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Kohler H, Kaveri S. How IvIg Can Mitigate Covid-19 Disease: A Symmetrical Immune Network Model. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2021; 40:17-20. [PMID: 33513050 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2020.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report we provide a hypothesis of how intravenous immunoglobulin (IvIg) (pooled therapeutic normal IgG) mitigates the severe disease after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The disease is caused by an overreaction of the innate immune system producing a cytokine storm and inflicting multiple organ damage. Our interpretation of IvIg therapy hinges on a recent analysis of the immune dysregulation in Covid-19 infection. Previous infections with common cold coronavirus induce suppressor memory B cells that inhibit an immune response to Covid-19. The repertoire of natural antibodies (IvIg) contains suppressing antibodies in a symmetrically balanced network structure. When this repertoire interacts with the imbalanced network in the infected patient, it can neutralize the suppression of an antibody response against Covid-19. The described scenario for IvIg in Covid-19 infection may also apply in the therapy of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Kohler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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2
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Reyneveld GIJ, Savelkoul HFJ, Parmentier HK. Current Understanding of Natural Antibodies and Exploring the Possibilities of Modulation Using Veterinary Models. A Review. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2139. [PMID: 33013904 PMCID: PMC7511776 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antibodies (NAb) are defined as germline encoded immunoglobulins found in individuals without (known) prior antigenic experience. NAb bind exogenous (e.g., bacterial) and self-components and have been found in every vertebrate species tested. NAb likely act as a first-line immune defense against infections. A large part of NAb, so called natural autoantibodies (NAAb) bind to and clear (self) neo-epitopes, apoptotic, and necrotic cells. Such self-binding antibodies cannot, however, be considered as pathogenic autoantibodies in the classical sense. IgM and IgG NAb and NAAb and their implications in health and disease are relatively well-described in humans and mice. NAb are present in veterinary (and wildlife) species, but their relation with diseases and disorders in veterinary species are much less known. Also, there is little known of IgA NAb. IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin with essential pro-inflammatory and homeostatic properties urging for more research on the importance of IgA NAb. Since NAb in humans were indicated to fulfill important functions in health and disease, their role in health of veterinary species should be investigated more often. Furthermore, it is unknown whether levels of NAb-isotypes and/or idiotypes can and should be modulated. Veterinary species as models of choice fill in a niche between mice and (non-human) primates, and the study of NAb in veterinary species may provide valuable new insights that will likely improve health management. Below, examples of the involvement of NAb in several diseases in mostly humans are shown. Possibilities of intravenous immunoglobulin administration, targeted immunotherapy, immunization, diet, and genetic modulation are discussed, all of which could be well-studied using animal models. Arguments are given why veterinary immunology should obtain inspiration from human studies and why human immunology would benefit from veterinary models. Within the One Health concept, findings from veterinary (and wildlife) studies can be related to human studies and vice versa so that both fields will mutually benefit. This will lead to a better understanding of NAb: their origin, activation mechanisms, and their implications in health and disease, and will lead to novel health management strategies for both human and veterinary species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G IJsbrand Reyneveld
- Faculty of Science, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk K Parmentier
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Reiber H. Polyspecific antibodies without persisting antigen in multiple sclerosis, neurolupus and Guillain-Barré syndrome: immune network connectivity in chronic diseases. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2017; 75:580-588. [PMID: 28813089 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20170081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The polyspecific antibody synthesis in multiple sclerosis (MS) gained diagnostic relevance with the frequent combination of measles-, rubella- and varicella zoster antibodies (MRZ-antibody reaction) but their pathophysiological role remains unknown. This review connects the data for intrathecal polyspecific antibody synthesis in MS and neurolupus with observations in the blood of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Simultaneously increased antibody and autoantibody titers in GBS blood samples indicate that the polyspecific antibodies are based on a general property of an immune network, supported by the deterministic day-to-day concentration variation of antibodies in normal blood. Strongly correlated measles- and rubella- antibody variations point to a particular connectivity between the MRZ antibodies. The immune network, which provides serological memory in the absence of an antigen, implements the continuous change of the MRZ pattern in blood, not followed by the earlier immigrated B cells without corresponding connectivity in the brain. This may explain the different antibody patterns in cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor and blood of the individual MS patient. A complexity approach must implement a different view on causation in chronic diseases and causal therapies.
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Vaz NM. Self-tolerance revisited. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 55:128-132. [PMID: 27200443 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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5
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Agliari E, Barra A, Del Ferraro G, Guerra F, Tantari D. Anergy in self-directed B lymphocytes: A statistical mechanics perspective. J Theor Biol 2014; 375:21-31. [PMID: 24831414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-directed lymphocytes may evade clonal deletion at ontogenesis but still remain harmless due to a mechanism called clonal anergy. For B-lymphocytes, two major explanations for anergy developed over the last decades: according to Varela theory, anergy stems from a proper orchestration of the whole B-repertoire, such that self-reactive clones, due to intensive feed-back from other clones, display strong inertia when mounting a response. Conversely, according to the model of cognate response, self-reacting cells are not stimulated by helper lymphocytes and the absence of such signaling yields anergy. Through statistical mechanics we show that helpers do not prompt activation of a sub-group of B-cells: remarkably, the latter are just those broadly interacting in the idiotypic network. Hence Varela theory can finally be reabsorbed into the prevailing framework of the cognate response model. Further, we show how the B-repertoire architecture may emerge, where highly connected clones are self-directed as a natural consequence of ontogenetic learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Agliari
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Adriano Barra
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Gino Del Ferraro
- Department of Computational Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesco Guerra
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniele Tantari
- Dipartimento di Matematica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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6
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Adjuvant dependence of APS pathology-related low-affinity antibodies during secondary immune response to tetanus toxoid in BALB/c mice. Immunol Res 2012; 56:143-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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7
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Agliari E, Asti L, Barra A, Ferrucci L. Organization and evolution of synthetic idiotypic networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 85:051909. [PMID: 23004790 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.85.051909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a class of weighted graphs whose properties are meant to mimic the topological features of idiotypic networks, namely, the interaction networks involving the B core of the immune system. Each node is endowed with a bit string representing the idiotypic specificity of the corresponding B cell, and the proper distance between any couple of bit strings provides the coupling strength between the two nodes. We show that a biased distribution of the entries in bit strings can yield fringes in the (weighted) degree distribution, small-world features, and scaling laws, in agreement with experimental findings. We also investigate the role of aging, thought of as a progressive increase in the degree of bias in bit strings, and we show that it can possibly induce mild percolation phenomena, which are investigated too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Agliari
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italia
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8
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Agliari E, Barra A, Vidal KG, Guerra F. Can persistent Epstein-Barr virus infection induce chronic fatigue syndrome as a Pavlov reflex of the immune response? JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2012; 6:740-762. [PMID: 22873615 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2012.704083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic fatigue syndrome is a protracted illness condition (lasting even years) appearing with strong flu symptoms and systemic defiances by the immune system. Here, by means of statistical mechanics techniques, we study the most widely accepted picture for its genesis, namely a persistent acute mononucleosis infection, and we show how such infection may drive the immune system towards an out-of-equilibrium metastable state displaying chronic activation of both humoral and cellular responses (a state of full inflammation without a direct 'causes-effect' reason). By exploiting a bridge with a neural scenario, we mirror killer lymphocytes T(K) and B cells to neurons and helper lymphocytes [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] to synapses, hence showing that the immune system may experience the Pavlov conditional reflex phenomenon: if the exposition to a stimulus (Epstein-Barr virus antigens) lasts for too long, strong internal correlations among B,T(K) and T(H) may develop ultimately resulting in a persistent activation even though the stimulus itself is removed. These outcomes are corroborated by several experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Agliari
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, viale G.P. Usberti 7/A, 43100, Parma, Italy.
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9
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Agliari E, Barra A, Guerra F, Moauro F. A thermodynamic perspective of immune capabilities. J Theor Biol 2011; 287:48-63. [PMID: 21824481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We consider the mutual interactions, via cytokine exchanges, among helper lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and killer lymphocytes, and we model them as a unique system by means of a tripartite network. Each part includes all the different clones of the same lymphatic subpopulation, whose couplings to the others are either excitatory or inhibitory (mirroring elicitation and suppression by cytokine). First of all, we show that this system can be mapped into an associative neural network, where helper cells directly interact with each other and are able to secrete cytokines according to "strategies" learn by the system and profitable to cope with possible antigenic stimulation; the ability of such a retrieval corresponds to a healthy reaction of the immune system. We then investigate the possible conditions for the failure of a correct retrieval and distinguish between the following outcomes: massive lymphocyte expansion/suppression (e.g. lymphoproliferative syndromes), subpopulation unbalance (e.g. HIV, EBV infections) and ageing (thought of as noise growth); the correlation of such states to autoimmune diseases is also highlighted. Lastly, we discuss how self-regulatory effects within each effector branch (i.e. B and killer lymphocytes) can be modeled in terms of a stochastic process, ultimately providing a consistent bridge between the tripartite-network approach introduced here and the immune networks developed in the last decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Agliari
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, viale G.P. Usberti 7/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
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10
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Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the immunodominant V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120 and its flanking regions bear sequence and structural homology to the framework and complementarity-determining regions of human immunoglobulins. It has been proposed that the Ig-like domain of gp120 might encode idiotypes and in this way permit HIV-1 entry into the immune regulatory network. This notion is strongly supported by results demonstrating that the anti-V3 loop and anti-Ig antibodies of healthy individuals share complementary structure and that V3 reactive antibodies are present in HIV-negative sera. This might be the mechanism by which HIV induces immunological abnormalities, and it should be taken into consideration in AIDS vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Metlas
- Diapharm Ltd., St. Peterport, Guernsey, Channel Islands, UK
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11
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Pavón-Martínez N, Masso-Rojas F, López-Alcántara R, Monteón VM. Altered pattern of connectivity in Chagas disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1107:271-9. [PMID: 17804555 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1381.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that natural autoreactivity plays a physiological role in the immune system by connecting all these clones (Id/anti-Id) and forming a dense and highly regulated network. In the present work, we analyzed the connectivity pattern in Chagas disease. Serum samples of 20 chronic chagasic cardiopathy (CCC) patients with dilated cardiopathy, 20 infected-asymptomatic subjects (IAS), and 20 healthy seronegative controls (H) were tested. Pattern of connectivity was distinguishable from that of healthy donor and those with CCC and IAS. This suggests that there are alterations in regulatory networks, inclusive being more evident in CCC patients than in IAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pavón-Martínez
- Instituto Nacional Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México DF, Juan Badiano 1, Mexico City, Mexico
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12
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Abstract
Idiotypic networks, after being a dominating paradigm for more than a decade, have fallen out of fashion in parallel with the rapid success of molecular immunobiology. Today signs of a possible renaissance in idiotypic network studies are visible. For system biologists and also for physicists, the network idea remains attractive. Herein, a short account of the historical development of the paradigm is given. The necessary technical and conceptual ingredients for a theoretical description of idiotypic networks are briefly reviewed, and previous approaches are discussed. We also describe a minimalistic model developed in our group that allows for understanding the random evolution toward a highly non-trivial complex architecture. In the network, a connected large cluster of idiotype clones and many disconnected ones coexist, thus resembling the notion of central and peripheral parts proposed in the 'second-generation' version of the paradigm. The connected cluster consists of groups of idiotypic clones with clearly distinct statistical properties. The simplicity of the model allows for calculating the size of the groups and the number of inter- and intragroup links, which define the architecture. Aspects of idiotypic interactions in experimental medicine are discussed, along with the challenges to theory and experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Behn
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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13
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Quintana FJ, Cohen IR. The natural autoantibody repertoire and autoimmune disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2004; 58:276-81. [PMID: 15194162 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2004.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmune diseases has shown a significant increase in developed countries during the last 40 years. The cause of this increase is still unknown, and reliable methods for the detection of individuals at risk of developing autoimmune disease are not available yet. To explore new methods for the diagnosis and monitoring of autoimmune disease, we have studied the repertoire of natural autoantibodies (NA) and its relationship with autoimmune disease using large arrays of defined antigens. NA are found in healthy humans and mice, apparently in the absence of immunization with their target antigens. We used knock-out mice to demonstrate that the repertoire of NA is influenced by factors not directly related to antigenic stimulation such as endogenous levels of histamine. By studying strains of mice known to differ in their susceptibility to autoimmune disease, we could conclude that the repertoire of NA reflects the susceptibility to develop autoimmune disease. The study of the human repertoire of NA required the development of bio-informatic tools to overcome the variation introduced by individual differences in the genetic background and immune history. We found that human NA are organized in clusters that can differentiate healthy subjects from patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus or Behçet's disease patients. The development of new tools to undertake large-scale NA analysis could also enhance our understanding of the immune system, and leave us in a better position to face the up-coming epidemics of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Quintana
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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14
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De Castro LN. Dynamics of an artificial immune network. J EXP THEOR ARTIF IN 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/09528130310001659683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Hanson LA, Korotkova M, Lundin S, Håversen L, Silfverdal SA, Mattsby-Baltzer I, Strandvik B, Telemo E. The transfer of immunity from mother to child. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 987:199-206. [PMID: 12727640 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb06049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The newborn's immune system grows fast from a small size at birth by exposure primarily to the intestinal microflora normally obtained from the mother at and after birth. While building up its immune system, the infant is supported by the transplacental IgG antibodies, which also contain anti-idiotypic antibodies, possibly also actively priming the offspring. The second mode of transfer of immunity occurs via the milk. Numerous major protective components, including secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies and lactoferrin, are present. The breastfed infant is better protected against numerous common infections than the non-breastfed. Breastfeeding also seems to actively stimulate the infant's immune system by anti-idiotypes, uptake of milk lymphocytes, cytokines, etc. Therefore, the breastfed child continues to be better protected against various infections for some years. Vaccine responses are also often enhanced in breastfed infants. Long-lasting protection against certain immunological diseases such as allergies and celiac disease is also noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars A Hanson
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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16
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Abstract
A recent paper on immunity and tolerance to antigenic determinants on antibody variable-regions (idiotypes) brings back to light the potential of idiotypic interactions among antibodies, B cells and T cells in the regulation of specific immune activities. The functional significance of idiotypic regulation has been established in a variety of systems, both concerning the establishment of 'pre-immune' diversity repertoires as well as the clonal regulation of immune responses to foreign and self-antigens. Also, recently the requirement for 'dominant' regulatory mechanisms in natural tolerance has received increasing support. It might thus be fruitful to evaluate the possibility that an idiotypic network has a fundamental role in the operation of the regulatory T cells that establish and maintain self-tolerance.
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Vaz NM, de Faria AMC, Verdolin BA, Silva Neto AF, Menezes JS, Carvalho CR. The conservative physiology of the immune system. Braz J Med Biol Res 2003; 36:13-22. [PMID: 12532222 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2003000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current immunological opinion disdains the necessity to define global interconnections between lymphocytes and regards natural autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells as intrinsically pathogenic. Immunological theories address the recognition of foreignness by independent clones of lymphocytes, not the relations among lymphocytes or between lymphocytes and the organism. However, although extremely variable in cellular/molecular composition, the immune system preserves as invariant a set of essential relations among its components and constantly enacts contacts with the organism of which it is a component. These invariant relations are reflected, for example, in the life-long stability of profiles of reactivity of immunoglobulins formed by normal organisms (natural antibodies). Oral contacts with dietary proteins and the intestinal microbiota also result in steady states that lack the progressive quality of secondary-type reactivity. Autoreactivity (natural autoantibody and autoreactive T cell formation) is also stable and lacks the progressive quality of clonal expansion. Specific immune responses, currently regarded as the fundament of the operation of the immune system, may actually result from transient interruptions in this stable connectivity among lymphocytes. More permanent deficits in interconnectivity result in oligoclonal expansions of T lymphocytes, as seen in Omenn's syndrome and in the experimental transplantation of a suboptimal diversity of syngeneic T cells to immunodeficient hosts, which also have pathogenic consequences. Contrary to theories that forbid autoreactivity as potentially pathogenic, the physiology of the immune system is conservative and autoreactive. Pathology derives from failures of these conservative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Vaz
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Abstract
Natural antibodies (NAb) are found in the serum of healthy individuals. These antibodies are produced without any apparent specific antigenic stimulation. They are one part of the circulating immunoglobulins and are found in virtually all vertebrate species. NAb react to various self- and non-self antigens. A protective function in different infection models could be demonstrated. Several groups have reported the ability of NAb to bind to tumour cells. Their possible role in tumour defence is documented in mice. The present status of attempts to characterise the role of NAb in tumour defence is discussed, particularly as regards the human immune system. This paper focuses on antibody cell interactions and discusses the genetic background of the Nab-producing B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bohn
- Department of Dermatology, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden.
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19
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Abstract
It is widely accepted that the serum of healthy individuals contains natural antibodies only against those blood group A or B antigens that are not expressed on the individual’s red blood cells. The mechanisms involved in tolerance to autologous blood group antigens remain unclear. In the present study, we show that IgM and IgG antibodies reactive with autologous blood group antigens are present in the immunoglobulin fraction of normal human serum. Natural IgG anti-A antibodies purified by affinity chromatography from IgG of individuals of blood group A exhibited an affinity for A trisaccharide antigen in the micromolar range and agglutinated A red cells at sixfold higher concentrations than those required for agglutination with affinity-purified anti-A IgG of individuals of blood group B. Whereas autoantibodies reactive with self A and B antigens are readily detected in purified IgG and IgM fractions, their expression is restricted in whole serum as a result of complementary interactions between variable regions of antibodies. These observations suggest that tolerance to autologous ABO blood group antigens is dependent on peripheral control of antibody autoreactivity.
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Abstract
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the serum of healthy individuals contains natural antibodies only against those blood group A or B antigens that are not expressed on the individual’s red blood cells. The mechanisms involved in tolerance to autologous blood group antigens remain unclear. In the present study, we show that IgM and IgG antibodies reactive with autologous blood group antigens are present in the immunoglobulin fraction of normal human serum. Natural IgG anti-A antibodies purified by affinity chromatography from IgG of individuals of blood group A exhibited an affinity for A trisaccharide antigen in the micromolar range and agglutinated A red cells at sixfold higher concentrations than those required for agglutination with affinity-purified anti-A IgG of individuals of blood group B. Whereas autoantibodies reactive with self A and B antigens are readily detected in purified IgG and IgM fractions, their expression is restricted in whole serum as a result of complementary interactions between variable regions of antibodies. These observations suggest that tolerance to autologous ABO blood group antigens is dependent on peripheral control of antibody autoreactivity.
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Macias A, Arce S, Leon J, Mustelier G, Bombino G, Domarco A, Perez R, Lage A. Novel cross-reactive anti-idiotype antibodies with properties close to the human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1999; 18:263-72. [PMID: 10475241 DOI: 10.1089/027245799315925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The most important link between the immune network theory and clinically useful therapies so far is the use of human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Although still controversial, one of the main mechanisms that has been postulated for the in vivo effects of IVIg, is the selection of immune repertoires through idiotypic interactions. We describe here anti-idiotype IgG monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), which were obtained by immunization of syngeneic mice (Balb/c) with an anti-ganglioside antibody. These anti-idiotype MAbs show multiple idiotypic connections and share some of the properties of the IVIg pool. The antiidiotype (Ab2) MAbs B7 and 34B7 showed heterogeneous binding with the idiotypes of several anti-ganglioside antibodies, MAbs obtained from splenocytes of nonimmunized newborn mice, F(ab')2 fragments of IgG human myeloma proteins, and nonimmunoglobulin antigens. The recognition pattern of the B7 MAb to the idiotypes of human immunoglobulins was also studied using a phage display library obtained from the variable region genes of an asymptomatic AIDS patient and also F(ab')2 fragments obtained from an IVIg pool of healthy human donors. We also demonstrated that these MAbs produced some of the in vitro effects reported for the human IVIg pool, such as the inhibition of cell proliferation of human B and T cell lines and of normal human lymphocytes activated with different mitogens. Another striking property of the MAb B7 was its ability to induce a dose-dependent specific antibody T-cell response in vivo in syngeneic mice. Both anti-idiotype MAbs showed anti-metastatic effect in vivo when injected intravenously to mice inoculated with MB16-F10 melanoma cells. The antimetastatic effect of the antiidiotype MAbs was not observed in athymic mice inoculated with the same tumor. This kind of antibody can become an interesting tool for further exploration of the role of idiotypic network connections in the regulation of the immune system and to study the effects of interventions on network connectivity in experimental autoimmune disease, using a reagent better chemically defined than the IVIg pool.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Division
- Cell Line
- Cross Reactions
- G(M2) Ganglioside/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/immunology
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/immunology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/secondary
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Macias
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
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22
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Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kaveri SV, Mouthon L, Ayouba A, Malanchère E, Coutinho A, Kazatchkine MD. Self-reactive antibodies (natural autoantibodies) in healthy individuals. J Immunol Methods 1998; 216:117-37. [PMID: 9760219 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(98)00074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies that are present in the serum of healthy individuals in the absence of deliberate immunization with any antigen, are refered to as natural antibodies. A vast majority of natural antibodies react with one or more self antigens and are termed as natural autoantibodies. The importance of natural autoantibodies in immune regulation has long been neglected, since tolerance to self was thought to be primarily dependent on the deletion of autoreactive clones, rather than on peripheral suppressive mechanisms. Clonal deletion and energy cannot account, however, for the prevalence of natural autoreactivity among healthy individuals. It is now well established that autoreactive antibodies and B cells, and autoreactive T cells, are present in healthy individuals, and in virtually all vertebrate species. Autoreactive repertoires are predominantly selected early in ontogeny. Questions pertaining to the role of natural antibodies in the regulation of the immune response and maintenance of immune homeostasis and to the distinction between natural autoreactivity and pathological autoimmunity have not been adequately addressed. Here, we focus on the current knowledge on the physicochemical and functional properties of NAA in man, and the use of NAA for therapeutic intervention. reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lacroix-Desmazes
- INSERM U430, Hôpital Broussais and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, and CNRS URA 1961, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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23
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Asakura K, Rodriguez M. A unique population of circulating autoantibodies promotes central nervous system remyelination. Mult Scler 1998; 4:217-21. [PMID: 9762677 DOI: 10.1177/135245859800400324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies we demonstrated that the humoral immune response directed against unique central nervous system (CNS) antigens enhanced CNS remyelination in the Theiler's virus experimental model of multiple sclerosis (MS). To expand on this observation, a mouse IgM kappa monoclonal antibody (mAb) which enhances CNS remyelination, was raised against normal mouse spinal cord homogenate. Characterization of this mAb revealed that it is polyreactive towards variety of intracellular antigens but also reacts to an unidentified surface antigen on oligodendrocytes. The mAb is encoded by germline immunoglobulin genes without somatic mutations consistent with the observation that it is a natural autoantibody. Recently we generated another mouse IgM kappa mAb raised against normal spinal cord homogenate, which also promotes CNS remyelination. Further characterization revealed that both mAbs which promote remyelination have similar binding characteristics. Conventionally Abs which recognize normal CNS components, especially oligodendrocytes or myelin, have been considered to be a disease marker or be involved in the pathogenesis of MS. However, we have identified a unique population of circulating autoantibodies which are beneficial for myelin repair. Therefore this observation indicates the need to reevaluate autoantibody production against myelin components in CSF and blood as markers of disease activity versus repair in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Asakura
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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24
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Carlan MC, Peres A, Nardi NB. Frequency of B cells in normal mice which recognize self proteins. Braz J Med Biol Res 1997; 30:225-30. [PMID: 9239308 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1997000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism whereby the immune system avoids self-aggression is one of the central issues of Immunology. The discovery of natural autoantibodies, mainly of IgM isotype, and of idiotypic interactions between antibodies indicates that elements of the immune system interact with self constituents and with themselves. Results of studies with soluble antibodies have indicated that the pool of circulating IgM represents the end result of a highly selective process of B cell activation and differentiation by self proteins resulting in the formation of a network. The objective of the present work was to determine the frequency of self-reacting B cells in normal mice. We were able to detect B cells that recognize self proteins present in extracts of different organs in normal adult, 2-3-month old, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice with an ELISA spot assay. About 1% of total IgM-secreting cells among small, LPS-stimulated spleen cells reacted with organ extracts, whereas among large spleen cells the frequency was 5- to 10-fold lower. Immunization induced an increase in the frequency of IgM-secreting cells. The present results provide cellular evidence for the results of studies done at the serological level. The physiological role of these self-recognizing cells, as well as their participation in autoimmune processes, remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Carlan
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
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25
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Ayouba A, Peltre G, Coutinho A. Quantitative analysis of multiple V-region interactions among normal human IgG. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:710-6. [PMID: 8605942 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There is to date no quantitative method for scoring putative V-region interactions among serum antibodies, and the available qualitative techniques are not amenable to routine utilization. This deficit may explain the paucity of observations on the characteristics of the immune network, in contrast with the multiplicity of phenomenological descriptions on idiotype regulation. We describe here a novel methodology that uses isoelectric focusing (IEF) to resolve human F(ab')2 preparations from large pools of normal serum IgG into multiple bands, and computer-aided data processing to analyze interactions between the resulting blotted proteins and normal serum IgG from individual donors. Our results show that in all normal human sera tested, there are IgG-mediated interactions with a large number of IEF fractions of human F(ab')2. These interactions are V region specific, as assessed by inhibition experiments and by lack of binding of IgG monoclonal antibodies, and are characterized by average affinities that are in the micromolar range, as measured by surface plasmon resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ayouba
- Unite d'Immunobiologie, CNRS URA 1961, Institut Pasteur, Paris
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26
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Zouali M, Isenberg DA, Morrow WJ. Idiotype manipulation for autoimmune diseases: where are we going? Autoimmunity 1996; 24:55-63. [PMID: 8937688 DOI: 10.3109/08916939608995357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Zouali
- Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris
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27
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Abstract
The mouse B-cell repertoire early in ontogeny contains B cells with receptor immunoglobulins exhibiting high connectivity, multi/self-reactivity, and generally low affinity. This is due structurally to extensive restriction in the germline components used to generate the B-cell receptor. The selective pressure acting on the nascent repetoire has both negative and positive components as seen in our in vivo models. VH81X-bearing B cells from the VH81X transgenic mice (and probably from normal mice) are subject to self-selective pressure with two components: a positive one favoring a certain (self-reactive) specificity in the CD23-IgM+ population and a negative one preventing the entry of B cells with this specificity into the CD23+IgM+ compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Martin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294, USA
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28
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Hariharan K, Nara PL, Shabazz LA, McCutchan JA, Kang CY. Analysis of B cell repertoire specific to the neutralizing epitopes of glycoprotein 120 in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:1629-37. [PMID: 7888222 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the clonotypic analysis of neutralizing anti-gp120 antibodies elicited in HIV-infected individuals by a panel of anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies (anti-Id MAbs). Sera from 80 HIV-infected individuals at various clinical stages of HIV-infection were tested for reactivity to 19 anti-Id MAbs in ELISA. Anti-idiotype MAbs reacted with between 0 and 26% of sera. Among the 13 idiotypes specific for anti-CD4 site antibodies, 4 were expressed in 15 to 20% of individuals, whereas 2 of 4 idiotypes specific for anti-V3 antibodies were expressed in 15 to 26% of the cases. These data suggest that each HIV-infected individuals has a diverse B cell repertoire to a given neutralizing epitope cluster and that certain clonotypes are more prevalent than others. To correlate the binding activity in ELISA with anti-gp120 specificity, the idiotype-positive antibodies (Id+ Abs) from representative serum samples were isolated by anti-Id MAb-Sepharose affinity columns. In most cases, the epitope specificity and the neutralizing properties of the isolated Id+ Abs correlated with that of anti-gp120 antibodies used for the generation of anti-Id MAbs. We propose that these anti-Id MAbs may be used to identify and measure neutralizing anti-gp120 antibodies of defined specificity in the sera of HIV-infected individuals, HIV-vaccinated individuals, and in HIV-infected mother-infant pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hariharan
- IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation, San Diego, California 92121
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29
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Arala-Chaves M, Vilanova M, Ribeiro A, Pinto J. Immunostimulatory effect of thalidomide in normal C57BL/6 mice is compatible with stimulation of a highly connected central immune system. Scand J Immunol 1994; 40:535-42. [PMID: 7526443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although thalidomide has been used with success in the treatment of increasing numbers of autoimmune diseases, the therapeutic effects have not been satisfactorily explained so far. We describe here some findings that may contribute to a better understanding of the immunomodulatory effects of this drug. Several immunological changes were observed after treating C57BL/6 mice with 3 mg of thalidomide. The numbers of natural IgM PFC against sheep red blood cells were increased in the spleen, and occasionally a dramatic oscillatory increase in the numbers of non-specific splenic IgM and IgG PFC was observed in these mice. However, these oscillatory increases were progressively lower, after two and three treatments with thalidomide at 20-day intervals. Furthermore, the absolute numbers of splenic CD5+ B and CD5- B lymphocytes were increased whereas depletion of CD4+ CD8+ cells in the thymus and of lymphoid cells in the bone marrow was seen after a single treatment with 3 mg of thalidomide. Taken together, these results suggest that thalidomide stimulates both peripheral and central immune systems and consequently enhances the connectivity of the central immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arala-Chaves
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
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30
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Abstract
We model how auto-reactive B cells are kept under control by an idiotypic network. Autoimmunity occurs when the control is broken by an infection or not achieved through an abnormal ontogenetic evolution. We describe the idiotypic network, viz., the central immune system, by idiotype-anti-idiotype pairs which are coupled to a set of highly connected clones, which interact with each clone of the network. Some clones of the central immune system recognize self-antigen. We find a huge variety of fixed points which can be classified as tolerant, autoimmune, and neutral states according to the concentration of the auto-reactive antibody. Most significant are auto-reactive clones which are a member of an idiotype-anti-idiotype pair. In a healthy individual, an autoimmune disease is induced by an antigen infection which triggers a transition from a tolerant to an autoimmune state. Autoimmunity is induced more readily by an antigen coupling to the anti-idiotype than by one interacting with the auto-reactive clone itself. We indicate a possible therapy which simply reverses the processes that have lead to the autoimmune disease. In the early development of the central immune system its highly connected, core part serves to draw the more specific clones of idiotype-anti-idiotype pairs into the network. In order to avoid autoimmunity in ontogenetic evolution the anti-idiotype of an auto-reactive clone must be formed in advance by a sufficiently long period of time. Thus, a well ordered succession of the appearance of the more specific clones is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sulzer
- Physik-Department der TU München, Germany
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31
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Sundblad A, Marcos MA, Malanchere E, Castro A, Haury M, Huetz F, Nobrega A, Freitas A, Coutinho A. Observations on the mode of action of normal immunoglobulin at high doses. Immunol Rev 1994; 139:125-58. [PMID: 7927409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1994.tb00860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Sundblad
- Unite d'Immunobiologie, CNRS URA 359, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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32
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Kazatchkine MD, Dietrich G, Hurez V, Ronda N, Bellon B, Rossi F, Kaveri SV. V region-mediated selection of autoreactive repertoires by intravenous immunoglobulin (i.v.Ig). Immunol Rev 1994; 139:79-107. [PMID: 7927415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1994.tb00858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M D Kazatchkine
- INSERM U28, Hospital Broussais, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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33
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Zhang LB, Du CY, Qi AS. Complex behaviours of AB model describing idiotypic network. Bull Math Biol 1994; 56:323-36. [PMID: 8186757 DOI: 10.1007/bf02460645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A simple chemical model of the idiotypic network of immune systems, namely the AB model, has been developed by De Boer et al. The complexity of the system, such as the steady states, periodic oscillations and chaotic motions, has been examined by the authors mentioned above. In the present paper, the periodic motions and chaotic behaviours exhibited by the system are intuitively described. To clarify in which parameter domains concerned the system exhibits periodic oscillations and in which parameter domains the system demonstrates chaotic behaviours the Lyapounov exponent is explored. To characterize the strangeness of the attractors, the fractal dimension problem is worked out.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Zhang
- Physics Department, Beijing Normal University, China
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34
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Nobrega A, Haury M, Grandien A, Malanchère E, Sundblad A, Coutinho A. Global analysis of antibody repertoires. II. Evidence for specificity, self-selection and the immunological "homunculus" of antibodies in normal serum. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:2851-9. [PMID: 8223861 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830231119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The serum IgM repertoires of C57BL/6, DBA/2 and BALB/c mouse strains were analyzed using a recently developed global and quantitative assay that measures antibody reactivities to a very large number of antigens. A characteristic repertoire could be assigned to each strain. The different repertoires could be successfully classified with multivariate statistics. Many common reactivities were also observed among the different strains, which allows the definition of a mouse-specific repertoire. Analysis of human sera support this notion. To investigate the impact of minor genetic differences on the serum IgM repertoire, the congenic strains B10.D2/oSn and B10.D2/nSn, which differ in the expression of the C5 component of complement, were analyzed. The two strains could be separated based on the reactivity profiles obtained. The analysis of the results reveals that many antigenic proteins are not recognized at all by natural antibodies, while others are disproportionately reactive, the resulting patterns giving rise to what could be the definition of an "immunological homunculus". The relevance of this type of analysis for clinical applications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nobrega
- Unité d'Immunobiologie, CNRS URA 359, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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35
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Dietrich G, Varela FJ, Hurez V, Bouanani M, Kazatchkine MD. Selection of the expressed B cell repertoire by infusion of normal immunoglobulin G in a patient with autoimmune thyroiditis. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:2945-50. [PMID: 8223872 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830231133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we have analyzed the changes in the expressed antibody repertoire and in temporal fluctuations of antibody levels in serum that followed infusion of normal IgG (IVIg) in a patient with autoimmune thyroiditis. Administration of IVIg resulted in the stimulation of IgM production, in alterations of expressed antibody activity in serum that could not merely be accounted for by the passive transfer of antibody specificities contained in IVIg, in transient down-regulation of B cells clones expressing a specific disease-related idiotype and in the increase in serum in recipient's autoantibodies specifically reactive with F(ab')2 fragments of IVIg. In addition, infusion of IVIg shifted the pattern of spontaneous fluctuations of autoantibody activities in the patient's serum from a pattern indicative of disconnected events in the immune network to a pattern similar to that which is consistently observed in healthy controls. These results suggest that normal IgG may modulate autoreactivity by selecting expressed antibody repertoire through V region-dependent interactions with antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dietrich
- Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital Broussais, Paris, France
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36
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Anderson RW, Neumann AU, Perelson AS. A Cayley tree immune network model with antibody dynamics. Bull Math Biol 1993; 55:1091-131. [PMID: 8281129 DOI: 10.1007/bf02460701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A Cayley tree model of idiotypic networks that includes both B cell and antibody dynamics is formulated and analysed. As in models with B cells only, localized states exist in the network with limited numbers of activated clones surrounded by virgin or near-virgin clones. The existence and stability of these localized network states are explored as a function of model parameters. As in previous models that have included antibody, the stability of immune and tolerant localized states are shown to depend on the ratio of antibody to B cell lifetimes as well as the rate of antibody complex removal. As model parameters are varied, localized steady-states can break down via two routes: dynamically, into chaotic attractors, or structurally into percolation attractors. For a given set of parameters percolation and chaotic attractors can coexist with localized attractors, and thus there do not exist clear cut boundaries in parameter space that separate regions of localized attractors from regions of percolation and chaotic attractors. Stable limit cycles, which are frequent in the two-clone antibody B cell (AB) model, are only observed in highly connected networks. Also found in highly connected networks are localized chaotic attractors. As in experiments by Lundkvist et al. (1989. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 5074-5078), injection of Ab1 antibodies into a system operating in the chaotic regime can cause a cessation of fluctuations of Ab1 and Ab2 antibodies, a phenomenon already observed in the two-clone AB model. Interestingly, chaotic fluctuations continue at higher levels of the tree, a phenomenon observed by Lundkvist et al. but not accounted for previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Anderson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- U Wagner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Bonn, Germany
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38
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De Boer RJ, Perelson AS, Kevrekidis IG. Immune network behavior--I. From stationary states to limit cycle oscillations. Bull Math Biol 1993; 55:745-80. [PMID: 8318929 DOI: 10.1007/bf02460672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We develop a model for the idiotypic interaction between two B cell clones. This model takes into account B cell proliferation, B cell maturation, antibody production, the formation and subsequent elimination of antibody-antibody complexes and recirculation of antibodies between the spleen and the blood. Here we investigate, by means of stability and bifurcation analysis, how each of the processes influences the model's behavior. After appropriate nondimensionalization, the model consists of eight ordinary differential equations and a number of parameters. We estimate the parameters from experimental sources. Using a coordinate system that exploits the pairwise symmetry of the interactions between two clones, we analyse two simplified forms of the model and obtain bifurcation diagrams showing how their five equilibrium states are related. We show that the so-called immune states lose stability if B cell and antibody concentrations change on different time scales. Additionally, we derive the structure of stable and unstable manifolds of saddle-type equilibria, pinpoint their (global) bifurcations and show that these bifurcations play a crucial role in determining the parameter regimes in which the model exhibits oscillatory behavior.
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39
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De Boer RJ, Perelson AS, Kevrekidis IG. Immune network behavior--II. From oscillations to chaos and stationary states. Bull Math Biol 1993; 55:781-816. [PMID: 8318930 DOI: 10.1007/bf02460673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Two types of behavior have been previously reported in models of immune networks. The typical behavior of simple models, which involve B cells only, is stationary behavior involving several steady states. Finite amplitude perturbations may cause the model to switch between different equilibria. The typical behavior of more realistic models, which involve both B cells and antibody, consists of autonomous oscillations and/or chaos. While stationary behavior leads to easy interpretations in terms of idiotypic memory, oscillatory behavior seems to be in better agreement with experimental data obtained in unimmunized animals. Here we study a series of models of the idiotypic interaction between two B cell clones. The models differ with respect to the incorporation of antibodies, B cell maturation and compartmentalization. The most complicated model in the series has two realistic parameter regimes in which the behavior is respectively stationary and chaotic. The stability of the equilibrium states and the structure and interactions of the stable and unstable manifolds of the saddle-type equilibria turn out to be factors influencing the model's behavior. Whether or not the model is able to attain any form of sustained oscillatory behavior, i.e. limit cycles or chaos, seems to be determined by (global) bifurcations involving the stable and unstable manifolds of the equilibrium states. We attempt to determine whether such behavior should be expected to be attained from reasonable initial conditions by incorporating an immune response to an antigen in the model. A comparison of the behavior of the model with experimental data from the literature provides suggestions for the parameter regime in which the immune system is operating.
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40
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Hurez V, Kaveri SV, Kazatchkine MD. Expression and control of the natural autoreactive IgG repertoire in normal human serum. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:783-9. [PMID: 8458369 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the autoreactive repertoire expressed by serum IgG of healthy individuals of various age groups using a large panel of self antigens. Natural IgG autoantibodies against all self antigens of the panel were found in the purified IgG fraction of the serum of all donors that were tested. The mean binding activity to self antigens of IgG of pregnant women was higher than that of IgG purified from the serum of infants, young adults and aged individuals. No increase in IgG autoreactivity was observed with aging neither in the purified IgG fraction of serum nor in whole serum. Whereas autoantibody activity was easily detectable in purified IgG, it was low in serum. No difference was observed, however, between the binding activity of purified IgG and of IgG in serum in the case of foreign antigens nor in the case of anti-thyroglobulin autoantibodies of patients with hashimoto's thyroiditis. Purified IgM from normal serum bound to F(ab')2 fragments of autologous IgG in a dose-dependent fashion and inhibited the binding of autologous IgG to self antigens. Our results thus indicate that autologous IgM contributes to regulate expression of the natural IgG autoreactive repertoire through V region-dependent interactions, resulting in low levels of IgG autoreactivity in serum under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hurez
- INSERM U28, Hôpital Broussais, Paris, France
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41
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Youinou P, Mackenzie LE, Lamour A, Mageed RA, Lydyard PM. Human CD5-positive B cells in lymphoid malignancy and connective tissue diseases. Eur J Clin Invest 1993; 23:139-50. [PMID: 7682953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1993.tb00753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The current literature on human CD5-positive B cells (CD5 + B cells) has been analysed, with a special emphasis on non organ-specific auto-immune diseases. Malignant cells of most of the chronic lymphoid leukaemias of the B cell lineage express the CD5 molecule. Antibodies of the IgM class produced by leukaemic B cells are multispecific auto-antibodies. The CD5 + B cell subset may be expanded in non organ-specific autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, primary Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus. This holds true for various conditions, including organ-specific auto-immune diseases. Since auto-immune features are common in lymphoproliferative disorders, and the latter be a complication in non organ-specific auto-immune diseases, CD5 + B cells may represent an intermediary between these auto-immune diseases and B cell lymphoproliferations. Studies on the regulation of CD5 + B cell production and function are likely to shed light on the aetiology of, and pathogenetic mechanisms operating in the different disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Youinou
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brest University Medical School Hospital, France
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Georgatos
- Programme of Cell Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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43
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Coutinho A, Avrameas S. Speculations on immunosomatics: potential diagnostic and therapeutic value of immune homeostasis concepts. Scand J Immunol 1992; 36:527-32. [PMID: 1411298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb03220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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44
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Abstract
Models of the dynamical interactions important in generating immune reactivity have generally assumed that the immune system is a single well-stirred compartment. Here we explicitly take into account the compartmentalized nature of the immune system and show that qualitative conclusions, such as the stability of the immune steady state, depend on architectural details. We examine a simple model idiotypic network involving only two types of B cells and antibody molecules. We show, for model parameters used by De Boer et al. (1990, Chem. Eng. Sci. 45, 2375-2382), that the immune steady state is unstable in a one compartmental model but stable in a two compartment model that contains both a lymphoid organ, such as the spleen, and the circulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Perelson
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545
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45
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Marcos MA, Malenchere E, Sundblad A, Huetz F, Grandien A, Martinez C, Coutinho A. Coelomic and bone marrow-derived B cells. Developmental constraints versus antigen-specific selection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 651:433-42. [PMID: 1376059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb24643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Marcos
- Unité d'Immunobiologie, CNRS URA 359, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Rodman TC, Pruslin FH, To SE, Winston R. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Tat-reactive antibodies present in normal HIV-negative sera and depleted in HIV-positive sera. Identification of the epitope. J Exp Med 1992; 175:1247-53. [PMID: 1373758 PMCID: PMC2119208 DOI: 10.1084/jem.175.5.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have detected, in sera of normal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-free subjects, IgM antibodies reactive with the Tat protein of HIV in significant titers and at very high frequency, and, in HIV-positive sera, progressively lower titers as HIV pathogenesis ensues. Epitope analysis indicates that the Tat-reactive antibodies of both HIV-negative and HIV-positive sera are homologous, suggesting, therefore, that their decline in HIV-positive sera may represent attrition of a host defense factor. The identified epitope displays minimal homology with that previously defined for another set of IgM antibodies shown to be present in normal sera, deficient in HIV-positive sera, and postulated to be natural antibodies. We propose that the Tat-reactive antibodies, as well, are a set of natural antibodies and that the normal humoral immune system includes a repertoire of antibodies, nonimmunogenic in origin, that contribute to immune homeostasis and, consequently, to host resistance to HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Rodman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
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Abstract
A unifying theory of B cell development and lineage commitment is presented. There are two firmly established B lineages: cells which normally arise only from fetal sources and lack N insertions in their rearranged heavy chains; and N-containing cells which arise from adult bone marrow precursors (and perhaps from late fetal sources). Commitment to the expression of CD5 and the capacity for long-life (or self-renewal) are induced as a consequence of sIg cross-linking, typically by a repeating epitope, thymus independent type two antigen. Alternatively, activation resulting from cognate interaction with a helper T cell does not induce CD5 but results in lower expression of J11d. In this case activation occurs in the absence of sIg cross-linking. It is further proposed that differences in the Ig repertoire make it highly likely that fetal/neonatal, but not adult derived B cells will be induced to express CD5. The model offers a plausible explanation for the correlation of CD5 expression and natural autoantibody production by neonatal B cells. Possible sources of pathogenic autoantibody are discussed in the context of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Wortis
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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Carlsson L, Andersson A, Holmberg D. Germ-line origin of functional idiotypic interactions: identification of two idiotypically connected, natural antibodies that are encoded by germ-line gene elements. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21:2285-8. [PMID: 1909648 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830210944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two monoclonal, natural IgM antibodies derived from normal BALB/c mice were selected on the basis of being idiotypically complementary and functionally connected. Nucleotide sequence analysis of their respective heavy and light chain V regions showed that both of the clones expressed VH, D, JH, VL and JL gene segments of germ-line origin. Furthermore, none of the clones displayed N-sequence additions. These data suggest a germ-line origin of a functional idiotypic network and confirm a minimized contribution of somatic diversification through template-independent addition of N-nucleotides in neonatal B cell repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carlsson
- Unit for Applied Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Umeå, Sweden
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Song CH, Calandra GB, Miller A, Sercarz EE, Keller MA. Evidence for idiotypic sharing between conventional and naturally activated B cells. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21:2005-10. [PMID: 1889454 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830210906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the primary immune response to hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL), approximately 50% of the primary anti-HEL antibody-forming cells (AFC) express IdXE, an idiotype absent from the secondary response. Spontaneous IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-AFC in spleen cells from naive A/J mice were analyzed for the occurrence of IdXE by use of two affinity-purified rabbit antisera, R213 and R8, each raised against a different primary IdXE+, anti-HEL mAb. Two ELISA-AFC assay methods were used: direct coating of immunoplates with R213 or development of IgM-producing ELISA-AFC with biotinylated R8. From ages 7 days until 6 months, 10-20% of spontaneous IgM AFC were found to be IdXE+. IdXE+ anti-HEL IgG1 monoclonal antibodies, 2F4 or 3C11 (100 micrograms/ml), completely inhibited binding of biotinylated R8 (0.5 micrograms/ml) to spontaneous IgM-AFC while IdXE-, anti-HEL IgG1, 5E11 and 2C7, showed no significant inhibition. Greater than 90% of IdXE+ spontaneous IgM-AFC were not HEL specific. We conclude that a dominant set of idiotopes found in a conventional antigen-driven immune response can also play a major role in the spontaneously activated B cell repertoire. Our data argue against a bifurcation of the immune system into a compartment of idiotypic network-related cells and an independent set of non-network cells subject to antigenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Song
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Torrance 90509
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Varela F, Andersson A, Dietrich G, Sundblad A, Holmberg D, Kazatchkine M, Coutinho A. Population dynamics of natural antibodies in normal and autoimmune individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:5917-21. [PMID: 2062870 PMCID: PMC51989 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.13.5917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have measured the quantities of naturally occurring autoantibodies in the serum of normal, unmanipulated individuals. These changes over time following broad-band complex dynamical patterns that are similar in mouse and man. The patterns more likely reflect the network architecture of the natural antibody repertoire, regulating the activation and decay of individual clones. The temporal changes of both disease-specific and nonspecific autoantibodies are consistently modified in autoimmune individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Varela
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France
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