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Dobson JR, Jacobson DA. Disrupted Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Handling: A Harβinger of β-Cell Failure. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:379. [PMID: 38927260 PMCID: PMC11200644 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The β-cell workload increases in the setting of insulin resistance and reduced β-cell mass, which occurs in type 2 and type 1 diabetes, respectively. The prolonged elevation of insulin production and secretion during the pathogenesis of diabetes results in β-cell ER stress. The depletion of β-cell Ca2+ER during ER stress activates the unfolded protein response, leading to β-cell dysfunction. Ca2+ER is involved in many pathways that are critical to β-cell function, such as protein processing, tuning organelle and cytosolic Ca2+ handling, and modulating lipid homeostasis. Mutations that promote β-cell ER stress and deplete Ca2+ER stores are associated with or cause diabetes (e.g., mutations in ryanodine receptors and insulin). Thus, improving β-cell Ca2+ER handling and reducing ER stress under diabetogenic conditions could preserve β-cell function and delay or prevent the onset of diabetes. This review focuses on how mechanisms that control β-cell Ca2+ER are perturbed during the pathogenesis of diabetes and contribute to β-cell failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Jacobson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
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2
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Cremer T, Hoelen H, van de Weijer ML, Janssen GM, Costa AI, van Veelen PA, Lebbink RJ, Wiertz EJHJ. Proinsulin degradation and presentation of a proinsulin B-chain autoantigen involves ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD)-enzyme UBE2G2. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0287877. [PMID: 38787820 PMCID: PMC11125532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by HLA class I-mediated presentation of autoantigens on the surface of pancreatic β-cells. Recognition of these autoantigens by CD8+ T cells results in the destruction of pancreatic β-cells and, consequently, insulin deficiency. Most epitopes presented at the surface of β-cells derive from the insulin precursor molecule proinsulin. The intracellular processing pathway(s) involved in the generation of these peptides are poorly defined. In this study, we show that a proinsulin B-chain antigen (PPIB5-14) originates from proinsulin molecules that are processed by ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) and thus originate from ER-resident proteins. Furthermore, screening genes encoding for E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes, we identified UBE2G2 to be involved in proinsulin degradation and subsequent presentation of the PPIB10-18 autoantigen. These insights into the pathway involved in the generation of insulin-derived peptides emphasize the importance of proinsulin processing in the ER to T1D pathogenesis and identify novel targets for future T1D therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Cremer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Hoelen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - George M. Janssen
- Department of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ana I. Costa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A. van Veelen
- Department of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Jan Lebbink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Arunagiri A, Alam M, Haataja L, Draz H, Alasad B, Samy P, Sadique N, Tong Y, Cai Y, Shakeri H, Fantuzzi F, Ibrahim H, Jang I, Sidarala V, Soleimanpour SA, Satin LS, Otonkoski T, Cnop M, Itkin‐Ansari P, Kaufman RJ, Liu M, Arvan P. Proinsulin folding and trafficking defects trigger a common pathological disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4949. [PMID: 38511500 PMCID: PMC10955614 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Primary defects in folding of mutant proinsulin can cause dominant-negative proinsulin accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), impaired anterograde proinsulin trafficking, perturbed ER homeostasis, diminished insulin production, and β-cell dysfunction. Conversely, if primary impairment of ER-to-Golgi trafficking (which also perturbs ER homeostasis) drives misfolding of nonmutant proinsulin-this might suggest bi-directional entry into a common pathological phenotype (proinsulin misfolding, perturbed ER homeostasis, and deficient ER export of proinsulin) that can culminate in diminished insulin storage and diabetes. Here, we've challenged β-cells with conditions that impair ER-to-Golgi trafficking, and devised an accurate means to assess the relative abundance of distinct folded/misfolded forms of proinsulin using a novel nonreducing SDS-PAGE/immunoblotting protocol. We confirm abundant proinsulin misfolding upon introduction of a diabetogenic INS mutation, or in the islets of db/db mice. Whereas blockade of proinsulin trafficking in Golgi/post-Golgi compartments results in intracellular accumulation of properly-folded proinsulin (bearing native disulfide bonds), impairment of ER-to-Golgi trafficking (regardless whether such impairment is achieved by genetic or pharmacologic means) results in decreased native proinsulin with more misfolded proinsulin. Remarkably, reversible ER-to-Golgi transport defects (such as treatment with brefeldin A or cellular energy depletion) upon reversal quickly restore the ER folding environment, resulting in the disappearance of pre-existing misfolded proinsulin while preserving proinsulin bearing native disulfide bonds. Thus, proper homeostatic balance of ER-to-Golgi trafficking is linked to a more favorable proinsulin folding (as well as trafficking) outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Arunagiri
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & DiabetesUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Maroof Alam
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & DiabetesUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & DiabetesUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Hassan Draz
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & DiabetesUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Bashiyer Alasad
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & DiabetesUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Praveen Samy
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & DiabetesUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Nadeed Sadique
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & DiabetesUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Yue Tong
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty; and Division of EndocrinologyErasmus Hospital, Universite Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Ying Cai
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty; and Division of EndocrinologyErasmus Hospital, Universite Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Hadis Shakeri
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty; and Division of EndocrinologyErasmus Hospital, Universite Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Federica Fantuzzi
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty; and Division of EndocrinologyErasmus Hospital, Universite Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Hazem Ibrahim
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Insook Jang
- Degenerative Diseases ProgramCenter for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Vaibhav Sidarala
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & DiabetesUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Scott A. Soleimanpour
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & DiabetesUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Leslie S. Satin
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty; and Division of EndocrinologyErasmus Hospital, Universite Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Pamela Itkin‐Ansari
- Development, Aging and Regeneration ProgramCenter for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases ProgramCenter for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & DiabetesUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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4
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Koppes EA, Johnson MA, Moresco JJ, Luppi P, Lewis DW, Stolz DB, Diedrich JK, Yates JR, Wek RC, Watkins SC, Gollin SM, Park HJ, Drain P, Nicholls RD. Insulin secretion deficits in a Prader-Willi syndrome β-cell model are associated with a concerted downregulation of multiple endoplasmic reticulum chaperones. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010710. [PMID: 37068109 PMCID: PMC10138222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a multisystem disorder with neurobehavioral, metabolic, and hormonal phenotypes, caused by loss of expression of a paternally-expressed imprinted gene cluster. Prior evidence from a PWS mouse model identified abnormal pancreatic islet development with retention of aged insulin and deficient insulin secretion. To determine the collective roles of PWS genes in β-cell biology, we used genome-editing to generate isogenic, clonal INS-1 insulinoma lines having 3.16 Mb deletions of the silent, maternal- (control) and active, paternal-allele (PWS). PWS β-cells demonstrated a significant cell autonomous reduction in basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Further, proteomic analyses revealed reduced levels of cellular and secreted hormones, including all insulin peptides and amylin, concomitant with reduction of at least ten endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones, including GRP78 and GRP94. Critically, differentially expressed genes identified by whole transcriptome studies included reductions in levels of mRNAs encoding these secreted peptides and the group of ER chaperones. In contrast to the dosage compensation previously seen for ER chaperones in Grp78 or Grp94 gene knockouts or knockdown, compensation is precluded by the stress-independent deficiency of ER chaperones in PWS β-cells. Consistent with reduced ER chaperones levels, PWS INS-1 β-cells are more sensitive to ER stress, leading to earlier activation of all three arms of the unfolded protein response. Combined, the findings suggest that a chronic shortage of ER chaperones in PWS β-cells leads to a deficiency of protein folding and/or delay in ER transit of insulin and other cargo. In summary, our results illuminate the pathophysiological basis of pancreatic β-cell hormone deficits in PWS, with evolutionary implications for the multigenic PWS-domain, and indicate that PWS-imprinted genes coordinate concerted regulation of ER chaperone biosynthesis and β-cell secretory pathway function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Koppes
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marie A Johnson
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James J Moresco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Patrizia Luppi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dale W Lewis
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ronald C Wek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susanne M Gollin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Peter Drain
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert D Nicholls
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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5
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Jiang H, Thapa P, Hao Y, Ding N, Alshahrani A, Wei Q. Protein Disulfide Isomerases Function as the Missing Link Between Diabetes and Cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:1191-1205. [PMID: 36000195 PMCID: PMC9805878 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Diabetes has long been recognized as an independent risk factor for cancer, but there is insufficient mechanistic understanding of biological mediators that bridge two disorders together. Understanding the pathogenic association between diabetes and cancer has become the focus of many studies, and findings are potentially valuable for the development of effective preventive or therapeutic strategies for both disorders. Recent Advances: A summary of literature reveals a possible connection between diabetes and cancer through the family of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Historical as well as the most recent findings on the structure, biochemistry, and biology of the PDI family were summarized in this review. Critical Issues: PDIs in general function as redox enzymes and protein chaperones to control the quality of proteins by correcting or otherwise eliminating misfolded proteins in conditions of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, respectively. However, individual members of the PDI family may contribute uniquely to the pathogenesis of diabetes and cancer. Studies of exemplary members such as protein disulfide isomerase-associated (PDIA) 1, PDIA6, and PDIA15 were reviewed to highlight their contributions in the pathogenesis of diabetes and cancer and how they can be potential links bridging the two disorders through the cross talk of signaling pathways. Future Directions: Apparently ubiquitous presence of the PDIs creates difficulties and challenges for scientific community to develop targeted therapeutics for the treatment of diabetes and cancer simultaneously. Understanding molecular contribution of individual PDI in the context of specific disease may provide some insights into the development of mechanism-based target-directed therapeutics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 1191-1205.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Pratik Thapa
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Yanning Hao
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Na Ding
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Aziza Alshahrani
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Qiou Wei
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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6
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Yang ML, Kibbey RG, Mamula MJ. Biomarkers of autoimmunity and beta cell metabolism in type 1 diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1028130. [PMID: 36389721 PMCID: PMC9647083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational protein modifications (PTMs) are an inherent response to physiological changes causing altered protein structure and potentially modulating important biological functions of the modified protein. Besides cellular metabolic pathways that may be dictated by PTMs, the subtle change of proteins also may provoke immune attack in numerous autoimmune diseases. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease destroying insulin-producing beta cells within the pancreatic islets, a result of tissue inflammation to specific autoantigens. This review summarizes how PTMs arise and the potential pathological consequence of PTMs, with particular focus on specific autoimmunity to pancreatic beta cells and cellular metabolic dysfunction in T1D. Moreover, we review PTM-associated biomarkers in the prediction, diagnosis and in monitoring disease activity in T1D. Finally, we will discuss potential preventive and therapeutic approaches of targeting PTMs in repairing or restoring normal metabolic pathways in pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Yang
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Richard G. Kibbey
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mark J. Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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7
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Yang ML, Connolly SE, Gee RJ, Lam TT, Kanyo J, Peng J, Guyer P, Syed F, Tse HM, Clarke SG, Clarke CF, James EA, Speake C, Evans-Molina C, Arvan P, Herold KC, Wen L, Mamula MJ. Carbonyl Posttranslational Modification Associated With Early-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Autoimmunity. Diabetes 2022; 71:1979-1993. [PMID: 35730902 PMCID: PMC9450849 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress in pancreatic islets amplify the appearance of various posttranslational modifications to self-proteins. In this study, we identified a select group of carbonylated islet proteins arising before the onset of hyperglycemia in NOD mice. Of interest, we identified carbonyl modification of the prolyl-4-hydroxylase β subunit (P4Hb) that is responsible for proinsulin folding and trafficking as an autoantigen in both human and murine type 1 diabetes. We found that carbonylated P4Hb is amplified in stressed islets coincident with decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and altered proinsulin-to-insulin ratios. Autoantibodies against P4Hb were detected in prediabetic NOD mice and in early human type 1 diabetes prior to the onset of anti-insulin autoimmunity. Moreover, we identify autoreactive CD4+ T-cell responses toward carbonyl-P4Hb epitopes in the circulation of patients with type 1 diabetes. Our studies provide mechanistic insight into the pathways of proinsulin metabolism and in creating autoantigenic forms of insulin in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Yang
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Sean E. Connolly
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Renelle J. Gee
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - TuKiet T. Lam
- Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Resource, W.M. Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, New Haven
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Jean Kanyo
- Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Resource, W.M. Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, New Haven
| | - Jian Peng
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Perrin Guyer
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Farooq Syed
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Hubert M. Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Steven G. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Catherine F. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Eddie A. James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Peter Arvan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kevan C. Herold
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Mark J. Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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8
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Impact of SARS-CoV-2 RBD Mutations on the Production of a Recombinant RBD Fusion Protein in Mammalian Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091170. [PMID: 36139010 PMCID: PMC9496381 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) is a major target for the development of diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics directed against COVID-19. Important efforts have been dedicated to the rapid and efficient production of recombinant RBD proteins for clinical and diagnostic applications. One of the main challenges is the ongoing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that carry mutations within the RBD, resulting in the constant need to design and optimise the production of new recombinant protein variants. We describe here the impact of naturally occurring RBD mutations on the secretion of a recombinant Fc-tagged RBD protein expressed in HEK 293 cells. We show that mutation E484K of the B.1.351 variant interferes with the proper disulphide bond formation and folding of the recombinant protein, resulting in its retention into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and reduced protein secretion. Accumulation of the recombinant B.1.351 RBD-Fc fusion protein in the ER correlated with the upregulation of endogenous ER chaperones, suggestive of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Overexpression of the chaperone and protein disulphide isomerase PDIA2 further impaired protein secretion by altering disulphide bond formation and increasing ER retention. This work contributes to a better understanding of the challenges faced in producing mutant RBD proteins and can assist in the design of optimisation protocols.
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9
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Cargo receptor Surf4 regulates endoplasmic reticulum export of proinsulin in pancreatic β-cells. Commun Biol 2022; 5:458. [PMID: 35562580 PMCID: PMC9106718 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is an essential peptide hormone that maintains blood glucose levels. Although the mechanisms underlying insulin exocytosis have been investigated, the mechanism of proinsulin export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that Surf4, a cargo receptor homolog, regulates the ER export of proinsulin via its recruitment to ER exit sites (ERES). Under high-glucose conditions, Surf4 expression was upregulated, and Surf4 proteins mainly localized to the ER at a steady state and accumulated in the ERES, along with proinsulin in rat insulinoma INS-1 cells. Surf4-knockdown resulted in proinsulin retention in the ER and decreased the levels of mature insulin in secretory granules, thereby significantly reducing insulin secretion. Surf4 forms an oligomer and can physically interact with proinsulin and Sec12, essential for COPII vesicle formation. Our findings suggest that Surf4 interacts with proinsulin and delivers it into COPII vesicles for ER export in co-operation with Sec12 and COPII.
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10
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Gopi S, Gowri P, Panda JK, Sathyanarayana SO, Gupta S, Chandru S, Chandni R, Raghupathy P, Dayal D, Mohan V, Radha V. Insulin gene mutations linked to permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus in Indian population. J Diabetes Complications 2021; 35:108022. [PMID: 34593315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2021.108022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a rare monogenic disorder of pancreatic beta cell mass and/or function. In the present study we aimed to evaluate the INS gene mutations in a cohort of children with Permanent Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus (PNDM) and to explore the clinical and genetic characteristics of PNDM caused by INS mutations. METHODS Direct sequencing of all exons of INS genes was carried out in 189 children with PNDM. Clinical and biochemical data were collected and correlated. The pathogenicity of mutations was determined based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and Association of Medical Pathology guidelines. RESULTS Two novel mutations (His34Pro, Leu35Met) in a compound heterozygous state and seven known mutations (Gly32Ser, Phe48Cys, Arg89Cys, Cys96Tyr, Ser98Ile, Try108Asp and Cys109Phe) in the INS gene were identified in 8 patients out of the total of 189 PNDM children studied. Four mutations were involved in defects with disulphide bond formation and hence were in crucial regions of the gene. All the mutations were de novo in origin. CONCLUSIONS This is the first comprehensive study from India to investigate the insulin gene mutations in PNDM and to show that INS gene mutations also contribute to the causation of PNDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundaramoorthy Gopi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | - Sunil Gupta
- Diabetes Care n' Research Centre, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | | | - Devi Dayal
- Department of Paediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India; Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India; Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, IDF Centre of Education, Chennai, India
| | - Venkatesan Radha
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes, University of Madras, Chennai, India.
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11
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Jha V, Kumari T, Manickam V, Assar Z, Olson KL, Min JK, Cho J. ERO1-PDI Redox Signaling in Health and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1093-1115. [PMID: 34074138 PMCID: PMC8817699 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase 1 (ERO1) are crucial for oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These enzymes are frequently overexpressed and secreted, and they contribute to the pathology of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. Recent Advances: Tissue-specific knockout mouse models and pharmacologic inhibitors have been developed to advance our understanding of the cell-specific functions of PDI and ERO1. In addition to their roles in protecting cells from the unfolded protein response and oxidative stress, recent studies have revealed that PDI and ERO1 also function outside of the cells. Critical Issues: Despite the well-known contributions of PDI and ERO1 to specific disease pathology, the detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these activities remain to be elucidated. Further, although PDI and ERO1 inhibitors have been identified, the results from previous studies require careful evaluation, as many of these agents are not selective and may have significant cytotoxicity. Future Directions: The functions of PDI and ERO1 in the ER have been extensively studied. Additional studies will be required to define their functions outside the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanath Jha
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tripti Kumari
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Vijayprakash Manickam
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Zahra Assar
- Cayman Chemical Company, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kirk L Olson
- Cayman Chemical Company, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeong-Ki Min
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyung Cho
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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12
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An inhibitor-mediated beta-cell dedifferentiation model reveals distinct roles for FoxO1 in glucagon repression and insulin maturation. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101329. [PMID: 34454092 PMCID: PMC8476777 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The loss of forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) signaling in response to metabolic stress contributes to the etiology of type II diabetes, causing the dedifferentiation of pancreatic beta cells to a cell type reminiscent of endocrine progenitors. Lack of methods to easily model this process in vitro, however, have hindered progress into the identification of key downstream targets and potential inhibitors. We therefore aimed to establish such an in vitro cellular dedifferentiation model and apply it to identify novel agents involved in the maintenance of beta-cell identity. METHODS The murine beta-cell line, Min6, was used for primary experiments and high-content screening. Screens encompassed a library of small-molecule drugs representing the chemical and target space of all FDA-approved small molecules with an automated immunofluorescence readout. Validation experiments were performed in a murine alpha-cell line as well as in primary murine and human diabetic islets. Developmental effects were studied in zebrafish and C. elegans models, while diabetic db/db mouse models were used to elucidate global glucose metabolism outcomes. RESULTS We show that short-term pharmacological FoxO1 inhibition can model beta-cell dedifferentiation by downregulating beta-cell-specific transcription factors, resulting in the aberrant expression of progenitor genes and the alpha-cell marker glucagon. From a high-content screen, we identified loperamide as a small molecule that can prevent FoxO inhibitor-induced glucagon expression and further stimulate insulin protein processing and secretion by altering calcium levels, intracellular pH, and FoxO1 localization. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides novel models, molecular targets, and drug candidates for studying and preventing beta-cell dedifferentiation.
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13
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Honer J, Niemeyer KM, Fercher C, Diez Tissera AL, Jaberolansar N, Jafrani YMA, Zhou C, Caramelo JJ, Shewan AM, Schulz BL, Brodsky JL, Zacchi LF. TorsinA folding and N-linked glycosylation are sensitive to redox homeostasis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119073. [PMID: 34062155 PMCID: PMC8889903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is responsible for the folding and post-translational modification of secretory proteins, as well as for triaging misfolded proteins. During folding, there is a complex yet only partially understood interplay between disulfide bond formation, which is an enzyme catalyzed event in the oxidizing environment of the ER, along with other post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chaperone-supported protein folding. Here, we used the glycoprotein torsinA as a model substrate to explore the impact of ER redox homeostasis on PTMs and protein biogenesis. TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase with unusual oligomeric properties and controversial functions. The deletion of a C-terminal glutamic acid residue (∆E) is associated with the development of Early-Onset Torsion Dystonia, a severe movement disorder. TorsinA differs from other AAA+ ATPases since it is an ER resident, and as a result of its entry into the ER torsinA contains two N-linked glycans and at least one disulfide bond. The role of these PTMs on torsinA biogenesis and function and the identity of the enzymes that catalyze them are poorly defined. Using a yeast torsinA expression system, we demonstrate that a specific protein disulfide isomerase, Pdi1, affects the folding and N-linked glycosylation of torsinA and torsinA∆E in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting that the acquisition of early torsinA folding intermediates is sensitive to perturbed interactions between Cys residues and the quality control machinery. We also highlight the role of specific Cys residues during torsinA biogenesis and demonstrate that torsinA∆E is more sensitive than torsinA when these Cys residues are mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Honer
- Department of Biological Sciences, A320 Langley Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States of America
| | - Katie M Niemeyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, A320 Langley Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States of America
| | - Christian Fercher
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ana L Diez Tissera
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noushin Jaberolansar
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yohaann M A Jafrani
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Chun Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Julio J Caramelo
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Annette M Shewan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, A320 Langley Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States of America
| | - Lucía F Zacchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, A320 Langley Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States of America; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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14
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Wang H, Saint-Martin C, Xu J, Ding L, Wang R, Feng W, Liu M, Shu H, Fan Z, Haataja L, Arvan P, Bellanné-Chantelot C, Cui J, Huang Y. Biological behaviors of mutant proinsulin contribute to the phenotypic spectrum of diabetes associated with insulin gene mutations. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111025. [PMID: 32916194 PMCID: PMC7734662 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin gene mutation is the second most common cause of neonatal diabetes (NDM). It is also one of the genes involved in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). We aim to investigate molecular behaviors of different INS gene variants that may correlate with the clinical spectrum of diabetes phenotypes. In this study, we concentrated on two previously uncharacterized MODY-causing mutants, proinsulin-p.Gly44Arg [G(B20)R] and p.Pro52Leu [P(B28)L] (a novel mutant identified in one French family), and an NDM causing proinsulin-p.(Cys96Tyr) [C(A7)Y]. We find that these proinsulin mutants exhibit impaired oxidative folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with blocked ER export, ER stress, and apoptosis. Importantly, the proinsulin mutants formed abnormal intermolecular disulfide bonds that not only involved the mutant proinsulin, but also the co-expressed WT-proinsulin, forming misfolded disulfide-linked proinsulin complexes. This impaired the intracellular trafficking of WT-proinsulin and limited the production of bioactive mature insulin. Notably, although all three mutants presented with similar defects in folding, trafficking, and dominant negative behavior, the degrees of these defects appeared to be different. Specifically, compared to MODY mutants G(B20)R and P(B28)L that partially affected folding and trafficking of co-expressed WT-proinsulin, the NDM mutant C(A7)Y resulted in an almost complete blockade of the ER export of WT-proinsulin, decreasing insulin production, inducing more severe ER stress and apoptosis. We thus demonstrate that differences in cell biological behaviors among different proinsulin mutants correlate with the spectrum of diabetes phenotypes caused by the different INS gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heting Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Cécile Saint-Martin
- Department of Genetics, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jialu Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruodan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenli Feng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Shu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenqian Fan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christine Bellanné-Chantelot
- Department of Genetics, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Jingqiu Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yumeng Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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15
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Rege NK, Liu M, Yang Y, Dhayalan B, Wickramasinghe NP, Chen YS, Rahimi L, Guo H, Haataja L, Sun J, Ismail-Beigi F, Phillips NB, Arvan P, Weiss MA. Evolution of insulin at the edge of foldability and its medical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29618-29628. [PMID: 33154160 PMCID: PMC7703552 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010908117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins have evolved to be foldable, and yet determinants of foldability may be inapparent once the native state is reached. Insight has emerged from studies of diseases of protein misfolding, exemplified by monogenic diabetes mellitus due to mutations in proinsulin leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress and β-cell death. Cellular foldability of human proinsulin requires an invariant Phe within a conserved crevice at the receptor-binding surface (position B24). Any substitution, even related aromatic residue TyrB24, impairs insulin biosynthesis and secretion. As a seeming paradox, a monomeric TyrB24 insulin analog exhibits a native-like structure in solution with only a modest decrement in stability. Packing of TyrB24 is similar to that of PheB24, adjoining core cystine B19-A20 to seal the core; the analog also exhibits native self-assembly. Although affinity for the insulin receptor is decreased ∼20-fold, biological activities in cells and rats were within the range of natural variation. Together, our findings suggest that the invariance of PheB24 among vertebrate insulins and insulin-like growth factors reflects an essential role in enabling efficient protein folding, trafficking, and secretion, a function that is inapparent in native structures. In particular, we envision that the para-hydroxyl group of TyrB24 hinders pairing of cystine B19-A20 in an obligatory on-pathway folding intermediate. The absence of genetic variation at B24 and other conserved sites near this disulfide bridge-excluded due to β-cell dysfunction-suggests that insulin has evolved to the edge of foldability. Nonrobustness of a protein's fitness landscape underlies both a rare monogenic syndrome and "diabesity" as a pandemic disease of civilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nischay K Rege
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 300052 Tianjin, China
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Yanwu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Balamurugan Dhayalan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | | | - Yen-Shan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Leili Rahimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Huan Guo
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Jinhong Sun
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Faramarz Ismail-Beigi
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Nelson B Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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16
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Li N, Luo X, Yu Q, Yang P, Chen Z, Wang X, Jiang J, Xu J, Gong Q, Eizirik DL, Zhou Z, Zhao J, Xiong F, Zhang S, Wang CY. SUMOylation of Pdia3 exacerbates proinsulin misfolding and ER stress in pancreatic beta cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1795-1807. [PMID: 33159537 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation has long been recognized to regulate multiple biological processes in pancreatic beta cells, but its impact on proinsulin disulfide maturation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress remains elusive. Herein, we conducted comparative proteomic analyses of SUMOylated proteins in primary mouse/human islets following proinflammatory cytokine stimulation. Cytokine challenge rendered beta cells to undergo a SUMOylation turnover manifested by the changes of SUMOylation substrates and SUMOylation levels for multiple substrates. Our data support that SUMOylation may play a crucial role to regulate proinsulin misfolding and ER stress at least by targeting Protein Disulfide Isomerase a3 (Pdia3). SUMOylation regulates Pdia3 enzymatic activity, subcellular localization, and protein binding ability. Furthermore, SUMOylation of Pdia3 exacerbated proinsulin misfolding and ER stress, and repressed Stat3 activation. In contrast, disruption of Pdia3 SUMOylation markedly rescued the outcomes. Collectively, our study expands the understanding how SUMOylation regulates ER stress in beta cells, which shed light on developing potential strategies against beta cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Xi Luo
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Qilin Yu
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Ping Yang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Zhishui Chen
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinqiang Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Jipin Jiang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Xu
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium.,Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Diabetes Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China.
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China.
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17
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Tao YX. Molecular chaperones and G protein-coupled receptor maturation and pharmacology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 511:110862. [PMID: 32389798 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are highly conserved versatile signaling molecules located at the plasma membrane that respond to diverse extracellular signals. They regulate almost all physiological processes in the vertebrates. About 35% of current drugs target these receptors. Mutations in these genes have been identified as causes of numerous diseases. The seven transmembrane domain structure of GPCRs implies that the folding of these transmembrane proteins is extremely complicated and difficult. Indeed, many wild type GPCRs are not folded optimally. The most common defect in genetic diseases caused by GPCR mutations is misfolding and failure to reach the plasma membrane where it functions. General molecular chaperones aid the folding of all proteins, including GPCRs, by preventing aggregation, promoting folding and disaggregating small aggregates. Some GPCRs need additional receptor-specific chaperones to assist their folding. Many of these receptor-specific chaperones interact with additional receptors and alter receptor pharmacology, expanding the understanding of these chaperone proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849-5519, USA.
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18
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Kang T, Boland BB, Jensen P, Alarcon C, Nawrocki A, Grimsby JS, Rhodes CJ, Larsen MR. Characterization of Signaling Pathways Associated with Pancreatic β-cell Adaptive Flexibility in Compensation of Obesity-linked Diabetes in db/db Mice. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:971-993. [PMID: 32265294 PMCID: PMC7261816 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of obesity-linked type 2 diabetes (T2D) is marked by an eventual failure in pancreatic β-cell function and mass that is no longer able to compensate for the inherent insulin resistance and increased metabolic load intrinsic to obesity. However, in a commonly used model of T2D, the db/db mouse, β-cells have an inbuilt adaptive flexibility enabling them to effectively adjust insulin production rates relative to the metabolic demand. Pancreatic β-cells from these animals have markedly reduced intracellular insulin stores, yet high rates of (pro)insulin secretion, together with a substantial increase in proinsulin biosynthesis highlighted by expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. However, when the metabolic overload and/or hyperglycemia is normalized, β-cells from db/db mice quickly restore their insulin stores and normalize secretory function. This demonstrates the β-cell's adaptive flexibility and indicates that therapeutic approaches applied to encourage β-cell rest are capable of restoring endogenous β-cell function. However, mechanisms that regulate β-cell adaptive flexibility are essentially unknown. To gain deeper mechanistic insight into the molecular events underlying β-cell adaptive flexibility in db/db β-cells, we conducted a combined proteomic and post-translational modification specific proteomic (PTMomics) approach on islets from db/db mice and wild-type controls (WT) with or without prior exposure to normal glucose levels. We identified differential modifications of proteins involved in redox homeostasis, protein refolding, K48-linked deubiquitination, mRNA/protein export, focal adhesion, ERK1/2 signaling, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone signaling, as well as sialyltransferase activity, associated with β-cell adaptive flexibility. These proteins are all related to proinsulin biosynthesis and processing, maturation of insulin secretory granules, and vesicular trafficking-core pathways involved in the adaptation of insulin production to meet metabolic demand. Collectively, this study outlines a novel and comprehensive global PTMome signaling map that highlights important molecular mechanisms related to the adaptive flexibility of β-cell function, providing improved insight into disease pathogenesis of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewook Kang
- Protein research group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark; The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Brandon B Boland
- The Kovler Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Disease, BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, AstraZeneca Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Pia Jensen
- Protein research group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Cristina Alarcon
- The Kovler Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Arkadiusz Nawrocki
- Protein research group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Joseph S Grimsby
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Disease, BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, AstraZeneca Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Christopher J Rhodes
- The Kovler Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Disease, BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, AstraZeneca Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Protein research group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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19
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Shergalis AG, Hu S, Bankhead A, Neamati N. Role of the ERO1-PDI interaction in oxidative protein folding and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 210:107525. [PMID: 32201313 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum is an oxidative process that relies on protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and endoplasmic reticulum oxidase 1 (ERO1). Over 30% of proteins require the chaperone PDI to promote disulfide bond formation. PDI oxidizes cysteines in nascent polypeptides to form disulfide bonds and can also reduce and isomerize disulfide bonds. ERO1 recycles reduced PDI family member PDIA1 using a FAD cofactor to transfer electrons to oxygen. ERO1 dysfunction critically affects several diseases states. Both ERO1 and PDIA1 are overexpressed in cancers and implicated in diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Cancer-associated ERO1 promotes cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, the ERO1-PDIA1 interaction is critical for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Co-expression analysis of ERO1A gene expression in cancer patients demonstrated that ERO1A is significantly upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), glioblastoma and low-grade glioma (GBMLGG), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PAAD), and kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP) cancers. ERO1Α knockdown gene signature correlates with knockdown of cancer signaling proteins including IGF1R, supporting the search for novel, selective ERO1 inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. In this review, we explore the functions of ERO1 and PDI to support inhibition of this interaction in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Shergalis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Shuai Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Armand Bankhead
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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20
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Liu C, Hao Y, Yin F, Liu J. Geniposide Balances the Redox Signaling to Mediate Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic β-Cells. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:509-520. [PMID: 32158246 PMCID: PMC7049278 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s240794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of geniposide on the biosynthesis of insulin and the expression protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin 1 (ERO1) in the presence of low (5 mM) and high (25 mM) glucose in pancreatic β cells. METHODS The content of insulin was measured by ELISA, the number of SH groups was determined with the classical chromogenic reagent, 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic) acid (DTNB; also known as Ellman's reagent), the expressions of PDI and ERO1 were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Geniposide played contrary roles on the accumulation of H2O2, the ratio of GSH/GSSG and the thiol-disulfide balance in the presence of low (5 mM) and high (25 mM) glucose in rat pancreatic INS-1 cells. Geniposide also regulated the protein levels of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin1 (ERO1), the two key enzymes for the production of H2O2 during the biosynthesis of insulin in INS-1 cells. CONCLUSION Geniposide affects glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by modulating the thiol-disulfide balance that is controlled by the redox signaling in pancreatic β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing400054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Hao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing400054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Yin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing400054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing400054, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jianhui Liu; Fei Yin Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Hongguang Road 69, Ba’nan District, Chongqing400054, People’s Republic of China Tel/Fax +86-23-6256-3182 Email ;
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21
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Zhu R, Li X, Xu J, Barrabi C, Kekulandara D, Woods J, Chen X, Liu M. Defective endoplasmic reticulum export causes proinsulin misfolding in pancreatic β cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 493:110470. [PMID: 31158417 PMCID: PMC6613978 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is essential for cell function. Increasing evidence indicates that, efficient protein ER export is important for ER homeostasis. However, the consequence of impaired ER export remains largely unknown. Herein, we found that defective ER protein transport caused by either Sar1 mutants or brefeldin A impaired proinsulin oxidative folding in the ER of β-cells. Misfolded proinsulin formed aberrant disulfide-linked dimers and high molecular weight proinsulin complexes, and induced ER stress. Limiting proinsulin load to the ER alleviated ER stress, indicating that misfolded proinsulin is a direct cause of ER stress. This study revealed significance of efficient ER export in maintaining ER protein homeostasis and native folding of proinsulin. Given the fact that proinsulin misfolding plays an important role in diabetes, this study suggests that enhancing ER export may be a potential therapeutic target to prevent/delay β-cell failure caused by proinsulin misfolding and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jialu Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Cesar Barrabi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dilini Kekulandara
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - James Woods
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xuequn Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
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22
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Jang I, Pottekat A, Poothong J, Yong J, Lagunas-Acosta J, Charbono A, Chen Z, Scheuner DL, Liu M, Itkin-Ansari P, Arvan P, Kaufman RJ. PDIA1/P4HB is required for efficient proinsulin maturation and ß cell health in response to diet induced obesity. eLife 2019; 8:e44528. [PMID: 31184304 PMCID: PMC6559792 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulated proinsulin biosynthesis, disulfide bond formation and ER redox homeostasis are essential to prevent Type two diabetes. In ß cells, protein disulfide isomerase A1 (PDIA1/P4HB), the most abundant ER oxidoreductase of over 17 members, can interact with proinsulin to influence disulfide maturation. Here we find Pdia1 is required for optimal insulin production under metabolic stress in vivo. ß cell-specific Pdia1 deletion in young high-fat diet fed mice or aged mice exacerbated glucose intolerance with inadequate insulinemia and increased the proinsulin/insulin ratio in both serum and islets compared to wildtype mice. Ultrastructural abnormalities in Pdia1-null ß cells include diminished insulin granule content, ER vesiculation and distention, mitochondrial swelling and nuclear condensation. Furthermore, Pdia1 deletion increased accumulation of disulfide-linked high molecular weight proinsulin complexes and islet vulnerability to oxidative stress. These findings demonstrate that PDIA1 contributes to oxidative maturation of proinsulin in the ER to support insulin production and ß cell health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insook Jang
- Degenerative Diseases ProgramSBP Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Anita Pottekat
- Degenerative Diseases ProgramSBP Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Juthakorn Poothong
- Degenerative Diseases ProgramSBP Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Jing Yong
- Degenerative Diseases ProgramSBP Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | | | - Adriana Charbono
- Degenerative Diseases ProgramSBP Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Zhouji Chen
- Degenerative Diseases ProgramSBP Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | | | - Ming Liu
- Division of Metabolism Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Pamela Itkin-Ansari
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases ProgramSBP Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaUnited States
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23
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Yang ML, Doyle HA, Clarke SG, Herold KC, Mamula MJ. Oxidative Modifications in Tissue Pathology and Autoimmune Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1415-1431. [PMID: 29088923 PMCID: PMC6166690 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Various autoimmune syndromes are characterized by abnormalities found at the level of tissues and cells, as well as by microenvironmental influences, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), that alter intracellular metabolism and protein expression. Moreover, the convergence of genetic, epigenetic, and even environmental influences can result in B and T lymphocyte autoimmunity and tissue pathology. Recent Advances: This review describes how oxidative stress to cells and tissues may alter post-translational protein modifications, both directly and indirectly, as well as potentially lead to aberrant gene expression. For example, it has been clearly observed in many systems how oxidative stress directly amplifies carbonyl protein modifications. However, ROS also lead to a number of nonenzymatic spontaneous modifications including deamidation and isoaspartate modification as well as to enzyme-mediated citrullination of self-proteins. ROS have direct effects on DNA methylation, leading to influences in gene expression, chromosome inactivation, and the silencing of genetic elements. Finally, ROS can alter many other cellular pathways, including the initiation of apoptosis and NETosis, triggering the release of modified intracellular autoantigens. CRITICAL ISSUES This review will detail specific post-translational protein modifications, the pathways that control autoimmunity to modified self-proteins, and how products of ROS may be important biomarkers of tissue pathogenesis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A clear understanding of the many pathways affected by ROS will lead to potential therapeutic manipulations to alter the onset and/or progression of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Yang
- 1 Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut.,2 Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hester A Doyle
- 1 Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut.,2 Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Steven G Clarke
- 3 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kevan C Herold
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut.,4 Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mark J Mamula
- 1 Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut.,2 Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
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24
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Fujimoto T, Nakamura O, Saito M, Tsuru A, Matsumoto M, Kohno K, Inaba K, Kadokura H. Identification of the physiological substrates of PDIp, a pancreas-specific protein-disulfide isomerase family member. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18421-18433. [PMID: 30315102 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
About 20 members of the protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI) family are present in the endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian cells. They are thought to catalyze thiol-disulfide exchange reactions within secretory or membrane proteins to assist in their folding or to regulate their functions. PDIp is a PDI family member highly expressed in the pancreas and known to bind estrogen in vivo and in vitro However, the physiological functions of PDIp remained unclear. In this study, we set out to identify its physiological substrates. By combining acid quenching and thiol alkylation, we stabilized and purified the complexes formed between endogenous PDIp and its target proteins from the mouse pancreas. MS analysis of these complexes helped identify the disulfide-linked PDIp targets in vivo, revealing that PDIp interacts directly with a number of pancreatic digestive enzymes. Interestingly, when pancreatic elastase, one of the identified proteins, was expressed alone in cultured cells, its proenzyme formed disulfide-linked aggregates within cells. However, when pancreatic elastase was co-expressed with PDIp, the latter prevented the formation of these aggregates and enhanced the production and secretion of proelastase in a form that could be converted to an active enzyme upon trypsin treatment. These findings indicate that the main targets of PDIp are digestive enzymes and that PDIp plays an important role in the biosynthesis of a digestive enzyme by assisting with the proper folding of the proenzyme within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takushi Fujimoto
- From the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Orie Nakamura
- From the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Michiko Saito
- the Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.,the Bio-science Research Center, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Akio Tsuru
- the Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- the Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji Kohno
- the Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.,the Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan, and
| | - Kenji Inaba
- From the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kadokura
- From the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan,
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25
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Liu M, Weiss MA, Arunagiri A, Yong J, Rege N, Sun J, Haataja L, Kaufman RJ, Arvan P. Biosynthesis, structure, and folding of the insulin precursor protein. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20 Suppl 2:28-50. [PMID: 30230185 PMCID: PMC6463291 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin synthesis in pancreatic β-cells is initiated as preproinsulin. Prevailing glucose concentrations, which oscillate pre- and postprandially, exert major dynamic variation in preproinsulin biosynthesis. Accompanying upregulated translation of the insulin precursor includes elements of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) translocation apparatus linked to successful orientation of the signal peptide, translocation and signal peptide cleavage of preproinsulin-all of which are necessary to initiate the pathway of proper proinsulin folding. Evolutionary pressures on the primary structure of proinsulin itself have preserved the efficiency of folding ("foldability"), and remarkably, these evolutionary pressures are distinct from those protecting the ultimate biological activity of insulin. Proinsulin foldability is manifest in the ER, in which the local environment is designed to assist in the overall load of proinsulin folding and to favour its disulphide bond formation (while limiting misfolding), all of which is closely tuned to ER stress response pathways that have complex (beneficial, as well as potentially damaging) effects on pancreatic β-cells. Proinsulin misfolding may occur as a consequence of exuberant proinsulin biosynthetic load in the ER, proinsulin coding sequence mutations, or genetic predispositions that lead to an altered ER folding environment. Proinsulin misfolding is a phenotype that is very much linked to deficient insulin production and diabetes, as is seen in a variety of contexts: rodent models bearing proinsulin-misfolding mutants, human patients with Mutant INS-gene-induced Diabetes of Youth (MIDY), animal models and human patients bearing mutations in critical ER resident proteins, and, quite possibly, in more common variety type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China 300052
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105 MI USA
| | - Michael A. Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202 IN USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Case-Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44016 OH USA
| | - Anoop Arunagiri
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105 MI USA
| | - Jing Yong
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307 USA
| | - Nischay Rege
- Department of Biochemistry, Case-Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44016 OH USA
| | - Jinhong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China 300052
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105 MI USA
| | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105 MI USA
| | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307 USA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105 MI USA
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26
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Hook V, Lietz CB, Podvin S, Cajka T, Fiehn O. Diversity of Neuropeptide Cell-Cell Signaling Molecules Generated by Proteolytic Processing Revealed by Neuropeptidomics Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:807-816. [PMID: 29667161 PMCID: PMC5946320 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are short peptides in the range of 3-40 residues that are secreted for cell-cell communication in neuroendocrine systems. In the nervous system, neuropeptides comprise the largest group of neurotransmitters. In the endocrine system, neuropeptides function as peptide hormones to coordinate intercellular signaling among target physiological systems. The diversity of neuropeptide functions is defined by their distinct primary sequences, peptide lengths, proteolytic processing of pro-neuropeptide precursors, and covalent modifications. Global, untargeted neuropeptidomics mass spectrometry is advantageous for defining the structural features of the thousands to tens of thousands of neuropeptides present in biological systems. Defining neuropeptide structures is the basis for defining the proteolytic processing pathways that convert pro-neuropeptides into active peptides. Neuropeptidomics has revealed that processing of pro-neuropeptides occurs at paired basic residues sites, and at non-basic residue sites. Processing results in neuropeptides with known functions and generates novel peptides representing intervening peptide domains flanked by dibasic residue processing sites, identified by neuropeptidomics. While very short peptide products of 2-4 residues are predicted from pro-neuropeptide dibasic processing sites, such peptides have not been readily identified; therefore, it will be logical to utilize metabolomics to identify very short peptides with neuropeptidomics in future studies. Proteolytic processing is accompanied by covalent post-translational modifications (PTMs) of neuropeptides comprising C-terminal amidation, N-terminal pyroglutamate, disulfide bonds, phosphorylation, sulfation, acetylation, glycosylation, and others. Neuropeptidomics can define PTM features of neuropeptides. In summary, neuropeptidomics for untargeted, global analyses of neuropeptides is essential for elucidation of proteases that generate diverse neuropeptides for cell-cell signaling. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0719, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0719, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Christopher B Lietz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0719, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0719, USA
| | - Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0719, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0719, USA
| | - Tomas Cajka
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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27
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Tsuchiya Y, Saito M, Kadokura H, Miyazaki JI, Tashiro F, Imagawa Y, Iwawaki T, Kohno K. IRE1-XBP1 pathway regulates oxidative proinsulin folding in pancreatic β cells. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1287-1301. [PMID: 29507125 PMCID: PMC5881499 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201707143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian pancreatic β cells, the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway is constitutively and highly activated under physiological conditions. To elucidate the precise role of this pathway, we constructed β cell-specific Ire1α conditional knockout (CKO) mice and established insulinoma cell lines in which Ire1α was deleted using the Cre-loxP system. Ire1α CKO mice showed the typical diabetic phenotype including impaired glycemic control and defects in insulin biosynthesis postnatally at 4-20 weeks. Ire1α deletion in pancreatic β cells in mice and insulinoma cells resulted in decreased insulin secretion, decreased insulin and proinsulin contents in cells, and decreased oxidative folding of proinsulin along with decreased expression of five protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs): PDI, PDIR, P5, ERp44, and ERp46. Reconstitution of the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway restored the proinsulin and insulin contents, insulin secretion, and expression of the five PDIs, indicating that IRE1α functions as a key regulator of the induction of catalysts for the oxidative folding of proinsulin in pancreatic β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Michiko Saito
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan.,Bio-science Research Center, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kadokura
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan.,Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Miyazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Fumi Tashiro
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yusuke Imagawa
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Kenji Kohno
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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28
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Sowers CR, Wang R, Bourne RA, McGrath BC, Hu J, Bevilacqua SC, Paton JC, Paton AW, Collardeau-Frachon S, Nicolino M, Cavener DR. The protein kinase PERK/EIF2AK3 regulates proinsulin processing not via protein synthesis but by controlling endoplasmic reticulum chaperones. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5134-5149. [PMID: 29444822 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.813790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of the protein kinase PERK (EIF2AK3) in humans and mice cause permanent neonatal diabetes and severe proinsulin aggregation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), highlighting the essential role of PERK in insulin production in pancreatic β cells. As PERK is generally known as a translational regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR), the underlying cause of these β cell defects has often been attributed to derepression of proinsulin synthesis, resulting in proinsulin overload in the ER. Using high-resolution imaging and standard protein fractionation and immunological methods we have examined the PERK-dependent phenotype more closely. We found that whereas proinsulin aggregation requires new protein synthesis, global protein and proinsulin synthesis are down-regulated in PERK-inhibited cells, strongly arguing against proinsulin overproduction being the root cause of their aberrant ER phenotype. Furthermore, we show that PERK regulates proinsulin proteostasis by modulating ER chaperones, including BiP and ERp72. Transgenic overexpression of BiP and BiP knockdown (KD) both promoted proinsulin aggregation, whereas ERp72 overexpression and knockdown rescued it. These findings underscore the importance of ER chaperones working in concert to achieve control of insulin production and identify a role for PERK in maintaining a functional balance among these chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie R Sowers
- From the Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Rong Wang
- From the Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Rebecca A Bourne
- From the Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Barbara C McGrath
- From the Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Jingjie Hu
- From the Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Sarah C Bevilacqua
- From the Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - James C Paton
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Adrienne W Paton
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Sophie Collardeau-Frachon
- the Department of Pathology, Hôpital-Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I and CarMeN, INSERM Unit U1060, 69677 Bron, France, and
| | - Marc Nicolino
- the Service d'endocrinologie et de diabétologie pédiatriques et maladies héréditaires du métabolisme, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69677 Bron, France
| | - Douglas R Cavener
- From the Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
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Arunagiri A, Haataja L, Cunningham CN, Shrestha N, Tsai B, Qi L, Liu M, Arvan P. Misfolded proinsulin in the endoplasmic reticulum during development of beta cell failure in diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1418:5-19. [PMID: 29377149 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is broadly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of pancreatic beta cells, and this is where all proinsulin is initially made. Healthy beta cells can synthesize 6000 proinsulin molecules per second. Ordinarily, nascent proinsulin entering the ER rapidly folds via the formation of three evolutionarily conserved disulfide bonds (B7-A7, B19-A20, and A6-A11). A modest amount of proinsulin misfolding, including both intramolecular disulfide mispairing and intermolecular disulfide-linked protein complexes, is a natural by-product of proinsulin biosynthesis, as is the case for many proteins. The steady-state level of misfolded proinsulin-a potential ER stressor-is linked to (1) production rate, (2) ER environment, (3) presence or absence of naturally occurring (mutational) defects in proinsulin, and (4) clearance of misfolded proinsulin molecules. Accumulation of misfolded proinsulin beyond a certain threshold begins to interfere with the normal intracellular transport of bystander proinsulin, leading to diminished insulin production and hyperglycemia, as well as exacerbating ER stress. This is most obvious in mutant INS gene-induced Diabetes of Youth (MIDY; an autosomal dominant disease) but also likely to occur in type 2 diabetes owing to dysregulation in proinsulin synthesis, ER folding environment, or clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Arunagiri
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Corey N Cunningham
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Neha Shrestha
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ming Liu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Gillies NA, Pendharkar SA, Singh RG, Windsor JA, Bhatia M, Petrov MS. Fasting levels of insulin and amylin after acute pancreatitis are associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Arch Physiol Biochem 2017; 123:238-248. [PMID: 28426339 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1308382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of metabolic diseases continues to rise worldwide, with a growing recognition of metabolic dysregulation after acute inflammatory diseases such as acute pancreatitis (AP). Adipokines and cytokines play an important role in metabolism and the course of AP, but there is a paucity of research investigating their relationship with pancreatic hormones after AP. This study aimed to explore associations between pancreatic hormones and adipokines as well as cytokines to provide insights into the pathophysiology of altered pancreatic hormone secretion following AP [corrected]. METHODS A total of 83 patients previously diagnosed with AP and no prior diabetes or pre-diabetes were recruited into this cross-sectional follow up study. Fasting venous blood samples were collected to analyse a panel of pancreatic hormones and derivatives (amylin, C-peptide, glucagon, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin), adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, retinol binding protein-4, and resistin), and cytokines (interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)). Linear regression analyses were used, and potential confounders were adjusted for in multivariate analyses. RESULTS Insulin was significantly associated with IL-6 in both unadjusted and adjusted models (p = .029 and p = .040, respectively). Amylin was significantly associated with MCP-1 in the unadjusted model (p = .046), and TNF-α in unadjusted and adjusted models (p = .025 and p = .027, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Insulin and amylin have a strong positive association with pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients following an episode of AP. These associations have possible relevance in the development of diabetes associated with diseases of the exocrine pancreas, providing the opportunity to develop novel treatment paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola A Gillies
- a Department of Surgery , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | | | - Ruma G Singh
- a Department of Surgery , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - John A Windsor
- a Department of Surgery , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Madhav Bhatia
- b Department of Pathology , Otago University , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Maxim S Petrov
- a Department of Surgery , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
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31
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Shi G, Somlo DRM, Kim GH, Prescianotto-Baschong C, Sun S, Beuret N, Long Q, Rutishauser J, Arvan P, Spiess M, Qi L. ER-associated degradation is required for vasopressin prohormone processing and systemic water homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3897-3912. [PMID: 28920920 DOI: 10.1172/jci94771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide hormones are crucial regulators of many aspects of human physiology. Mutations that alter these signaling peptides are associated with physiological imbalances that underlie diseases. However, the conformational maturation of peptide hormone precursors (prohormones) in the ER remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that conformational maturation of proAVP, the precursor for the antidiuretic hormone arginine-vasopressin, within the ER requires the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) activity of the Sel1L-Hrd1 protein complex. Serum hyperosmolality induces expression of both ERAD components and proAVP in AVP-producing neurons. Mice with global or AVP neuron-specific ablation of Se1L-Hrd1 ERAD progressively developed polyuria and polydipsia, characteristics of diabetes insipidus. Mechanistically, we found that ERAD deficiency causes marked ER retention and aggregation of a large proportion of all proAVP protein. Further, we show that proAVP is an endogenous substrate of Sel1L-Hrd1 ERAD. The inability to clear misfolded proAVP with highly reactive cysteine thiols in the absence of Sel1L-Hrd1 ERAD causes proAVP to accumulate and participate in inappropriate intermolecular disulfide-bonded aggregates, promoted by the enzymatic activity of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). This study highlights a pathway linking ERAD to prohormone conformational maturation in neuroendocrine cells, expanding the role of ERAD in providing a conducive ER environment for nascent proteins to reach proper conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Shi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Diane RM Somlo
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Geun Hyang Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Shengyi Sun
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Qiaoming Long
- Cam-Su Mouse Genomic Resources Center, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Peter Arvan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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32
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Soares Moretti AI, Martins Laurindo FR. Protein disulfide isomerases: Redox connections in and out of the endoplasmic reticulum. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 617:106-119. [PMID: 27889386 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerases are thiol oxidoreductase chaperones from thioredoxin superfamily. As redox folding catalysts from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), their roles in ER-related redox homeostasis and signaling are well-studied. PDIA1 exerts thiol oxidation/reduction and isomerization, plus chaperone effects. Also, substantial evidence indicates that PDIs regulate thiol-disulfide switches in other cell locations such as cell surface and possibly cytosol. Subcellular PDI translocation routes remain unclear and seem Golgi-independent. The list of signaling and structural proteins reportedly regulated by PDIs keeps growing, via thiol switches involving oxidation, reduction and isomerization, S-(de)nytrosylation, (de)glutathyonylation and protein oligomerization. PDIA1 is required for agonist-triggered Nox NADPH oxidase activation and cell migration in vascular cells and macrophages, while PDIA1-dependent cytoskeletal regulation appears a converging pathway. Extracellularly, PDIs crucially regulate thiol redox signaling of thrombosis/platelet activation, e.g., integrins, and PDIA1 supports expansive caliber remodeling during injury repair via matrix/cytoskeletal organization. Some proteins display regulatory PDI-like motifs. PDI effects are orchestrated by expression levels or post-translational modifications. PDI is redox-sensitive, although probably not a mass-effect redox sensor due to kinetic constraints. Rather, the "all-in-one" organization of its peculiar redox/chaperone properties likely provide PDIs with precision and versatility in redox signaling, making them promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Iochabel Soares Moretti
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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Haataja L, Manickam N, Soliman A, Tsai B, Liu M, Arvan P. Disulfide Mispairing During Proinsulin Folding in the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Diabetes 2016; 65:1050-60. [PMID: 26822090 PMCID: PMC4806660 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proinsulin folding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) remains incompletely understood, but it is clear that in mutant INS gene-induced diabetes of youth (MIDY), progression of the (three) native disulfide bonds of proinsulin becomes derailed, causing insulin deficiency, β-cell ER stress, and onset of diabetes. Herein, we have undertaken a molecular dissection of proinsulin disulfide bond formation, using bioengineered proinsulins that can form only two (or even only one) of the native proinsulin disulfide bonds. In the absence of preexisting proinsulin disulfide pairing, Cys(B19)-Cys(A20) (a major determinant of ER stress response activation and proinsulin stability) preferentially initiates B-A chain disulfide bond formation, whereas Cys(B7)-Cys(A7) can initiate only under oxidizing conditions beyond that existing within the ER of β-cells. Interestingly, formation of these two "interchain" disulfide bonds demonstrates cooperativity, and together, they are sufficient to confer intracellular transport competence to proinsulin. The three most common proinsulin disulfide mispairings in the ER appear to involve Cys(A11)-Cys(A20), Cys(A7)-Cys(A20), and Cys(B19)-Cys(A11), each disrupting the critical Cys(B19)-Cys(A20) pairing. MIDY mutations inhibit Cys(B19)-Cys(A20) formation, but treatment to force oxidation of this disulfide bond improves folding and results in a small but detectable increase of proinsulin export. These data suggest possible therapeutic avenues to ameliorate ER stress and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Nandini Manickam
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ann Soliman
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ming Liu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
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Gorasia DG, Dudek NL, Safavi-Hemami H, Perez RA, Schittenhelm RB, Saunders PM, Wee S, Mangum JE, Hubbard MJ, Purcell AW. A prominent role of PDIA6 in processing of misfolded proinsulin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:715-723. [PMID: 26947243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite its critical role in maintaining glucose homeostasis, surprisingly little is known about proinsulin folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. In this study we aimed to understand the chaperones involved in the maturation and degradation of proinsulin. We generated pancreatic beta cell lines expressing FLAG-tagged proinsulin. Several chaperones (including BiP, PDIA6, calnexin, calreticulin, GRP170, Erdj3 and ribophorin II) co-immunoprecipitated with proinsulin suggesting a role for these proteins in folding. To investigate the chaperones responsible for targeting misfolded proinsulin for degradation, we also created a beta cell line expressing FLAG-tagged proinsulin carrying the Akita mutation (Cys96Tyr). All chaperones found to be associated with wild type proinsulin also co-immunoprecipitated with Akita proinsulin. However, one additional protein, namely P58(IPK), specifically precipitated with Akita proinsulin and approximately ten fold more PDIA6, but not other PDI family members, was bound to Akita proinsulin. The latter suggests that PDIA6 may act as a key reductase and target misfolded proinsulin to the ER-degradation pathway. The preferential association of PDIA6 to Akita proinsulin was also confirmed in another beta cell line (βTC-6). Furthermore, for the first time, a physiologically relevant substrate for PDIA6 has been evidenced. Thus, this study has identified several chaperones/foldases that associated with wild type proinsulin and has also provided a comprehensive interactome for Akita misfolded proinsulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhana G Gorasia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadine L Dudek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Infection and Immunity Program, Biomolecular Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena Safavi-Hemami
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rochelle Ayala Perez
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomolecular Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomolecular Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philippa M Saunders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheena Wee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jon E Mangum
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J Hubbard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Infection and Immunity Program, Biomolecular Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Fibrillin-1 mgΔlpn Marfan syndrome mutation associates with preserved proteostasis and bypass of a protein disulfide isomerase-dependent quality checkpoint. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 71:81-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Montane J, de Pablo S, Obach M, Cadavez L, Castaño C, Alcarraz-Vizán G, Visa M, Rodríguez-Comas J, Parrizas M, Servitja JM, Novials A. Protein disulfide isomerase ameliorates β-cell dysfunction in pancreatic islets overexpressing human islet amyloid polypeptide. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 420:57-65. [PMID: 26607804 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) is the major component of amyloid deposits in islets of type 2 diabetic patients. hIAPP misfolding and aggregation is one of the factors that may lead to β-cell dysfunction and death. Endogenous chaperones are described to be important for the folding and functioning of proteins. Here, we examine the effect of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) on β-cell dysfunction. Among other chaperones, PDI was found to interact with hIAPP in human islet lysates. Furthermore, intrinsically recovered PDI levels were able to restore the effect of high glucose- and palmitate-induced β-cell dysfunction by increasing 3.9-fold the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion levels and restoring insulin content up to basal control values. Additionally, PDI transduction decreased induced apoptosis by glucolipotoxic conditions. This approach could reveal a new therapeutic target and aid in the development of strategies to improve β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Montane
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Sara de Pablo
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Mercè Obach
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Lisa Cadavez
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Carlos Castaño
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Gema Alcarraz-Vizán
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Montserrat Visa
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Júlia Rodríguez-Comas
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Marcelina Parrizas
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Joan Marc Servitja
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Anna Novials
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain.
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He K, Cunningham CN, Manickam N, Liu M, Arvan P, Tsai B. PDI reductase acts on Akita mutant proinsulin to initiate retrotranslocation along the Hrd1/Sel1L-p97 axis. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3413-23. [PMID: 26269577 PMCID: PMC4591687 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-01-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase acts as a reductase to reduce a mutant proinsulin called Akita, priming it for retrotranslocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane by using the Sel1L-Hrd1-p97 ER-associated degradation machinery. In mutant INS gene–induced diabetes of youth (MIDY), characterized by insulin deficiency, MIDY proinsulin mutants misfold and fail to exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Moreover, these mutants bind and block ER exit of wild-type (WT) proinsulin, inhibiting insulin production. The ultimate fate of ER-entrapped MIDY mutants is unclear, but previous studies implicated ER-associated degradation (ERAD), a pathway that retrotranslocates misfolded ER proteins to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation. Here we establish key ERAD machinery components used to triage the Akita proinsulin mutant, including the Hrd1-Sel1L membrane complex, which conducts Akita proinsulin from the ER lumen to the cytosol, and the p97 ATPase, which couples the cytosolic arrival of proinsulin with its proteasomal degradation. Surprisingly, we find that protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), the major protein oxidase of the ER lumen, engages Akita proinsulin in a novel way, reducing proinsulin disulfide bonds and priming the Akita protein for ERAD. Efficient PDI engagement of Akita proinsulin appears linked to the availability of Hrd1, suggesting that retrotranslocation is coordinated on the lumenal side of the ER membrane. We believe that, in principle, this form of diabetes could be alleviated by enhancing the targeting of MIDY mutants for ERAD to restore WT insulin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu He
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Corey Nathaniel Cunningham
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nandini Manickam
- Division of Metabolism Endocrinology and Diabetes, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ming Liu
- Division of Metabolism Endocrinology and Diabetes, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Peter Arvan
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Division of Metabolism Endocrinology and Diabetes, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ) )
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ) )
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Fang J, Liu M, Zhang X, Sakamoto T, Taatjes DJ, Jena BP, Sun F, Woods J, Bryson T, Kowluru A, Zhang K, Chen X. COPII-Dependent ER Export: A Critical Component of Insulin Biogenesis and β-Cell ER Homeostasis. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1156-69. [PMID: 26083833 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells possess a highly active protein synthetic and export machinery in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to accommodate the massive production of proinsulin. ER homeostasis is vital for β-cell functions and is maintained by the delicate balance between protein synthesis, folding, export, and degradation. Disruption of ER homeostasis by diabetes-causing factors leads to β-cell death. Among the 4 components to maintain ER homeostasis in β-cells, the role of ER export in insulin biogenesis is the least understood. To address this knowledge gap, the present study investigated the molecular mechanism of proinsulin ER export in MIN6 cells and primary islets. Two inhibitory mutants of the secretion-associated RAS-related protein (Sar)1 small GTPase, known to specifically block coat protein complex II (COPII)-dependent ER export, were overexpressed in β-cells using recombinant adenoviruses. Results from this approach, as well as small interfering RNA-mediated Sar1 knockdown, demonstrated that defective Sar1 function blocked proinsulin ER export and abolished its conversion to mature insulin in MIN6 cells, isolated mouse, and human islets. It is further revealed, using an in vitro vesicle formation assay, that proinsulin was packaged into COPII vesicles in a GTP- and Sar1-dependent manner. Blockage of COPII-dependent ER exit by Sar1 mutants strongly induced ER morphology change, ER stress response, and β-cell apoptosis. These responses were mediated by the PKR (double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase)-like ER kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α) and inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1)/x-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) pathways but not via activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Collectively, results from the study demonstrate that COPII-dependent ER export plays a vital role in insulin biogenesis, ER homeostasis, and β-cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingye Fang
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Xuebao Zhang
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Bhanu P Jena
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - James Woods
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Tim Bryson
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Xuequn Chen
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
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Sun J, Cui J, He Q, Chen Z, Arvan P, Liu M. Proinsulin misfolding and endoplasmic reticulum stress during the development and progression of diabetes. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 42:105-18. [PMID: 25579745 PMCID: PMC4404191 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To maintain copious insulin granule stores in the face of ongoing metabolic demand, pancreatic beta cells must produce large quantities of proinsulin, the insulin precursor. Proinsulin biosynthesis can account for up to 30-50% of total cellular protein synthesis of beta cells. This puts pressure on the beta cell secretory pathway, especially the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where proinsulin undergoes its initial folding, including the formation of three evolutionarily conserved disulfide bonds. In normal beta cells, up to 20% of newly synthesized proinsulin may fail to reach its native conformation, suggesting that proinsulin is a misfolding-prone protein. Misfolded proinsulin molecules can either be refolded to their native structure or degraded through ER associated degradation (ERAD) and autophagy. These degraded molecules decrease proinsulin yield but do not otherwise compromise beta cell function. However, under certain pathological conditions, proinsulin misfolding increases, exceeding the genetically determined threshold of beta cells to handle the misfolded protein load. This results in accumulation of misfolded proinsulin in the ER - a causal factor leading to beta cell failure and diabetes. In patients with Mutant INS-gene induced diabetes of Youth (MIDY), increased proinsulin misfolding due to insulin gene mutations is the primary defect operating as a "first hit" to beta cells. Additionally, increased proinsulin misfolding can be secondary to an unfavorable ER folding environment due to genetic and/or environmental factors. Under these conditions, increased wild-type proinsulin misfolding becomes a "second hit" to the ER and beta cells, aggravating beta cell failure and diabetes. In this article, we describe our current understanding of the normal proinsulin folding pathway in the ER, and then review existing links between proinsulin misfolding, ER dysfunction, and beta cell failure in the development and progression of type 2, type 1, and some monogenic forms of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Sun
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jingqiu Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Ming Liu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
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40
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Liu M, Sun J, Cui J, Chen W, Guo H, Barbetti F, Arvan P. INS-gene mutations: from genetics and beta cell biology to clinical disease. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 42:3-18. [PMID: 25542748 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A growing list of insulin gene mutations causing a new form of monogenic diabetes has drawn increasing attention over the past seven years. The mutations have been identified in the untranslated regions of the insulin gene as well as the coding sequence of preproinsulin including within the signal peptide, insulin B-chain, C-peptide, insulin A-chain, and the proteolytic cleavage sites both for signal peptidase and the prohormone convertases. These mutations affect a variety of different steps of insulin biosynthesis in pancreatic beta cells. Importantly, although many of these mutations cause proinsulin misfolding with early onset autosomal dominant diabetes, some of the mutant alleles appear to engage different cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie beta cell failure and diabetes. In this article, we review the most recent advances in the field and discuss challenges as well as potential strategies to prevent/delay the development and progression of autosomal dominant diabetes caused by INS-gene mutations. It is worth noting that although diabetes caused by INS gene mutations is rare, increasing evidence suggests that defects in the pathway of insulin biosynthesis may also be involved in the progression of more common types of diabetes. Collectively, the (pre)proinsulin mutants provide insightful molecular models to better understand the pathogenesis of all forms of diabetes in which preproinsulin processing defects, proinsulin misfolding, and ER stress are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
| | - Jinhong Sun
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Jinqiu Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Huan Guo
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Fabrizio Barbetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome and Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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41
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Wang S, Park S, Kodali VK, Han J, Yip T, Chen Z, Davidson NO, Kaufman RJ. Identification of protein disulfide isomerase 1 as a key isomerase for disulfide bond formation in apolipoprotein B100. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:594-604. [PMID: 25518935 PMCID: PMC4325832 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-08-1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pdi1 knockdown decreases apoB100 synthesis, reduces MTP activity and apoB100 lipidation, and impairs the oxidative folding of apoB100, which causes defective VLDL secretion. PDI1 promotes formation of disulfide bonds in apoB100 and serves as its disulfide isomerase. Apolipoprotein (apo) B is an obligatory component of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and its cotranslational and posttranslational modifications are important in VLDL synthesis, secretion, and hepatic lipid homeostasis. ApoB100 contains 25 cysteine residues and eight disulfide bonds. Although these disulfide bonds were suggested to be important in maintaining apoB100 function, neither the specific oxidoreductase involved nor the direct role of these disulfide bonds in apoB100-lipidation is known. Here we used RNA knockdown to evaluate both MTP-dependent and -independent roles of PDI1 in apoB100 synthesis and lipidation in McA-RH7777 cells. Pdi1 knockdown did not elicit any discernible detrimental effect under normal, unstressed conditions. However, it decreased apoB100 synthesis with attenuated MTP activity, delayed apoB100 oxidative folding, and reduced apoB100 lipidation, leading to defective VLDL secretion. The oxidative folding–impaired apoB100 was secreted mainly associated with LDL instead of VLDL particles from PDI1-deficient cells, a phenotype that was fully rescued by overexpression of wild-type but not a catalytically inactive PDI1 that fully restored MTP activity. Further, we demonstrate that PDI1 directly interacts with apoB100 via its redox-active CXXC motifs and assists in the oxidative folding of apoB100. Taken together, these findings reveal an unsuspected, yet key role for PDI1 in oxidative folding of apoB100 and VLDL assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Wang
- Degenerative Diseases Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Shuin Park
- Degenerative Diseases Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Vamsi K Kodali
- Degenerative Diseases Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jaeseok Han
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-Bio Science, Soonchunhayng University, Cheonan-si, Choongchengnam-do 330-930, Republic of Korea
| | - Theresa Yip
- Degenerative Diseases Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Zhouji Chen
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutrition Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nicholas O Davidson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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42
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Tao YX, Conn PM. Chaperoning G protein-coupled receptors: from cell biology to therapeutics. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:602-47. [PMID: 24661201 PMCID: PMC4105357 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that traverse the plasma membrane seven times (hence, are also called 7TM receptors). The polytopic structure of GPCRs makes the folding of GPCRs difficult and complex. Indeed, many wild-type GPCRs are not folded optimally, and defects in folding are the most common cause of genetic diseases due to GPCR mutations. Both general and receptor-specific molecular chaperones aid the folding of GPCRs. Chemical chaperones have been shown to be able to correct the misfolding in mutant GPCRs, proving to be important tools for studying the structure-function relationship of GPCRs. However, their potential therapeutic value is very limited. Pharmacological chaperones (pharmacoperones) are potentially important novel therapeutics for treating genetic diseases caused by mutations in GPCR genes that resulted in misfolded mutant proteins. Pharmacoperones also increase cell surface expression of wild-type GPCRs; therefore, they could be used to treat diseases that do not harbor mutations in GPCRs. Recent studies have shown that indeed pharmacoperones work in both experimental animals and patients. High-throughput assays have been developed to identify new pharmacoperones that could be used as therapeutics for a number of endocrine and other genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (Y.-X.T.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5519; and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology (P.M.C.), Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430-6252
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Cadavez L, Montane J, Alcarraz-Vizán G, Visa M, Vidal-Fàbrega L, Servitja JM, Novials A. Chaperones ameliorate beta cell dysfunction associated with human islet amyloid polypeptide overexpression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101797. [PMID: 25010593 PMCID: PMC4092029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In type 2 diabetes, beta-cell dysfunction is thought to be due to several causes, one being the formation of toxic protein aggregates called islet amyloid, formed by accumulations of misfolded human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP). The process of hIAPP misfolding and aggregation is one of the factors that may activate the unfolded protein response (UPR), perturbing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. Molecular chaperones have been described to be important in regulating ER response to ER stress. In the present work, we evaluate the role of chaperones in a stressed cellular model of hIAPP overexpression. A rat pancreatic beta-cell line expressing hIAPP exposed to thapsigargin or treated with high glucose and palmitic acid, both of which are known ER stress inducers, showed an increase in ER stress genes when compared to INS1E cells expressing rat IAPP or INS1E control cells. Treatment with molecular chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78, also known as BiP) or protein disulfite isomerase (PDI), and chemical chaperones taurine-conjugated ursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) or 4-phenylbutyrate (PBA), alleviated ER stress and increased insulin secretion in hIAPP-expressing cells. Our results suggest that the overexpression of hIAPP induces a stronger response of ER stress markers. Moreover, endogenous and chemical chaperones are able to ameliorate induced ER stress and increase insulin secretion, suggesting that improving chaperone capacity can play an important role in improving beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Cadavez
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel Montane
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gema Alcarraz-Vizán
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Visa
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Vidal-Fàbrega
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan-Marc Servitja
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Novials
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Liu M, Wright J, Guo H, Xiong Y, Arvan P. Proinsulin entry and transit through the endoplasmic reticulum in pancreatic beta cells. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2014; 95:35-62. [PMID: 24559913 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800174-5.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is an essential hormone for maintaining metabolic homeostasis in the body. To make fully bioactive insulin, pancreatic beta cells initiate synthesis of the insulin precursor, preproinsulin, at the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whereupon it undergoes co- and post-translational translocation across the ER membrane. Preproinsulin is cleaved by signal peptidase to form proinsulin that folds on the luminal side of the ER, forming three evolutionarily conserved disulfide bonds. Properly folded proinsulin forms dimers and exits from the ER, trafficking through Golgi complex into immature secretory granules wherein C-peptide is endoproteolytically excised, allowing fully bioactive two-chain insulin to ultimately be stored in mature granules for insulin secretion. Although insulin biosynthesis has been intensely studied in recent decades, the earliest events, including proinsulin entry and exit from the ER, have been relatively understudied. However, over the past 5 years, more than 20 new insulin gene mutations have been reported to cause a new syndrome termed Mutant INS-gene-induced Diabetes of Youth (MIDY). Although these mutants have not been completely characterized, most of them affect proinsulin entry and exit from the ER. Here, we summarize our current knowledge about the early events of insulin biosynthesis and review recent advances in understanding how defects in these events may lead to pancreatic beta cell failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Jordan Wright
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Huan Guo
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yi Xiong
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Tapia-Limonchi R, Díaz I, Cahuana GM, Bautista M, Martín F, Soria B, Tejedo JR, Bedoya FJ. Impact of exposure to low concentrations of nitric oxide on protein profile in murine and human pancreatic islet cells. Islets 2014; 6:e995997. [PMID: 25658244 PMCID: PMC4398281 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2014.995997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic levels of nitric oxide (NO) protect efficiently against apoptotic death in both human and rodent pancreatic β cells, but the protein profile of this action remains to be determined. We have applied a 2 dimensional LC-MS-MALDI-TOF/TOF-based analysis to study the impact of protective NO in rat insulin-producing RINm5F cell line and in mouse and human pancreatic islets (HPI) exposed to serum deprivation condition. 24 proteins in RINm5F and 22 in HPI were identified to undergo changes in at least one experimental condition. These include stress response mitochondrial proteins (UQCRC2, VDAC1, ATP5C1, ATP5A1) in RINm5F cells and stress response endoplasmic reticulum proteins (HSPA5, PDIA6, VCP, GANAB) in HPI. In addition, metabolic and structural proteins, oxidoreductases and chaperones related with protein metabolism are also regulated by NO treatment. Network analysis of differentially expressed proteins shows their interaction in glucocorticoid receptor and NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response pathways and eNOS signaling. The results indicate that exposure to exogenous NO counteracts the impact of serum deprivation on pancreatic β cell proteome. Species differences in the proteins involved are apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Tapia-Limonchi
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and
Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)- Pablo de Olavide University; Biomedical Research
Network (CIBER) of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases; RED-TERCEL;
Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Díaz
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and
Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)- Pablo de Olavide University; Biomedical Research
Network (CIBER) of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases; RED-TERCEL;
Seville, Spain
| | - Gladys M Cahuana
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and
Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)- Pablo de Olavide University; Biomedical Research
Network (CIBER) of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases; RED-TERCEL;
Seville, Spain
| | - Mario Bautista
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and
Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)- Pablo de Olavide University; Biomedical Research
Network (CIBER) of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases; RED-TERCEL;
Seville, Spain
| | - Franz Martín
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and
Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)- Pablo de Olavide University; Biomedical Research
Network (CIBER) of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases; RED-TERCEL;
Seville, Spain
| | - Bernat Soria
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and
Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)-Fundación Progreso y Salud; Biomedical Research
Network (CIBER) of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases; RED-TERCEL;
Seville, Spain
| | - Juan R Tejedo
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and
Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)- Pablo de Olavide University; Biomedical Research
Network (CIBER) of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases; RED-TERCEL;
Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J Bedoya
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and
Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)- Pablo de Olavide University; Biomedical Research
Network (CIBER) of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases; RED-TERCEL;
Seville, Spain
- Correspondence to: Francisco J. Bedoya;
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Gidalevitz T, Stevens F, Argon Y. Orchestration of secretory protein folding by ER chaperones. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1833:2410-24. [PMID: 23507200 PMCID: PMC3729627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is a major compartment of protein biogenesis in the cell, dedicated to production of secretory, membrane and organelle proteins. The secretome has distinct structural and post-translational characteristics, since folding in the ER occurs in an environment that is distinct in terms of its ionic composition, dynamics and requirements for quality control. The folding machinery in the ER therefore includes chaperones and folding enzymes that introduce, monitor and react to disulfide bonds, glycans, and fluctuations of luminal calcium. We describe the major chaperone networks in the lumen and discuss how they have distinct modes of operation that enable cells to accomplish highly efficient production of the secretome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Functional and structural diversity of endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Gidalevitz
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Drexel University, 418 Papadakis Integrated Science Bldg, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Yair Argon
- Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, , Phone: 267-426-5131, Fax: 267-426-5165)
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Wright J, Birk J, Haataja L, Liu M, Ramming T, Weiss MA, Appenzeller-Herzog C, Arvan P. Endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin-1α (Ero1α) improves folding and secretion of mutant proinsulin and limits mutant proinsulin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31010-8. [PMID: 24022479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.510065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon chronic up-regulation of proinsulin synthesis, misfolded proinsulin can accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells, promoting ER stress and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In Mutant Ins-gene-induced Diabetes of Youth (MIDY), misfolded mutant proinsulin impairs ER exit of co-expressed wild-type proinsulin, limiting insulin production and leading to eventual β-cell death. In this study we have investigated the hypothesis that increased expression of ER oxidoreductin-1α (Ero1α), despite its established role in the generation of H2O2, might nevertheless be beneficial in limiting proinsulin misfolding and its adverse downstream consequences. Increased Ero1α expression is effective in promoting wild-type proinsulin export from cells co-expressing misfolded mutant proinsulin. In addition, we find that upon increased Ero1α expression, some of the MIDY mutants themselves are directly rescued from ER retention. Secretory rescue of proinsulin-G(B23)V is correlated with improved oxidative folding of mutant proinsulin. Indeed, using three different variants of Ero1α, we find that expression of either wild-type or an Ero1α variant lacking regulatory disulfides can rescue mutant proinsulin-G(B23)V, in parallel with its ability to provide an oxidizing environment in the ER lumen, whereas beneficial effects were less apparent for a redox-inactive form of Ero1. Increased expression of protein disulfide isomerase antagonizes the rescue provided by oxidatively active Ero1. Importantly, ER stress induced by misfolded proinsulin was limited by increased expression of Ero1α, suggesting that enhancing the oxidative folding of proinsulin may be a viable therapeutic strategy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Wright
- From the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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Krautkramer KA, Linnemann AK, Fontaine DA, Whillock AL, Harris TW, Schleis GJ, Truchan NA, Marty-Santos L, Lavine JA, Cleaver O, Kimple ME, Davis DB. Tcf19 is a novel islet factor necessary for proliferation and survival in the INS-1 β-cell line. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E600-10. [PMID: 23860123 PMCID: PMC3761170 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00147.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a novel type 1 diabetes association locus was identified at human chromosome 6p31.3, and transcription factor 19 (TCF19) is a likely causal gene. Little is known about Tcf19, and we now show that it plays a role in both proliferation and apoptosis in insulinoma cells. Tcf19 is expressed in mouse and human islets, with increasing mRNA expression in nondiabetic obesity. The expression of Tcf19 is correlated with β-cell mass expansion, suggesting that it may be a transcriptional regulator of β-cell mass. Increasing proliferation and decreasing apoptotic cell death are two strategies to increase pancreatic β-cell mass and prevent or delay diabetes. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Tcf19 in the INS-1 insulinoma cell line, a β-cell model, results in a decrease in proliferation and an increase in apoptosis. There was a significant reduction in the expression of numerous cell cycle genes from the late G1 phase through the M phase, and cells were arrested at the G1/S checkpoint. We also observed increased apoptosis and susceptibility to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress after Tcf19 knockdown. There was a reduction in expression of genes important for the maintenance of ER homeostasis (Bip, p58(IPK), Edem1, and calreticulin) and an increase in proapoptotic genes (Bim, Bid, Nix, Gadd34, and Pdia2). Therefore, Tcf19 is necessary for both proliferation and survival and is a novel regulator of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Krautkramer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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The role of the unfolded protein response in diabetes mellitus. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:333-50. [PMID: 23529219 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in the synthesis and modification of secretory and membrane proteins in all eukaryotic cells. Under normal conditions, these proteins are correctly folded and assembled in the ER. However, when cells are exposed to environmental factors such as overproduction of ER proteins, viral infections, or glucose deprivation, the secretory and membrane proteins can accumulate in unfolded or misfolded forms in the lumen of the ER, and consequently, cause stress in the ER. To maintain cellular homeostasis, cells induce several responses to ER stress. In mammalian cells, ER stress responses are induced by a diversity of signal pathways. There are three ER-located transmembrane proteins that play important roles in mammalian ER stress responses: activating transcription factor 6, inositol-requiring protein 1, and protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase. ER stress is linked to various diseases, including diabetes. This review highlights the particular importance of ER stress-responsive molecules in insulin biosynthesis, glyconeogenesis, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and pancreatic β-cell apoptosis. An understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of diabetes from the aspect of ER stress is crucial in formulating therapeutic strategies.
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Haataja L, Snapp E, Wright J, Liu M, Hardy AB, Wheeler MB, Markwardt ML, Rizzo M, Arvan P. Proinsulin intermolecular interactions during secretory trafficking in pancreatic β cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:1896-906. [PMID: 23223446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.420018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is rate-limiting for secretory protein trafficking because protein folding/assembly occurs there. In this study, we have exploited "hPro-CpepSfGFP," a human proinsulin bearing "superfolder" green fluorescent C-peptide expressed in pancreatic β cells where it is processed to human insulin and CpepSfGFP. Remarkably, steady-state accumulation of hPro-CpepSfGFP and endogenous proinsulin is in the Golgi region, as if final stages of protein folding/assembly were occurring there. The Golgi regional distribution of proinsulin is dynamic, influenced by fasting/refeeding, and increased with β cell zinc deficiency. However, coexpression of ER-entrapped mutant proinsulin-C(A7)Y shifts the steady-state distribution of wild-type proinsulin to the ER. Endogenous proinsulin coprecipitates with hPro-CpepSfGFP and even more so with hProC(A7)Y-CpepSfGFP. Using Cerulean and Venus-tagged proinsulins, we find that both WT-WT and WT-mutant proinsulin pairs exhibit FRET. The data demonstrate that wild-type proinsulin dimerizes within the ER but accumulates at a poorly recognized slow step within the Golgi region, reflecting either slow kinetics of proinsulin hexamerization, steps in formation of nascent secretory granules, or other unknown molecular events. However, in the presence of ongoing misfolding of a subpopulation of proinsulin in β cells, the rate-limiting step in transport of the remaining proinsulin shifts to the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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