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Dutta S, Ganguly A, Ghosh Roy S. An Overview of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and Autophagy Pathways in Human Viral Oncogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 386:81-131. [PMID: 38782502 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) can be regarded as the safe keepers of cells exposed to intense stress. Autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis, ensuring the removal of foreign particles and misfolded macromolecules from the cytoplasm and facilitating the return of the building blocks into the system. On the other hand, UPR serves as a shock response to prolonged stress, especially Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ERS), which also includes the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER. Since one of the many effects of viral infection on the host cell machinery is the hijacking of the host translational system, which leaves in its wake a plethora of misfolded proteins in the ER, it is perhaps not surprising that UPR and autophagy are common occurrences in infected cells, tissues, and patient samples. In this book chapter, we try to emphasize how UPR, and autophagy are significant in infections caused by six major oncolytic viruses-Epstein-Barr (EBV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV-1), and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Here, we document how whole-virus infection or overexpression of individual viral proteins in vitro and in vivo models can regulate the different branches of UPR and the various stages of macro autophagy. As is true with other viral infections, the relationship is complicated because the same virus (or the viral protein) exerts different effects on UPR and Autophagy. The nature of this response is determined by the cell types, or in some cases, the presence of diverse extracellular stimuli. The vice versa is equally valid, i.e., UPR and autophagy exhibit both anti-tumor and pro-tumor properties based on the cell type and other factors like concentrations of different metabolites. Thus, we have tried to coherently summarize the existing knowledge, the crux of which can hopefully be harnessed to design vaccines and therapies targeted at viral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Dutta
- Center for Immunotherapy & Precision Immuno-Oncology (CITI), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Anirban Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sounak Ghosh Roy
- Henry M Jackson for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD, United States.
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2
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Raza MT, Mizan S, Yasmin F, Akash AS, Shahik SM. Epitope-based universal vaccine for Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248001. [PMID: 33798232 PMCID: PMC8018625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first oncogenic human retrovirus identified in humans which infects at least 10-15 million people worldwide. Large HTLV-1 endemic areas exist in Southern Japan, the Caribbean, Central and South America, the Middle East, Melanesia, and equatorial regions of Africa. HTLV-1 TAX viral protein is thought to play a critical role in HTLV-1 associated diseases. We have used numerous bio-informatics and immuno-informatics implements comprising sequence and construction tools for the construction of a 3D model and epitope prediction for HTLV-1 Tax viral protein. The conformational linear B-cell and T-cell epitopes for HTLV-1 TAX viral protein have been predicted for their possible collective use as vaccine candidates. Based on in silico investigation two B cell epitopes, KEADDNDHEPQISPGGLEPPSEKHFR and DGTPMISGPCPKDGQPS spanning from 324-349 and 252-268 respectively; and T cell epitopes, LLFGYPVYV, ITWPLLPHV and GLLPFHSTL ranging from 11-19, 163-171 and 233-241 were found most antigenic and immunogenic epitopes. Among different vaccine constructs generated by different combinations of these epitopes our predicted vaccine construct was found to be most antigenic with a score of 0.57. T cell epitopes interacted strongly with HLA-A*0201 suggesting a significant immune response evoked by these epitopes. Molecular docking study also showed a high binding affinity of the vaccine construct for TLR4. The study was carried out to predict antigenic determinants of the Tax protein along with the 3D protein modeling. The study revealed a potential multi epitope vaccine that can raise the desired immune response against HTLV-1 and be useful in developing effective vaccines against Human T-lymphotropic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Thosif Raza
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Shagufta Mizan
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Yasmin
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Al-Shahriar Akash
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Shah Md. Shahik
- Bioinformatics Division, Disease Biology and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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3
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Viral Oncology: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6120111. [PMID: 29186062 PMCID: PMC5742800 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6120111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncoviruses are implicated in approximately 12% of all human cancers. A large number of the world's population harbors at least one of these oncoviruses, but only a small proportion of these individuals go on to develop cancer. The interplay between host and viral factors is a complex process that works together to create a microenvironment conducive to oncogenesis. In this review, the molecular biology and oncogenic pathways of established human oncoviruses will be discussed. Currently, there are seven recognized human oncoviruses, which include Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV), Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), and Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV). Available and emerging therapies for these oncoviruses will be mentioned.
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4
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Lairmore MD, Anupam R, Bowden N, Haines R, Haynes RAH, Ratner L, Green PL. Molecular determinants of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 transmission and spread. Viruses 2011; 3:1131-65. [PMID: 21994774 PMCID: PMC3185783 DOI: 10.3390/v3071131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotrophic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infects approximately 15 to 20 million people worldwide, with endemic areas in Japan, the Caribbean, and Africa. The virus is spread through contact with bodily fluids containing infected cells, most often from mother to child through breast milk or via blood transfusion. After prolonged latency periods, approximately 3 to 5% of HTLV-1 infected individuals will develop either adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), or other lymphocyte-mediated disorders such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The genome of this complex retrovirus contains typical gag, pol, and env genes, but also unique nonstructural proteins encoded from the pX region. These nonstructural genes encode the Tax and Rex regulatory proteins, as well as novel proteins essential for viral spread in vivo such as, p30, p12, p13 and the antisense encoded HBZ. While progress has been made in the understanding of viral determinants of cell transformation and host immune responses, host and viral determinants of HTLV-1 transmission and spread during the early phases of infection are unclear. Improvements in the molecular tools to test these viral determinants in cellular and animal models have provided new insights into the early events of HTLV-1 infection. This review will focus on studies that test HTLV-1 determinants in context to full length infectious clones of the virus providing insights into the mechanisms of transmission and spread of HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Lairmore
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-614-292-9203; Fax: +1-614-292-6473
| | - Rajaneesh Anupam
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
| | - Nadine Bowden
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
| | - Robyn Haines
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
| | - Rashade A. H. Haynes
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
| | - Lee Ratner
- Department of Medicine, Pathology, and Molecular Microbiology, Division of Biology and Biological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8069, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; E-Mail: (L.R.)
| | - Patrick L. Green
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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5
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Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1): Molecular Biology and Oncogenesis. Viruses 2010; 2:2037-2077. [PMID: 21994719 PMCID: PMC3185741 DOI: 10.3390/v2092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) are complex deltaretroviruses that do not contain a proto-oncogene in their genome, yet are capable of transforming primary T lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo. There are four known strains of HTLV including HTLV type 1 (HTLV-1), HTLV-2, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4. HTLV-1 is primarily associated with adult T cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-2 is rarely pathogenic and is sporadically associated with neurological disorders. There have been no diseases associated with HTLV-3 or HTLV-4 to date. Due to the difference in the disease manifestation between HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, a clear understanding of their individual pathobiologies and the role of various viral proteins in transformation should provide insights into better prognosis and prevention strategies. In this review, we aim to summarize the data accumulated so far in the transformation and pathogenesis of HTLV-1, focusing on the viral Tax and HBZ and citing appropriate comparisons to HTLV-2.
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6
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Li M, Green PL. Detection and quantitation of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 mRNA species by real-time RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 2007; 142:159-68. [PMID: 17337070 PMCID: PMC2048902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are highly related delta-retroviruses that infect and transform T-lymphocytes, but have distinct pathogenic properties. HTLV replication and survival requires the expression of multiple gene products from an unspliced and a series of highly related alternatively spliced mRNA species. To date, the comparative levels of all known HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 viral mRNAs in different transformed cell lines and at different stages of virus infection have not been assessed. In this study, we compiled a series of oligonucleotide primer pairs and probes to quantify both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 mRNA species using real-time RT-PCR. The optimized reaction for detection of each mRNA had amplification efficiency greater than 90% with a linear range spanning 25-2.5 x 10(7) copies. The R(2)'s of all standard curves were greater than 0.97. Quantitation of HTLV mRNAs between different cell lines showed variability (gag/pol>or=tax/rex>env>or=accessory proteins), but the overall levels of each mRNA relative to each other within a cell line were similar. These results provide a method to quantify all specific mRNAs from both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, which can be used to evaluate further viral gene expression and correlate transcript levels to key stages of the virus life cycle and ultimately, pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Ohio State Biochemistry Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Patrick L. Green
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Ohio State Biochemistry Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- * Corresponding Author: Patrick L. Green, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, Tel: (614)-688-4899, Fax: (614)-292-6473,
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Silverman LR, Phipps AJ, Montgomery A, Fernandez S, Tsukahara T, Ratner L, Lairmore MD. In vivo analysis of replication and immunogenicity of proviral clones of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 with selective envelope surface-unit mutations. Blood 2005; 106:3602-8. [PMID: 16046523 PMCID: PMC1895059 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATL). The HTLV-1 envelope gene exhibits limited variability when examined from infected individuals, but has not been tested using infectious clones of the virus in animal models. In vitro assays indicate that HTLV-1 envelope (Env) Ser75Ile, Asn95Asp, and Asn195Asp surface unit (SU) mutants are able to replicate in and immortalize lymphocytes. Herein, we examined the effects of these Env mutants in rabbits inoculated with HTLV-1 immortalized ACH.75, ACH.95, or ACH.195 cell lines (expressing full-length molecular clones with the SU mutations) or the ACH.1 cell line (expressing wild-type SU). All rabbits became infected, and the fidelity of the mutations was maintained throughout the 8-week study. However, SU point mutations resulted in decreased antibody responses to viral group-associated antigen (Gag) and Env antigens. ACH.195 rabbits had a selective decreased antibody response to SU, and one ACH.195 rabbit had an antibody response to both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 SUs. Some mutant inoculation groups had altered proviral loads. However, peripheral-blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proviral loads did not correlate with antibody responses. Our data are the first to demonstrate that mutations in critical determinants of HTLV-1 Env SU altered antibody responses and proviral loads, but do not prevent viral replication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee R Silverman
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, the Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA
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Begum N, Horiuchi S, Tanaka Y, Yamamoto N, Ichiyama K, Yamamoto N. New approach for generation of neutralizing antibody against human T-cell leukaemia virus type-I (HTLV-I) using phage clones. Vaccine 2002; 20:1281-9. [PMID: 11818146 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have screened a phage peptide library to address whether clones binding to a monoclonal antibody (mAb) could be isolated and if the selected phage particles would be able to elicit an in vivo immune response against the original antigen. A phage peptide library, consisting of seven random amino acids inserted in the minor coat protein (pIII), was screened for specific binding to a rat mAb LAT-27, which is capable of neutralizing human T-cell leukaemia virus type-I (HTLV-I) by binding to its envelope gp46 epitope, (amino acids LPHSNL). Total 37 clones were selected from the library and one clone named 4-2-22 was tested for its immunogenicity in three rabbits. The all rabbit immune sera showed strong binding activity to a gp46 peptide carrying the neutralization sequence, stained gp46-expressing cells and neutralized HTLV-I in vitro as determined by cell fusion inhibition assay. These results show that the selected phage clone was capable of mimicking the epitope recognized by a HTLV-I neutralizing mAb, and it can be used as an immunogen to induce protective immune response against HTLV-I. Thus, the present methodology could be one of the approaches to develop vaccines against infectious agents in a simple and inexpensive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurjahan Begum
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8519, Tokyo, Japan
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Tsukahara T, Wielgosz MM, Ratner L. Characterization of envelope glycoprotein mutants for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infectivity and immortalization. J Virol 2001; 75:9553-9. [PMID: 11533220 PMCID: PMC114525 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.19.9553-9559.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) envelope protein is required for virus spread. This study further characterizes the role of the envelope protein in HTLV-1 immortalization. Viruses with single amino acid substitutions within the SU protein at residue 75, 81, 95, 101, 105, or 195 or with a C-terminal cytoplasmic domain truncation (CT), as well as an envelope-null (EN) virus, were generated within an infectious molecular clone, ACH. Transfection of 293T cells resulted in the release of similar amounts of virus particles from all of the mutants as determined by p19 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot analysis of Gag in cell lysates and supernatants. The virus particles from all mutants except ACH-101, ACH-CT, and ACH-EN were infectious for B5 macaque cells in cell-free and cell-to-cell transmission assays and were capable of immortalizing transfected CD4(+) lymphocytes. These results indicate that HTLV-1 spread is required for immortalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsukahara
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Allan JS, Leland M, Broussard S, Mone J, Hubbard G. Simian T-cell lymphotropic Viruses (STLVs) and lymphomas in African nonhuman primates. Cancer Invest 2001; 19:383-95. [PMID: 11405178 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-100103133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J S Allan
- Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, Department of Virology and Immunology, 7620 NW Loop 410 at Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
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11
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Rosenberg AR, Delamarre L, Pique C, Le Blanc I, Griffith G, Dokhélar MC. Early assembly step of a retroviral envelope glycoprotein: analysis using a dominant negative assay. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1999; 145:57-68. [PMID: 10189368 PMCID: PMC2148214 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.145.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As for most integral membrane proteins, the intracellular transport of retroviral envelope glycoproteins depends on proper folding and oligomeric assembly in the ER. In this study, we considered the hypothesis that a panel of 22 transport-defective mutants of the human T cell leukemia virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein might be defective in ER assembly. Upon cell cotransfection with wild-type envelope, however, the vast majority of these transport-defective mutants (21 of 22) exerted a specific trans-dominant negative effect. This effect was due to random dimerization of the mutated and wild-type glycoproteins that prevented the intracellular transport of the latter. This unexpected result suggests that association of glycoprotein monomers precedes the completion of folding. The only mutation that impaired this early assembly was located at the NH2 terminus of the protein. COOH-terminally truncated, soluble forms of the glycoprotein were also trans-dominant negative provided that their NH2 terminus was intact. The leucine zipper-like domain, although involved in oligomerization of the envelope glycoproteins at the cell surface, did not contribute to their intracellular assembly. We propose that, at a step subsequent to translation, but preceding complete folding of the monomers, glycoproteins assemble via their NH2-terminal domains, which, in turn, permits their cooperative folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Rosenberg
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale U332, Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, 75014 Paris, France.
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12
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Arp J, LeVatte M, Rowe J, Perkins S, King E, Leystra-Lantz C, Foung SK, Dekaban GA. A source of glycosylated human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 envelope protein: expression of gp46 by the vaccinia virus/T7 polymerase system. J Virol 1996; 70:7349-59. [PMID: 8892853 PMCID: PMC190802 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.11.7349-7359.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterologous expression of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) envelope surface glycoprotein (gp46) in a vaccinia virus/T7 polymerase system resulted in the production of authentic recombinant gp46. Five differentially glycosylated forms of the surface envelope protein were produced by this mammalian system, as demonstrated by tunicamycin inhibition of N-glycosylation and N-glycan removal with endoglycosidase H and glycopeptidase F. These studies revealed that all four potential N-glycosylation sites in gp46 were used for oligosaccharide modification and that the oligosaccharides were mannose-rich and/or hybrid in composition. Conformational integrity of the recombinant HTLV-1 envelope protein was determined by the ability to bind to various HTLV-1-infected human sera and a panel of conformational-dependent human monoclonal antibodies under nondenaturing conditions. Furthermore, this recombinant gp46 was recognized by a series of HTLV-2-infected human sera and sera from a Pan paniscus chimpanzee infected with the distantly related simian T-cell lymphotropic virus STLVpan-p. Maintenance of highly conserved conformational epitopes in the recombinant HTLV-1 envelope protein structure suggests that it may serve as a useful diagnostic reagent and an effective vaccine candidate.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Bacteriophage T7/genetics
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Gene Products, env/chemistry
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- Glycosylation
- HTLV-I Antibodies/immunology
- HTLV-I Antigens/chemistry
- HTLV-I Antigens/genetics
- HTLV-I Antigens/immunology
- HTLV-I Infections/blood
- HTLV-I Infections/immunology
- HeLa Cells
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 2/immunology
- Humans
- L Cells
- Mice
- Oligosaccharides/immunology
- Protein Conformation
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/chemistry
- Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/genetics
- Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/immunology
- Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Viral Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- J Arp
- Gene Therapy and Molecular Virology Group, John P. Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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Delamarre L, Pique C, Pham D, Tursz T, Dokhélar MC. Identification of functional regions in the human T-cell leukemia virus type I SU glycoprotein. J Virol 1994; 68:3544-9. [PMID: 8189493 PMCID: PMC236858 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.6.3544-3549.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Single conservative and nonconservative amino acid substitutions were introduced into the gp45 external envelope protein (SU) of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). The mutated amino acids were those identified as being conserved in HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and simian T-cell leukemia virus type I (but not in bovine leukemia virus). The mutated envelopes were tested for intracellular maturation and for function. Mutants with three major phenotypes could be defined: (i) 9 mutants with a wild-type phenotype, which included most of the conservative amino acid changes (five of seven) distributed throughout the SU protein; (ii) 8 mutants with affected intracellular maturation, 6 of which define a region in the central part of the SU protein essential for correct folding of the protein; and (iii) 13 mutants with normal intracellular maturation but impaired syncytium formation. These mutations likely affect the receptor binding step or postbinding events required for fusion. Five of these mutations are located between amino acids 75 and 101 of the SU protein, in the amino-terminal third of the molecule. The other mutations involve positions 170, 181, 195, 197, 208, 233, and 286, suggesting that two other domains, one central and one carboxy terminal, are involved in HTLV-I envelope functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Delamarre
- CNRS URA 1156, Institut G. Roussy, Villejuif, France
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14
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Höllsberg P, Hafler DA. Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. Pathogenesis of diseases induced by human lymphotropic virus type I infection. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:1173-82. [PMID: 8455685 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199304223281608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Höllsberg
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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15
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Papsidero LD, Dittmer RP, Vaickus L, Poiesz BJ. Monoclonal antibodies and chemiluminescence immunoassay for detection of the surface protein of human T-cell lymphotropic virus. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:351-8. [PMID: 1371516 PMCID: PMC265059 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.30.2.351-358.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) recognized five distinct antigenic domains of viral env gene-encoded proteins. By using recombinant env proteins and synthetic peptides as mapping antigens, it was determined that the most immunogenic region represented a central portion of the retroviral surface protein (domain 2; amino acids 165 to 191). However, only a single MAb was able to react strongly with native viral proteins. This antibody (clone 6C2) was directed to an epitope within domain 4 (amino acids 210 to 306) of the retroviral env gene and reacted with envelope proteins in both HTLV-I and HTLV-II, as determined by immunoprecipitation, solid-phase binding, and immunoblotting. No reactivity against envelope components of other human retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2, was present. Flow cytometry data demonstrated that MAb 6C2 reacted with cell lines chronically infected with HTLV-I or HTLV-II and also with surface antigens expressed on fresh adult T-cell leukemia cells, following up-regulation with interleukin-2. By a chemiluminescence immunoassay procedure, picogram amounts of viral surface protein could be detected in the unconcentrated supernatants of HTLV-infected cell lines and in diagnostic cultures. Levels of env and gag proteins released by cells into culture supernatants were not directly related to percent expression of cell surface viral-coat proteins. Further, the molar ratio of p19 to gp46 in conditioned media varied from strain to strain, possibly reflecting differences in viral assembly or packaging mechanisms. MAb 6C2 will be of value in characterizing the biochemical and immunological behavior of retroviral env gene proteins and in studying the interaction of HTLV-I and HTLV-II with their receptors.
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16
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Fukudome K, Furuse M, Imai T, Nishimura M, Takagi S, Hinuma Y, Yoshie O. Identification of membrane antigen C33 recognized by monoclonal antibodies inhibitory to human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-induced syncytium formation: altered glycosylation of C33 antigen in HTLV-1-positive T cells. J Virol 1992; 66:1394-401. [PMID: 1738199 PMCID: PMC240862 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.3.1394-1401.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), M38, M101, M104, and C33, which were capable of inhibiting syncytium formation induced in a human T-cell line, MOLT-4-#8, by coculture with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-positive human T-cell lines. The MAbs had, however, no inhibitory activity on syncytium formation induced in a human osteosarcoma line, HOS, by HTLV-1-positive T-cell lines. They also did not inhibit syncytium formation induced in MOLT-4-#8 by human immunodeficiency virus type 1-positive MOLT-4. All MAbs reacted with various human cell lines of lymphoid and nonlymphoid origins, including HTLV-1-positive T-cell lines. Furthermore, they all reacted with a murine A9 clone containing human chromosome 11 fragment q23-pter. Two MAbs, M104 and C33, immunoprecipitated a membrane antigen with the same molecular size. The antigen (henceforth called C33 antigen) was about 40 to 55 kDa in HTLV-1-negative Jurkat, CEM, MOLT-4, and normal peripheral blood CD4-positive human T cells and about 40 to 75 kDa in HTLV-1-positive C91/PL, TCL-Kan, MT-2, and in fresh HTLV-1-transformed CD4-positive human T-cell lines. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that C33 antigen was synthesized as a 35-kDa precursor that was then processed to 41 to 50 kDa in MOLT-4 and to 44 to 70 kDa in C91/PL. In the presence of tunicamycin, a 28-kDa protein was synthesized. The conversion from 35 kDa to 41 to 50 kDa in MOLT-4 and to 44 to 70 kDa in C91/PL was inhibited by monensin. Treatment with N-glycanase alone, but not with sialidase and O-glycanase in combination, completely removed the sugar moiety of C33 antigen from both HTLV-1-negative Jurkat and HTLV-1-positive C91/PL. Therefore, C33 antigen has only N-linked carbohydrates, the modification of which appears to be substantially altered in the presence of the HTLV-1 genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fukudome
- Shionogi Institute for Medical Science, Osaka, Japan
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17
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Lee WR, Yu XF, Syu WJ, Essex M, Lee TH. Mutational analysis of conserved N-linked glycosylation sites of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41. J Virol 1992; 66:1799-803. [PMID: 1738209 PMCID: PMC240944 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.3.1799-1803.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid substitutions were introduced into four conserved N-linked glycosylation sites of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope transmembrane glycoprotein, gp41, to alter the canonical N-linked glycosylation sequences. One altered site produced a severe impairment of viral infectivity, which raises the possibility that N-linked sugars at this site may have an important role in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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18
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Lillehoj EP, Alexander SS. Virion-associated trans-regulatory protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:237-44. [PMID: 1540409 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Western blot analysis of HTLV-I virus particles from HUT-102 cells revealed a 40-kD protein strongly reactive with Tax-specific rabbit antisera. This protein subsequently was isolated from density gradient purified virions by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), purified from comigrating Gag and human cellular proteins by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified as the tax-encoded gene product by amino acid composition analysis. Among extracellular virions from five HTLV-I producing cell lines, only those from HUT-102 and C10MJ cells contained a detectable Tax protein, although all cells expressed Tax mRNA and protein intracellularly. To investigate the diagnostic implications of virion-associated Tax protein, sera from HTLV-I-infected individuals were compared on HUT-102 and MT-2 virus Western blots. The seroprevalence of antibodies to Tax, but not Gag or Env proteins, was substantially higher among adult T-cell leukemia and tropical spastic paraparesis patients using HUT-102 viral proteins. Thus, immunoassays utilizing HUT-102 virus are most sensitive for detection of Tax-reactive antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Lillehoj
- Cambridge Biotech Corporation, Rockville, MD 20850
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19
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Pique C, Pham D, Tursz T, Dokhélar MC. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I envelope protein maturation process: requirements for syncytium formation. J Virol 1992; 66:906-13. [PMID: 1530980 PMCID: PMC240791 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.2.906-913.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) envelope protein is synthesized as a gp61 precursor product cleaved into two mature proteins, a gp45 exterior protein and a gp20 anchoring the envelope at the cell membrane. Using N-glycosylation inhibitors and site-directed mutagenesis of the potential glycosylation sites, we have studied the HTLV-I envelope intracellular maturation requirements for syncytium formation. We show here that experimental conditions resulting in the absence of precursor cleavage (tunicamycin, monensin treatments, and use of inhibitors of the reticulum steps of the N glycosylations) also result in no cell surface expression of envelope protein. The lack of syncytium formation observed in these cases is thus explained by incorrect intracellular transport. When the precursor is cleaved in the Golgi stack (no treatment or treatment with inhibitors of the Golgi steps of the N glycosylations), it is transported to the cell surface in all the cases examined. Syncytium formation is markedly reduced, however, when Golgi glycosylations are incorrect, which shows that the sugar moieties are involved in the envelope functions. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrates that each of the five potential glycosylation sites is actually glycosylated. Glycosylation of sites 1 and 5 is required for normal maturation, whereas that of sites 2, 3, and 4 is dispensable. Glycosylation of each site, however, is required for normal syncytium formation. Altogether, the restraints exerted by the cell for the HTLV-I envelope to be transported and functional are very high, which might play a role in the observed conservation of the envelope amino acid sequence between various strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pique
- CNRS UA 1156, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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20
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Brown LS, Chu A, Lee H, Allain JP. Hematological indices in a cohort of HTLV-I/II and HIV-1 infected intravenous drug users in New York City. J Natl Med Assoc 1991; 83:677-9. [PMID: 1956078 PMCID: PMC2627111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and clinical consequences of human T-cell lymphotropic viruses types I and II (HTLV-I/II) infection in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infected persons are areas of continuing interest. This article reports the preliminary findings of the hematological indices in 454 patients infected with HIV-1 and HTLV-I/HTLV-II. Based on serology, 46.2% of the patients had evidence of HIV-1 infection only, 4.6% had evidence of HTLV-I/II only, 14.3% had evidence of both HIV-1 and HTLV-I/II, and 34.8% had evidence of neither HIV-1 or HTLV-I/II. The patient group with both HTLV-I/II and HIV-1 infection had lower total white blood cell, platelet, and serum hematocrits than patients with either HIV-1 or HTLV-I/II infection. While these differences were insignificant, they do not suggest any HTLV-I/II-induced protective effect against HIV-1 related hematological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Brown
- Division of Medical Services, Addiction Research and Treatment Corporation, Brooklyn, New York 11201
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21
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Dumas M, Houinato D, Verdier M, Zohoun T, Josse R, Bonis J, Zohoun I, Massougbodji A, Denis F. Seroepidemiology of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I/II in Benin (West Africa). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991; 7:447-51. [PMID: 1873079 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1991.7.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1988-1989, a national survey was conducted in Benin to determine the distribution of HTLV-I infection in a representative sample of adult individuals. This study comprised 2625 healthy subjects recruited in the six provinces of Benin and 1300 blood donors from Cotonou and from the other five provinces. Sera were screened for HTLV-I antibody by both immunofluorescence (IF) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Sera positive or doubtful by at least one technique were further analyzed by Western blot and radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) when indeterminate. Samples were considered as positive if they reacted with two gene products. No blood donor was positive. Over the 2625 subjects, 39 (1.5%) were positive. We observed a statistical difference between male and female (1%, 2%, p less than 0.05). A difference was also observed according to the areas studied: the HTLV-I antibody rate increased from coastal (0.3%) to northern (5.4%) provinces. HTLV-I seroprevalence increased significantly with age. This survey shows that HTLV-I infection exists in Benin but varies according to regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dumas
- Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Limoges, France
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22
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Abstract
It has been 10 years since the discovery of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), the first human retrovirus. During the past decade, significant progress has been made in understanding the transmission of the virus and defining its geographic distribution. It has been shown conclusively that HTLV-I is a causal factor in the induction of both adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. However, the pathogenesis of each of these conditions is not clear, and in the light of the evidence of immune dysfunction seen among carriers of the infection, it is likely that other associated diseases will be identified. The challenge in the next decade will be to develop and implement therapeutic interventions among carriers to prevent such diseases as well as to curtail transmission within endemic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mueller
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
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23
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Lillehoj EP, Alexander SS, Dubrule CJ, Wiktor S, Adams R, Tai CC, Manns A, Blattner WA. Development and evaluation of a human T-cell leukemia virus type I serologic confirmatory assay incorporating a recombinant envelope polypeptide. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:2653-8. [PMID: 2279997 PMCID: PMC268251 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.28.12.2653-2658.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant protein derived from the gp21 region of the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) env gene was synthesized in Escherichia coli and purified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The purified protein was free of contaminating bacterial proteins and retained reactivity with human HTLV-I- and HTLV-II-positive sera and a gp21 monoclonal antibody. An immunoblot procedure using the recombinant polypeptide in conjunction with native viral proteins was more sensitive than the conventional immunoblot and radioimmunoprecipitation confirmatory assays for detection of antibodies to HTLV-I and HTLV-II env-encoded gene products. The recombinant protein was equally reactive with sera from polymerase chain reaction-confirmed HTLV-I or HTLV-II infections. Furthermore, on the basis of the differential reactivities of gp21-positive sera with the HTLV-I p19 and p24 gag-encoded proteins, an algorithm was proposed to distinguish exposure to HTLV-I from exposure to HTLV-II. These results establish the utility of a modified immunoblot assay incorporating a recombinant envelope polypeptide as an alternative to existing HTLV-I-confirmatory assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Lillehoj
- Cambridge Biotech Corp., Rockville, Maryland 20850
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24
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Yu XF, Matsuda M, Essex M, Lee TH. Open reading frame vpr of simian immunodeficiency virus encodes a virion-associated protein. J Virol 1990; 64:5688-93. [PMID: 2145446 PMCID: PMC248631 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.11.5688-5693.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomes of simian immunodeficiency viruses isolated from rhesus macaques (SIVmac) contain an open reading frame (ORF), vpr, which has a coding potential of 97 to 101 amino acid residues. In this study, a vpr ORF-encoded protein of approximately 11 kDa was identified, and anti-vpr antibodies were detected in rhesus macaques infected by SIVmac. These results provide clear evidence that the vpr ORF is a coding gene of SIVmac. The vpr protein, like the vpx protein which is encoded by another accessory gene of SIVmac, was also found to be associated with viral particles. This observation demonstrates that more than one accessory gene product can be present in the virions of this family of retroviruses and raises the possibility that the vpr protein may have a role in early part of the virus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- X F Yu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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25
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Nyunoya H, Ogura T, Kikuchi M, Iwamoto H, Yamashita K, Maekawa M, Takebe Y, Miyamura K, Yamazaki S, Shimotohno K. Expression of HTLV-I envelope protein fused to hydrophobic amino-terminal peptide of baculovirus polyhedrin in insect cells and its application for serological assays. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1990; 6:1311-21. [PMID: 2078412 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1990.6.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) consists of two glycoproteins gp46 and p20E. Recombinant envelope proteins were produced by using an expression vector derived from insect baculovirus, Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Polyhedrin fusion proteins C182, N147, and N287 contained whole region p20E, C-terminal half of gp46, and almost whole region gp46, respectively. N147 and N287 were suggested to be processed forms resulting from internal cleavage by cellular enzymes. In cultured cells and the insect larvae, C182 and N147 were produced abundantly enough to be purified to homogeneity; however, N287 was produced poorly and not purified. The purified proteins were recognized by HTLV-I-infected human sera and shown to be highly specific antigens for blood screening systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nyunoya
- Virology Division National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Japan
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26
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Tanaka Y, Yasumoto M, Nyunoya H, Ogura T, Kikuchi M, Shimotohno K, Shiraki H, Kuroda N, Shida H, Tozawa H. Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against multiple epitopes on the C-terminal half of envelope gp46 of human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I). Int J Cancer 1990; 46:675-81. [PMID: 1698731 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910460421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the antigenicity of envelope 46 kDa glycoprotein (gp46) of human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-1), we have generated monoclonal anti-gp46 antibodies (MAbs), REY-7, REY-11, REY-16, REY-30, MET-2 and MET-3 from rats and mice. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence assays showed that these MAbs recognize gp46 and its related antigens, and specifically stained HTLV-I-bearing cells. All MAbs reacted with a recombinant gp46 antigen, N147, expressing the 147 amino acids in the C-terminal half of gp46. By using various synthetic peptides corresponding to the gp46 sequence, epitopes recognized by REY-7 and MET-3, REY-11 and REY-16, and REY-30 were mapped to regions corresponding to the amino acids 175-199, 253-282 and 288-312, respectively. MET-2 did not react with any of the peptides used. These results indicate that the present MABs are directed against at least 4 distinct epitopes expressed on the C-terminal half of gp46. The binding of these MAbs to gp46 was specifically inhibited by sera from HTLV-I-infected individuals, but none of these MAbs inhibited the cell fusion activity of HTLV-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, School of Hygienic Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
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27
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Sanders RC, Levin A, Anian G, Webber I, Lee H, Swanson P, Diwan A, Desowitz R, Blattner WA, Alpers MP. HTLV-I antibody studies in villagers in East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. Arch Virol 1990; 114:27-35. [PMID: 2222189 DOI: 10.1007/bf01311009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Serum samples collected in 1984 during a malariometric survey of two villages in the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea were tested for antibodies to HTLV-I. None of the villagers showed any symptoms suggestive of retrovirus infection. Eighteen of the 186 (9.5%) sera tested at that time were found to be positive. Blood samples were subsequently obtained from fifteen of the eighteen positives and subjected to analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmuno assay (RIA), radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA), and Western blot (WB). Fourteen of the fifteen gave a positive ELISA response, but none were unequivocally positive by p 24 RIA. All sera tested were reactive to gag antigens by WB, but gave "indeterminate" results currently accepted criteria. Notably absent from the WB profiles of all of the study subjects was an antibody response to HTLV-I envelope protein gp 46. It is possible that these antibody responses are directed against a variant of HTLV-I or to a novel retrovirus which possesses core antigens similar to those of HTLV-I but has different envelope antigens. Until a virus is isolated, or the viral genome is identified in infected lymphocytes, the possibility remains that the response may be due to factors unrelated to retrovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Sanders
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka
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28
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Seki M, Sashiyama H, Hayami M, Shida H. Intracellular processing and immunogenicity of the envelope proteins of human T-cell leukemia virus type I that are expressed from recombinant vaccinia viruses. Virus Genes 1990; 3:235-49. [PMID: 2189258 DOI: 10.1007/bf00393183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Two types of recombinant vaccinia viruses (VVs) expressing the env gene of the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) were reported previously. One recombinant VV, WR-proenv1, synthesized the authentic env protein. In the other recombinant VV, WR-env17, the env gene was inserted within the signal sequence of the VV hemagglutinin (HA) gene, so that the reading frame for the env gene was in phase with that for the HA gene. Comparative studies were performed on the mode of expression and processing of the env proteins in relation to their immunogenicity. In WR-env17-infected cells, translation was initiated exclusively from the initiation methionine of the HA to produce nascently the chimeric env protein, including the altered HA signal peptide. Both this altered HA signal peptide and the internalized env signal peptide functioned as insertion signals for the endoplasmic reticulum. Although about half of the nascent chimeric protein was cleaved at the carboxyl terminus of the internalized env signal peptide to produce the authentic env protein, the other half was cleaved at the carboxyl terminus of the altered HA signal peptide alone to synthesize the chimeric protein. These events led to a less efficient transport of the env protein produced by WR-env17 from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus than that of the authentic env protein synthesized by WR-proenv1. The efficiency of the processing and transport of the env protein affected the immunogenicity of these two recombinant VVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seki
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Japan
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29
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Dodon MD, Bernard A, Gazzolo L. Peripheral T-lymphocyte activation by human T-cell leukemia virus type I interferes with the CD2 but not with the CD3/TCR pathway. J Virol 1989; 63:5413-9. [PMID: 2573739 PMCID: PMC251209 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.12.5413-5419.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is etiologically associated with adult T-cell leukemia, an aggressive lymphoproliferative disorder, and with chronic neurological diseases. In vitro it can infect several types of cells but transforms only human T lymphocytes. We have previously shown that HTLV-I viral particles, even when noninfectious, were able to activate human resting T lymphocytes, suggesting that this activation step may be important in the initiation of the lymphoproliferative process. In the present study, we first demonstrate that in contrast to other mitogenic stimuli, HTLV-I has the unique property to activate human resting T cells in the absence of accessory cells. We then investigate the relationship between HTLV-I-induced T-cell activation and the classical well-known pathways of activation, namely, the CD3/TCR and CD2 pathways. Competitive blocking experiments were performed in which the effects of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to the CD3/TCR complex or to the CD2 molecule were evaluated on the HTLV-I activation of T cells and compared with that obtained on phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cells. It was found that anti-CD3 or -TCR MAb strongly suppress the proliferative response of T cells to PHA, but are significantly less efficient in inhibiting the activation initiated by HTLV-I. By contrast, MAb recognizing specific epitopes of the CD2 molecule inhibit the proliferative response of T cells to PHA or to HTLV-I to the same extent. The results provide evidence that HTLV-I virions interfere mainly with activation via CD2 but not via the CD3/TCR complex. Considering the earlier expression of the CD2 molecule on human T-cell precursors, these observations might be relevant to the characterization of the differentiation stage at which viral infection could interfere with the development and the maturation of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Dodon
- Immuno-Virologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR30 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
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30
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Schüpbach J, Kalyanaraman VS. Detection of high concentrations of HTLV-1 p24 and a novel gag precursor, p45, in serum immune complexes of a healthy seropositive individual. Int J Cancer 1989; 44:90-4. [PMID: 2787296 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910440117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Circulating immune complexes from sera of 6 patients with adult T-cell leukemia and 8 asymptomatic carriers infected with the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) were precipitated with polyethylene glycol, and the precipitates were tested for the presence of viral antigen p24 by Western blot, using affinity-purified radiolabelled goat antibody to p24 as a probe. p24 and a larger protein of Mr 45,000 immunologically related to p24 were detected at concentrations of up to 100-200 ng/ml in one of the carriers, while all other samples were negative. The concentration of the Mr 45,000 protein in the immune complexes was considerably higher than that of p24. Analysis of an HTLV-1 producer cell line, G-11/MJ, by competition Western blots and gag-specific antibodies, showed the presence of a hitherto unrecognized viral protein p45 which contains both p19 and p24 and probably represents an intermediate precursor of these proteins. The results present direct evidence of production of HTLV-1 proteins in an asymptomatically infected individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schüpbach
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Terwilliger EF, Cohen EA, Lu YC, Sodroski JG, Haseltine WA. Functional role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpu. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:5163-7. [PMID: 2472639 PMCID: PMC297578 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.13.5163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of vpu in the replication and cytopathicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), infectious proviruses were constructed that were isogenic except for the ability to produce the protein product of vpu. The vpu-encoded protein is shown to decrease the rate of syncytium formation and cell killing in infected CD4+ human T cells, to increase greatly the export of virus particles from infected cells, and to reduce the rate of accumulation of cell-associated viral proteins. The vpu protein complements in trans the defect in a vpu- HIV-1 provirus but does not affect the simian immunodeficiency virus, which lacks vpu. These observations suggest that vpu may contribute to the AIDS epidemic by increasing the transmission efficiency of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Terwilliger
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
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32
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Yokota T, Cho MJ, Tachibana N, McLane MF, Takatsuki K, Lee TH, Mueller N, Essex M. The prevalence of antibody to p42 of HTLV-I among ATLL patients in comparison with healthy carriers in Japan. Int J Cancer 1989; 43:970-4. [PMID: 2786510 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910430603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A gene product (p42) of the long open reading frame, now termed tax, of the viral genome of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) may be related to the transformation of T cells in adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL). To evaluate its association with the disease, we compared the prevalence of antibody to p42 in sera obtained from 105 HTLV-I carriers and 64 ATLL patients from southwest Japan. The prevalence of the anti-p42 antibody reactivity was 63% among carriers and 31% among cases. The cases were more than 3 times as likely to lack antibody to p42 than carriers, the relative odds (OR) = 3.4, p = 0.001. When the samples were tested for antibody against p24, the most immunogenic core protein, the prevalence was somewhat higher among carriers (65%) than in cases (52%), but not significantly so (p = 0.15). Among the healthy carriers, the correlation between the prevalence of both antibodies was high (p = 0.001), and only 25% of those who had antibody to p24 lacked antibody to p42. However, among the cases, reactivity to both antigens was independent (p = 0.52), and 65% of those with antibody to p24 lacked antibody to p42, OR = 6.3, p = 0.0004. Thus the strongest serologic marker of ATLL following diagnosis was lack of reactivity to p42, particularly among those subjects with anti-p24. Whether this altered response is present prior to disease remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yokota
- Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
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33
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Terwilliger EF, Godin B, Sodroski JG, Haseltine WA. Construction and use of a replication-competent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) that expresses the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:3857-61. [PMID: 2726755 PMCID: PMC287240 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.10.3857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The construction and properties of an infectious human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that expresses the bacterial gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase are described. This virus can be used in vitro to screen for drugs that inhibit HIV infection. The marked virus may also be used to trace the routes of infection from the site of inoculation in animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Terwilliger
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
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34
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Schüpbach J, Baumgartner A, Tomasik Z. HTLV-1 in Switzerland: low prevalence of specific antibodies in HIV risk groups, high prevalence of cross-reactive antibodies in normal blood donors. Int J Cancer 1988; 42:857-62. [PMID: 3192331 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910420611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sera from various Swiss population groups were tested for antibodies against the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). Particle agglutination and ELISA were performed for screening; Western blot was done for confirmation. True-positive sera were found at a prevalence of 0.12% in a cohort of 846 individuals at risk for AIDS tested in 1984-1985. Prevalences of 0.35% were found among 575 HIV-I positives tested in 1987, and of 1.3% among 292 HIV-I positives of a different group tested in 1988. The 6 positives found in our study represent the first cases of HTLV-I infection, or HIV-I/HTLV-I double infection, diagnosed in Switzerland. In addition, high proportions of sera, regardless of whether they were from normal blood donors, HIV-positives, or individuals at risk for AIDS, had antibodies that reacted weakly with one or several proteins of the size of viral gag proteins. The prevalence of such antibodies in normal donors was in the range of 10 to 40%, depending on the strictness of interpretation. Competition Western blots performed with some of these sera showed that these antibodies reacted with HTLV-I, but not with HIV-I or cellular antigens, and had a lower affinity to HTLV-I proteins than the antibodies of human or goat antisera. The results indicate that these antibodies may be induced by agents immunologically related to, but different from, HTLV-I, which are highly prevalent in the Swiss population. Oligopeptide stretches with sequence homology to HTLV-I are known to exist in various normal body proteins, several infectious agents including common viruses and protozoa, but the results might also indicate the existence of additional human retroviruses. Screening of blood donors with sensitive tests for antibodies to HTLV-I might produce an unacceptably high rate of false-positive results, if stringent rules of interpretation analogous to those common in HIV screening are not used.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schüpbach
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, Institute of Immunology and Virology, University of Zurich
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35
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Yu XF, Ito S, Essex M, Lee TH. A naturally immunogenic virion-associated protein specific for HIV-2 and SIV. Nature 1988; 335:262-5. [PMID: 2842694 DOI: 10.1038/335262a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The genomic organization of HIV-1 and the family of HIV-2 and SIV viruses is similar. However, there is an open reading frame, orf-x, that is present in HIV-2 and SIV, but not in HIV-1. The extent of protein sequence conservation in orf-x between HIV-2ROD and SIVMAC suggests that this open reading frame encodes a gene that may be important for infectivity or replication. Here, we show that the orf-x products of SIVMAC and HIV-2SBL-6669 are virion-associated and that the introduction of a premature stop codon into orf-x, did not abrogate virus infectivity and replication in vitro. Antibody reactivity to the orf-x product was detected in 35 of 42 HIV-2 positive serum samples and 11 of 52 SIV seropositive monkeys. No such antibodies were detected in HIV-1 positive donors, blood donors seronegative for both HIV-2 and HIV-1, or SIV seronegative monkeys. This suggests that orf-x is dispensable for in vitro replication of SIVMAC and that the orf-x gene product of HIV-2 or its antibody can be used to distinguish HIV-2 from HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- X F Yu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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36
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Marlink RG, Ricard D, M'Boup S, Kanki PJ, Romet-Lemonne JL, N'Doye I, Diop K, Simpson MA, Greco F, Chou MJ. Clinical, hematologic, and immunologic cross-sectional evaluation of individuals exposed to human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (HIV-2). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1988; 4:137-48. [PMID: 3259142 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1988.4.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the clinical status and certain hematologic and immunologic parameters in healthy prostitutes from Dakar, Senegal who were seropositive for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (HIV-2). Generalized lymphadenopathy and clinical signs or symptoms similar to those which are seen with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection were not present. Comparison to seronegative prostitutes and minor surgery control patients were made and significant elevations were seen in T8 lymphocytes (p = .03), IgG (p = .0001), and beta 2-microglobulin (p = .03). The mean T4 lymphocyte count in seropositive prostitutes was lower than in seronegative prostitutes (757 vs. 1179, p = .15), but this difference was not statistically significant and appeared to be correlated with age. No significant differences were noted between the seronegative and seropositive prostitutes in lymphocyte stimulation studies to certain mitogens. Antilymphocyte antibodies above background were not present in either population. We conclude that HIV-2 is a sexually transmitted agent that produces immunologic alterations consistent with a persistent viral infection. HIV-2 seropositive prostitutes studied to date do not show clinical signs of immune suppression, as has been described with HIV-1 infection. The pathogenic potential of HIV-2 appears to differ from that of HIV-1, the etiologic agent of the AIDS pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Marlink
- Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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37
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Ho DD, Kaplan JC, Rackauskas IE, Gurney ME. Second conserved domain of gp120 is important for HIV infectivity and antibody neutralization. Science 1988; 239:1021-3. [PMID: 2830667 DOI: 10.1126/science.2830667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rabbit antisera were raised against three overlapping synthetic peptides with sequence homology to the second conserved domain of the external envelope glycoprotein (gp120) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). All of the antisera immunoprecipitated the envelope glycoprotein. In particular, an antiserum directed against amino acids 254 to 274 of env was efficient in neutralizing three different isolates of HIV in vitro, without affecting the binding of the virus to CD4-positive cells. Therefore, this conserved region of gp120 appears to be critical in a postbinding event during virus penetration and may represent a target for antibody neutralization of HIV. These findings may be applicable in the design of a vaccine for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Ho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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38
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Levinson SS, Denys GA. Strengths and weaknesses in methods for identifying the causative agent(s) of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1988; 26:277-302. [PMID: 3077033 DOI: 10.3109/10408368809105893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a cytoplasmic retrovirus which is transmitted via body fluids, especially through blood products and sexual contact, and is the causative agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Only about 5 to 10% of the patients infected with HIV contract AIDS; the great majority of infected people either develop a less aggressive condition (AIDS-related complex) or appear healthy. All persons infected with HIV may transmit the virus. In order to protect the national blood supply and to help in diagnosis, tests have been developed to identify infected persons. These include viral isolation techniques, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescent assay (IFA), radioimmune precipitation (RIP) assay, Western blot, and, most recently, antigen identification and gene probes. Although the sensitivity and specificity among these methods varies, all are susceptible to false-positive and/or false-negative results. In order to understand the reasons for fragility in methodologies, it is necessary to appreciate several basic concepts related to the biochemistry, biology, pathophysiology, and genetic characteristics of HIV and related viruses. The purpose of this review is to present the strengths and weaknesses of each method, with emphasis on peculiar viral characteristics that lead to methodological defects or efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Levinson
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Sinai Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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39
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Kowalski M, Potz J, Basiripour L, Dorfman T, Goh WC, Terwilliger E, Dayton A, Rosen C, Haseltine W, Sodroski J. Functional regions of the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Science 1987; 237:1351-5. [PMID: 3629244 DOI: 10.1126/science.3629244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 704] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The envelope of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) plays a central role in the process of virus entry into the host cell and in the cytopathicity of the virus for lymphocytes bearing the CD4 molecule. Mutations that affect the ability of the envelope glycoprotein to form syncytia in CD4+ cells can be divided into five groups: those that decrease the binding of the envelope protein to the CD4 molecule, those that prevent a post-binding fusion reaction, those that disrupt the anchorage of the envelope glycoprotein in the membrane, those that affect the association of the two subunits of the envelope glycoprotein, and those that affect post-translational proteolytic processing of the envelope precursor protein. These findings provide a functional model of the HIV envelope glycoprotein.
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40
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Yoshiki T, Kondo N, Chubachi T, Tateno M, Togashi T, Itoh T. Rat lymphoid cell lines with HTLV-I production. III. Transmission of HTLV-I into rats and analysis of cell surface antigens associated with HTLV-I. Arch Virol 1987; 97:181-96. [PMID: 2892480 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Newborn WKA rats given a single intraperitoneal injection of MMC treated TARS-1, a rat T cell line producing HTLV-I, were shown to accumulate high titred antibodies specific for HTLV-I. Adult WKA rats rejected TARS-1 transplant with transient appearance of anti-HTLV-I antibodies. However, rats maintained under daily administration of Bredinin, an immunosuppressive drug after TARS-1 transplant showed continuous production of antibodies specific for HTLV-I by aging. Type-C virus particles similar to HTLV-I were demonstrated by electronmicroscopy in the short-term cultured spleen cells of these rats. The evidence indicates that HTLV-I can be transmitted into newborn and immunosuppressed adult rats and they may provide a suitable animal model of ATL and related conditions in man, especially for elucidating the virus-host interactions involved in the leukemogenesis of HTLV-I. By using monoclonal antibodies, cell surface antigens associated with HTLV-I were also analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yoshiki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Japan
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41
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Archibald D, Essex M, McLane MF, Sauk J, Tachibana N, Mueller N. Antibodies to HTLV-1 in saliva of seropositive individuals from Japan. Viral Immunol 1987; 1:241-6. [PMID: 3509678 DOI: 10.1089/vim.1987.1.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory antibodies protect mucosal surfaces against transmission of many viruses. Human T-lymphotropic Virus, Type I (HTLV-I) is transmitted via blood products and via sexual contact across mucosal surfaces. We investigated the presence of HTLV-I-specific antibodies in whole saliva samples from 10 seronegative and 28 seropositive volunteers from a hospital in southern Japan. Antibodies directed to HTLV-I antigens were found in the salivas from 22 of 28 (79%) of the seropositive subjects. None of the seronegative individuals showed evidence of salivary antibodies. Antibodies directed to the envelope antigens of the virus were found in 21 of 22 positive saliva samples. Secretory antibodies may be important in preventing mucosal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Archibald
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore
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42
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Terwilliger E, Sodroski JG, Rosen CA, Haseltine WA. Effects of mutations within the 3' orf open reading frame region of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III/LAV) on replication and cytopathogenicity. J Virol 1986; 60:754-60. [PMID: 3490583 PMCID: PMC288951 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.60.2.754-760.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations that eliminated the ability of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III to produce the 27-kilodalton 3' orf product did not eliminate the ability of the virus to replicate in and kill T4+ cells. A mutant carrying a mutation that deleted carboxy-terminal sequences from the envelope gene as well as the 3' orf sequences retained the ability to kill T4+ lymphocytes, but had a retarded replication rate.
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43
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Lightfoote MM, Coligan JE, Folks TM, Fauci AS, Martin MA, Venkatesan S. Structural characterization of reverse transcriptase and endonuclease polypeptides of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome retrovirus. J Virol 1986; 60:771-5. [PMID: 2430111 PMCID: PMC288955 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.60.2.771-775.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Automated N-terminal microsequencing of immune affinity-purified acquired immunodeficiency syndrome retrovirus polypeptides from infected cells was used to locate the N termini of 64-, 51-, and 34-kilodalton (kDa) polypeptides within the pol open reading frame (ORF) of the proviral DNA. The 64- and 51-kDa proteins had identical N termini (Pro-Ile-Ser-Pro-IIe-Glu-Thr-Val-) positioned 156 residues from the beginning of the pol ORF. The N terminus of the 34-kDa pol gene product, Phe-Leu-Asp-Gly-Ile-Asp-Lys-, mapped 716 residues into the pol ORF. These polypeptides were absent in an RT-negative, CD4-negative, persistently infected cell line (8E5) carrying a single defective copy of a constitutively expressed, integrated proviral DNA.
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44
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Rotbart HA, Levin MJ, Jones JF, Hayward AR, Allan J, McLane MF, Essex M. Noma in children with severe combined immunodeficiency. J Pediatr 1986; 109:596-600. [PMID: 3020218 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(86)80219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Three Native American children with severe combined immunodeficiency developed noma, a necrotizing gingivostomatitis not previously reported in this country. The similarity between the clinical findings and those observed in monkeys with simian AIDS prompted us to evaluate our patients and their families for human retroviral infection. Antibodies to HTLV-I or HTLV-III/LAV proteins were not identified in patients nor in their family members. Standard bacterial and viral cultures similarly failed to identify a suspect pathogen.
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45
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Sodroski J, Goh WC, Rosen C, Dayton A, Terwilliger E, Haseltine W. A second post-transcriptional trans-activator gene required for HTLV-III replication. Nature 1986; 321:412-7. [PMID: 3012355 DOI: 10.1038/321412a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is provided for the existence of a seventh gene in the genome of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus. The gene is necessary for replication and acts post-transcriptionally to relieve negative regulation of the messenger RNA for the virion capsid and envelope proteins. These observations suggest mechanisms for regulating both the latent and lytic phases of the virus life cycle.
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46
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Human monoclonal antibody directed against an envelope glycoprotein of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:2672-6. [PMID: 2422659 PMCID: PMC323361 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.8.2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the production and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody reactive against the major envelope glycoprotein of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), a virus linked to the etiology of adult T-cell leukemia. We exposed lymph-node cells derived from a patient with adult T-cell leukemia to the Epstein-Barr virus in vitro and obtained a B-cell clone (designated 0.5 alpha) by a limiting dilution technique. The secreted product of 0.5 alpha is a monoclonal antibody (also designated 0.5 alpha; that is IgG1 and has kappa light chains) that binds to the cell membrane of T-cells infected with HTLV-I and lyses them in the presence of complement. The antibody does not react with HTLV-I-negative T cells. In electroblot assays, the monoclonal antibody detects a 46-kDa glycoprotein in disrupted HTLV-I virions and a 34-kDa product following digestion of the viral protein with endoglycosidase F. These molecules have been reported to represent the HTLV-I env gene products. The antibody does not react with HTLV-II and HTLV-III virions. Glycoproteins of 61 and 68 kDa, which are known to be encoded at least in part by the env gene of HTLV-I, are precipitated by the antibody from endogenously radiolabeled HTLV-I-infected HUT 102-B2 and MT-2 cells, respectively. These results suggest that this human monoclonal antibody reacts with an env-encoded glycoprotein of HTLV-I. By using a competition assay with a biotin-labeled 0.5 alpha antibody, we observed that 15 out of 15 patients with adult T-cell leukemia had antibodies that block binding of the 0.5 alpha antibody to HTLV-I virions. This suggests that the antigen detected by 0.5 alpha antibody is a common epitope recognized in HTLV-I-infected individuals in vivo. This antibody, as well as the general strategy for making human monoclonal antibodies reactive against pathogenic retroviruses, may have diagnostic or therapeutic application.
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47
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Lee TH, Coligan JE, Allan JS, McLane MF, Groopman JE, Essex M. A new HTLV-III/LAV protein encoded by a gene found in cytopathic retroviruses. Science 1986; 231:1546-9. [PMID: 3006243 DOI: 10.1126/science.3006243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The DNA of the HTLV-III/LAV group of retroviruses contains certain additional open reading frames that are not found in typical avian or mammalian retroviruses. The role of these sequences in encoding for gene products that may be related to pathogenesis remains to be resolved. An open reading frame whose 5' end overlaps with the pol gene, but is unrelated to the env gene, has been observed in HTLV-III/LAV and visna virus, both cytopathic mammalian retroviruses. Evidence presented here shows that this open reading frame is a bona fide coding sequence of HTLV-III/LAV and that its product, a protein with a molecular weight of 23,000, induces antibody production in the natural course of infection.
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48
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Sodroski J, Goh WC, Rosen C, Tartar A, Portetelle D, Burny A, Haseltine W. Replicative and cytopathic potential of HTLV-III/LAV with sor gene deletions. Science 1986; 231:1549-53. [PMID: 3006244 DOI: 10.1126/science.3006244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The genome of the human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III/LAV) has the potential to encode at least three polypeptides in addition to those encoded by the gag, pol, and env genes. In this study, the product of the sor (short open reading frame) region, which overlaps the 3' end of the pol gene, was found to be a protein with a molecular weight of 23,000. An assay was developed for testing the ability of cloned HTLV-III proviruses to produce viruses cytopathic for T4+ lymphocytes. In the cell line used, C8166, neither the HTLV-III sor gene product nor the complete 3'-orf gene product were necessary for the replication or cytopathic effects of the HTLV-III.
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49
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Rosen CA, Sodroski JG, Goh WC, Dayton AI, Lippke J, Haseltine WA. Post-transcriptional regulation accounts for the trans-activation of the human T-lymphotropic virus type III. Nature 1986; 319:555-9. [PMID: 3003584 DOI: 10.1038/319555a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The level of synthesis of viral proteins and heterologous proteins under the control of long terminal repeat sequences of human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III or LAV) increases dramatically in cells that constitutively express the HTLV-III trans-activator protein. Increased levels of protein synthesis occur without a comparable increase in the levels of corresponding messenger RNA. We propose that post-transcriptional events mediated by the HTLV-III trans-activator protein account for positive regulation of HTLV-III gene products in infected cells.
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50
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Goudsmit J, Miedema F, Breederveld C, Terpstra F, Roos M, Schellekens P, Melief C. Antibodies to the human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus type I in Dutch haemophiliacs. Vox Sang 1986; 50:12-5. [PMID: 3006351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1986.tb04838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
95 Dutch haemophiliacs were tested for antibodies to membrane antigens on cells infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I-MA) by indirect immunofluorescence and to purified HTLV-I by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies to HTLV-I-MA were present in 8 of 95 (8%) haemophiliacs, but only 3 (3%) had antibodies to purified HTLV-I. No clinical disease was related to HTLV-I seropositivity. The importance of iatrogenic HTLV-I transmission to haemophiliacs is discussed.
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