1
|
Lurain KA, Ramaswami R, Krug LT, Whitby D, Ziegelbauer JM, Wang HW, Yarchoan R. HIV-associated cancers and lymphoproliferative disorders caused by Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0002223. [PMID: 38899877 PMCID: PMC11391709 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00022-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYWithin weeks of the first report of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1981, it was observed that these patients often had Kaposi sarcoma (KS), a hitherto rarely seen skin tumor in the USA. It soon became apparent that AIDS was also associated with an increased incidence of high-grade lymphomas caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The association of AIDS with KS remained a mystery for more than a decade until Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) was discovered and found to be the cause of KS. KSHV was subsequently found to cause several other diseases associated with AIDS and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. People living with HIV/AIDS continue to have an increased incidence of certain cancers, and many of these cancers are caused by EBV and/or KSHV. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of cancers caused by EBV and KSHV in persons living with HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Lurain
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ramya Ramaswami
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph M Ziegelbauer
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hao-Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Veronese BHS, Nguyen A, Patel K, Paulsen K, Ma Z. ORF48 is required for optimal lytic replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012081. [PMID: 39186813 PMCID: PMC11379392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes persistent infection in the host by encoding a vast network of proteins that aid immune evasion. One of these targeted innate immunity pathways is the cGAS-STING pathway, which inhibits the reactivation of KSHV from latency. Previously, we identified multiple cGAS/STING inhibitors encoded by KSHV, suggesting that the counteractions of this pathway by viral proteins are critical for maintaining a successful KSHV life cycle. However, the detailed mechanisms of how these viral proteins block innate immunity and facilitate KSHV lytic replication remain largely unknown. In this study, we report that ORF48, a previously identified negative regulator of the cGAS/STING pathway, is required for optimal KSHV lytic replication. We used both siRNA and deletion-based systems to evaluate the importance of intact ORF48 in the KSHV lytic cycle. In both systems, loss of ORF48 resulted in defects in lytic gene transcription, lytic protein expression, viral genome replication and infectious virion production. ORF48 genome deletion caused more robust and global repression of the KSHV transcriptome, possibly due to the disruption of RTA promoter activity. Mechanistically, overexpressed ORF48 was found to colocalize and interact with endogenous STING in HEK293 cells. Endogenous ORF48 and STING interactions were also detected in reactivated iSLK.219 cells. Compared with the control cell line, HUVEC cells stably expressing ORF48 exhibited repressed STING-dependent innate immune signaling upon ISD or diABZI treatment. However, the loss of ORF48 in our iSLK-based lytic system failed to induce IFNβ production, suggesting a redundant role of ORF48 on STING signaling during the KSHV lytic phase. Thus, ORF48 is required for optimal KSHV lytic replication through additional mechanisms that need to be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz H S Veronese
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Amy Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Khushil Patel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Paulsen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Miranda D, He B, Sanchez JC, Sennatti A, Bontemps JR, Tran JT, Tang WS, Sanchez DJ. A Viral-Encoded Homologue of IPS-1 Modulates Innate Immune Signaling During KSHV Lytic Replication. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.24.604690. [PMID: 39211267 PMCID: PMC11360917 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.24.604690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Modulation of innate immunity is critical for virus persistence in a host. In particular, viral-encoded disruption of type I interferon, a major antiviral cytokine induced to fight viral infection, is a key component in the repertoire of viral pathogenicity genes. We have identified a previously undescribed open reading frame within the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) genome that encodes a homologue of the human IPS-1 (also referred to as MAVS) protein that we have termed viral-IPS-1 (v-IPS-1). This protein is expressed during the lytic replication program of KSHV, and expression of v-IPS-1 blocks induction of type I interferon upstream of the TRAF3 signaling node including signaling initiated via both the RLR and TLR3/4 signaling axes. This disruption of signaling coincides with destabilization of the cellular innate signaling adaptors IPS-1 and TRIF along with a concatenate stabilization of the TRAF3 protein. Additionally, expression of v-IPS-1 leads to decreased antiviral responses indicating a blot to type I interferon induction during viral infection. Taken together, v-IPS-1 is the first described viral homologue of IPS-1 and this viral protein leads to reprogramming of innate immunity through modulation of type I interferon signaling during KSHV lytic replication.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng N, Liu S, Chen J, Xu Y, Cao W, Lin J, Lu G, Zhang G. SARS-CoV-2 NSP2 as a Potential Delivery Vehicle for Proteins. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1149-1159. [PMID: 38288708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The development of biomolecule delivery systems is essential for the treatment of various diseases such as cancer, immunological diseases, and metabolic disorders. For the first time, we found that SARS-CoV-2-encoded nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2) can be secreted from the cells, where it is synthesized. Brefeldin A and H89, inhibitors of ER/Golgi secretion pathways, did not inhibit NSP2 secretion. NSP2 is likely secreted via an unconventional secretory pathway. Moreover, both secreted and purified NSP2 proteins were able to traverse the plasma membrane barrier and enter both immortalized human umbilical vein endothelial cells and tumor cell lines. After entry, the NSP2 protein was localized in only the cytoplasm. Cytochalasin D, a potent inhibitor of actin polymerization, inhibited the entry of NSP2. NSP2 can carry other molecules into cells. Burkholderia lethal factor 1, a monomeric toxin from the intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei, has demonstrated antitumor activity by targeting host eukaryotic initiation translation factor 4A. An NSP2-BLF1 fusion protein was translocated across the cellular membranes of Huh7 cells and mediated cell killing. By using different approaches, including protein purification, chemical inhibition, and cell imaging, we confirm that NSP2 is able to deliver heterologous proteins into cells. NSP2 can act as a potential delivery vehicle for proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningze Zheng
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Shurui Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Jianheng Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Wenyin Cao
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Jinyi Lin
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Guang Lu
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Guigen Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Veronese BHS, Nguyen A, Patel K, Paulsen K, Ma Z. ORF48 is required for optimal lytic replication of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.29.582672. [PMID: 38464154 PMCID: PMC10925306 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.29.582672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes persistent infection in the host by encoding a vast network of proteins that aid immune evasion. One of these targeted innate immunity pathways is the cGAS-STING pathway, which inhibits the reactivation of KSHV from latency. Previously, we identified multiple cGAS/STING inhibitors encoded by KSHV, suggesting that the counteractions of this pathway by viral proteins are critical for maintaining a successful KSHV life cycle. However, the detailed mechanisms of how these viral proteins block innate immunity and facilitate KSHV lytic replication remain largely unknown. In this study, we report that ORF48, a previously identified negative regulator of the cGAS/STING pathway, is required for optimal KSHV lytic replication. We used both siRNA and deletion-based systems to evaluate the importance of intact ORF48 in the KSHV lytic cycle. In both systems, loss of ORF48 resulted in defects in lytic gene transcription, lytic protein expression, viral genome replication and infectious virion production. ORF48 genome deletion caused more robust and global repression of the KSHV transcriptome, possibly due to the disruption of RTA promoter activity. Mechanistically, overexpressed ORF48 was found to interact with endogenous STING in HEK293 cells. Compared with the control cell line, HUVEC cells stably expressing ORF48 exhibited repressed STING-dependent innate immune signaling upon ISD or diABZI treatment. However, the loss of ORF48 in our iSLK-based lytic system failed to induce IFNβ production, suggesting a redundant role of ORF48 on STING signaling during the KSHV lytic phase. Thus, ORF48 is required for optimal KSHV lytic replication through additional mechanisms that need to be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz H S Veronese
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Amy Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Khushil Patel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kimberly Paulsen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nakajima KI, Inagaki T, Espera JM, Izumiya Y. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) LANA prevents KSHV episomes from degradation. J Virol 2024; 98:e0126823. [PMID: 38240588 PMCID: PMC10878079 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01268-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein knockdown with an inducible degradation system is a powerful tool for studying proteins of interest in living cells. Here, we adopted the auxin-inducible degron (AID) approach to detail Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) function in latency maintenance and inducible viral lytic gene expression. We fused the mini-auxin-inducible degron (mAID) tag at the LANA N-terminus with KSHV bacterial artificial chromosome 16 recombination, and iSLK cells were stably infected with the recombinant KSHV encoding mAID-LANA. Incubation with 5-phenyl-indole-3-acetic acid, a derivative of natural auxin, rapidly degraded LANA within 1.5 h. In contrast to our hypothesis, depletion of LANA alone did not trigger lytic reactivation but rather decreased inducible lytic gene expression when we stimulated reactivation with a combination of ORF50 protein expression and sodium butyrate. Decreased overall lytic gene induction seemed to be associated with a rapid loss of KSHV genomes in the absence of LANA. The rapid loss of viral genomic DNA was blocked by a lysosomal inhibitor, chloroquine. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown of cellular innate immune proteins, cyclic AMP-GMP synthase (cGAS) and simulator of interferon genes (STING), and other autophagy-related genes rescued the degradation of viral genomic DNA upon LANA depletion. Reduction of the viral genome was not observed in 293FT cells that lack the expression of cGAS. These results suggest that LANA actively prevents viral genomic DNA from sensing by cGAS-STING signaling axis, adding novel insights into the role of LANA in latent genome maintenance.IMPORTANCESensing of pathogens' components is a fundamental cellular immune response. Pathogens have therefore evolved strategies to evade such cellular immune responses. KSHV LANA is a multifunctional protein and plays an essential role in maintaining the latent infection by tethering viral genomic DNA to the host chromosome. We adopted the inducible protein knockdown approach and found that depletion of LANA induced rapid degradation of viral genomic DNA, which is mediated by innate immune DNA sensors and autophagy pathway. These observations suggest that LANA may play a role in hiding KSHV episome from innate immune DNA sensors. Our study thus provides new insights into the role of LANA in latency maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Tomoki Inagaki
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jonna Magdallene Espera
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Izumiya
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yogev Y, Schaffer M, Shlapobersky M, Jean MM, Wormser O, Drabkin M, Halperin D, Kassem R, Livoff A, Tsitrina AA, Asna N, Birk OS. A role of BPTF in viral oncogenicity delineated through studies of heritable Kaposi sarcoma. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29436. [PMID: 38380509 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS), caused by Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8; KSHV), shows sporadic, endemic, and epidemic forms. While familial clustering of KS was previously recorded, the molecular basis of hereditary predilection to KS remains largely unknown. We demonstrate through genetic studies that a dominantly inherited missense mutation in BPTF segregates with a phenotype of classical KS in multiple immunocompetent individuals in two families. Using an rKSHV.219-infected CRISPR/cas9-model, we show that BPTFI2012T mutant cells exhibit higher latent-to-lytic ratio, decreased virion production, increased LANA staining, and latent phenotype in viral transcriptomics. RNA-sequencing demonstrated that KSHV infection dysregulated oncogenic-like response and P53 pathways, MAPK cascade, and blood vessel development pathways, consistent with KS. BPTFI2012T also enriched pathways of viral genome regulation and replication, immune response, and chemotaxis, including downregulation of IFI16, SHFL HLAs, TGFB1, and HSPA5, all previously associated with KSHV infection and tumorigenesis. Many of the differentially expressed genes are regulated by Rel-NF-κB, which regulates immune processes, cell survival, and proliferation and is pivotal to oncogenesis. We thus demonstrate BPTF mutation-mediated monogenic hereditary predilection of KSHV virus-induced oncogenesis, and suggest BPTF as a drug target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Yogev
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics at the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Moshe Schaffer
- Department of Oncology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Mark Shlapobersky
- Department of Pathology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Matan M Jean
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics at the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ohad Wormser
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics at the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Max Drabkin
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics at the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Daniel Halperin
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics at the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Riad Kassem
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alejandro Livoff
- Department of Pathology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Department of Pathology, Galilee Medical Center, and The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Alexandra A Tsitrina
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Noam Asna
- Department of Oncology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ohad S Birk
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics at the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Genetics Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Szemere ZK, Murphy EA. Herpes Simplex Virus-1 targets the 2'-3'cGAMP importer SLC19A1 as an antiviral countermeasure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.24.577105. [PMID: 38328222 PMCID: PMC10849743 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.24.577105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
To establish a successful infection, herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), a virus with high seropositivity in the human population, must undermine host innate and intrinsic immune defense mechanisms, including the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. Recently it was discovered that not only de novo produced intracellular 2'-3'cGAMP, but also extracellular 2'-3'cGAMP activates the STING pathway by being transported across the cell membrane via the folate transporter, SLC19A1, the first identified extracellular antiporter of this signaling molecule. We hypothesized that the import of exogenous 2'-3'cGAMP functions to establish an antiviral state like that seen with the paracrine antiviral activities of interferon. Further, to establish a successful infection, HSV-1 must undermine this induction of the STING pathway by inhibiting the biological functions of SLC19A1. Herein, we report that treatment of the monocytic cell line, THP-1 cells, epithelial cells (ARPE-19) and SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line with exogenous 2'-3'cGAMP induces interferon production and establishes an antiviral state. Using either pharmaceutical inhibition or genetic knockout of SLC19A1 blocks the 2'-3'cGAMP-induced antiviral state. Additionally, HSV-1 infection results in the reduction of SLC19A1 transcription, translation, and importantly, the rapid removal of SLC19A1 from the cell surface of infected cells. Our data indicate SLC19A1 functions as a newly identified antiviral mediator for extracellular 2'-3'cGAMP which is undermined by HSV-1. This work presents novel and important findings about how HSV-1 manipulates the host's immune environment for viral replication and discovers details about an antiviral mechanism which information could aid in the development of better antiviral drugs in the future. Importance HSV-1 has evolved multiple mechanisms to neutralize of the host's innate and intrinsic defense pathways, such as the STING pathway. Here, we identified an antiviral response in which extracellular 2'-3'cGAMP triggers IFN production via its transporter SLC19A1. Moreover, we report that HSV-1 blocks the functions of this transporter thereby impeding the antiviral response, suggesting exogenous 2'-3'cGAMP can act as an immunomodulatory molecule in uninfected cells to activate the STING pathway, and priming an antiviral state, similar to that seen in interferon responses. The details of this mechanism highlight important details about HSV-1 infections. This work presents novel findings about how HSV-1 manipulates the host's immune environment for viral replication and reveals details about a novel antiviral mechanism. These findings expand our understanding of how viral infections undermine host responses and may help in the development of better broad based antiviral drugs in the future.
Collapse
|
9
|
Studstill CJ, Mac M, Moody CA. Interplay between the DNA damage response and the life cycle of DNA tumor viruses. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 16:200272. [PMID: 37918513 PMCID: PMC10685005 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20 % of human cancers are associated with virus infection. DNA tumor viruses can induce tumor formation in host cells by disrupting the cell's DNA replication and repair mechanisms. Specifically, these viruses interfere with the host cell's DNA damage response (DDR), which is a complex network of signaling pathways that is essential for maintaining the integrity of the genome. DNA tumor viruses can disrupt these pathways by expressing oncoproteins that mimic or inhibit various DDR components, thereby promoting genomic instability and tumorigenesis. Recent studies have highlighted the molecular mechanisms by which DNA tumor viruses interact with DDR components, as well as the ways in which these interactions contribute to viral replication and tumorigenesis. Understanding the interplay between DNA tumor viruses and the DDR pathway is critical for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat virally associated cancers. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which human papillomavirus (HPV), merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) interfere with DDR pathways to facilitate their respective life cycles, and the consequences of such interference on genomic stability and cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Studstill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Michelle Mac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Cary A Moody
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hu MM, Shu HB. Mitochondrial DNA-triggered innate immune response: mechanisms and diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1403-1412. [PMID: 37932533 PMCID: PMC10687031 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various cellular stress conditions trigger mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release from mitochondria into the cytosol. The released mtDNA is sensed by the cGAS-MITA/STING pathway, resulting in the induced expression of type I interferon and other effector genes. These processes contribute to the innate immune response to viral infection and other stress factors. The deregulation of these processes causes autoimmune diseases, inflammatory metabolic disorders and cancer. Therefore, the cGAS-MITA/STING pathway is a potential target for intervention in infectious, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases as well as cancer. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms underlying the mtDNA-triggered activation of the cGAS-MITA/STING pathway, the effects of the pathway under various physiological and pathological conditions, and advances in the development of drugs that target cGAS and MITA/STING.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ahmed K, Jha S. Oncoviruses: How do they hijack their host and current treatment regimes. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188960. [PMID: 37507056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have the ability to modulate the cellular machinery of their host to ensure their survival. While humans encounter numerous viruses daily, only a select few can lead to disease progression. Some of these viruses can amplify cancer-related traits, particularly when coupled with factors like immunosuppression and co-carcinogens. The global burden of cancer development resulting from viral infections is approximately 12%, and it arises as an unfortunate consequence of persistent infections that cause chronic inflammation, genomic instability from viral genome integration, and dysregulation of tumor suppressor genes and host oncogenes involved in normal cell growth. This review provides an in-depth discussion of oncoviruses and their strategies for hijacking the host's cellular machinery to induce cancer. It delves into how viral oncogenes drive tumorigenesis by targeting key cell signaling pathways. Additionally, the review discusses current therapeutic approaches that have been approved or are undergoing clinical trials to combat malignancies induced by oncoviruses. Understanding the intricate interactions between viruses and host cells can lead to the development of more effective treatments for virus-induced cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kainat Ahmed
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Sudhakar Jha
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jin X, Wang W, Zhao X, Jiang W, Shao Q, Chen Z, Huang C. The battle between the innate immune cGAS-STING signaling pathway and human herpesvirus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1235590. [PMID: 37600809 PMCID: PMC10433641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1235590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of human herpesvirus (HHVs) is gradually increasing and has affected a wide range of population. HHVs can result in serious consequences such as tumors, neonatal malformations, sexually transmitted diseases, as well as pose an immense threat to the human health. The cGAS-STING pathway is one of the innate immune pattern-recognition receptors discovered recently. This article discusses the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in human diseases, especially in human herpesvirus infections, as well as highlights how these viruses act on this pathway to evade the host immunity. Moreover, the author provides a comprehensive overview of modulators of the cGAS-STING pathway. By focusing on the small molecule compounds based on the cGAS-STING pathway, novel targets and concepts have been proposed for the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines, while also providing a reference for the investigation of disease models related to the cGAS-STING pathway. HHV is a double-stranded DNA virus that can trigger the activation of intracellular DNA sensor cGAS, after which the host cells initiate a cascade of reactions that culminate in the secretion of type I interferon to restrict the viral replication. Meanwhile, the viral protein can interact with various molecules in the cGAS-STING pathway. Viruses can evade immune surveillance and maintain their replication by inhibiting the enzyme activity of cGAS and reducing the phosphorylation levels of STING, TBK1 and IRF3 and suppressing the interferon gene activation. Activators and inhibitors of the cGAS-STING pathway have yielded numerous promising research findings in vitro and in vivo pertaining to cGAS/STING-related disease models. However, there remains a dearth of small molecule modulators that have been successfully translated into clinical applications, which serves as a hurdle to be overcome in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Jin
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinwei Zhao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhua Jiang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingqing Shao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang X, Lan Q, Zhang M, Wang F, Shi K, Li X, Kuang E. Inhibition of AIM2 inflammasome activation by SOX/ORF37 promotes lytic replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300204120. [PMID: 37364111 PMCID: PMC10318979 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300204120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are one kind of important innate immune defense against viral and bacterial infections. Several inflammasome-forming sensors detect molecular patterns of invading pathogens and then trigger inflammasome activation and/or pyroptosis in infected cells, and viruses employ unique strategies to hijack or subvert inflammasome activation. Infection with herpesviruses induces the activation of diverse inflammasomes, including AIM2 and IFI16 inflammasomes; however, how Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) counteracts inflammasome activation largely remains unclear. Here, we reveal that the KSHV ORF37-encoded SOX protein suppresses AIM2 inflammasome activation independent of its viral DNA exonuclease activity and host mRNA turnover. SOX interacts with the AIM2 HIN domain through the C-terminal Motif VII region and disrupts AIM2:dsDNA polymerization and ASC recruitment and oligomerization. The Y443A or F444A mutation of SOX abolishes the inhibition of AIM2 inflammasome without disrupting SOX nuclease activity, and a short SOX peptide is capable of inhibiting AIM2 inflammasome activation; consequently, infection with SOX-null, Y443A, or F444A Bac16 recombinant viruses results in robust inflammasome activation, suppressed lytic replication, and increased pyroptosis in human lymphatic endothelial cells in an AIM2-dependent manner. These results reveal that KSHV SOX suppresses AIM2 inflammasome activation to promote KSHV lytic replication and inhibit pyroptosis, representing a unique mechanism for evasion of inflammasome activation during KSHV lytic cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510080, China
| | - Qingping Lan
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510080, China
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510080, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510080, China
| | - Keyi Shi
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510080, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- College of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei430061, China
| | - Ersheng Kuang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong510080, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Re-emerging and new viral pathogens have caused significant morbidity and mortality around the world, as evidenced by the recent monkeypox, Ebola and Zika virus outbreaks and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Successful viral infection relies on tactical viral strategies to derail or antagonize host innate immune defenses, in particular the production of type I interferons (IFNs) by infected cells. Viruses can thwart intracellular sensing systems that elicit IFN gene expression (that is, RIG-I-like receptors and the cGAS-STING axis) or obstruct signaling elicited by IFNs. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we review the current knowledge about the major mechanisms employed by viruses to inhibit the activity of intracellular pattern-recognition receptors and their downstream signaling cascades leading to IFN-based antiviral host defenses. Advancing our understanding of viral immune evasion might spur unprecedented opportunities to develop new antiviral compounds or vaccines to prevent viral infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junji Zhu
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Cindy Chiang
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Michaela U. Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang N, Wang Y, Dai P, Li T, Zierhut C, Tan A, Zhang T, Xiang JZ, Ordureau A, Funabiki H, Chen Z, Deng L. Vaccinia E5 is a major inhibitor of the DNA sensor cGAS. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2898. [PMID: 37217469 PMCID: PMC10201048 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is critical in host antiviral immunity. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a large cytoplasmic DNA virus that belongs to the poxvirus family. How vaccinia virus antagonizes the cGAS-mediated cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway is not well understood. In this study, we screened 80 vaccinia genes to identify potential viral inhibitors of the cGAS/Stimulator of interferon gene (STING) pathway. We discovered that vaccinia E5 is a virulence factor and a major inhibitor of cGAS. E5 is responsible for abolishing cGAMP production during vaccinia virus (Western Reserve strain) infection of dendritic cells. E5 localizes to the cytoplasm and nucleus of infected cells. Cytosolic E5 triggers ubiquitination of cGAS and proteasome-dependent degradation via interacting with cGAS. Deleting the E5R gene from the Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) genome strongly induces type I IFN production by dendritic cells (DCs) and promotes DC maturation, and thereby improves antigen-specific T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Yi Wang
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Peihong Dai
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Tuo Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Christian Zierhut
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Adrian Tan
- Genomic Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Genomic Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jenny Zhaoying Xiang
- Genomic Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Alban Ordureau
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Hironori Funabiki
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Liang Deng
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hao S, Zheng X, Zhu Y, Yao Y, Li S, Xu Y, Feng WH. African swine fever virus QP383R dampens type I interferon production by promoting cGAS palmitoylation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1186916. [PMID: 37228597 PMCID: PMC10203406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizes viral DNA and synthesizes cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING/MITA) and downstream mediators to elicit an innate immune response. African swine fever virus (ASFV) proteins can antagonize host immune responses to promote its infection. Here, we identified ASFV protein QP383R as an inhibitor of cGAS. Specifically, we found that overexpression of QP383R suppressed type I interferons (IFNs) activation stimulated by dsDNA and cGAS/STING, resulting in decreased transcription of IFNβ and downstream proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, we showed that QP383R interacted directly with cGAS and promoted cGAS palmitoylation. Moreover, we demonstrated that QP383R suppressed DNA binding and cGAS dimerization, thus inhibiting cGAS enzymatic functions and reducing cGAMP production. Finally, the truncation mutation analysis indicated that the 284-383aa of QP383R inhibited IFNβ production. Considering these results collectively, we conclude that QP383R can antagonize host innate immune response to ASFV by targeting the core component cGAS in cGAS-STING signaling pathways, an important viral strategy to evade this innate immune sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Damania B, Dittmer DP. Today's Kaposi sarcoma is not the same as it was 40 years ago, or is it? J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28773. [PMID: 37212317 PMCID: PMC10266714 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This review will provide an overview of the notion that Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a disease that manifests under diverse and divergent circumstances. We begin with a historical introduction of KS and KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), highlight the diversity of clinical presentations of KS, summarize what we know about the cell of origin for this tumor, explore KSHV viral load as a potential biomarker for acute KSHV infections and KS-associated complications, and discuss immune modulators that impact KSHV infection, KSHV persistence, and KS disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive CB#7295, Rm 12-048, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Dirk P. Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive CB#7295, Rm 12-048, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tian H, Yu K, He L, Xu H, Han C, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhang X, Zhang L, Gao G, Deng H. RNF213 modulates γ-herpesvirus infection and reactivation via targeting the viral Replication and Transcription Activator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218825120. [PMID: 36917666 PMCID: PMC10041092 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218825120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) and the products of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) play crucial roles in host defense against virus infections. Although many ISGs have been characterized with respect to their antiviral activity, their target specificities and mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a gammaherpesvirus that is linked to several human malignancies. Here, we used the genetically and biologically related virus, murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) and screened for ISGs with anti-gammaherpesvirus activities. We found that overexpression of RNF213 dramatically inhibited MHV-68 infection, whereas knockdown of endogenous RNF213 significantly promoted MHV-68 proliferation. Importantly, RNF213 also inhibited KSHV de novo infection, and depletion of RNF213 in the latently KSHV-infected iSLK-219 cell line significantly enhanced lytic reactivation. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that RNF213 targeted the Replication and Transcription Activator (RTA) of both KSHV and MHV-68, and promoted the degradation of RTA protein through the proteasome-dependent pathway. RNF213 directly interacted with RTA and functioned as an E3 ligase to ubiquitinate RTA via K48 linkage. Taken together, we conclude that RNF213 serves as an E3 ligase and inhibits the de novo infection and lytic reactivation of gammaherpesviruses by degrading RTA through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
| | - Kuai Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, P. R. China
| | - Liang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
| | - Chuanhui Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
| | - Xinlu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
| | - Xuyuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
| | - Guangxia Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pan J, Fei CJ, Hu Y, Wu XY, Nie L, Chen J. Current understanding of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway: Structure, regulatory mechanisms, and related diseases. Zool Res 2023; 44:183-218. [PMID: 36579404 PMCID: PMC9841179 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system protects the host from external pathogens and internal damage in various ways. The cGAS-STING signaling pathway, comprised of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING), and downstream signaling adaptors, plays an essential role in protective immune defense against microbial DNA and internal damaged-associated DNA and is responsible for various immune-related diseases. After binding with DNA, cytosolic cGAS undergoes conformational change and DNA-linked liquid-liquid phase separation to produce 2'3'-cGAMP for the activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized STING. However, further studies revealed that cGAS is predominantly expressed in the nucleus and strictly tethered to chromatin to prevent binding with nuclear DNA, and functions differently from cytosolic-localized cGAS. Detailed delineation of this pathway, including its structure, signaling, and regulatory mechanisms, is of great significance to fully understand the diversity of cGAS-STING activation and signaling and will be of benefit for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Here, we review recent progress on the above-mentioned perspectives of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and discuss new avenues for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Chen-Jie Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Li Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China. E-mail:
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zeng PH, Yin WJ. The cGAS/STING signaling pathway: a cross-talk of infection, senescence and tumors. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:38-56. [PMID: 35946607 PMCID: PMC9769453 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2109899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cGAS/STING signaling pathway is an important part of the cytoplasmic DNA sensor, which can trigger a type I interferon response to microbial infection when pathogenic DNA is detected. However, continuous inhibition of cGAS/STING signaling by viral infection may be an important cause of tumorigenesis. At the same time, recent studies have shown that although the cGAS/STING signaling pathway also plays a core role in anti-tumor immunity and cell senescence, the inflammatory response induced by cGAS/STING signaling will also promote tumorigenesis in different backgrounds. Here, we discuss the role of cGAS/STING in the context of infection, senescence, and tumors, especially with respect to progression, to facilitate a better understanding of the mechanism of the cGAS/STING pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Hui Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wen-Jun Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tabtieng T, Lent RC, Kaku M, Monago Sanchez A, Gaglia MM. Caspase-Mediated Regulation and Cellular Heterogeneity of the cGAS/STING Pathway in Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection. mBio 2022; 13:e0244622. [PMID: 36255240 PMCID: PMC9765453 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02446-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of the ongoing virus-host arms race, viruses have evolved numerous immune subversion strategies, many of which are aimed at suppressing the production of type I interferons (IFNs). Apoptotic caspases have recently emerged as important regulators of type I IFN signaling both in noninfectious contexts and during viral infection. Despite being widely considered antiviral factors since they can trigger cell death, several apoptotic caspases promote viral replication by suppressing innate immune response. Indeed, we previously discovered that the AIDS-associated oncogenic gammaherpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) exploits caspase activity to suppress the antiviral type I IFN response and promote viral replication. However, the mechanism of this novel viral immune evasion strategy is poorly understood, particularly with regard to how caspases antagonize IFN signaling during KSHV infection. Here, we show that caspase activity inhibits the DNA sensor cGAS during KSHV lytic replication to block type I IFN induction. Furthermore, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to reveal that the potent antiviral state conferred by caspase inhibition is mediated by an exceptionally small percentage of IFN-β-producing cells, thus uncovering further complexity of IFN regulation during viral infection. Collectively, these results provide insight into multiple levels of cellular type I IFN regulation that viruses co-opt for immune evasion. Unraveling these mechanisms can inform targeted therapeutic strategies for viral infections and reveal cellular mechanisms of regulating interferon signaling in the context of cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases. IMPORTANCE Type I interferons are key factors that dictate the outcome of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Thus, intricate cellular regulatory mechanisms are in place to control IFN responses. While viruses encode their own immune-regulatory proteins, they can also usurp existing cellular interferon regulatory functions. We found that caspase activity during lytic infection with the AIDS-associated oncogenic gammaherpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus inhibits the DNA sensor cGAS to block the antiviral type I IFN response. Moreover, single-cell RNA sequencing analyses unexpectedly revealed that an exceptionally small subset of infected cells (<5%) produce IFN, yet this is sufficient to confer a potent antiviral state. These findings reveal new aspects of type I IFN regulation and highlight caspases as a druggable target to modulate cGAS activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tate Tabtieng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Biochemistry, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel C. Lent
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Molecular Microbiology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Machika Kaku
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Immunology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alvaro Monago Sanchez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Maria Gaglia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Biochemistry, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Molecular Microbiology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Immunology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zheng Q, Wang D, Lin R, Lv Q, Wang W. IFI44 is an immune evasion biomarker for SARS-CoV-2 and Staphylococcus aureus infection in patients with RA. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1013322. [PMID: 36189314 PMCID: PMC9520788 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1013322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global pandemic of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogenic bacteria in humans, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is among the most prevalent autoimmune conditions. RA is a significant risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 and S. aureus infections, although the mechanism of RA and SARS-CoV-2 infection in conjunction with S. aureus infection has not been elucidated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the biomarkers and disease targets between RA and SARS-CoV-2 and S. aureus infections using bioinformatics analysis, to search for the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and S. aureus immune escape and potential drug targets in the RA population, and to provide new directions for further analysis and targeted development of clinical treatments. Methods The RA dataset (GSE93272) and the S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) dataset (GSE33341) were used to obtain differentially expressed gene sets, respectively, and the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined through the intersection. Functional enrichment analysis utilizing GO, KEGG, and ClueGO methods. The PPI network was created utilizing the STRING database, and the top 10 hub genes were identified and further examined for functional enrichment using Metascape and GeneMANIA. The top 10 hub genes were intersected with the SARS-CoV-2 gene pool to identify five hub genes shared by RA, COVID-19, and SAB, and functional enrichment analysis was conducted using Metascape and GeneMANIA. Using the NetworkAnalyst platform, TF-hub gene and miRNA-hub gene networks were built for these five hub genes. The hub gene was verified utilizing GSE17755, GSE55235, and GSE13670, and its effectiveness was assessed utilizing ROC curves. CIBERSORT was applied to examine immune cell infiltration and the link between the hub gene and immune cells. Results A total of 199 DEGs were extracted from the GSE93272 and GSE33341 datasets. KEGG analysis of enrichment pathways were NLR signaling pathway, cell membrane DNA sensing pathway, oxidative phosphorylation, and viral infection. Positive/negative regulation of the immune system, regulation of the interferon-I (IFN-I; IFN-α/β) pathway, and associated pathways of the immunological response to viruses were enriched in GO and ClueGO analyses. PPI network and Cytoscape platform identified the top 10 hub genes: RSAD2, IFIT3, GBP1, RTP4, IFI44, OAS1, IFI44L, ISG15, HERC5, and IFIT5. The pathways are mainly enriched in response to viral and bacterial infection, IFN signaling, and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3. IFI44, OAS1, IFI44L, ISG15, and HERC5 are the five hub genes shared by RA, COVID-19, and SAB. The pathways are primarily enriched for response to viral and bacterial infections. The TF-hub gene network and miRNA-hub gene network identified YY1 as a key TF and hsa-mir-1-3p and hsa-mir-146a-5p as two important miRNAs related to IFI44. IFI44 was identified as a hub gene by validating GSE17755, GSE55235, and GSE13670. Immune cell infiltration analysis showed a strong positive correlation between activated dendritic cells and IFI44 expression. Conclusions IFI144 was discovered as a shared biomarker and disease target for RA, COVID-19, and SAB by this study. IFI44 negatively regulates the IFN signaling pathway to promote viral replication and bacterial proliferation and is an important molecular target for SARS-CoV-2 and S. aureus immune escape in RA. Dendritic cells play an important role in this process. 1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D3 may be an important therapeutic agent in treating RA with SARS-CoV-2 and S. aureus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingcong Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, China
| | - Du Wang
- Arthritis Clinical and Research Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rongjie Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qi Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wanming Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ge Z, Ding S. Regulation of cGAS/STING signaling and corresponding immune escape strategies of viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:954581. [PMID: 36189363 PMCID: PMC9516114 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.954581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading external pathogens, and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are the key receptors that mediate the innate immune response. Nowadays, there are various PRRs in cells that can activate the innate immune response by recognizing pathogen-related molecular patterns (PAMPs). The DNA sensor cGAS, which belongs to the PRRs, plays a crucial role in innate immunity. cGAS detects both foreign and host DNA and generates a second-messenger cGAMP to mediate stimulator of interferon gene (STING)-dependent antiviral responses, thereby exerting an antiviral immune response. However, the process of cGAS/STING signaling is regulated by a wide range of factors. Multiple studies have shown that viruses directly target signal transduction proteins in the cGAS/STING signaling through viral surface proteins to impede innate immunity. It is noteworthy that the virus utilizes these cGAS/STING signaling regulators to evade immune surveillance. Thus, this paper mainly summarized the regulatory mechanism of the cGAS/STING signaling pathway and the immune escape mechanism of the corresponding virus, intending to provide targeted immunotherapy ideas for dealing with specific viral infections in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ge
- School of Sport, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuzhe Ding
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shuzhe Ding,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Deng L, Xu Z, Li F, Zhao J, Jian Z, Deng H, Lai S, Sun X, Geng Y, Zhu L. Insights on the cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway During Herpesvirus Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931885. [PMID: 35844623 PMCID: PMC9284214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses belong to large double-stranded DNA viruses. They are under a wide range of hosts and establish lifelong infection, which creates a burden on human health and animal health. Innate immunity is the host’s innate defense ability. Activating the innate immune signaling pathway and producing type I interferon is the host’s first line of defense against infectious pathogens. Emerging evidence indicates that the cGAS-STING signaling pathway plays an important role in the innate immunity in response to herpesvirus infections. In parallel, because of the constant selective pressure imposed by host immunity, herpesvirus also evolves to target the cGAS-STING signaling pathway to inhibit or escape the innate immune responses. In the current review, we insight on the classical cGAS-STING signaling pathway. We describe the activation of cGAS-STING signaling pathway during herpesvirus infections and strategies of herpesvirus targeting this pathway to evade host antiviral response. Furthermore, we outline the immunotherapy boosting cGAS-STING signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhijie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Zhu,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mosallanejad K, Kagan JC. Control of innate immunity by the
cGAS‐STING
pathway. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:409-423. [PMID: 35485309 PMCID: PMC9250635 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Within the cytoplasm of mammalian cells is a protein called cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which acts to defend against infection and other threats to the host. cGAS operates in this manner through its ability to detect a molecular occurrence that should not exist in healthy cells - the existence of DNA in the cytosol. Upon DNA binding, cGAS synthesizes cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), a cyclic dinucleotide that activates the endoplasmic reticulum-localized protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING). STING-mediated signaling culminates in host defensive responses typified by inflammatory cytokine and interferon expression, and the induction of autophagy. Studies over the past several years have established a consensus in the field of the enzymatic activities of cGAS in vitro, as it relates to DNA-induced production of cGAMP. However, much additional work is needed to understand the regulation of cGAS functions within cells, where multiple sources of DNA can create a problem of self and non-self discrimination. In this review, we provide an overview of how the cGAS-STING pathway mediates innate immune responses during infection and other cellular stresses. We then highlight recent progress in the understanding of the increasingly diverse ways in which this DNA-sensing machinery is regulated inside cells, including how cGAS remains inactive to host-derived DNA under conditions of homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Mosallanejad
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA 02115 USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fiches GN, Wu Z, Zhou D, Biswas A, Li TW, Kong W, Jean M, Santoso NG, Zhu J. Polyamine biosynthesis and eIF5A hypusination are modulated by the DNA tumor virus KSHV and promote KSHV viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010503. [PMID: 35486659 PMCID: PMC9094511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are critical metabolites involved in various cellular processes and often dysregulated in cancers. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV), a defined human oncogenic virus, leads to profound alterations of host metabolic landscape to favor development of KSHV-associated malignancies. In our studies, we identified that polyamine biosynthesis and eIF5A hypusination are dynamically regulated by KSHV infection through modulation of key enzymes (ODC1 and DHPS) of these pathways. During KSHV latency, ODC1 and DHPS are upregulated along with increase of hypusinated eIF5A (hyp-eIF5A), while hyp-eIF5A is further induced along with reduction of ODC1 and intracellular polyamines during KSHV lytic reactivation. In return these metabolic pathways are required for both KSHV lytic reactivation and de novo infection. Further analysis unraveled that synthesis of critical KSHV latent and lytic proteins (LANA, RTA) depends on hypusinated-eIF5A. We also demonstrated that KSHV infection can be efficiently and specifically suppressed by inhibitors targeting these pathways. Collectively, our results illustrated that the dynamic and profound interaction of a DNA tumor virus (KSHV) with host polyamine biosynthesis and eIF5A hypusination pathways promote viral propagation, thus defining new therapeutic targets to treat KSHV-associated malignancies. Understanding virus-host interactions is crucial to develop and improve therapies. Kaposi’s sarcoma associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human gamma-herpesvirus which deeply modulates the host metabolism and is associated with various cancers of endothelial and lymphoid origin. Polyamines are critical metabolites often dysregulated in cancers. In this study we demonstrated KSHV dynamically modulates polyamine metabolism to favor eIF5A hypusination and translation of critical KSHV latent and lytic proteins (LANA, RTA). Consequently, we found KSHV lytic switch from latency and de novo infection were dependent on polyamines and hypusination and pharmacological inhibition efficiently and specifically restricted KSHV infection. Our study provides new insights into KSHV alteration of the host metabolism and describe new therapeutic targets to treat KSHV-associated malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume N. Fiches
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dawei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ayan Biswas
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Tai-Wei Li
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Weili Kong
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Maxime Jean
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Netty G. Santoso
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lange PT, White MC, Damania B. Activation and Evasion of Innate Immunity by Gammaherpesviruses. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167214. [PMID: 34437888 PMCID: PMC8863980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that establish lifelong infections in the vast majority of adults worldwide. Importantly, these viruses are associated with numerous malignancies and are responsible for significant human cancer burden. These virus-associated cancers are due, in part, to the ability of gammaherpesviruses to successfully evade the innate immune response throughout the course of infection. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of how gammaherpesviruses are detected by innate immune sensors, how these viruses evade recognition by host cells, and how this knowledge can inform novel therapeutic approaches for these viruses and their associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip T Lange
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. https://twitter.com/langept
| | - Maria C White
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. https://twitter.com/maria_c_white
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen H, Jiang L, Chen S, Hu Q, Huang Y, Wu Y, Chen W. HBx inhibits DNA sensing signaling pathway via ubiquitination and autophagy of cGAS. Virol J 2022; 19:55. [PMID: 35346247 PMCID: PMC8962493 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a crucial DNA sensor and plays an important role in host antiviral innate immune responses. During hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the cGAS signaling pathway can suppress HBV replication. As an important regulatory protein of HBV, hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) may serve as an antagonistic character to the cGAS/STING signaling pathway. In this study, we aim to investigate the functional role of HBx in the cGAS/STING signaling pathway. METHODS The effects of HBx on IFN-β promoter activity were measured by Dual-luciferase reporter assays. Ubiquitination and autophagy were analyzed by Western-blot and Co-immunoprecipitation assays. RESULTS Our results show that HBx down-regulates IFN-I production by directly promoting ubiquitination and autophagy degradation of cGAS. CONCLUSIONS HBV can antagonize host cGAS DNA sensing to promote HBV replication and provide novel insights to develop novel approaches against HBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.74 Linjing Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Linshan Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.74 Linjing Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.74 Linjing Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Qin Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.74 Linjing Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Clinical Medicine Research Centre, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China.
| | - Weixian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.74 Linjing Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jary A, Veyri M, Gothland A, Leducq V, Calvez V, Marcelin AG. Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus, the Etiological Agent of All Epidemiological Forms of Kaposi's Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246208. [PMID: 34944828 PMCID: PMC8699694 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is one of the seven oncogenic viruses currently recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Its presence for Kaposi’s sarcoma development is essential and knowledge on the oncogenic process has increased since its discovery in 1994. However, some uncertainties remain to be clarified, in particular on the exact routes of transmission and disparities in KSHV seroprevalence and the prevalence of Kaposi’s sarcoma worldwide. Here, we summarized the current data on the KSHV viral particle’s structure, its genome, the replication, its seroprevalence, the viral diversity and the lytic and latent oncogenesis proteins involved in Kaposi’s sarcoma. Lastly, we reported the environmental, immunological and viral factors possibly associated with KSHV transmission that could also play a role in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Abstract Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also called human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), is an oncogenic virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. The viral particle is composed of a double-stranded DNA harboring 90 open reading frames, incorporated in an icosahedral capsid and enveloped. The viral cycle is divided in the following two states: a short lytic phase, and a latency phase that leads to a persistent infection in target cells and the expression of a small number of genes, including LANA-1, v-FLIP and v-cyclin. The seroprevalence and risk factors of infection differ around the world, and saliva seems to play a major role in viral transmission. KSHV is found in all epidemiological forms of Kaposi’s sarcoma including classic, endemic, iatrogenic, epidemic and non-epidemic forms. In a Kaposi’s sarcoma lesion, KSHV is mainly in a latent state; however, a small proportion of viral particles (<5%) are in a replicative state and are reported to be potentially involved in the proliferation of neighboring cells, suggesting they have crucial roles in the process of tumorigenesis. KSHV encodes oncogenic proteins (LANA-1, v-FLIP, v-cyclin, v-GPCR, v-IL6, v-CCL, v-MIP, v-IRF, etc.) that can modulate cellular pathways in order to induce the characteristics found in all cancer, including the inhibition of apoptosis, cells’ proliferation stimulation, angiogenesis, inflammation and immune escape, and, therefore, are involved in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aude Jary
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-4217-7401
| | - Marianne Veyri
- Service d’Oncologie Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Adélie Gothland
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
| | - Valentin Leducq
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Huang L, Xu W, Liu H, Xue M, Liu X, Zhang K, Hu L, Li J, Liu X, Xiang Z, Zheng J, Li C, Chen W, Bu Z, Xiong T, Weng C. African Swine Fever Virus pI215L Negatively Regulates cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway through Recruiting RNF138 to Inhibit K63-Linked Ubiquitination of TBK1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2754-2769. [PMID: 34759016 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever is a severe animal infectious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), and the morbidity and mortality associated with virulent ASFV isolates are as high as 100%. Previous studies showed that the ability of ASFV to antagonize IFN production is closely related to its pathogenicity. Here, we report that ASFV HLJ/18 infection induced low levels of type I IFN and inhibited cGMP-AMP-induced type I IFN production in porcine alveolar macrophages that were isolated from specific pathogen-free Landrace piglets. Subsequently, an unbiased screen was performed to screen the ASFV genes with inhibitory effects on the type I IFN production. ASFV pI215L, a viral E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, was identified as one of the strongest inhibitory effectors on the production of type I IFN. Knockdown of pI215L expression inhibited ASFV replication and enhanced IFN-β production. However, inhibition of type I IFN production by pI215L was independent of its E2 enzyme activity. Furthermore, we found that pI215L inhibited type I IFN production and K63-linked polyubiquitination of TANK-binding kinase 1 through pI215L-binding RING finger protein 138 (RNF138). ASFV pI215L enhanced the interaction between RNF138 and RNF128 and promoted RNF138 to degrade RNF128, which resulted in reduced K63-linked polyubiquitination of TANK-binding kinase 1 and type І IFN production. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel immune escape mechanism of ASFV, which provides a clue to the design and development of an immune-sensitive attenuated live vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; and
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; and.,College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; and
| | - Mengdi Xue
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; and
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; and
| | - Kunli Zhang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; and
| | - Liang Hu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; and
| | - Jiangnan Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; and
| | - Xuemin Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; and
| | - Zhida Xiang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; and.,College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; and
| | - Changyao Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; and
| | - Weiye Chen
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; and
| | - Zhigao Bu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; and
| | - Tao Xiong
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; and .,College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Song K, Wu Y, Fu B, Wang L, Hao W, Hua F, Sun Y, Dorf ME, Li S. Leaked Mitochondrial C1QBP Inhibits Activation of the DNA Sensor cGAS. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:2155-2166. [PMID: 34526378 PMCID: PMC8492507 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA from pathogens activates the DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) that produces the second messenger, cGAMP. cGAMP triggers a signal cascade leading to type I IFN expression. Host DNA is normally restricted in the cellular compartments of the nucleus and mitochondria. Recent studies have shown that DNA virus infection triggers mitochondrial stress, leading to the release of mitochondrial DNA to the cytosol and activation of cGAS; however, the regulatory mechanism of mitochondrial DNA-mediated cGAS activation is not well elucidated. In this study, we analyzed cGAS protein interactome in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages and found that cGAS interacted with C1QBP. C1QBP predominantly localized in the mitochondria and leaked into the cytosol during DNA virus infection. The leaked C1QBP bound the NTase domain of cGAS and inhibited cGAS enzymatic activity in cells and in vitro. Overexpression of the cytosolic form of C1QBP inhibited cytosolic DNA-elicited innate immune responses and promoted HSV-1 infection. By contrast, deficiency of C1QBP led to the elevated innate immune responses and impaired HSV-1 infection. Taken together, our study suggests that C1QBP is a novel cGAS inhibitor hidden in the mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA; and
| | - Yakun Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA; and
| | - Bishi Fu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA; and
| | - Wenzhuo Hao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA; and
| | - Fang Hua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA; and
| | - Yiwen Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA; and
| | - Martin E Dorf
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shitao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA; and
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Anwar S, Ul Islam K, Azmi MI, Iqbal J. cGAS-STING-mediated sensing pathways in DNA and RNA virus infections: crosstalk with other sensing pathways. Arch Virol 2021; 166:3255-3268. [PMID: 34622360 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Viruses cause a variety of diseases in humans and other organisms. The most important defense mechanism against viral infections is initiated when the viral genome is sensed by host proteins, and this results in interferon production and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. The sensing of the viral genome or its replication intermediates within host cells is mediated by cytosolic proteins. For example, cGAS and IFI16 recognize non-self DNA, and RIG-I and MDA5 recognize non-self RNA. Once these sensors are activated, they trigger a cascade of reactions activating downstream molecules, which eventually results in the transcriptional activation of type I and III interferons, which play a critical role in suppressing viral propagation, either by directly limiting their replication or by inducing host cells to inhibit viral protein synthesis. The immune response against viruses relies solely upon sensing of viral genomes and their downstream signaling molecules. Although DNA and RNA viruses are sensed by distinct classes of receptor proteins, there is a possibility of overlap between the viral DNA and viral RNA sensing mechanisms. In this review, we focus on various host sensing molecules and discuss the associated signaling pathways that are activated in response to different viral infections. We further highlight the possibility of crosstalk between the cGAS-STING and the RIG-I-MAVS pathways to limit viral infections. This comprehensive review delineates the mechanisms by which different viruses evade host cellular responses to sustain within the host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Anwar
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Khursheed Ul Islam
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Md Iqbal Azmi
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Jawed Iqbal
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bhowmik D, Du M, Tian Y, Ma S, Wu J, Chen Z, Yin Q, Zhu F. Cooperative DNA binding mediated by KicGAS/ORF52 oligomerization allows inhibition of DNA-induced phase separation and activation of cGAS. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:9389-9403. [PMID: 34387695 PMCID: PMC8450086 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a key DNA sensor that detects aberrant cytosolic DNA arising from pathogen invasions or genotoxic stresses. Upon binding to DNA, cGAS is activated and catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which induces potent antimicrobial and antitumor responses. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human DNA tumor virus that causes Kaposi sarcoma and several other malignancies. We previously reported that KSHV inhibitor of cGAS (KicGAS) encoded by ORF52, inhibits cGAS enzymatic activity, but the underlying mechanisms remained unclear. To define the inhibitory mechanisms, here we performed in-depth biochemical and functional characterizations of KicGAS, and mapped its functional domains. We found KicGAS self-oligomerizes and binds to double stranded DNA cooperatively. This self-oligomerization is essential for its DNA binding and cGAS inhibition. Interestingly, KicGAS forms liquid droplets upon binding to DNA, which requires collective multivalent interactions with DNA mediated by both structured and disordered domains coordinated through the self-oligomerization of KicGAS. We also observed that KicGAS inhibits the DNA-induced phase separation and activation of cGAS. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which DNA viruses target the host protein phase separation for suppression of the host sensing of viral nucleic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debipreeta Bhowmik
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Mingjian Du
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390-9148, USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Siming Ma
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390-9148, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Rd, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Qian Yin
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Fanxiu Zhu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
O’Connor CM, Sen GC. Innate Immune Responses to Herpesvirus Infection. Cells 2021; 10:2122. [PMID: 34440891 PMCID: PMC8394705 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of a host cell by an invading viral pathogen triggers a multifaceted antiviral response. One of the most potent defense mechanisms host cells possess is the interferon (IFN) system, which initiates a targeted, coordinated attack against various stages of viral infection. This immediate innate immune response provides the most proximal defense and includes the accumulation of antiviral proteins, such as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), as well as a variety of protective cytokines. However, viruses have co-evolved with their hosts, and as such, have devised distinct mechanisms to undermine host innate responses. As large, double-stranded DNA viruses, herpesviruses rely on a multitude of means by which to counter the antiviral attack. Herein, we review the various approaches the human herpesviruses employ as countermeasures to the host innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. O’Connor
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Infection Biology Program, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ganes C. Sen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Infection Biology Program, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Brezgin S, Kostyusheva A, Bayurova E, Volchkova E, Gegechkori V, Gordeychuk I, Glebe D, Kostyushev D, Chulanov V. Immunity and Viral Infections: Modulating Antiviral Response via CRISPR-Cas Systems. Viruses 2021; 13:1373. [PMID: 34372578 PMCID: PMC8310348 DOI: 10.3390/v13071373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections cause a variety of acute and chronic human diseases, sometimes resulting in small local outbreaks, or in some cases spreading across the globe and leading to global pandemics. Understanding and exploiting virus-host interactions is instrumental for identifying host factors involved in viral replication, developing effective antiviral agents, and mitigating the severity of virus-borne infectious diseases. The diversity of CRISPR systems and CRISPR-based tools enables the specific modulation of innate immune responses and has contributed impressively to the fields of virology and immunology in a very short time. In this review, we describe the most recent advances in the use of CRISPR systems for basic and translational studies of virus-host interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Brezgin
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (I.G.)
| | - Elena Volchkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Gegechkori
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ilya Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (I.G.)
- Department of Organization and Technology of Immunobiological Drugs, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dieter Glebe
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Dmitry Kostyushev
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yu L, Liu P. Cytosolic DNA sensing by cGAS: regulation, function, and human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:170. [PMID: 33927185 PMCID: PMC8085147 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing invasive cytosolic DNA is an integral component of innate immunity. cGAS was identified in 2013 as the major cytosolic DNA sensor that binds dsDNA to catalyze the synthesis of a special asymmetric cyclic-dinucleotide, 2'3'-cGAMP, as the secondary messenger to bind and activate STING for subsequent production of type I interferons and other immune-modulatory genes. Hyperactivation of cGAS signaling contributes to autoimmune diseases but serves as an adjuvant for anticancer immune therapy. On the other hand, inactivation of cGAS signaling causes deficiency to sense and clear the viral and bacterial infection and creates a tumor-prone immune microenvironment to facilitate tumor evasion of immune surveillance. Thus, cGAS activation is tightly controlled. In this review, we summarize up-to-date multilayers of regulatory mechanisms governing cGAS activation, including cGAS pre- and post-translational regulations, cGAS-binding proteins, and additional cGAS regulators such as ions and small molecules. We will also reveal the pathophysiological function of cGAS and its product cGAMP in human diseases. We hope to provide an up-to-date review for recent research advances of cGAS biology and cGAS-targeted therapies for human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pengda Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bhowmik D, Zhu F. Evasion of Intracellular DNA Sensing by Human Herpesviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:647992. [PMID: 33791247 PMCID: PMC8005619 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.647992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing of viral constituents is the first and critical step in the host innate immune defense against viruses. In mammalian cells, there are a variety of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including viral RNA and DNA. In the past decade, a number of host DNA sensors have been discovered and the underlying sensing mechanisms have been elucidated. Herpesviruses belong to a large family of enveloped DNA viruses. They are successful pathogens whose elaborate immune evasion mechanisms contribute to high prevalence of infection among their hosts. The three subfamilies of herpesviruses have all been found to employ diverse and overlapping strategies to interfere with host DNA sensing. These strategies include masking viral DNA or the DNA sensor, degradation of the DNA sensor, and post-transcriptional modification of the DNA sensor or its adaptor protein. In this review, we will discuss the current state of our knowledge on how human herpesviruses use these strategies to evade DNA-induced immune responses. Comprehensive understanding of herpesvirus immune-evasion mechanisms will aid in the development of vaccines and antivirals for herpesvirus-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fanxiu Zhu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li D, Yang W, Li L, Li P, Ma Z, Zhang J, Qi X, Ren J, Ru Y, Niu Q, Liu Z, Liu X, Zheng H. African Swine Fever Virus MGF-505-7R Negatively Regulates cGAS-STING-Mediated Signaling Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1844-1857. [PMID: 33712518 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a devastating infectious disease in pigs, severely threatening the global pig industry. To efficiently infect animals, ASFV must evade or inhibit fundamental elements of the innate immune system, namely the type I IFN response. In this study, we identified that ASFV MGF-505-7R protein exerts a negative regulatory effect on STING-dependent antiviral responses. MGF-505-7R interacted with STING and inhibited the cGAS-STING signaling pathway at STING level. MGF-505-7R overexpression either degraded STING or STING expression was reduced in ASFV-infected cells via autophagy, whereas STING expression was elevated in MGF-505-7R-deficient ASFV-infected cells. We further found that MGF-505-7R promoted the expression of the autophagy-related protein ULK1 to degrade STING, whereas ULK1 was elevated in MGF-505-7R-deficient ASFV-infected cells. Moreover, MGF-505-7R-deficient ASFV induced more IFN-β production than wild-type ASFV and was attenuated in replication compared with wild-type ASFV. The replicative ability of MGF-505-7R-deficient ASFV was also attenuated compared with wild-type. Importantly, MGF-505-7R-deficient ASFV was fully attenuated in pigs. Our results showed for the first time, to our knowledge, a relationship involving the cGAS-STING pathway and ASFV MGF-505-7R, contributing to uncover the molecular mechanisms of ASFV virulence and to the rational development of ASFV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and World Organisation for Animal Health/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and World Organisation for Animal Health/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Lulu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and World Organisation for Animal Health/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and World Organisation for Animal Health/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zhao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and World Organisation for Animal Health/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and World Organisation for Animal Health/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaolan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and World Organisation for Animal Health/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and World Organisation for Animal Health/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and World Organisation for Animal Health/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Qingli Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and World Organisation for Animal Health/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and World Organisation for Animal Health/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and World Organisation for Animal Health/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and World Organisation for Animal Health/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Long X, Yang J, Zhang X, Yang Z, Li Y, Wang F, Li X, Kuang E. BRLF1 suppresses RNA Pol III-mediated RIG-I inflammasome activation in the early EBV lytic lifecycle. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50714. [PMID: 33225563 PMCID: PMC7788446 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent infection with herpesviruses constitutively activates inflammasomes, while lytic replication suppresses their activation through distinct mechanisms. However, how Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic replication inhibits the activation of inflammasomes remains unknown. Here, we reveal that the EBV immediate-early protein BRLF1 inhibits inflammasome activation, and BRLF1 deficiency significantly increases the activation of inflammasomes and pyroptosis during early lytic lifecycle. BRLF1 interacts with RNA polymerase III subunits to suppress immunostimulatory small RNA transcription, RIG-I inflammasome activation, and antiviral responses. Consequently, BRLF1-deficient EBV primary infection induces robust T-cell and NK cell activation and killing through IL-1β and IL-18. A BRLF1-derived peptide that inhibits inflammasome activation is sufficient to suppress T-cell and NK cell responses during BRLF1-deficient EBV primary infection in lymphocytes. These results reveal a novel mechanism involved in the evasion of inflammasome activation and antiviral responses during EBV early lytic infection and provide a promising approach for the manipulation of inflammasomes against infection of oncogenic herpesviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xubing Long
- Institute of Human VirologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Human VirologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Institute of Human VirologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Ziwei Yang
- Institute of Human VirologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Human VirologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Fan Wang
- Institute of Human VirologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Institute of Human VirologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Ersheng Kuang
- Institute of Human VirologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat‐Sen University)Ministry of EducationGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Meng W, Gao SJ. Targeting XPO1 enhances innate immune response and inhibits KSHV lytic replication during primary infection by nuclear stabilization of the p62 autophagy adaptor protein. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:29. [PMID: 33414399 PMCID: PMC7790339 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nucleocytoplasmic transport of signaling modulators is essential for regulating cellular responses to extracellular stimulation and stress, as well as pathogen infection. Exportin 1 (XPO1), also known as chromosomal maintenance 1 (CRM1), mediates nuclear export of proteins, rRNAs, snRNAs, and some mRNAs. In this study, we have identified an essential role of XPO1 in regulating Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic replication during primary infection of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Treatment with an XPO1 inhibitor KPT-8602 and short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of XPO1 reduced KSHV lytic replication but had no effect on KSHV entry and trafficking. XPO1 inhibition induced retention of autophagy adaptor protein p62 (SQSTM1) in the nucleus, which enhanced activation of TBK1 and IRF3. As a result, nuclear accumulation of p62 increased expression of innate immune-related genes including IRF7, ISG15, IFIT1, IFIT2, and IFIT3, leading to a reduction of KSHV lytic replication. These results illustrate a novel mechanism by which XPO1 mediates innate immune response and KSHV replication, and identify XPO1 as a potential therapeutic target and KPT-8602 as a promising therapeutic agent for KSHV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Meng
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Choi YB, Cousins E, Nicholas J. Novel Functions and Virus-Host Interactions Implicated in Pathogenesis and Replication of Human Herpesvirus 8. Recent Results Cancer Res 2021; 217:245-301. [PMID: 33200369 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is classified as a γ2-herpesvirus and is related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a γ1-herpesvirus. One important aspect of the γ-herpesviruses is their association with neoplasia, either naturally or in animal model systems. HHV-8 is associated with B-cell-derived primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), endothelial-derived Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS). EBV is also associated with a number of B-cell malignancies, such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, in addition to epithelial nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinomas. Despite the similarities between these viruses and their associated malignancies, the particular protein functions and activities involved in key aspects of virus biology and neoplastic transformation appear to be quite distinct. Indeed, HHV-8 specifies a number of proteins for which counterparts had not previously been identified in EBV, other herpesviruses, or even viruses in general, and these proteins are believed to play vital functions in virus biology and to be involved centrally in viral pathogenesis. Additionally, a set of microRNAs encoded by HHV-8 appears to modulate the expression of multiple host proteins to provide conditions conductive to virus persistence within the host and possibly contributing to HHV-8-induced neoplasia. Here, we review the molecular biology underlying these novel virus-host interactions and their potential roles in both virus biology and virus-associated disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Bong Choi
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Emily Cousins
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - John Nicholas
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Verma R. Exploiting Ubiquitin Ligases for Induced Target Degradation as an Antiviral Strategy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1322:339-357. [PMID: 34258747 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of targeted substrates alter their cellular fate. Ubiquitin is a highly conserved and ubiquitous covalent modifier protein that tags substrates with a single molecule or with a polyubiquitin chain. Monoubiquitination affects trafficking and signaling patterns of modified proteins. In contrast, polyubiquitination, particularly K48-linked polyubiquitination, targets the protein for degradation by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) resulting in a committed fate through irreversible inactivation of substrate. Given the diversity of cellular functions impacted by ubiquitination, it is no surprise that the wily pathogenic viruses have co-opted the UPS in myriad ways to ensure their survival. In this review, I describe viral exploitation of nondegradative ubiquitin signaling pathways to effect entry, replication, and egress. Additionally, viruses also harness the UPS to degrade antiviral cellular host factors. Finally, I describe how we can exploit the same proteolytic machinery to enable PROTACs (Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras) to degrade essential viral proteins. Successful implementation of this modality will add to the arsenal of emerging antiviral therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rati Verma
- AMGEN Research, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Saura-Martinez H, Al-Saadi M, Stewart JP, Kipar A. Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever: Role of Latent Virus and Macrophages in Vasculitis. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:332-345. [PMID: 33280543 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820978310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a sporadic, generally fatal disease caused by gammaherpesviruses in susceptible dead-end hosts. A key pathological process is systemic vasculitis in which productively infected cytotoxic T cells play a major role. Nonetheless, the pathogenesis of MCF vasculitis is not yet clear. We hypothesized that it develops due to an interaction between virus-infected cells and immune cells, and we undertook a retrospective in situ study on the rete mirabile arteries of confirmed ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2)-associated MCF cases in cattle, buffalo, and bison. Our results suggest that the arteritis develops from an adventitial infiltration of inflammatory cells from the vasa vasorum, and recruitment of leukocytes from the arterial lumen that leads to a superimposed infiltration of the intima and media that can result in chronic changes including neointimal proliferation. We found macrophages and T cells to be the dominant infiltrating cells, and both could proliferate locally. Using RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistology, we showed that the process is accompanied by widespread viral infection, not only in infiltrating leukocytes but also in vascular endothelial cells, medial smooth muscle cells, and adventitial fibroblasts. Our results suggest that OvHV-2-infected T cells, monocytes, and locally proliferating macrophages contribute to the vasculitis in MCF. The initial trigger or insult that leads to leukocyte recruitment and activation is not yet known, but there is evidence that latently infected, activated endothelial cells play a role in this. Activated macrophages might then release the necessary pro-inflammatory mediators and, eventually, induce the characteristic vascular changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Al-Saadi
- 223914University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Current address: 362928University of Al-Qadisiya, Iraq
| | | | - Anja Kipar
- 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,223914University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hertzog J, Rehwinkel J. Regulation and inhibition of the DNA sensor cGAS. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e51345. [PMID: 33155371 PMCID: PMC7726805 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-autonomous sensing of nucleic acids is essential for host defence against invading pathogens by inducing antiviral and inflammatory cytokines. cGAS has emerged in recent years as a non-redundant DNA sensor important for detection of many viruses and bacteria. Upon binding to DNA, cGAS synthesises the cyclic dinucleotide 2'3'-cGAMP that binds to the adaptor protein STING and thereby triggers IRF3- and NFκB-dependent transcription. In addition to infection, the pathophysiology of an ever-increasing number of sterile inflammatory conditions in humans involves the recognition of DNA through cGAS. Consequently, the cGAS/STING signalling axis has emerged as an attractive target for pharmacological modulation. However, the development of cGAS and STING inhibitors has just begun and a need for specific and effective compounds persists. In this review, we focus on cGAS and explore how its activation by immunostimulatory DNA is regulated by cellular mechanisms, viral immune modulators and small molecules. We further use our knowledge of cGAS modulation by cells and viruses to conceptualise potential new ways of pharmacological cGAS targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Hertzog
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yu K, Tian H, Deng H. PPM1G restricts innate immune signaling mediated by STING and MAVS and is hijacked by KSHV for immune evasion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/47/eabd0276. [PMID: 33219031 PMCID: PMC7679160 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The adaptor proteins, STING and MAVS, are components of critical pathogen-sensing pathways that induce innate immunity. Phosphorylation of either adaptor results in activation of the type I interferon pathway. How this phosphorylation is regulated and how it is manipulated by pathogens remain largely unknown. Here, we identified host protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1G (PPM1G) as a negative regulator of innate immune pathways and showed that this host system is hijacked by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Mechanistically, KSHV tegument protein ORF33 interacts with STING/MAVS and enhances recruitment of PPM1G to dephosphorylate p-STING/p-MAVS for immunosuppression. Inhibition of PPM1G expression improves the antiviral response against both DNA and RNA viruses. Collectively, our study shows that PPM1G restricts both cytosolic DNA- and RNA-sensing pathways to naturally balance the intensity of the antiviral response. Manipulation of PPM1G by KSHV provides an important strategy for immune evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuai Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huabin Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lotke R, Schneeweiß U, Pietrek M, Günther T, Grundhoff A, Weidner-Glunde M, Schulz TF. Brd/BET Proteins Influence the Genome-Wide Localization of the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus and Murine Gammaherpesvirus Major Latency Proteins. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:591778. [PMID: 33193257 PMCID: PMC7642799 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.591778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The rhadinoviruses Kaposi’s Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and murine gammaherpesvirus (MHV-68) persist in infected hosts in a latent state that is characterized by the absence of virus production and by restricted viral gene expression. Their major latency protein, the latency-associated nuclear antigen (kLANA for KSHV and mLANA for MHV-68), is essential for viral genome maintenance and replication and involved in transcriptional regulation. Both kLANA and mLANA interact with cellular chromatin-associated proteins, among them the Bromodomain and Extra Terminal domain (Brd/BET) proteins, which recruit cellular and viral proteins to acetylated histones through their bromodomains and modulate cellular gene expression. Brd/BET proteins also play a role in the tethering, replication, segregation or integration of a diverse group of viral DNA genomes. In this study we explored if Brd/BET proteins influence the localization of the LANAs to preferential regions in the host chromatin and thereby contribute to kLANA- or mLANA-mediated transcriptional regulation. Using ChIP-Seq, we revealed a genome-wide co-enrichment of kLANA with Brd2/4 near cellular and viral transcriptional start sites (TSS). Treatment with I-BET151, an inhibitor of Brd/BET, displaced kLANA and Brd2/4 from TSS in the viral and host chromatin, but did not affect the direct binding of kLANA to kLANA-binding sites (LBS) in the KSHV latent origin of replication. Similarly, mLANA, but not a mLANA mutant deficient for binding to Brd2/4, also associated with cellular TSS. We compared the transcriptome of KSHV-infected with uninfected and kLANA-expressing human B cell lines, as well as a murine B cell line expressing mLANA or a Brd2/4-binding deficient mLANA mutant. We found that only a minority of cellular genes, whose TSS are occupied by kLANA or mLANA, is transcriptionally regulated by these latency proteins. Our findings extend previous reports on a preferential deposition of kLANA on cellular TSS and show that this characteristic chromatin association pattern is at least partially determined by the interaction of these viral latency proteins with members of the Brd/BET family of chromatin modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishikesh Lotke
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig and Hamburg Sites, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schneeweiß
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Marcel Pietrek
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas Günther
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig and Hamburg Sites, Hanover, Germany.,Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Weidner-Glunde
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig and Hamburg Sites, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas F Schulz
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig and Hamburg Sites, Hanover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gabaev I, Williamson JC, Crozier TW, Schulz TF, Lehner PJ. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Lytic KSHV Infection in Human Endothelial Cells Reveals Targets of Viral Immune Modulation. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108249. [PMID: 33053346 PMCID: PMC7567700 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic human virus and the leading cause of mortality in HIV infection. KSHV reactivation from latent- to lytic-stage infection initiates a cascade of viral gene expression. Here we show how these changes remodel the host cell proteome to enable viral replication. By undertaking a systematic and unbiased analysis of changes to the endothelial cell proteome following KSHV reactivation, we quantify >7,000 cellular proteins and 71 viral proteins and provide a temporal profile of protein changes during the course of lytic KSHV infection. Lytic KSHV induces >2-fold downregulation of 291 cellular proteins, including PKR, the key cellular sensor of double-stranded RNA. Despite the multiple episomes per cell, CRISPR-Cas9 efficiently targets KSHV genomes. A complementary KSHV genome-wide CRISPR genetic screen identifies K5 as the viral gene responsible for the downregulation of two KSHV targets, Nectin-2 and CD155, ligands of the NK cell DNAM-1 receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ildar Gabaev
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - James C. Williamson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK,Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Thomas W.M. Crozier
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK,Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, Hannover 30625, Germany,German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Paul J. Lehner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK,Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Regulation of KSHV Latency and Lytic Reactivation. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091034. [PMID: 32957532 PMCID: PMC7551196 DOI: 10.3390/v12091034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with three malignancies— Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD). Central to the pathogenesis of these diseases is the KSHV viral life cycle, which is composed of a quiescent latent phase and a replicative lytic phase. While the establishment of latency enables persistent KSHV infection and evasion of the host immune system, lytic replication is essential for the dissemination of the virus between hosts and within the host itself. The transition between these phases, known as lytic reactivation, is controlled by a complex set of environmental, host, and viral factors. The effects of these various factors converge on the regulation of two KSHV proteins whose functions facilitate each phase of the viral life cycle—latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) and the master switch of KSHV reactivation, replication and transcription activator (RTA). This review presents the current understanding of how the transition between the phases of the KSHV life cycle is regulated, how the various phases contribute to KSHV pathogenesis, and how the viral life cycle can be exploited as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
49
|
Jeffries AM, Marriott I. Cytosolic DNA Sensors and CNS Responses to Viral Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:576263. [PMID: 33042875 PMCID: PMC7525022 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.576263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral central nervous system (CNS) infections can lead to life threatening encephalitis and long-term neurological deficits in survivors. Resident CNS cell types, such as astrocytes and microglia, are known to produce key inflammatory and antiviral mediators following infection with neurotropic DNA viruses. However, the mechanisms by which glia mediate such responses remain poorly understood. Recently, a class of intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), collectively known as DNA sensors, have been identified in both leukocytic and non-leukocytic cell types. The ability of such DNA sensors to initiate immune mediator production and contribute to infection resolution in the periphery is increasingly recognized, but our understanding of their role in the CNS remains limited at best. In this review, we describe the evidence for the expression and functionality of DNA sensors in resident brain cells, with a focus on their role in neurotropic virus infections. The available data indicate that glia and neurons can constitutively express, and/or can be induced to express, various disparate DNA sensing molecules previously described in peripheral cell types. Furthermore, multiple lines of investigation suggest that these sensors are functional in resident CNS cells and are required for innate immune responses to viral infections. However, it is less clear whether DNA sensormediated glial responses are beneficial or detrimental, and the answer to this question appears to dependent on the context of the infection with regard to the identity of the pathogen, host cell type, and host species. Defining such parameters will be essential if we are to successfully target these molecules to limit damaging inflammation while allowing beneficial host responses to improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Jeffries
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Ian Marriott
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zheng J, Mo J, Zhu T, Zhuo W, Yi Y, Hu S, Yin J, Zhang W, Zhou H, Liu Z. Comprehensive elaboration of the cGAS-STING signaling axis in cancer development and immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:133. [PMID: 32854711 PMCID: PMC7450153 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular recognition of microbial DNA is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism by which the innate immune system detects pathogens. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream effector, stimulator of interferon genes (STING), are involved in mediating fundamental innate antimicrobial immunity by promoting the release of type I interferons (IFNs) and other inflammatory cytokines. Accumulating evidence suggests that the activation of the cGAS-STING axis is critical for antitumor immunity. The downstream cytokines regulated by cGAS-STING, especially type I IFNs, serve as bridges connecting innate immunity with adaptive immunity. Accordingly, a growing number of studies have focused on the synthesis and screening of STING pathway agonists. However, chronic STING activation may lead to a protumor phenotype in certain malignancies. Hence, the cGAS-STING signaling pathway must be orchestrated properly when STING agonists are used alone or in combination. In this review, we discuss the dichotomous roles of the cGAS-STING pathway in tumor development and the latest advances in the use of STING agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juyan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Junluan Mo
- Shenzhen center for chronic disease control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhuo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueneng Yi
- Hunan Yineng Biological Medicine Co., Ltd, Changsha, 410205, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biological Nanotechnology of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoqian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Engineering Research Center for applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|