: US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI)BerkeleyCA94702USA
| | - Hyunil Oh
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Jeong‐Yeh Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA30602USA
| | - Digantkumar Chapla
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA30602USA
| | - Daniel Varon Silva
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and TheranosticsDepartment of ChemistryTechnical University of DenmarkKemitorvet 2072800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA30602USA
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA30602USA
| | - Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA30602USA
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
- Present address: Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
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21
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Pfrengle F. Automated Glycan Assembly of Plant Cell Wall Oligosaccharides. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2149:503-512. [PMID: 32617953 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0621-6_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cell wall oligosaccharides are promising molecular tools for investigating the structure and function of plant cell walls. Their well-defined structure and high purity prevents misinterpretations of experimental data, and the possibility to introduce chemical handles provides means for easier localization and detection. Automated glycan assembly as emerged has a powerful new method for the efficient preparation of oligosaccharide libraries. We recently made use of this technology to prepare a collection of plant cell wall glycans for cell wall research. In this chapter, detailed experimental procedures for the automated synthesis of oligosaccharides that are ready for use in biological assays are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.
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22
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Prabhakar PK, Wang HT, Smith PJ, Yang JY, Barnes WJ, Peña MJ, Moremen KW, Urbanowicz BR. Heterologous expression of plant glycosyltransferases for biochemistry and structural biology. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 160:145-165. [PMID: 32896313 PMCID: PMC7593805 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Much of the carbon captured by photosynthesis is converted into the polysaccharides that constitute plant cell walls. These complex macrostructures are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins, together with small amounts of structural proteins, minerals, and in many cases lignin. Wall components assemble and interact with one another to produce dynamic structures with many capabilities, including providing mechanical support to plant structures and determining plant cell shape and size. Despite their abundance, major gaps in our knowledge of the synthesis of the building blocks of these polymers remain, largely due to ineffective methods for expression and purification of active synthetic enzymes for in vitro biochemical analyses. The hemicellulosic polysaccharide, xyloglucan, comprises up to 25% of the dry weight of primary cell walls in plants. Most of the knowledge about the glycosyltransferases (GTs) involved in the xyloglucan biosynthetic pathway has been derived from the identification and carbohydrate analysis of knockout mutants, lending little information on how the catalytic biosynthesis of xyloglucan occurs in planta. In this chapter we describe methods for the heterologous expression of plant GTs using the HEK293 expression platform. As a demonstration of the utility of this platform, nine xyloglucan-relevant GTs from three different CAZy families were evaluated, and methods for expression, purification, and construct optimization are described for biochemical and structural characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Prabhakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, United States
| | - Hsin-Tzu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, United States
| | - Peter J Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, United States
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - William J Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, United States
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, United States.
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23
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Zhao F, Chen W, Sechet J, Martin M, Bovio S, Lionnet C, Long Y, Battu V, Mouille G, Monéger F, Traas J. Xyloglucans and Microtubules Synergistically Maintain Meristem Geometry and Phyllotaxis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1191-1206. [PMID: 31537749 PMCID: PMC6836833 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) gives rise to all aerial plant organs. Cell walls are thought to play a central role in this process, translating molecular regulation into dynamic changes in growth rate and direction, although their precise role in morphogenesis during organ formation is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of xyloglucans (XyGs), a major, yet functionally poorly characterized, wall component in the SAM of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Using immunolabeling, biochemical analysis, genetic approaches, microindentation, laser ablation, and live imaging, we showed that XyGs are important for meristem shape and phyllotaxis. No difference in the Young's modulus (i.e. an indicator of wall stiffness) of the cell walls was observed when XyGs were perturbed. Mutations in enzymes required for XyG synthesis also affect other cell wall components such as cellulose content and pectin methylation status. Interestingly, control of cortical microtubule dynamics by the severing enzyme KATANIN became vital when XyGs were perturbed or absent. This suggests that the cytoskeleton plays an active role in compensating for altered cell wall composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Wenqian Chen
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Julien Sechet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, ERL3559 CNRS Bâtiment 1, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Marjolaine Martin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Simone Bovio
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Claire Lionnet
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Yuchen Long
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Virginie Battu
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, ERL3559 CNRS Bâtiment 1, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Françoise Monéger
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
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24
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Faik A, Held M. Review: Plant cell wall biochemical omics: The high-throughput biochemistry for polysaccharide biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 286:49-56. [PMID: 31300141 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Progress in the functional biochemical analysis of plant glycosyltransferases (GTs) has been slow because plant GTs are generally membrane proteins, operate as part of larger, multimeric complexes, and utilize a vast complexity of substrate acceptors. Therefore, the field would benefit from development of adequate high throughput expression as well as product detection and characterization techniques. Here we review current approaches to tackle such obstacles and suggest a new path forward: nucleic acid programmable protein arrays (NAPPA) with liquid sample desorption ionization (LS-DESI-MS) mass spectrometry. NAPPA utilizes in vitro transcription and translation to produce epitope-tagged fusion proteins from cloned GT cDNAs. LS-DESI is a soft ionization technique that allows rapid and sensitive MS-based product characterization in situ. Coupling both approaches provides the opportunity to examine individual GT functions as well as protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, advances in automated oligosaccharide synthesis and lipid nanodisc technology should allow testing of plant GT activity in presence of numerous substrate acceptors and lipid environments in a high throughput fashion. Thus, NAPPA-DESI-MS has great potential to make headway in biochemical characterization of the large number of plant GTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Faik
- Environmental and Plant Biology Department, Athens 45701, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens 45701, USA.
| | - Michael Held
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Athens 45701, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens 45701, USA
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25
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Han W, Fan X, Teng L, Kaczurowski MJS, Zhang X, Xu D, Yin Y, Ye N. Identification, classification, and evolution of putative xylosyltransferases from algae. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1119-1132. [PMID: 30941581 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Xylosyltransferases (XylTs) play key roles in the biosynthesis of many different polysaccharides. These enzymes transfer D-xylose from UDP-xylose to substrate acceptors. In this study, we identified 30 XylTs from primary endosymbionts (green algae, red algae, and glaucophytes) and secondary or higher endosymbionts (brown algae, diatoms, Eustigmatophyceae, Pelagophyceae, and Cryptophyta). We performed comparative phylogenetic studies on key XylT subfamilies, and investigated the functional divergence of genes using RNA-Seq. Of the 30 XylTs, one β-1,4-XylT IRX14-related, one β-1,4 XylT IRX10L-related, and one xyloglucan 6-XylT 1-related gene were identified in the Charophyta, showing strong similarities to their land plant descendants. This implied the ancient occurrence of xylan and xyloglucan biosynthetic machineries in Charophyta. The other 27 XylTs were identified as UDP-D-xylose: L-fucose-α-1,3-D-XylT (FucXylT) type that specifically transferred D-xylose to fucose. We propose that FucXylTs originated from the last eukaryotic common ancestor, rather than being plant specific, because they are also distributed in Choanoflagellatea and Echinodermata. Considering the evidence from many aspects, we hypothesize that the FucXylTs likely participated in fucoidan biosynthesis in brown algae. We provide the first insights into the evolutionary history and functional divergence of FucXylT in algal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Han
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes,, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Linhong Teng
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | | | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yanbin Yin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Naihao Ye
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes,, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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26
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Zhang XF, Wang GY, Dong TT, Chen B, Du HS, Li CB, Zhang FL, Zhang HY, Xu Y, Wang Q, Geng SS. High-density genetic map construction and QTL mapping of first flower node in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:167. [PMID: 31035914 PMCID: PMC6489210 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First flower node (FFN) is an important trait for evaluating fruit earliness in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The trait is controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTL); however, studies have been limited on QTL mapping and genes contributing to the trait. RESULTS In this study, we developed a high density genetic map using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq), a high-throughput strategy for de novo single nucleotide polymorphism discovery, based on 146 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from an intraspecific cross between PM702 and FS871. The map contained 9328 SLAF markers on 12 linkage groups (LGs), and spanned a total genetic distance of 2009.69 centimorgan (cM) with an average distance of 0.22 cM. The sequencing depth for the map was 72.39-fold in the male parent, 57.04-fold in the female parent, and 15.65-fold in offspring. Using the genetic map, two major QTLs, named Ffn2.1 and Ffn2.2, identified on LG02 were strongly associated with FFN, with a phenotypic variance explanation of 28.62 and 19.56%, respectively. On the basis of the current annotation of C. annuum cv. Criollo de Morelos (CM334), 59 candidate genes were found within the Ffn2.1 and Ffn2.2 region, but only 3 of 59 genes were differentially expressed according to the RNA-seq results. Eventually we identified one gene associated with the FFN based on the function through GO, KEGG, and Swiss-prot analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our research showed that the construction of high-density genetic map using SLAF-seq is a valuable tool for fine QTL mapping. The map we constructed is by far the most saturated complete genetic map of pepper, and using it we conducted fine QTL mapping for the important trait, FFN. QTLs and candidate genes obtained in this study lay a good foundation for the further research on FFN-related genes and other genetic applications in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-fen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097 People’s Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100097 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting-ting Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097 People’s Republic of China
| | - He-shan Du
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang-bao Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097 People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100097 People’s Republic of China
| | - San-sheng Geng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097 People’s Republic of China
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27
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Amos RA, Mohnen D. Critical Review of Plant Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharide Glycosyltransferase Activities Verified by Heterologous Protein Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:915. [PMID: 31379900 PMCID: PMC6646851 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The life cycle and development of plants requires the biosynthesis, deposition, and degradation of cell wall matrix polysaccharides. The structures of the diverse cell wall matrix polysaccharides influence commercially important properties of plant cells, including growth, biomass recalcitrance, organ abscission, and the shelf life of fruits. This review is a comprehensive summary of the matrix polysaccharide glycosyltransferase (GT) activities that have been verified using in vitro assays following heterologous GT protein expression. Plant cell wall (PCW) biosynthetic GTs are primarily integral transmembrane proteins localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi of the plant secretory system. The low abundance of these enzymes in plant tissues makes them particularly difficult to purify from native plant membranes in quantities sufficient for enzymatic characterization, which is essential to study the functions of the different GTs. Numerous activities in the synthesis of the major cell wall matrix glycans, including pectins, xylans, xyloglucan, mannans, mixed-linkage glucans (MLGs), and arabinogalactan components of AGP proteoglycans have been mapped to specific genes and multi-gene families. Cell wall GTs include those that synthesize the polymer backbones, those that elongate side branches with extended glycosyl chains, and those that add single monosaccharide linkages onto polysaccharide backbones and/or side branches. Three main strategies have been used to identify genes encoding GTs that synthesize cell wall linkages: analysis of membrane fractions enriched for cell wall biosynthetic activities, mutational genetics approaches investigating cell wall compositional phenotypes, and omics-directed identification of putative GTs from sequenced plant genomes. Here we compare the heterologous expression systems used to produce, purify, and study the enzyme activities of PCW GTs, with an emphasis on the eukaryotic systems Nicotiana benthamiana, Pichia pastoris, and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. We discuss the enzymatic properties of GTs including kinetic rates, the chain lengths of polysaccharide products, acceptor oligosaccharide preferences, elongation mechanisms for the synthesis of long-chain polymers, and the formation of GT complexes. Future directions in the study of matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Amos
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Debra Mohnen
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28
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Xu H, Ding A, Chen S, Marowa P, Wang D, Chen M, Hu R, Kong Y, O’Neill M, Chai G, Zhou G. Genome-Wide Analysis of Sorghum GT47 Family Reveals Functional Divergences of MUR3-Like Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1773. [PMID: 30619385 PMCID: PMC6302003 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is an important bioenergy crop. Its biomass mainly consists of the cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides, both which can be converted to biofuels. The biosynthesis of non-cellulosic polysaccharides involves several glycosyltransferases (GT) families including GT47. However, there was no systemic study on GT47 family in sorghum to date. Here, we identified 39 sorghum GT47 family members and showed the functional divergences of MURUS3 (MUR3) homologs. Sorghum GT47 proteins were phylogenetically clustered into four distinct subfamilies. Within each subfamily, gene structure was relatively conserved between the members. Ten gene pairs were identified from the 39 GT47 genes, of which two pairs might be originated from tandem duplication. 25.6% (10/39) of sorghum GT47 genes were homologous to Arabidopsis MUR3, a xyloglucan biosynthesis gene in primary cell walls. SbGT47_2, SbGT47_7, and SbGT47_8, three most homologous genes of MUR3, exhibited different tissue expression patterns and were selected for complementation into Arabidopsis mur3-3. Physiological and cell wall analyses showed that SbGT47_2 and SbGT47_7 may be two functional xyloglucan galactosyltransferases in sorghum. Further studies found that MUR3-like genes are widely present in the seed plants but not in the chlorophytic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Our results provide novel information for evolutionary analysis and functional dissection of sorghum GT47 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Anming Ding
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Sihui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Prince Marowa
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Dian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruibo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingzhen Kong
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Malcolm O’Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Guohua Chai
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Yu L, Lyczakowski JJ, Pereira CS, Kotake T, Yu X, Li A, Mogelsvang S, Skaf MS, Dupree P. The Patterned Structure of Galactoglucomannan Suggests It May Bind to Cellulose in Seed Mucilage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:1011-1026. [PMID: 30185440 PMCID: PMC6236596 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between mannan polysaccharides and cellulose microfibrils contributes to cell wall properties in some vascular plants, but the molecular arrangement of mannan in the cell wall and the nature of the molecular bonding between mannan and cellulose remain unknown. Previous studies have shown that mannan is important in maintaining Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed mucilage architecture, and that Cellulose Synthase-Like A2 (CSLA2) synthesizes a glucomannan backbone, which Mannan α-Galactosyl Transferase1 (MAGT1/GlycosylTransferase-Like6/Mucilage Related10) might decorate with single α-Gal branches. Here, we investigated the ratio and sequence of Man and Glc and the arrangement of Gal residues in Arabidopsis mucilage mannan using enzyme sequential digestion, carbohydrate gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry. We found that seed mucilage galactoglucomannan has a backbone consisting of the repeating disaccharide [4)-β-Glc-(1,4)-β-Man-(1,], and most of the Man residues in the backbone are substituted by single α-1,6-Gal. CSLA2 is responsible for the synthesis of this patterned glucomannan backbone and MAGT1 catalyses the addition of α-Gal. In vitro activity assays revealed that MAGT1 transferred α-Gal from UDP-Gal only to Man residues within the CSLA2 patterned glucomannan backbone acceptor. These results indicate that CSLAs and galactosyltransferases are able to make precisely defined galactoglucomannan structures. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested this patterned galactoglucomannan is able to bind stably to some hydrophilic faces and to hydrophobic faces of cellulose microfibrils. A specialization of the biosynthetic machinery to make galactoglucomannan with a patterned structure may therefore regulate the mode of binding of this hemicellulose to cellulose fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Jan J Lyczakowski
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline S Pereira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas SP 13084-862, Brazil
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8642, Japan
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - An Li
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Soren Mogelsvang
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Munir S Skaf
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas SP 13084-862, Brazil
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry and The Leverhulme Trust Centre for Natural Material Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
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Del-Bem LE. Xyloglucan evolution and the terrestrialization of green plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1150-1153. [PMID: 29851097 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) is the major noncellulosic nonpectic matrix polysaccharide in cell walls of most land plants. Initially thought to be restricted to land plants, the last decade has seen the detection of XyG and the discovery of synthesis and modification/degradation genes in charophycean green algae (CGA). Recently, a totally new function of XyG was discovered as a potent soil aggregator released by roots and rhizoids of all major groups of land plants. In this Viewpoint, I show the presence of a complex XyG genetic machinery in most CGA groups. I discuss the context of XyG evolution in light of the terrestrialization of early CGA that gave rise to embryophytes and its possible role in early soil formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz-Eduardo Del-Bem
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde (ICS), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n - Vale do Canela, 40110-100, Salvador-BA, Brazil
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31
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Spatiotemporal Changes in Xylan-1/Xyloglucan and Xyloglucan Xyloglucosyl Transferase (XTH-Xet5) as a Step-In of Ultrastructural Cell Wall Remodelling in Potato⁻Potato Virus Y (PVY NTN) Hypersensitive and Susceptible Reaction. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082287. [PMID: 30081556 PMCID: PMC6121353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
One type of monitoring system in a plant cell is the cell wall, which intensively changes its structure during interaction with pathogen-stress factors. The wall plays a role as a dynamic and controlled structure, although it is not fully understood how relevant these modifications are to the molecular mechanisms during plant–virus interactions. In this work we localise the non-cellulosic polysaccharides such as xyloglucan, xylan (xylan-1) and xyloglucosyl transferase (XTH-Xet5), the enzyme that participates in the metabolism of xyloglucan. This provided us with information about the in situ distribution of the components of the hemicellulotic cell wall matrix in hypersensitive and susceptible potato–PVYNTN interactions. The loosening of the cell wall was accompanied by an increase in xylan depositions during susceptible interactions, whereas, during the hypersensitive response, when the cell wall was reinforced, the xylan content decreased. Moreover, the PVY inoculation significantly redirected XTH-Xet5 depositions, regardless of types of interactions, compared to mock-inoculated tissues. Furthermore, the immunogold localisation clearly revealed the domination of Xet5 in the cell wall and in vesicles in the susceptible host. In contrast, in the resistant host increased levels of Xet5 were observed in cytoplasm, in the cell wall and in the trans-Golgi network. These findings show that the hypersensitive reaction activated XTH-Xet5 in the areas of xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase (XET) synthesis, which was then actively transported to cytoplasm, cell wall and to vacuoles. Our results provide novel insight into cell wall reorganisation during PVYNTN infection as a response to biotic stress factors. These novel findings help us to understand the mechanisms of defence responses that are incorporated into the cell wall signalling network.
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32
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Genome-wide identification and characterization of lncRNAs and miRNAs in cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba). Gene 2018; 667:112-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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33
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Culbertson AT, Ehrlich JJ, Choe JY, Honzatko RB, Zabotina OA. Structure of xyloglucan xylosyltransferase 1 reveals simple steric rules that define biological patterns of xyloglucan polymers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6064-6069. [PMID: 29784804 PMCID: PMC6003343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1801105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cell wall is primarily a polysaccharide mesh of the most abundant biopolymers on earth. Although one of the richest sources of biorenewable materials, the biosynthesis of the plant polysaccharides is poorly understood. Structures of many essential plant glycosyltransferases are unknown and suitable substrates are often unavailable for in vitro analysis. The dearth of such information impedes the development of plants better suited for industrial applications. Presented here are structures of Arabidopsis xyloglucan xylosyltransferase 1 (XXT1) without ligands and in complexes with UDP and cellohexaose. XXT1 initiates side-chain extensions from a linear glucan polymer by transferring the xylosyl group from UDP-xylose during xyloglucan biosynthesis. XXT1, a homodimer and member of the GT-A fold family of glycosyltransferases, binds UDP analogously to other GT-A fold enzymes. Structures here and the properties of mutant XXT1s are consistent with a SNi-like catalytic mechanism. Distinct from other systems is the recognition of cellohexaose by way of an extended cleft. The XXT1 dimer alone cannot produce xylosylation patterns observed for native xyloglucans because of steric constraints imposed by the acceptor binding cleft. Homology modeling of XXT2 and XXT5, the other two xylosyltransferases involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis, reveals a structurally altered cleft in XXT5 that could accommodate a partially xylosylated glucan chain produced by XXT1 and/or XXT2. An assembly of the three XXTs can produce the xylosylation patterns of native xyloglucans, suggesting the involvement of an organized multienzyme complex in the xyloglucan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Culbertson
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Jacqueline J Ehrlich
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Jun-Yong Choe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
| | - Richard B Honzatko
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011;
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Dallabernardina P, Ruprecht C, Smith PJ, Hahn MG, Urbanowicz BR, Pfrengle F. Automated glycan assembly of galactosylated xyloglucan oligosaccharides and their recognition by plant cell wall glycan-directed antibodies. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:9996-10000. [PMID: 29177276 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02605f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the automated glycan assembly of oligosaccharides related to the plant cell wall hemicellulosic polysaccharide xyloglucan. The synthesis of galactosylated xyloglucan oligosaccharides was enabled by introducing p-methoxybenzyl (PMB) as a temporary protecting group for automated glycan assembly. The generated oligosaccharides were printed as microarrays, and the binding of a collection of xyloglucan-directed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the oligosaccharides was assessed. We also demonstrated that the printed glycans can be further enzymatically modified while appended to the microarray surface by Arabidopsis thaliana xyloglucan xylosyltransferase 2 (AtXXT2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Dallabernardina
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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35
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Zhao X, Liu N, Shang N, Zeng W, Ebert B, Rautengarten C, Zeng QY, Li H, Chen X, Beahan C, Bacic A, Heazlewood JL, Wu AM. Three UDP-xylose transporters participate in xylan biosynthesis by conveying cytosolic UDP-xylose into the Golgi lumen in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1125-1134. [PMID: 29300997 PMCID: PMC6018967 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
UDP-xylose (UDP-Xyl) is synthesized by UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylases, also termed UDP-Xyl synthases (UXSs). The Arabidopsis genome encodes six UXSs, which fall into two groups based upon their subcellular location: the Golgi lumen and the cytosol. The latter group appears to play an important role in xylan biosynthesis. Cytosolic UDP-Xyl is transported into the Golgi lumen by three UDP-Xyl transporters (UXT1, 2, and 3). However, while single mutants affected in the UDP-Xyl transporter 1 (UXT1) showed a substantial reduction in cell wall xylose content, a double mutant affected in UXT2 and UXT3 had no obvious effect on cell wall xylose deposition. This prompted us to further investigate redundancy among the members of the UXT family. Multiple uxt mutants were generated, including a triple mutant, which exhibited collapsed vessels and reduced cell wall thickness in interfascicular fiber cells. Monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, nuclear magnetic resonance, and immunolabeling studies demonstrated that both xylan biosynthesis (content) and fine structure were significantly affected in the uxt triple mutant, leading to phenotypes resembling those of the irx mutants. Pollination was also impaired in the uxt triple mutant, likely due to reduced filament growth and anther dehiscence caused by alterations in the composition of the cell walls. Moreover, analysis of the nucleotide sugar composition of the uxt mutants indicated that nucleotide sugar interconversion is influenced by the cytosolic UDP-Xyl pool within the cell. Taken together, our results underpin the physiological roles of the UXT family in xylan biosynthesis and provide novel insights into the nucleotide sugar metabolism and trafficking in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Qing-Yin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cherie Beahan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Correspondence: ;
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Correspondence: ;
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36
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Ruprecht C, Dallabernardina P, Smith PJ, Urbanowicz BR, Pfrengle F. Analyzing Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylases by Incorporating Synthetic Oligosaccharides into Plant Cell Walls. Chembiochem 2018; 19:793-798. [PMID: 29384258 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a cellular exoskeleton consisting predominantly of a complex polysaccharide network that defines the shape of cells. During growth, this network can be loosened through the action of xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (XETs), glycoside hydrolases that "cut and paste" xyloglucan polysaccharides through a transglycosylation process. We have analyzed cohorts of XETs in different plant species to evaluate the substrate specificities of xyloglucan acceptors by using a set of synthetic oligosaccharides obtained by automated glycan assembly. The ability of XETs to incorporate the oligosaccharides into polysaccharides printed as microarrays and into stem sections of Arabidopsis thaliana, beans, and peas was assessed. We found that single xylose substitutions are sufficient for transfer, and xylosylation of the terminal glucose residue is not required by XETs, independent of plant species. To obtain information on the potential xylosylation pattern of the natural acceptor of XETs, that is, the nonreducing end of xyloglucan, we further tested the activity of xyloglucan xylosyl transferase (XXT) 2 on the synthetic xyloglucan oligosaccharides. These data shed light on inconsistencies between previous studies towards determining the acceptor substrate specificities of XETs and have important implications for further understanding plant cell wall polysaccharide synthesis and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Ruprecht
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pietro Dallabernardina
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter J Smith
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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37
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Klink VP, Sharma K, Pant SR, McNeece B, Niraula P, Lawrence GW. Components of the SNARE-containing regulon are co-regulated in root cells undergoing defense. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1274481. [PMID: 28010187 PMCID: PMC5351740 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1274481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The term regulon has been coined in the genetic model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, denoting a structural and physiological defense apparatus defined genetically through the identification of the penetration (pen) mutants. The regulon is composed partially by the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE) syntaxin PEN1. PEN1 has homology to a Saccharomyces cerevisae gene that regulates a Secretion (Sec) protein, Suppressor of Sec 1 (Sso1p). The regulon is also composed of the β-glucosidase (PEN2) and an ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter (PEN3). While important in inhibiting pathogen infection, limited observations have been made regarding the transcriptional regulation of regulon genes until now. Experiments made using the model agricultural Glycine max (soybean) have identified co-regulated gene expression of regulon components. The results explain the observation of hundreds of genes expressed specifically in the root cells undergoing the natural process of defense. Data regarding additional G. max genes functioning within the context of the regulon are presented here, including Sec 14, Sec 4 and Sec 23. Other examined G. max homologs of membrane fusion genes include an endosomal bromo domain-containing protein1 (Bro1), syntaxin6 (SYP6), SYP131, SYP71, SYP8, Bet1, coatomer epsilon (ϵ-COP), a coatomer zeta (ζ-COP) paralog and an ER to Golgi component (ERGIC) protein. Furthermore, the effectiveness of biochemical pathways that would function within the context of the regulon ave been examined, including xyloglucan xylosyltransferase (XXT), reticuline oxidase (RO) and galactinol synthase (GS). The experiments have unveiled the importance of the regulon during defense in the root and show how the deposition of callose relates to the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P. Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Shankar R. Pant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Brant McNeece
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Prakash Niraula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Gary W. Lawrence
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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38
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Egorova KS, Toukach PV. CSDB_GT: a new curated database on glycosyltransferases. Glycobiology 2016; 27:285-290. [PMID: 28011601 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) involved in the synthesis of natural glycan structures. The application of CAZy is highly demanded in biotechnology and pharmaceutics. However, it is being hindered by the lack of high-quality and comprehensive repositories of the research data accumulated so far. In this paper, we describe a new curated Carbohydrate Structure Glycosyltransferase Database (CSDB_GT). Currently, CSDB_GT provides ca. 780 activities exhibited by GTs, as well as several other CAZy, found in Arabidopsis thaliana and described in ca. 180 publications. It covers most published data on A. thaliana GTs with evidenced functions. CSDB_GT is linked to the Carbohydrate Structure Database (CSDB), which stores data on archaeal, bacterial, fungal and plant glycans. The CSDB_GT data are supported by experimental evidences and can be traced to original publications. CSDB_GT is freely available at http://csdb.glycoscience.ru/gt.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Egorova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow, Russia
| | - Philip V Toukach
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow, Russia
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Rocha J, Cicéron F, de Sanctis D, Lelimousin M, Chazalet V, Lerouxel O, Breton C. Structure of Arabidopsis thaliana FUT1 Reveals a Variant of the GT-B Class Fold and Provides Insight into Xyloglucan Fucosylation. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:2352-2364. [PMID: 27637560 PMCID: PMC5134985 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a complex and dynamic network made mostly of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins. Xyloglucan, the major hemicellulosic component in Arabidopsis thaliana, is biosynthesized in the Golgi apparatus by a series of glycan synthases and glycosyltransferases before export to the wall. A better understanding of the xyloglucan biosynthetic machinery will give clues toward engineering plants with improved wall properties or designing novel xyloglucan-based biomaterials. The xyloglucan-specific α2-fucosyltransferase FUT1 catalyzes the transfer of fucose from GDP-fucose to terminal galactosyl residues on xyloglucan side chains. Here, we present crystal structures of Arabidopsis FUT1 in its apoform and in a ternary complex with GDP and a xylo-oligosaccharide acceptor (named XLLG). Although FUT1 is clearly a member of the large GT-B fold family, like other fucosyltransferases of known structures, it contains a variant of the GT-B fold. In particular, it includes an extra C-terminal region that is part of the acceptor binding site. Our crystal structures support previous findings that FUT1 behaves as a functional dimer. Mutational studies and structure comparison with other fucosyltransferases suggest that FUT1 uses a SN2-like reaction mechanism similar to that of protein-O-fucosyltransferase 2. Thus, our results provide new insights into the mechanism of xyloglucan fucosylation in the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rocha
- Université Grenoble Alpes, 38400 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Félix Cicéron
- Université Grenoble Alpes, 38400 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | | | - Mickael Lelimousin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, 38400 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Valérie Chazalet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, 38400 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Olivier Lerouxel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, 38400 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Christelle Breton
- Université Grenoble Alpes, 38400 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, CERMAV, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
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40
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Temple H, Saez-Aguayo S, Reyes FC, Orellana A. The inside and outside: topological issues in plant cell wall biosynthesis and the roles of nucleotide sugar transporters. Glycobiology 2016; 26:913-925. [PMID: 27507902 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall is a complex extracellular matrix composed primarily of polysaccharides. Noncellulosic polysaccharides, glycoproteins and proteoglycans are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus by glycosyltransferases (GTs), which use nucleotide sugars as donors to glycosylate nascent glycan and glycoprotein acceptors that are subsequently exported to the extracellular space. Many nucleotide sugars are synthesized in the cytosol, leading to a topological issue because the active sites of most GTs are located in the Golgi lumen. Nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs) overcome this problem by translocating nucleoside diphosphate sugars from the cytosol into the lumen of the organelle. The structures of the cell wall components synthesized in the Golgi are diverse and complex; therefore, transporter activities are necessary so that the nucleotide sugars can provide substrates for the GTs. In this review, we describe the topology of reactions involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis in the Golgi and focus on the roles of NSTs as well as their impacts on cell wall structure when they are altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Temple
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 217, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile
| | - Susana Saez-Aguayo
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 217, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile
| | - Francisca C Reyes
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 217, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile
| | - Ariel Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 217, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile
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Culbertson AT, Smith AL, Cook MD, Zabotina OA. Truncations of xyloglucan xylosyltransferase 2 provide insights into the roles of the N- and C-terminus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 128:12-19. [PMID: 27193738 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan is the most abundant hemicellulose in the primary cell wall of dicotyledonous plants. In Arabidopsis, three xyloglucan xylosyltransferases, XXT1, XXT2, and XXT5, participate in xylosylation of the xyloglucan backbone. Despite the importance of these enzymes, there is a lack of information on their structure and the critical residues required for substrate binding and transferase activity. In this study, the roles of different domains of XX2 in protein expression and catalytic activity were investigated by constructing a series of N- and C-terminal truncations. XXT2 with an N-terminal truncation of 31 amino acids after the predicted transmembrane domain showed the highest protein expression, but truncations of more than 31 residues decreased protein expression and catalytic activity. XXT2 constructs with C-terminal truncations showed increased protein expression but decreased activity, particularly for truncations of 44 or more amino acids. Site-directed mutagenesis was also used to investigate six positively charged residues near the C-terminus and found that four of the mutants showed decreased enzymatic activity. We conclude that the N- and C-termini of XXT2 have important roles in protein folding and enzymatic activity: the stem region (particularly the N-terminus of the catalytic domain) is critical for protein folding and the C-terminus is essential for enzymatic activity but not for protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Culbertson
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Adrienne L Smith
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Matthew D Cook
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Culbertson AT, Chou YH, Smith AL, Young ZT, Tietze AA, Cottaz S, Fauré R, Zabotina OA. Enzymatic Activity of Xyloglucan Xylosyltransferase 5. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1893-904. [PMID: 27208276 PMCID: PMC4936567 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan, the most abundant hemicellulosic component of the primary cell wall of flowering plants, is composed of a β-(1,4)-glucan backbone decorated with d-xylosyl residues. Three xyloglucan xylosyltransferases (XXTs) participate in xyloglucan biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Two of these, XXT1 and XXT2, have been shown to be active in vitro, whereas the catalytic activity of XXT5 has yet to be demonstrated. By optimizing XXT2 expression in a prokaryotic system and in vitro activity assay conditions, we demonstrate that nonglycosylated XXT2 lacking its cytosolic amino-terminal and transmembrane domain displays high catalytic activity. Using this optimized procedure for the expression of XXT5, we report, to our knowledge for the first time, that recombinant XXT5 shows enzymatic activity in vitro, although at a significantly slower rate than XXT1 and XXT2. Kinetic analysis showed that XXT5 has a 7-fold higher Km and 9-fold lower kcat compared with XXT1 and XXT2. Activity assays using XXT5 in combination with XXT1 or XXT2 indicate that XXT5 is not specific for their products. In addition, mutagenesis experiments showed that the in vivo function and in vitro catalytic activity of XXT5 require the aspartate-serine-aspartate motif. These results demonstrate that XXT5 is a catalytically active xylosyltransferase involved in xylosylation of the xyloglucan backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Culbertson
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Yi-Hsiang Chou
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Adrienne L Smith
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Zachary T Young
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Alesia A Tietze
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Sylvain Cottaz
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Régis Fauré
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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Culbertson AT, Tietze AA, Tietze D, Chou YH, Smith AL, Young ZT, Zabotina OA. A homology model of Xyloglucan Xylosyltransferase 2 reveals critical amino acids involved in substrate binding. Glycobiology 2016; 26:961-972. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zeng W, Lampugnani ER, Picard KL, Song L, Wu AM, Farion IM, Zhao J, Ford K, Doblin MS, Bacic A. Asparagus IRX9, IRX10, and IRX14A Are Components of an Active Xylan Backbone Synthase Complex that Forms in the Golgi Apparatus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:93-109. [PMID: 26951434 PMCID: PMC4854693 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Heteroxylans are abundant components of plant cell walls and provide important raw materials for the food, pharmaceutical, and biofuel industries. A number of studies in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) have suggested that the IRREGULAR XYLEM9 (IRX9), IRX10, and IRX14 proteins, as well as their homologs, are involved in xylan synthesis via a Golgi-localized complex termed the xylan synthase complex (XSC). However, both the biochemical and cell biological research lags the genetic and molecular evidence. In this study, we characterized garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) stem xylan biosynthesis genes (AoIRX9, AoIRX9L, AoIRX10, AoIRX14A, and AoIRX14B) by heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana We reconstituted and partially purified an active XSC and showed that three proteins, AoIRX9, AoIRX10, and AoIRX14A, are necessary for xylan xylosyltranferase activity in planta. To better understand the XSC structure and its composition, we carried out coimmunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis to show the molecular interactions between these three IRX proteins. Using a site-directed mutagenesis approach, we showed that the DxD motifs of AoIRX10 and AoIRX14A are crucial for the catalytic activity. These data provide, to our knowledge, the first lines of biochemical and cell biological evidence that AoIRX9, AoIRX10, and AoIRX14A are core components of a Golgi-localized XSC, each with distinct roles for effective heteroxylan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Kelsey L Picard
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Lili Song
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Isabela M Farion
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Jia Zhao
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Kris Ford
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
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Pauly M, Keegstra K. Biosynthesis of the Plant Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharide Xyloglucan. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:235-59. [PMID: 26927904 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) is a matrix polysaccharide that is present in the cell walls of all land plants. It consists of a β-1,4-linked glucan backbone that is further substituted with xylosyl residues. These xylosyl residues can be further substituted with other glycosyl and nonglycosyl substituents that vary depending on the plant family and specific tissue. Advances in plant mutant isolation and characterization, functional genomics, and DNA sequencing have led to the identification of nearly all transferases and synthases necessary to synthesize XyG. Thus, in terms of the molecular mechanisms of plant cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis, XyG is the most well understood. However, much remains to be learned about the molecular mechanisms of polysaccharide assembly and the regulation of these processes. Knowledge of the XyG biosynthetic machinery allows the XyG structure to be tailored in planta to ascertain the functions of this polysaccharide and its substituents in plant growth and interactions with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, DOE Plant Research Laboratory, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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46
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Liu L, Hsia MM, Dama M, Vogel J, Pauly M. A Xyloglucan Backbone 6-O-Acetyltransferase from Brachypodium distachyon Modulates Xyloglucan Xylosylation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:615-7. [PMID: 26589447 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Liu
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mon Mandy Hsia
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Murali Dama
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John Vogel
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; U.S. Department of Agriculture Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA; U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Wojtasik W, Kulma A, Dymińska L, Hanuza J, Czemplik M, Szopa J. Evaluation of the significance of cell wall polymers in flax infected with a pathogenic strain of Fusarium oxysporum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:75. [PMID: 27005923 PMCID: PMC4804541 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0762-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium oxysporum infection leads to Fusarium-derived wilt, which is responsible for the greatest losses in flax (Linum usitatissimum) crop yield. Plants infected by Fusarium oxysporum show severe symptoms of dehydration due to the growth of the fungus in vascular tissues. As the disease develops, vascular browning and leaf yellowing can be observed. In the case of more virulent strains, plants die. The pathogen's attack starts with secretion of enzymes degrading the host cell wall. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the role of the cell wall polymers in the flax plant response to the infection in order to better understand the process of resistance and develop new ways to protect plants against infection. For this purpose, the expression of genes involved in cell wall polymer metabolism and corresponding polymer levels were investigated in flax seedlings after incubation with Fusarium oxysporum. RESULTS This analysis was facilitated by selecting two groups of genes responding differently to the infection. The first group comprised genes strongly affected by the infection and activated later (phenylalanine ammonia lyase and glucosyltransferase). The second group comprised genes which are slightly affected (up to five times) and their expression vary as the infection progresses. Fusarium oxysporum infection did not affect the contents of cell wall polymers, but changed their structure. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the role of the cell wall polymers in the plant response to Fusarium oxysporum infection is manifested through changes in expression of their genes and rearrangement of the cell wall polymers. Our studies provided new information about the role of cellulose and hemicelluloses in the infection process, the change of their structure and the expression of genes participating in their metabolism during the pathogen infection. We also confirmed the role of pectin and lignin in this process, indicating the major changes at the mRNA level of lignin metabolism genes and the loosening of the pectin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Wojtasik
- />Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
- />Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 24A, 53-363 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- />Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lucyna Dymińska
- />Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering, University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Hanuza
- />Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering, University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
- />Institute of Low Temperatures and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Czemplik
- />Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- />Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
- />Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 24A, 53-363 Wroclaw, Poland
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Xiao C, Zhang T, Zheng Y, Cosgrove DJ, Anderson CT. Xyloglucan Deficiency Disrupts Microtubule Stability and Cellulose Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, Altering Cell Growth and Morphogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:234-49. [PMID: 26527657 PMCID: PMC4704587 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan constitutes most of the hemicellulose in eudicot primary cell walls and functions in cell wall structure and mechanics. Although Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) xxt1 xxt2 mutants lacking detectable xyloglucan are viable, they display growth defects that are suggestive of alterations in wall integrity. To probe the mechanisms underlying these defects, we analyzed cellulose arrangement, microtubule patterning and dynamics, microtubule- and wall-integrity-related gene expression, and cellulose biosynthesis in xxt1 xxt2 plants. We found that cellulose is highly aligned in xxt1 xxt2 cell walls, that its three-dimensional distribution is altered, and that microtubule patterning and stability are aberrant in etiolated xxt1 xxt2 hypocotyls. We also found that the expression levels of microtubule-associated genes, such as MAP70-5 and CLASP, and receptor genes, such as HERK1 and WAK1, were changed in xxt1 xxt2 plants and that cellulose synthase motility is reduced in xxt1 xxt2 cells, corresponding with a reduction in cellulose content. Our results indicate that loss of xyloglucan affects both the stability of the microtubule cytoskeleton and the production and patterning of cellulose in primary cell walls. These findings establish, to our knowledge, new links between wall integrity, cytoskeletal dynamics, and wall synthesis in the regulation of plant morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowen Xiao
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation (C.X., T.Z., Y.Z., D.J.C., C.T.A.) and Department of Biology (C.X., T.Z., D.J.C., C.T.A.), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Tian Zhang
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation (C.X., T.Z., Y.Z., D.J.C., C.T.A.) and Department of Biology (C.X., T.Z., D.J.C., C.T.A.), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Yunzhen Zheng
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation (C.X., T.Z., Y.Z., D.J.C., C.T.A.) and Department of Biology (C.X., T.Z., D.J.C., C.T.A.), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation (C.X., T.Z., Y.Z., D.J.C., C.T.A.) and Department of Biology (C.X., T.Z., D.J.C., C.T.A.), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation (C.X., T.Z., Y.Z., D.J.C., C.T.A.) and Department of Biology (C.X., T.Z., D.J.C., C.T.A.), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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49
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Balsamo R, Boak M, Nagle K, Peethambaran B, Layton B. Leaf biomechanical properties in Arabidopsis thaliana polysaccharide mutants affect drought survival. J Biomech 2015; 48:4124-4129. [PMID: 26520913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Individual sugars are the building blocks of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn comprise a plant׳s overall architectural structure. But which sugars play the most prominent role in maintaining a plant׳s mechanical stability during large cellular deformations induced by drought? We investigated the individual contributions of several genes that are involved in the synthesis of monosaccharides which are important for cell wall structure. We then measured drought tolerance and mechanical integrity during simulated drought in Arabidopsis thaliana. To assess mechanical properties, we designed a small-scale tensile tester for measuring failure strain, ultimate tensile stress, work to failure, toughness, and elastic modulus of 6-week-old leaves in both hydrated and drought-simulated states. Col-0 mutants used in this study include those deficient in lignin, cellulose, components of hemicellulose such as xylose and fucose, the pectic components arabinose and rhamnose, as well as mutants with enhanced arabinose and total pectin content. We found that drought tolerance is correlated to the mechanical and architectural stability of leaves as they experience dehydration. Of the mutants, S096418 with mutations for reduced xylose and galactose was the least drought tolerant, while the arabinose-altered CS8578 mutants were the least affected by water loss. There were also notable correlations between drought tolerance and mechanical properties in the diminished rhamnose mutant, CS8575 and the dehydrogenase-disrupted S120106. Our findings suggest that components of hemicellulose and pectins affect leaf biomechanical properties and may play an important role in the ability of this model system to survive drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Balsamo
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Merewyn Boak
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Kayla Nagle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Bela Peethambaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of the Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Bradley Layton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States; Department of Applied Computing and Engineering Technology, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States.
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Voiniciuc C, Schmidt MHW, Berger A, Yang B, Ebert B, Scheller HV, North HM, Usadel B, Günl M. MUCILAGE-RELATED10 Produces Galactoglucomannan That Maintains Pectin and Cellulose Architecture in Arabidopsis Seed Mucilage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:403-420. [PMID: 26220953 PMCID: PMC4577422 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants invest a lot of their resources into the production of an extracellular matrix built of polysaccharides. While the composition of the cell wall is relatively well characterized, the functions of the individual polymers and the enzymes that catalyze their biosynthesis remain poorly understood. We exploited the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed coat epidermis (SCE) to study cell wall synthesis. SCE cells produce mucilage, a specialized secondary wall that is rich in pectin, at a precise stage of development. A coexpression search for MUCILAGE-RELATED (MUCI) genes identified MUCI10 as a key determinant of mucilage properties. MUCI10 is closely related to a fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum) enzyme that has in vitro galactomannan α-1,6-galactosyltransferase activity. Our detailed analysis of the muci10 mutants demonstrates that mucilage contains highly branched galactoglucomannan (GGM) rather than unbranched glucomannan. MUCI10 likely decorates glucomannan, synthesized by CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE A2, with galactose residues in vivo. The degree of galactosylation is essential for the synthesis of the GGM backbone, the structure of cellulose, mucilage density, as well as the adherence of pectin. We propose that GGM scaffolds control mucilage architecture along with cellulosic rays and show that Arabidopsis SCE cells represent an excellent model in which to study the synthesis and function of GGM. Arabidopsis natural varieties with defects similar to muci10 mutants may reveal additional genes involved in GGM synthesis. Since GGM is the most abundant hemicellulose in the secondary walls of gymnosperms, understanding its biosynthesis may facilitate improvements in the production of valuable commodities from softwoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Maximilian Heinrich-Wilhelm Schmidt
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Adeline Berger
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Berit Ebert
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Helen M North
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Markus Günl
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
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