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Xu X, Qiu H. BRD4 promotes gouty arthritis through MDM2-mediated PPARγ degradation and pyroptosis. Mol Med 2024; 30:67. [PMID: 38773379 PMCID: PMC11110350 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00831-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gouty arthritis (GA) is characterized by monosodium urate (MSU) crystal accumulation that instigates NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. The present research endeavors to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underpinning this MSU-induced pyroptotic cascade in GA. METHODS J774 cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide and MSU crystals to establish in vitro GA models, whereas C57BL/6 J male mice received MSU crystal injections to mimic in vivo GA conditions. Gene and protein expression levels were evaluated using real-time quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical assays. Inflammatory markers were quantified via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Pyroptosis was evaluated using immunofluorescence staining for caspase-1 and flow cytometry with caspase-1/propidium iodide staining. The interaction between MDM2 and PPARγ was analyzed through co-immunoprecipitation assays, whereas the interaction between BRD4 and the MDM2 promoter was examined using chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter assays. Mouse joint tissues were histopathologically evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS In GA, PPARγ was downregulated, whereas its overexpression mitigated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. MDM2, which was upregulated in GA, destabilized PPARγ through the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway, whereas its silencing attenuated NLRP3 activation by elevating PPARγ levels. Concurrently, BRD4 was elevated in GA and exacerbated NLRP3 activation and pyroptosis by transcriptionally upregulating MDM2, thereby promoting PPARγ degradation. In vivo experiments showed that BRD4 silencing ameliorated GA through this MDM2-PPARγ-pyroptosis axis. CONCLUSION BRD4 promotes inflammation and pyroptosis in GA through MDM2-mediated PPARγ degradation, underscoring the therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway in GA management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, 154000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, 154000, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Zhu XZ, Qiu Z, Lei SQ, Leng Y, Li WY, Xia ZY. The Role of P53 in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023:10.1007/s10557-023-07480-x. [PMID: 37389674 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-023-07480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE P53 is one of the key tumor suppressors. In normal cells, p53 is maintained at low levels by the ubiquitination of the ubiquitinated ligase MDM2. In contrast, under stress conditions such as DNA damage and ischemia, the interaction between p53 and MDM2 is blocked and activated by phosphorylation and acetylation, thereby mediating the trans-activation of p53 through its target genes to regulate a variety of cellular responses. Previous studies have shown that the expression of p53 is negligible in normal myocardium, tends to increase in myocardial ischemia and is maximally induced in ischemia-reperfused myocardium, demonstrating a possible key role of p53 in the development of MIRI. In this review, we detail and summarize recent studies on the mechanism of action of p53 in MIRI and describe the therapeutic agents targeting the relevant targets to provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of MIRI. METHODS We collected 161 relevant papers mainly from Pubmed and Web of Science (search terms "p53" and "myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury"). After that, we selected pathway studies related to p53 and classified them according to their contents. We eventually analyzed and summarized them. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In this review, we detail and summarize recent studies on the mechanism of action of p53 in MIRI and validate its status as an important intermediate affecting MIRI. On the one hand, p53 is regulated and modified by multiple factors, especially non-coding RNAs; on the other hand, p53 regulates apoptosis, programmed necrosis, autophagy, iron death and oxidative stress in MIRI through multiple pathways. More importantly, several studies have reported medications targeting p53-related therapeutic targets. These medications are expected to be effective options for the alleviation of MIRI, but further safety and clinical studies are needed to convert them into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Zi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Qing Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Leng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China.
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3
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A double-edged sword: role of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in tumorigenesis and ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Apoptosis 2023; 28:313-325. [PMID: 36652128 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) acts as a potent and multifunctional inhibitor of apoptosis, which is mainly expressed in postmitotic cells, including cardiomyocytes. ARC is special for its N-terminal caspase recruitment domain and caspase recruitment domain. Due to the powerful inhibition of apoptosis, ARC is mainly reported to act as a cardioprotective factor during ischaemia‒reperfusion (I/R) injury, preventing cardiomyocytes from being devastated by various catastrophes, including oxidative stress, calcium overload, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the circulatory system. However, recent studies have found that ARC also plays a potential regulatory role in tumorigenesis especially in colorectal cancer and renal cell carcinomas, through multiple apoptosis-associated pathways, which remains to be explored in further studies. Therefore, ARC regulates the body and maintains the balance of physiological activities with its interesting duplex. This review summarizes the current research progress of ARC in the field of tumorigenesis and ischaemia/reperfusion injury, to provide overall research status and new possibilities for researchers.
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4
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McKimpson WM, Chen Y, Irving JA, Zheng M, Weinberger J, Tan WLW, Tiang Z, Jagger AM, Chua SC, Pessin JE, Foo RSY, Lomas DA, Kitsis RN. Conversion of the death inhibitor ARC to a killer activates pancreatic β cell death in diabetes. Dev Cell 2021; 56:747-760.e6. [PMID: 33667344 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Loss of insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells through apoptosis contributes to the progression of type 2 diabetes, but underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we identify a pathway in which the cell death inhibitor ARC paradoxically becomes a killer during diabetes. While cytoplasmic ARC maintains β cell viability and pancreatic architecture, a pool of ARC relocates to the nucleus to induce β cell apoptosis in humans with diabetes and several pathophysiologically distinct mouse models. β cell death results through the coordinate downregulation of serpins (serine protease inhibitors) not previously known to be synthesized and secreted by β cells. Loss of the serpin α1-antitrypsin from the extracellular space unleashes elastase, triggering the disruption of β cell anchorage and subsequent cell death. Administration of α1-antitrypsin to mice with diabetes prevents β cell death and metabolic abnormalities. These data uncover a pathway for β cell loss in type 2 diabetes and identify an FDA-approved drug that may impede progression of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M McKimpson
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - James A Irving
- UCL Respiratory Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BN, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology/Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jeremy Weinberger
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Wilson Lek Wen Tan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zenia Tiang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alistair M Jagger
- UCL Respiratory Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BN, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology/Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Streamson C Chua
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Pessin
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Roger S-Y Foo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David A Lomas
- UCL Respiratory Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BN, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology/Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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5
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Zhang J, Zheng X, Wang P, Wang J, Ding W. Role of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in cell death and cardiovascular disease. Apoptosis 2021; 26:24-37. [PMID: 33604728 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is a highly effective and multifunctional inhibitor of apoptosis that is mainly expressed in postmitotic cells such as cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle cells. ARC contains a C-terminal region rich in proline and glutamic acid residues and an N-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD). The CARD is originally described as a protein-binding motif that interacts with caspase through a CARD-CARD interaction. Initially, the inhibitory effect of ARC was only found in apoptosis, however, it was later found that ARC also played a regulatory role in other types of cell death. As a powerful cardioprotective factor, ARC can protect the heart by inhibiting the death of cardiomyocytes in various ways. ARC can reduce the cardiomyocyte apoptotic response to various stresses and injuries, including extrinsic apoptosis induced by death receptor ligands, cellular Ca2+ homeostasis and the dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress and hypoxia. In addition, changes in ARC transcription and translation levels in the heart can cause a series of physiological and pathological changes, and ARC can also perform corresponding functions through interactions with other molecules. Although there has been much research on ARC, the functional redundancy among proteins shows that ARC still has much research value. This review summarizes the molecular characteristics of ARC, its roles in the various death modes in cardiomyocytes and the roles of ARC in cardiac pathophysiology. This article also describes the potential therapeutic effect and research prospects of ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Comprehensive Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianxin Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peiyan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of Comprehensive Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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6
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Roser C, Tóth C, Renner M, Herpel E, Schirmacher P. Expression of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) adenomas and its correlation with DNA mismatch repair proteins, p53, Bcl-2, COX-2 and beta-catenin. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:15. [PMID: 33579312 PMCID: PMC7879509 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) adenomas exhibit a uniform pathogenetic basis caused by a germline mutation in the adenomatous polyposis gene (APC), but the molecular changes leading to their development are incompletely understood. However, dysregulated apoptosis is known to substantially affect the development of colonic adenomas. One of the key regulatory proteins involved in apoptosis is apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC). Methods The expression of nuclear and cytoplasmic ARC in 212 adenomas from 80 patients was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. We also compared expression levels of ARC with the expression levels of p53, Bcl-2, COX-2, and MMR proteins. Statistical analyses were performed by Spearman’s rank correlation and linear regression test. Results ARC was overexpressed in the nuclei and cytoplasm of most FAP adenomas investigated. Cytoplasmic ARC staining was moderately stronger (score 2) in 49.1% (n = 104/212) and substantially stronger (score 3) in 32.5% (n = 69/212) of adenomas compared to non-tumorous colorectal mucosa. In 18.4% (n = 39/212) of adenomas, cytoplasmic ARC staining was equivalent to that in non-tumorous mucosa. Nuclear expression of ARC in over 75% of cells was present in 30.7% (n = 65/212) of investigated adenomas, and nuclear expression in 10–75% of cells was detected in 62.7% (n = 133/212). ARC expression in under 10% of nuclei was found in 6.6% (n = 14/212) of adenomas. The correlation between nuclear ARC expression and cytoplasmic ARC expression was highly significant (p = 0.001). Moreover, nuclear ARC expression correlated positively with overexpression of Bcl-2, COX-2 p53 and β-catenin. Cytoplasmic ARC also correlated with overexpression of Bcl-2. Sporadic MMR deficiency was detected in very few FAP adenomas and showed no correlation with nuclear or cytoplasmic ARC. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that both cytoplasmic and nuclear ARC are overexpressed in FAP adenomas, thus in a homogenous collective. The highly significant correlation between nuclear ARC and nuclear β-catenin suggested that ARC might be regulated by β-catenin in FAP adenomas. Because of its further correlations with p53, Bcl-2, and COX-2, nuclear ARC might play a substantial role not only in carcinomas but also in precursor lesions. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Roser
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Csaba Tóth
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Trier MVZ for Histology, Cytology and Molecular Diagnostics, Max-Planck-Straße 5, 54296, Trier, Germany
| | - Marcus Renner
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther Herpel
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Tissue Bank of the National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Targeting Germ Cell Tumors with the Newly Synthesized Flavanone-Derived Compound MLo1302 Efficiently Reduces Tumor Cell Viability and Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010073. [PMID: 33430420 PMCID: PMC7826804 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Less toxic treatment strategies for testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) patients are needed, as overtreatment is a concern due to the long-term side effects of platin-based chemotherapy. Although clinical benefit from classical hypomethylating agents has to date been limited, TGCTs show an abnormal DNA methylome indicating the potential of treating TGCTs with hypomethylating drugs. We tested, for the first time in TGCT cell lines, a new synthetic flavonoid compound (MLo1302) from the 3-nitroflavanone family of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors. We show that MLo1302 reduces cell viability (including of cisplatin resistant cell line NCCIT-R), with IC50s (inhibitory concentration 50) within the nanomolar range for NCCIT and NTERA-2 cells, and proved its cytotoxic effect. Exposure to MLo1302 reduced DNMT protein expression, similar to decitabine, and showed a partial effect in cell differentiation, reducing protein expression of pluripotency markers. RT2 profiler expression array indicated several dysregulated targets, related to activation of apoptosis, differentiation, and cell cycle arrest. We validated these data by showing increased apoptosis, increased protein expression of cleaved caspase 8 and activated caspase 2, and reduced proliferation (BrdU assay), with increase in CDKN1A and decrease in MIB-1 expression. Therefore, synthetic drugs designed to target DNA methylation in cells may uncover effective treatments for TGCT patients.
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8
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Wang Q, Zhang T, Chang X, Lim DY, Wang K, Bai R, Wang T, Ryu J, Chen H, Yao K, Ma WY, Boardman LA, Bode AM, Dong Z. ARC Is a Critical Protector against Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and IBD-Associated Colorectal Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4158-4171. [PMID: 32816906 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The key functional molecules involved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and IBD-induced colorectal tumorigenesis remain unclear. In this study, we found that the apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) protein plays critical roles in IBD. ARC-deficient mice exhibited substantially higher susceptibility to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD compared with wild-type mice. The inflammatory burden induced in ARC-deficient conditions was inversely correlated with CCL5 and CXCL5 levels in immune cells, especially CD4-positive T cells. Pathologically, ARC expression in immune cells was significantly decreased in clinical biopsy specimens from patients with IBD compared with normal subjects. In addition, ARC levels inversely correlated with CCL5 and CXCL5 levels in human biopsy specimens. ARC interacted with TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) 6, regulating ubiquitination of TRAF6, which was associated with NF-κB signaling. Importantly, we identified a novel ubiquitination site at lysine 461, which was critical in the function of ARC in IBD. ARC played a critical role in IBD and IBD-associated colon cancer in a bone marrow transplantation model and azoxymethane/DSS-induced colitis cancer mouse models. Overall, these findings reveal that ARC is critically involved in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and protection against IBD through its ubiquitination of TRAF6 and subsequent modulation of NF-κB activation in T cells. SIGNIFICANCE: This study uncovers a crucial role of ARC in the immune system and IBD, giving rise to a novel strategy for IBD and IBD-associated colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Wang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Tianshun Zhang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Xiaoyu Chang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Do Young Lim
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Keke Wang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Ruihua Bai
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
- The Henan Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ting Wang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Joohyun Ryu
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Hanyong Chen
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Ke Yao
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Wei-Ya Ma
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Lisa A Boardman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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9
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Xie F, Mei Z, Wang X, Zhang T, Zhao Y, Wang S, Qian L. Loss of nuclear ARC contributes to the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13337. [PMID: 31257698 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial apoptosis are two major factors in heart failure. As a classical regulator of apoptosis, apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) has recently also been found to have a protective effect against hypertrophy. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is still not fully understood. METHODS In the present study, we established animal and cellular models to monitor the changes in total and nuclear ARC during cardiac hypertrophic processes. The preventive effects of nuclear ARC in cellular hypertrophy were verified by ARC regulation and nuclear export inhibition. To further explore the mechanism for nuclear ARC superficially, we analysed proteins that interact with ARC in the nucleus via Co-IP and mass spectrometry. RESULTS The expression of total ARC in hypertrophic myocardial tissue and H9C2 cells remained invariant, while the level of nuclear ARC decreased dramatically. By altering the content of ARC in H9C2 cells, we found that both nuclear ARC transfection and nuclear ARC export blockade attenuated norepinephrine or angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy, while ARC knockdown had an inverse effect. Co-IP data showed that ARC interacted with prohibitin (PHB) in the nucleus and might participate in maintaining the level of PHB in cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a novel mechanism for ARC in cardiac hypertrophy prevention and also indicate that the anti-hypertrophic roles of ARC are probably associated with its localization in nucleus, which imply the nuclear ARC as a potential therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- Department of Military Cognitive and Stress Medicine, Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Zhu‐Song Mei
- Department of Military Cognitive and Stress Medicine, Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Military Cognitive and Stress Medicine, Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Military Cognitive and Stress Medicine, Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Military Cognitive and Stress Medicine, Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Shi‐Da Wang
- Department of Military Cognitive and Stress Medicine, Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Ling‐Jia Qian
- Department of Military Cognitive and Stress Medicine, Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing P.R. China
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10
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Lam B, Roudier E. Considering the Role of Murine Double Minute 2 in the Cardiovascular System? Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:320. [PMID: 31921839 PMCID: PMC6916148 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is the main negative regulator of the tumor protein p53 (TP53). Extensive studies over more than two decades have confirmed MDM2 oncogenic role through mechanisms both TP53-dependent and TP53-independent oncogenic function. These studies have contributed to designate MDM2 as a therapeutic target of choice for cancer treatment and the number of patents for MDM2 antagonists has increased immensely over the last years. However, the question of the physiological functions of MDM2 has not been fully resolved yet, particularly when expressed and regulated physiologically in healthy tissue. Cardiovascular complications are almost an inescapable side-effect of anti-cancer therapies. While several MDM2 antagonists are entering phase I, II and even III of clinical trials, this review proposes to bring awareness on the physiological role of MDM2 in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lam
- Angiogenesis Research Group, School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Muscle Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emilie Roudier
- Angiogenesis Research Group, School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Muscle Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Yu Z, Li Q, An Y, Chen X, Liu Z, Li Z, Gao J, Aung LHH, Li P. Role of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5691-5698. [PMID: 31788041 PMCID: PMC6865693 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis. Under physiological conditions, ARC is abundantly expressed in terminally differentiated cells, including cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscles and neurons. ARC serves a key role in determining cell fate, and abnormal ARC expression has been demonstrated to be associated with abnormal cell growth. Previous studies have revealed that ARC was upregulated in several different types of solid tumor, where it suppressed tumor cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the increased expression levels of ARC in cancer cells contributed to the development of therapeutic resistance and adverse clinical outcomes in patients with leukemia. However, the exact role of ARC, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms involved, remain poorly understood. The present review summarizes the characteristics of ARC and its cytoprotective role under different conditions and describes the potential ARC as a new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Yu
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China.,School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yi An
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xiatian Chen
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Ziqian Liu
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Li
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Jinning Gao
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Lynn Htet Htet Aung
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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12
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Yu Z, Li Q, An Y, Chen X, Liu Z, Li Z, Gao J, Aung LHH, Li P. Role of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in cancer. Oncol Lett 2019. [PMID: 31788041 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10981/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis. Under physiological conditions, ARC is abundantly expressed in terminally differentiated cells, including cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscles and neurons. ARC serves a key role in determining cell fate, and abnormal ARC expression has been demonstrated to be associated with abnormal cell growth. Previous studies have revealed that ARC was upregulated in several different types of solid tumor, where it suppressed tumor cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the increased expression levels of ARC in cancer cells contributed to the development of therapeutic resistance and adverse clinical outcomes in patients with leukemia. However, the exact role of ARC, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms involved, remain poorly understood. The present review summarizes the characteristics of ARC and its cytoprotective role under different conditions and describes the potential ARC as a new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Yu
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yi An
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xiatian Chen
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Ziqian Liu
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Li
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Jinning Gao
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Lynn Htet Htet Aung
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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13
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Del Re DP, Amgalan D, Linkermann A, Liu Q, Kitsis RN. Fundamental Mechanisms of Regulated Cell Death and Implications for Heart Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1765-1817. [PMID: 31364924 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve regulated cell death programs have been described. We review in detail the basic biology of nine including death receptor-mediated apoptosis, death receptor-mediated necrosis (necroptosis), mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, mitochondrial-mediated necrosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, and immunogenic cell death. This is followed by a dissection of the roles of these cell death programs in the major cardiac syndromes: myocardial infarction and heart failure. The most important conclusion relevant to heart disease is that regulated forms of cardiomyocyte death play important roles in both myocardial infarction with reperfusion (ischemia/reperfusion) and heart failure. While a role for apoptosis in ischemia/reperfusion cannot be excluded, regulated forms of necrosis, through both death receptor and mitochondrial pathways, are critical. Ferroptosis and parthanatos are also likely important in ischemia/reperfusion, although it is unclear if these entities are functioning as independent death programs or as amplification mechanisms for necrotic cell death. Pyroptosis may also contribute to ischemia/reperfusion injury, but potentially through effects in non-cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocyte loss through apoptosis and necrosis is also an important component in the pathogenesis of heart failure and is mediated by both death receptor and mitochondrial signaling. Roles for immunogenic cell death in cardiac disease remain to be defined but merit study in this era of immune checkpoint cancer therapy. Biology-based approaches to inhibit cell death in the various cardiac syndromes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Del Re
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, and Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Dulguun Amgalan
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, and Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, and Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Qinghang Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, and Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, and Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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14
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Gong XY, Zhang Y. Protective effect of miR-20a against hypoxia/reoxygenation treatment on cardiomyocytes cell viability and cell apoptosis by targeting TLR4 and inhibiting p38 MAPK/JNK signaling. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2019; 55:793-800. [PMID: 31444671 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-019-00399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized to hold essential parts in the course of pathophysiology participating in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The current study was intended to appraise the functional implication and underlying regulatory mechanism action of miR-20a in myocardial I/R injury. In cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model simulating I/R, we observed that miR-20a was diminished in H9c2 cells subjected to H/R. The miR-20a mimics promoted cardiomyocyte viability and reduced H/R-triggered cell apoptosis, while the miR-20a inhibitors induced the inverse response in H9c2 cells subjected to H/R injury. Moreover, we ascertained that TLR4 was one downstream target gene of miR-20a and revealed that miR-20a might hold its protective action on cardiomyocytes subjected to H/R by inactivating p38 MAPK/JNK signaling. In summary, this study highlighted the relieved potential of miR-20a against cardiomyocyte H/R injury and suggested its favorable therapeutic role for myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Gong
- International Medical Department, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- International Medical Department, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
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15
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Shukla SK, Rafiq K. Proteasome biology and therapeutics in cardiac diseases. Transl Res 2019; 205:64-76. [PMID: 30342797 PMCID: PMC6372329 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the major pathway for intracellular protein degradation in most organs, including the heart. UPS controls many fundamental biological processes such as cell cycle, cell division, immune responses, antigen presentation, apoptosis, and cell signaling. The UPS not only degrades substrates but also regulates activity of gene transcription at the post-transcription level. Emerging evidence suggests that impairment of UPS function is sufficient to cause a number of cardiac diseases, including heart failure, cardiomyopathies, hypertrophy, atrophy, ischemia-reperfusion, and atherosclerosis. Alterations in the expression of UPS components, changes in proteasomal peptidase activities and increased ubiquitinated and oxidized proteins have also been detected in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, the pathophysiological role of the UPS in DCM has not been examined. Recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have proven highly valuable in assessing effects of various stressors on the UPS and, in some cases, suggesting a causal link between defective protein clearance and disease phenotypes in different cardiac diseases, including DCM. Translation of these findings to human disease can be greatly strengthened by corroboration of discoveries from experimental model systems using human heart tissue from well-defined patient populations. This review will summarize the general role of the UPS in different cardiac diseases, with major focus on DCM, and on recent advances in therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Kumar Shukla
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Khadija Rafiq
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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16
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Guan M, Fang Q, He Z, Li Y, Qian F, Qian X, Lu L, Zhang X, Liu D, Qi J, Zhang S, Tang M, Gao X, Chai R. Inhibition of ARC decreases the survival of HEI-OC-1 cells after neomycin damage in vitro. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66647-66659. [PMID: 27556499 PMCID: PMC5341827 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is a common sensory disorder mainly caused by the loss of hair cells (HCs). Noise, aging, and ototoxic drugs can all induce apoptosis in HCs. Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain(ARC) is a key factor in apoptosis that inhibits both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways; however, there have been no reports on the role of ARC in HC loss in the inner ear. In this study, we used House Ear Institute Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC-1) cells, which is a cochlear hair-cell-like cell line, to investigate the role of ARC in aminoglycoside-induced HC loss. ARC was expressed in the cochlear HCs as well as in the HEI-OC-1 cells, but not in the supporting cells, and the expression level of ARC in HCs was decreased after neomycin injury in both cochlear HCs and HEI-OC-1 cells, suggesting that reduced levels of ARC might correlate with neomycin-induced HC loss. We inhibited ARC expression using siRNA and found that this significantly increased the sensitivity of HEI-OC-1 cells to neomycin toxicity. Finally, we found that ARC inhibition increased the expression of pro-apoptotic factors, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after neomycin injury, suggesting that ARC inhibits cell death and apoptosis in HEI-OC-1 cells by controlling mitochondrial function and ROS accumulation. Thus the endogenous anti-apoptotic factor ARC might be a new therapeutic target for the prevention of aminoglycoside-induced HC loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guan
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qiaojun Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Zuhong He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Fuping Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xiaoyun Qian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Dingding Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jieyu Qi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Mingliang Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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17
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Carter BZ, Mak PY, Chen Y, Mak DH, Mu H, Jacamo R, Ruvolo V, Arold ST, Ladbury JE, Burks JK, Kornblau S, Andreeff M. Anti-apoptotic ARC protein confers chemoresistance by controlling leukemia-microenvironment interactions through a NFκB/IL1β signaling network. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20054-67. [PMID: 26956049 PMCID: PMC4991438 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand how the apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) protein confers drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we investigated the role of ARC in regulating leukemia-mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) interactions. In addition to the previously reported effect on AML apoptosis, we have demonstrated that ARC enhances migration and adhesion of leukemia cells to MSCs both in vitro and in a novel human extramedullary bone/bone marrow mouse model. Mechanistic studies revealed that ARC induces IL1β expression in AML cells and increases CCL2, CCL4, and CXCL12 expression in MSCs, both through ARC-mediated activation of NFκB. Expression of these chemokines in MSCs increased by AML cells in an ARC/IL1β-dependent manner; likewise, IL1β expression was elevated when leukemia cells were co-cultured with MSCs. Further, cells from AML patients expressed the receptors for and migrated toward CCL2, CCL4, and CXCL12. Inhibition of IL1β suppressed AML cell migration and sensitized the cells co-cultured with MSCs to chemotherapy. Our results suggest the existence of a complex ARC-regulated circuit that maintains intimate connection of AML with the tumor microenvironment through NFκB/IL1β-regulated chemokine receptor/ligand axes and reciprocal crosstalk resulting in cytoprotection. The data implicate ARC as a promising drug target to potentially sensitize AML cells to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Z Carter
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Po Yee Mak
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ye Chen
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Duncan H Mak
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hong Mu
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo Jacamo
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vivian Ruvolo
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stefan T Arold
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - John E Ladbury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Biomolecular Structure and Function, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jared K Burks
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven Kornblau
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Vorobej K, Mitchell AS, Smith IC, Donath S, Russell Tupling A, Quadrilatero J. The effect of ARC ablation on skeletal muscle morphology, function, and apoptotic signaling during aging. Exp Gerontol 2017; 101:69-79. [PMID: 29056555 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Augmented apoptotic signaling can result in degradation of skeletal muscle proteins and loss of myonuclei, ultimately contributing to muscle atrophy and contractile dysfunction. Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is an anti-apoptotic protein highly expressed in skeletal muscle. Here we examined the role of ARC on age-related skeletal muscle apoptosis and wasting by utilizing an ARC-deficient mouse model. Aged mice displayed a number of morphological, phenotypic, and contractile alterations in both soleus and plantaris muscle with aging. Although no differences were found in proteolytic enzyme activity, ARC protein decreased while several anti-apoptotic proteins (e.g., BCL2, BCLXL, HSP70, and XIAP) and the release of mitochondrial housed protein (i.e., SMAC, AIF) increased in aged muscle. Importantly, ARC KO mice had low muscle weights and fewer fibers in soleus, with 2-year-old ARC KO mice displaying lower mitochondrial BCL2 protein along with augmented release of CYTC and SMAC in red/oxidative muscle. Overall, these results indicate that aged skeletal muscle undergoes atrophy as well as contractile and fiber type composition alterations despite an increase in anti-apoptotic protein expression. Although some mitochondrial-specific apoptotic alterations occurred in skeletal muscle due to ARC ablation over the lifespan, our data suggest that ARC may not have a large influence during skeletal muscle aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Vorobej
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew S Mitchell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian C Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Donath
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charite-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS Clinics GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Russell Tupling
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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19
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Tan WLW, Lim BTS, Anene-Nzelu CGO, Ackers-Johnson M, Dashi A, See K, Tiang Z, Lee DP, Chua WW, Luu TDA, Li PYQ, Richards AM, Foo RSY. A landscape of circular RNA expression in the human heart. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:298-309. [PMID: 28082450 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Circular RNA (circRNA) is a newly validated class of single-stranded RNA, ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues and possessing key functions including acting as microRNA sponges and as transcriptional regulators by binding to RNA-binding proteins. While independent studies confirm the expression of circRNA in various tissue types, genome-wide circRNA expression in the heart has yet to be described in detail. Methods and results We performed deep RNA-sequencing on ribosomal-depleted RNA isolated from 12 human hearts, 25 mouse hearts and across a 28-day differentiation time-course of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Using purpose-designed bioinformatics tools, we uncovered a total of 15 318 and 3017 cardiac circRNA within human and mouse, respectively. Their abundance generally correlates with the abundance of their cognate linear RNA, but selected circRNAs exist at disproportionately higher abundance. Top highly expressed circRNA corresponded to key cardiac genes including Titin (TTN), RYR2, and DMD. The most abundant cardiac-expressed circRNA is a cytoplasmic localized single-exon circSLC8A1-1. The longest human transcript TTN alone generates up to 415 different exonic circRNA isoforms, the majority (83%) of which originates from the I-band domain. Finally, we confirmed the expression of selected cardiac circRNA by RT-PCR, Sanger sequencing and single molecule RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization. Conclusions Our data provide a detailed circRNA expression landscape in hearts. There is a high-abundance of specific cardiac-expressed circRNA. These findings open up a new avenue for future investigation into this emerging class of RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson L W Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Benson T S Lim
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Chukwuemeka G O Anene-Nzelu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Matthew Ackers-Johnson
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Albert Dashi
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Kelvin See
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Zenia Tiang
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Dominic Paul Lee
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Wee Woon Chua
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Tuan D A Luu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Peter Y Q Li
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Arthur Mark Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Roger S Y Foo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
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20
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Brown DI, Parry TL, Willis MS. Ubiquitin Ligases and Posttranslational Regulation of Energy in the Heart: The Hand that Feeds. Compr Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28640445 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a costly and deadly syndrome characterized by the reduced capacity of the heart to adequately provide systemic blood flow. Mounting evidence implicates pathological changes in cardiac energy metabolism as a contributing factor in the development of HF. While the main source of fuel in the healthy heart is the oxidation of fatty acids, in the failing heart the less energy efficient glucose and glycogen metabolism are upregulated. The ubiquitin proteasome system plays a key role in regulating metabolism via protein-degradation/regulation of autophagy and regulating metabolism-related transcription and cell signaling processes. In this review, we discuss recent research that describes the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in regulating metabolism in the context of HF. We focus on ubiquitin ligases (E3s), the component of the UPS that confers substrate specificity, and detail the current understanding of how these E3s contribute to cardiac pathology and metabolism. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:841-862, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Brown
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Traci L Parry
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Monte S Willis
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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21
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Sinha-Hikim I, Friedman TC, Falz M, Chalfant V, Hasan MK, Espinoza-Derout J, Lee DL, Sims C, Tran P, Mahata SK, Sinha-Hikim AP. Nicotine plus a high-fat diet triggers cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 368:159-170. [PMID: 27917437 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for diabetes, cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The health risk associated with smoking can be aggravated by obesity. Smoking might also trigger cardiomyocyte (CM) apoptosis. Given that CM apoptosis has been implicated as a potential mechanism in the development of cardiomyopathy and heart failure, we characterize the key signaling pathways in nicotine plus high-fat diet (HFD)-induced CM apoptosis. Adult C57BL6 male mice were fed a normal diet (ND) or HFD and received twice-daily intraperitoneal (IP) injections of nicotine (0.75 mg/kg body weight [BW]) or saline for 16 weeks. An additional group of nicotine-treated mice on HFD received twice-daily IP injections of mecamylamine (1 mg/kg BW), a non-selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, for 16 weeks. Nicotine when combined with HFD led to a massive increase in CM apoptosis that was fully prevented by mecamylamine treatment. Induction of CM apoptosis was associated with increased oxidative stress and activation of caspase-2-mediated intrinsic pathway signaling coupled with inactivation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Furthermore, nicotine treatment significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated the HFD-induced decrease in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1). We conclude that nicotine, when combined with HFD, triggers CM apoptosis through the generation of oxidative stress and inactivation of AMPK together with the activation of caspase-2-mediated intrinsic apoptotic signaling independently of FGF21 and SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Theodore C Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark Falz
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Victor Chalfant
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Mohammad Kamrul Hasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Jorge Espinoza-Derout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Desean L Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Carl Sims
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Peter Tran
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Health Care System and University of California, San Diego, Calif., USA
| | - Amiya P Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA. .,David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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22
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Kovatcheva M, Liu DD, Dickson MA, Klein ME, O'Connor R, Wilder FO, Socci ND, Tap WD, Schwartz GK, Singer S, Crago AM, Koff A. MDM2 turnover and expression of ATRX determine the choice between quiescence and senescence in response to CDK4 inhibition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8226-43. [PMID: 25803170 PMCID: PMC4480747 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CDK4 inhibitors (CDK4i) earned Breakthrough Therapy Designation from the FDA last year and are entering phase III clinical trials in several cancers. However, not all tumors respond favorably to these drugs. CDK4 activity is critical for progression through G1 phase and into the mitotic cell cycle. Inhibiting this kinase induces Rb-positive cells to exit the cell cycle into either a quiescent or senescent state. In this report, using well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma (WD/DDLS) cell lines, we show that the proteolytic turnover of MDM2 is required for CDK4i-induced senescence. Failure to reduce MDM2 does not prevent CDK4i-induced withdrawal from the cell cycle but the cells remain in a reversible quiescent state. Reducing MDM2 in these cells drives them into the more stable senescent state. CDK4i-induced senescence associated with loss of MDM2 is also observed in some breast cancer, lung cancer and glioma cell lines indicating that this is not limited to WD/DDLS cells in which MDM2 is overexpressed or in cells that contain wild type p53. MDM2 turnover depends on its E3 ligase activity and expression of ATRX. Interestingly, in seven patients the changes in MDM2 expression were correlated with outcome. These insights identify MDM2 and ATRX as new regulators controlling geroconversion, the process by which quiescent cells become senescent, and this insight may be exploited to improve the activity of CDK4i in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kovatcheva
- The Louis V. Gerstner Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.,Program in Molecular Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - David D Liu
- The Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Weill College of Medicine, Cornell University, New York, USA.,Program in Molecular Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Mark A Dickson
- Department of Medicine, Weill College of Medicine, Cornell University, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Mary E Klein
- The Louis V. Gerstner Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.,Program in Molecular Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Rachael O'Connor
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Fatima O Wilder
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas D Socci
- Program in Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - William D Tap
- Department of Medicine, Weill College of Medicine, Cornell University, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Gary K Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.,Current address: Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Samuel Singer
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Aimee M Crago
- Program in Molecular Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.,Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Koff
- The Louis V. Gerstner Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.,The Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Weill College of Medicine, Cornell University, New York, USA.,Program in Molecular Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
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23
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Tóth C, Meinrath J, Herpel E, Derix J, Fries J, Buettner R, Schirmacher P, Heikaus S. Expression of the apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer and its correlation with DNA mismatch repair proteins and p53. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:927-35. [PMID: 26721253 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apoptotic signaling is one of the most important processes in the measurement of chemotherapeutic effectiveness. In apoptotic machinery, various pathways and proteins are involved (i.e., mismatch repair proteins, p53). One of the regulatory proteins is ARC, which can inhibit not only the extrinsic but also the intrinsic apoptotic signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we investigated the expression levels of ARC in colorectal liver metastasis and compared them with the expression of mismatch repair proteins and p53. Furthermore, we investigated ARC expression level depending on sex, age, tumor grade, mucin production, tumor size and number of liver metastasis. RESULTS ARC expression level in colorectal cancer liver metastasis was independent from clinical data (i.e., age, gender, tumor size, tumor number or mucin production) but strongly correlated with MSH2 and MSH6 expression, which further supported the evidence for the regulatory role of MSH2 and MSH6 in apoptosis; i.e., in case of sufficient MSH2 and MSH6 expression, significantly higher ARC level is required to suppress the apoptosis. A regulatory interaction between ARC and p53 has been described, but we found no correlation between p53 expression levels and ARC levels. CONCLUSION Further studies are needed to define the exact role of ARC in apoptotic signaling and thus its role in chemoresistance and survival of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Tóth
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Center for Integrated Oncology, CIO Biobank, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jeannine Meinrath
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Esther Herpel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Cancer Institute, Tissue Bank, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Derix
- University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jochen Fries
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Reinhard Buettner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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McKimpson WM, Yuan Z, Zheng M, Crabtree JS, Libutti SK, Kitsis RN. The Cell Death Inhibitor ARC Is Induced in a Tissue-Specific Manner by Deletion of the Tumor Suppressor Gene Men1, but Not Required for Tumor Development and Growth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145792. [PMID: 26709830 PMCID: PMC4692498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a genetic disorder characterized by tissue-specific tumors in the endocrine pancreas, parathyroid, and pituitary glands. Although tumor development in these tissues is dependent upon genetic inactivation of the tumor suppressor Men1, loss of both alleles of this gene is not sufficient to induce these cancers. Men1 encodes menin, a nuclear protein that influences transcription. A previous ChIP on chip analysis suggested that menin binds promoter sequences of nol3, encoding ARC, which is a cell death inhibitor that has been implicated in cancer pathogenesis. We hypothesized that ARC functions as a co-factor with Men1 loss to induce the tissue-restricted distribution of tumors seen in MEN1. Using mouse models that recapitulate this syndrome, we found that biallelic deletion of Men1 results in selective induction of ARC expression in tissues that develop tumors. Specifically, loss of Men1 in all cells of the pancreas resulted in marked increases in ARC mRNA and protein in the endocrine, but not exocrine, pancreas. Similarly, ARC expression increased in the parathyroid with inactivation of Men1 in that tissue. To test if ARC contributes to MEN1 tumor development in the endocrine pancreas, we generated mice that lacked none, one, or both copies of ARC in the context of Men1 deletion. Studies in a cohort of 126 mice demonstrated that, although mice lacking Men1 developed insulinomas as expected, elimination of ARC in this context did not significantly alter tumor load. Cellular rates of proliferation and death in these tumors were also not perturbed in the absence of ARC. These results indicate that ARC is upregulated by loss Men1 in the tissue-restricted distribution of MEN1 tumors, but that ARC is not required for tumor development in this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M. McKimpson
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
| | - Ziqiang Yuan
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
| | - Judy S. Crabtree
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Steven K. Libutti
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
| | - Richard N. Kitsis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Einstein-Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Reduces Cellular Myeloid Differentiation Primary-Response Gene 88 (MyD88) Expression via Modulation of Its RNA. J Virol 2015; 90:180-8. [PMID: 26468534 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02342-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human gammaherpesvirus associated with several human malignancies. The replication and transcription activator (RTA) is necessary and sufficient for the switch from KSHV latency to lytic replication. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a major mediator for inflammation and plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) is an essential adaptor molecule for IL-1 as well as most Toll-like receptor signaling. In this study, we identified a novel mechanism by which KSHV interferes with host inflammation and immunity. KSHV RTA specifically reduces the steady-state protein levels of MyD88, and physiological levels of MyD88 are downregulated during KSHV lytic replication when RTA is expressed. The N-terminal region of RTA is required for the reduction of MyD88. Additional studies demonstrated that RTA targets MyD88 expression at the RNA level, inhibits RNA synthesis of MyD88, and may bind MyD88 RNA. Finally, RTA inhibits IL-1-mediated activation of NF-κB. Because IL-1 is abundant in the KS microenvironment and inhibits KSHV replication, this work may expand our understanding of how KSHV evades host inflammation and immunity for its survival in vivo. IMPORTANCE MyD88 is an important molecule for IL-1-mediated inflammation and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. This work shows that KSHV inhibits MyD88 expression through a novel mechanism. KSHV RTA may bind to MyD88 RNA, suppresses RNA synthesis of MyD88, and inhibits IL-1-mediated signaling. This work may expand our understanding of how KSHV evades host inflammation and immunity.
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26
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Zhu H, Luo P, Fu Y, Wang J, Dai J, Shao J, Yang X, Chang L, Weng Q, Yang B, He Q. Dihydromyricetin prevents cardiotoxicity and enhances anticancer activity induced by adriamycin. Oncotarget 2015; 6:3254-67. [PMID: 25226612 PMCID: PMC4413651 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adriamycin, a widely used anthracycline antibiotic in multiple chemotherapy regimens, has been challenged by the cardiotoxicity leading to fatal congestive heart failure in the worst condition. The present study demonstrated that Dihydromyricetin, a natural product extracted from ampelopsis grossedentat, exerted cardioprotective effect against the injury in Adriamycin-administrated ICR mice. Dihydromyricetin decreased ALT, LDH and CKMB levels in mice serum, causing a significant reduction in the toxic death triggered by Adriamycin. The protective effects were also indicated by the alleviation of abnormal electrocardiographic changes, the abrogation of proliferation arrest and apoptotic cell death in primary myocardial cells. Further study revealed that Dihydromyricetin-rescued loss of anti-apoptosis protein ARC provoked by Adriamycin was involved in the cardioprotection. Intriguingly, the anticancer activity of Adriamycin was not compromised upon the combination with Dihydromyricetin, as demonstrated by the enhanced anticancer effect achieved by Adriamycin plus Dihydromyricetin in human leukemia U937 cells and xenograft models, in a p53-dependent manner. These results collectively promised the potential value of Dihydromyricetin as a rational cardioprotective agent of Adriamycin, by protecting myocardial cells from apoptosis, while potentiating anticancer activities of Adriamycin, thus further increasing the therapeutic window of the latter one.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/toxicity
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cytoprotection
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/toxicity
- Flavonols/pharmacology
- HL-60 Cells
- Heart Diseases/chemically induced
- Heart Diseases/metabolism
- Heart Diseases/pathology
- Heart Diseases/physiopathology
- Heart Diseases/prevention & control
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Protective Agents/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
- Tumor Burden
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- U937 Cells
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peihua Luo
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yingying Fu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiabin Dai
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinjin Shao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaochun Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Linlin Chang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qinjie Weng
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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27
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Mak PY, Mak DH, Ruvolo V, Jacamo R, Kornblau SM, Kantarjian H, Andreeff M, Carter BZ. Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain modulates second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspases mimetic-induced cell death through BIRC2/MAP3K14 signalling in acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2014; 167:376-84. [PMID: 25079338 PMCID: PMC4357400 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC, also termed NOL3) protein predicts adverse outcome in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and confers drug resistance to AML cells. The second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspases (SMAC, also termed DIABLO) mimetic, birinapant, promotes extrinsic apoptosis in AML cells. SMAC mimetics induce cleavage of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP) proteins, leading to stabilization of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-inducing kinase (MAP3K14, also termed NIK) and activation of non-canonical NF-κB signalling. To enhance the therapeutic potential of SMAC mimetics in AML, we investigated the regulation and role of ARC in birinapant-induced apoptosis. We showed that birinapant increases ARC in AML and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Downregulation of MAP3K14 by siRNA decreased ARC levels and suppressed birinapant-induced ARC increase. Reverse-phase protein array analysis of 511 samples from newly diagnosed AML patients showed that BIRC2 (also termed cIAP1) and ARC were inversely correlated. Knockdown of ARC sensitized, while overexpression attenuated, birinapant-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, ARC knockdown in MSCs sensitized co-cultured AML cells to birinapant-induced apoptosis. Our data demonstrate that ARC is regulated via BIRC2/MAP3K14 signalling and its overexpression in AML or MSCs can function as a resistant factor to birinapant-induced leukaemia cell death, suggesting that strategies to inhibit ARC will improve the therapeutic potential of SMAC mimetics.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/physiology
- Coculture Techniques
- Dipeptides/pharmacology
- Dipeptides/therapeutic use
- Drug Design
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Indoles/therapeutic use
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/genetics
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/physiology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/blood
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/drug effects
- Middle Aged
- Mitochondrial Proteins/physiology
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Muscle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/physiology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
- NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Y Mak
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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28
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Li J, Li C, Zhang D, Shi D, Qi M, Feng J, Yuan T, Xu X, Liang D, Xu L, Zhang H, Liu Y, Chen J, Ye J, Jiang W, Cui Y, Zhang Y, Peng L, Zhou Z, Chen YH. SNX13 reduction mediates heart failure through degradative sorting of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5177. [PMID: 25295779 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is associated with complicated molecular remodelling within cardiomyocytes; however, the mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Here we show that sorting nexin-13 (SNX13), a member of both the sorting nexin and the regulator of G protein signalling (RGS) protein families, is a potent mediator of HF. Decreased levels of SNX13 are observed in failing hearts of humans and of experimental animals. SNX13-deficient zebrafish recapitulate HF with striking cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Mechanistically, a reduction in SNX13 expression facilitates the degradative sorting of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC), which is a multifunctional inhibitor of apoptosis. Consequently, the apoptotic pathway is activated, resulting in the loss of cardiac cells and the dampening of cardiac function. The N-terminal PXA structure of SNX13 is responsible for mediating the endosomal trafficking of ARC. Thus, this study reveals that SNX13 profoundly affects cardiac performance through the SNX13-PXA-ARC-caspase signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Changming Li
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Dasheng Zhang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dan Shi
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Man Qi
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jing Feng
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Tianyou Yuan
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinran Xu
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dandan Liang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liang Xu
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi Liu
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jinjin Chen
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jiangchuan Ye
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Weifang Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yingyu Cui
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Cardiothoracic Surgical Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Luying Peng
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China [3] Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhaonian Zhou
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Laboratory of Hypoxic Cardiovascular Physiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi-Han Chen
- 1] Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China [2] Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China [3] Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China [4] Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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MicroRNA-185 regulates chemotherapeutic sensitivity in gastric cancer by targeting apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1197. [PMID: 24763054 PMCID: PMC4001303 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Resistance to chemotherapy is a significant barrier for effective cancer treatment. Here, we identified miR-185 to be a contributor to chemosensitivity in gastric cancer. We observed low levels of miR-185 in gastric cancer cell lines and clinical tissues, compared with gastric epithelium cell line and noncancerous tissues. Furthermore, enforced expression of miR-185 increased the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to low-dose chemotherapeutic agents, which alone cannot trigger significant apoptosis. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous miR-185 prevented high-dose chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. In elucidating the molecular mechanism by which miR-185 participated in the regulation of chemosensitivity in gastric cancer, we discovered that apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is a direct target of miR-185. The role of miR-185 was confirmed in gastric tumor xenograft model. The growth of established tumors was suppressed by a combination therapy using enforced miR-185 expression and a low dose of anticancer drugs. Finally, we found that RUNX3 (Runt-related transcription factor) was involved in the activation of miR-185 at the transcriptional level. Taken together, our results reveal that RUNX3, miR-185 and ARC regulate the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to chemotherapy.
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Fiedler LR, Maifoshie E, Schneider MD. Mouse models of heart failure: cell signaling and cell survival. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 109:171-247. [PMID: 24947238 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397920-9.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is one of the paramount global causes of morbidity and mortality. Despite this pandemic need, the available clinical counter-measures have not altered substantially in recent decades, most notably in the context of pharmacological interventions. Cell death plays a causal role in heart failure, and its inhibition poses a promising approach that has not been thoroughly explored. In previous approaches to target discovery, clinical failures have reflected a deficiency in mechanistic understanding, and in some instances, failure to systematically translate laboratory findings toward the clinic. Here, we review diverse mouse models of heart failure, with an emphasis on those that identify potential targets for pharmacological inhibition of cell death, and on how their translation into effective therapies might be improved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna R Fiedler
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Evie Maifoshie
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael D Schneider
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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The apoptosis repressor with a CARD domain (ARC) gene is a direct hypoxia-inducible factor 1 target gene and promotes survival and proliferation of VHL-deficient renal cancer cells. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:739-51. [PMID: 24344197 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00644-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) is essential for the adaptation of tumor cells to a low-oxygen environment. We found that the expression of the apoptosis inhibitor ARC (apoptosis repressor with a CARD domain) was induced by hypoxia in a variety of cancer cell types, and its induction is primarily HIF1 dependent. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and reporter assays also indicate that the ARC gene is regulated by direct binding of HIF1 to a hypoxia response element (HRE) located at bp -190 upstream of the transcription start site. HIFs play an essential role in the pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) under normoxic conditions, through the loss of the Von Hippel-Lindau gene (VHL). Accordingly, our results show that ARC is not expressed in normal renal tissue but is highly expressed in 65% of RCC tumors, which also express high levels of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), a HIF1-dependent protein. Compared to controls, ARC-deficient RCCs exhibited decreased colony formation and increased apoptosis in vitro. In addition, loss of ARC resulted in a dramatic reduction of RCC tumor growth in SCID mice in vivo. Thus, HIF-mediated increased expression of ARC in RCC can explain how loss of VHL can promote survival early in tumor formation.
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32
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Apoptosis repressor with a CARD domain (ARC) restrains Bax-mediated pathogenesis in dystrophic skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82053. [PMID: 24312627 PMCID: PMC3846897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Myofiber wasting in muscular dystrophy has largely been ascribed to necrotic cell death, despite reports identifying apoptotic markers in dystrophic muscle. Here we set out to identify the contribution of canonical apoptotic pathways to skeletal muscle degeneration in muscular dystrophy by genetically deleting a known inhibitor of apoptosis, apoptosis repressor with a card domain (Arc), in dystrophic mouse models. Nol3 (Arc protein) genetic deletion in the dystrophic Sgcd or Lama2 null backgrounds showed exacerbated skeletal muscle pathology with decreased muscle performance compared with single null dystrophic littermate controls. The enhanced severity of the dystrophic phenotype associated with Nol3 deletion was caspase independent but dependent on the mitochondria permeability transition pore (MPTP), as the inhibitor Debio-025 partially rescued skeletal muscle pathology in Nol3 (-/-) Sgcd (-/-) double targeted mice. Mechanistically, Nol3 (-/-) Sgcd (-/-) mice showed elevated total and mitochondrial Bax protein levels, as well as greater mitochondrial swelling, suggesting that Arc normally restrains the cell death effects of Bax in skeletal muscle. Indeed, knockdown of Arc in mouse embryonic fibroblasts caused an increased sensitivity to cell death that was fully blocked in Bax Bak1 (genes encoding Bax and Bak) double null fibroblasts. Thus Arc deficiency in dystrophic muscle exacerbates disease pathogenesis due to a Bax-mediated sensitization of mitochondria-dependent death mechanisms.
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33
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Guo Z, Wang X, Li H, Gao Y. Screening E3 substrates using a live phage display library. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76622. [PMID: 24124579 PMCID: PMC3790729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin ligases (E3s) determine specificity of ubiquitination by recognizing target substrates. However, most of their substrates are unknown. Most known substrates have been identified using distinct approaches in different laboratories. We developed a high-throughput strategy using a live phage display library as E3 substrates in in vitro screening. His-ubiquitinated phage, enriched with Ni-beads, could effectively infect E. coli for amplification. Sixteen natural potential substrates and many unnatural potential substrates of E3 MDM2 were identified through 4 independent screenings. Some substrates were identified in different independent experiments. Additionally, 10 of 12 selected candidates were ubiquitinated by MDM2 in vitro, and 3 novel substrates, DDX42, TP53RK and RPL36a were confirmed ex vivo. The whole strategy is rather simple and efficient. Non-degradation substrates can be discovered. This strategy can be extended to any E3s as long as the E3 does not ubiquitinate the empty phage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguang Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Core Instrument Facility, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huihua Li
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Youhe Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Proper protein turnover is required for cardiac homeostasis and, accordingly, impaired proteasomal function appears to contribute to heart disease. Specific proteasomal degradation mechanisms underlying cardiovascular biology and disease have been identified, and such cellular pathways have been proposed to be targets of clinical relevance. This review summarizes the latest literature regarding the specific E3 ligases involved in heart biology, and the general ways that the proteasome regulates protein quality control in heart disease. The potential for therapeutic intervention in Ubiquitin Proteasome System function in heart disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pagan
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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35
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Lee PCW, Dodart JC, Aron L, Finley LW, Bronson RT, Haigis MC, Yankner BA, Harper JW. Altered social behavior and neuronal development in mice lacking the Uba6-Use1 ubiquitin transfer system. Mol Cell 2013; 50:172-84. [PMID: 23499007 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Uba6 (E1)-Use1 (E2) ubiquitin transfer cascade is a poorly understood alternative arm of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and is required for mouse embryonic development, independent of the canonical Uba1-E2-E3 pathway. Loss of neuronal Uba6 during embryonic development results in altered patterning of neurons in the hippocampus and the amygdala, decreased dendritic spine density, and numerous behavioral disorders. The levels of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Ube3a (E6-AP) and Shank3, both linked with dendritic spine function, are elevated in the amygdala of Uba6-deficient mice, while levels of the Ube3a substrate Arc are reduced. Uba6 and Use1 promote proteasomal turnover of Ube3a in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) and catalyze Ube3a ubiquitylation in vitro. These activities occur in parallel with an independent pathway involving Uba1-UbcH7, but in a spatially distinct manner in MEFs. These data reveal an unanticipated role for Uba6 in neuronal development, spine architecture, mouse behavior, and turnover of Ube3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C W Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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36
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McKimpson WM, Weinberger J, Czerski L, Zheng M, Crow MT, Pessin JE, Chua SC, Kitsis RN. The apoptosis inhibitor ARC alleviates the ER stress response to promote β-cell survival. Diabetes 2013; 62:183-93. [PMID: 22933109 PMCID: PMC3526036 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and β-cell failure leading to inadequate insulin secretion. An important component of β-cell failure is cell loss by apoptosis. Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is an inhibitor of apoptosis that is expressed in cardiac and skeletal myocytes and neurons. ARC possesses the unusual property of antagonizing both the extrinsic (death receptor) and intrinsic (mitochondria/endoplasmic reticulum [ER]) cell death pathways. Here we report that ARC protein is abundant in cells of the endocrine pancreas, including >99.5% of mouse and 73% of human β-cells. Using genetic gain- and loss-of-function approaches, our data demonstrate that ARC inhibits β-cell apoptosis elicited by multiple inducers of cell death, including ER stressors tunicamycin, thapsigargin, and physiological concentrations of palmitate. Unexpectedly, ARC diminishes the ER stress response, acting distal to protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) and inositol-requiring protein 1α, to suppress C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) induction. Depletion of ARC in isolated islets augments palmitate-induced apoptosis, which is dramatically rescued by deletion of CHOP. These data demonstrate that ARC is a previously unrecognized inhibitor of apoptosis in β-cells and that its protective effects are mediated through suppression of the ER stress response pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M. McKimpson
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jeremy Weinberger
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Lech Czerski
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Michael T. Crow
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey E. Pessin
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Diabetes Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Streamson C. Chua
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Diabetes Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Richard N. Kitsis
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Diabetes Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Corresponding author: Richard N. Kitsis,
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Abstract
Redox signaling refers to the specific and usually reversible oxidation/reduction modification of molecules involved in cellular signaling pathways. In the heart, redox signaling regulates several physiological processes (eg, excitation-contraction coupling) and is involved in a wide variety of pathophysiological and homoeostatic or stress response pathways. Reactive oxygen species involved in cardiac redox signaling may derive from many sources, but NADPH oxidases, as dedicated sources of signaling reactive oxygen species, seem to be especially important. An increasing number of specific posttranslational oxidative modifications involved in cardiac redox signaling are being defined, along with the reactive oxygen species sources that are involved. Here, we review current knowledge on the molecular targets of signaling reactive oxygen species in cardiac cells and their involvement in cardiac physiopathology. Advances in this field may allow the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for conditions such as heart failure as opposed to the general antioxidant approaches that have failed to date.
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38
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Loan Le TY, Mardini M, Howell VM, Funder JW, Ashton AW, Mihailidou AS. Low-Dose Spironolactone Prevents Apoptosis Repressor With Caspase Recruitment Domain Degradation During Myocardial Infarction. Hypertension 2012; 59:1164-9. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.190488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Low-dose mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure and myocardial infarction, despite normal plasma aldosterone levels. Since apoptosis plays an important role in heart failure and postinfarction left ventricular remodeling, we examined whether low-dose mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists modulate cardiomyocyte death by regulating the apoptosis repressor protein apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain to lessen the extent of apoptosis. Hearts from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to regional ischemia followed by reperfusion ex vivo, with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists added to perfusates before ischemia. Low-dose spironolactone (10 nmol/L) or eplerenone (100 nmol/L) significantly reduced infarct size. Spironolactone also prevented cleavage of the apoptotic chromatin condensation inducer in the nucleus and of the inhibitor of caspase-activated DNAse induced by ischemia-reperfusion, thereby abolishing chromatin condensation and internucleosomal cleavage. Ischemia-reperfusion–induced activation of caspases 2, 3, and 9, but not caspase 8, was prevented by spironolactone, suggesting targeted regulation of the intrinsic pathway. Low-dose spironolactone and eplerenone prevented loss of the apoptosis repressor with the caspase recruitment domain and reduced myocyte death. In H9c2 cells, mineralocorticoid receptor activation by aldosterone resulted in apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain degradation and enhanced apoptosis; these actions were prevented by coadministration of spironolactone. Using a triple lysine mutant we identified that aldosterone enhances posttranscriptional degradation of the apoptosis repressor with a caspase recruitment domain via the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway. Our data demonstrate that low-dose mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists reduce infarct size and apoptosis in the reperfused myocardium by preventing the apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Yen Loan Le
- From the Department of Cardiology (T.Y.L.L., M.M., A.S.M.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Cardiovascular and Hormonal Research Laboratory, Cardiology Division (T.Y.L.L., M.M., A.S.M.), Hormone and Cancer Division (V.M.H.), and Division of Perinatal Research (A.W.A.), Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Cardiology (M.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South
| | - Mahidi Mardini
- From the Department of Cardiology (T.Y.L.L., M.M., A.S.M.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Cardiovascular and Hormonal Research Laboratory, Cardiology Division (T.Y.L.L., M.M., A.S.M.), Hormone and Cancer Division (V.M.H.), and Division of Perinatal Research (A.W.A.), Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Cardiology (M.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South
| | - Viive M. Howell
- From the Department of Cardiology (T.Y.L.L., M.M., A.S.M.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Cardiovascular and Hormonal Research Laboratory, Cardiology Division (T.Y.L.L., M.M., A.S.M.), Hormone and Cancer Division (V.M.H.), and Division of Perinatal Research (A.W.A.), Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Cardiology (M.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South
| | - John W. Funder
- From the Department of Cardiology (T.Y.L.L., M.M., A.S.M.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Cardiovascular and Hormonal Research Laboratory, Cardiology Division (T.Y.L.L., M.M., A.S.M.), Hormone and Cancer Division (V.M.H.), and Division of Perinatal Research (A.W.A.), Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Cardiology (M.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South
| | - Anthony W. Ashton
- From the Department of Cardiology (T.Y.L.L., M.M., A.S.M.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Cardiovascular and Hormonal Research Laboratory, Cardiology Division (T.Y.L.L., M.M., A.S.M.), Hormone and Cancer Division (V.M.H.), and Division of Perinatal Research (A.W.A.), Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Cardiology (M.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South
| | - Anastasia S. Mihailidou
- From the Department of Cardiology (T.Y.L.L., M.M., A.S.M.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Cardiovascular and Hormonal Research Laboratory, Cardiology Division (T.Y.L.L., M.M., A.S.M.), Hormone and Cancer Division (V.M.H.), and Division of Perinatal Research (A.W.A.), Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Cardiology (M.M.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South
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Siggens L, Figg N, Bennett M, Foo R. Nutrient deprivation regulates DNA damage repair in cardiomyocytes via loss of the base-excision repair enzyme OGG1. FASEB J 2012; 26:2117-24. [PMID: 22302830 PMCID: PMC3630495 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-197525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases, including heart failure, but the role and regulation of oxidative DNA damage in many cases have not been studied. Here, we set out to examine how oxidative DNA damage is regulated in cardiomyocytes. Compared to normal healthy controls, human hearts in end-stage cardiomyopathy (EsCM) showed a high degree of DNA damage by histological evidence of damage markers, including 8-oxoG and γH2AX (8-oxoG: 4.7±0.88 vs. 99.9±0.11%; γH2AX: 2.1±0.33 vs. 85.0±13.8%; P<0.01) This raised the possibility that defective DNA repair may be partly responsible. Indeed, nutrient deprivation led to impaired base-excision repair (BER) in cardiomyocytes in vitro, accompanied by loss of the BER enzyme OGG1, while BER activity was rescued by recombinant OGG1 (control vs. nutrient deprived vs. nutrient deprived+OGG1; 100±2.96 vs. 68.2±7.53 vs. 94.0±0.72%; ANOVA, P<0.01). Hearts from humans with EsCM and two murine models of myocardial stress also showed a loss of OGG1 protein. OGG1 loss was inhibited by the autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin and in autophagy-deficient Atg5(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts. However, pharmacological activation of autophagy, itself, did not induce OGG1 loss, suggesting that autophagy is necessary but not sufficient for OGG1 turnover, and OGG1 loss requires concurrent nutrient deprivation. Finally, we found that the role of autophagy in nutrient starvation is complex, since it balanced the positive effects of ROS inhibition against the negative effect of OGG1 loss. Therefore, we have identified a central role for OGG1 in regulating DNA repair in cardiomyopathy. The manipulation of OGG1 may be used in future studies to examine the direct contribution of oxidative DNA damage to the progression of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Siggens
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nichola Figg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Bennett
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roger Foo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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40
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Ao JE, Kuang LH, Zhou Y, Zhao R, Yang CM. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 regulated ARC expression mediated hypoxia induced inactivation of the intrinsic death pathway in p53 deficient human colon cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:913-7. [PMID: 22475487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC), an anti-apoptotic protein, plays an important role in the regulation of apoptosis by blocking both the extrinsic and intrinsic death pathways. However, its regulatory mechanism remains largely undefined. Here, we reported that hypoxia up-regulated the expression of ARC in p53 deficient human colon cancer cells. Moreover, ARC is a direct target of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a key transcriptional factor for the cellular response to hypoxia. Silencing the expression of HIF-1α in SW480 colon cancer cells by RNA interference abolished hypoxia induced ARC expression. Using luciferase reporter and ChIP assay, we showed that HIF-1α directly bound to hypoxia-responsive element located at -419 to -414 of ARC gene, which is essential for HIF-1-induced expression. As a result of the increased ARC expression, TRAIL-induced apoptosis was reduced by hypoxia. These discoveries would shed novel insights on the mechanisms for ARC expression regulation and hypoxia induced inactivation of the intrinsic death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-e Ao
- Department of Pathology, Jingmen Hubei Province First Peoples' Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei, China
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Sekine S, Mitsuki K, Ito K, Kugioka S, Horie T. Sustained intrahepatic glutathione depletion causes proteasomal degradation of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 in rat liver. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:980-7. [PMID: 22330094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) is a member of a family of efflux transporters that are involved in biliary excretion of organic anions from hepatocytes. Disrupted canalicular localization and decreased protein expression of MRP2 have been observed in patients with chronic cholestatic disorder and hepatic failure without a change in its mRNA expression. We have previously demonstrated that post-transcriptional regulation of the rapid retrieval of rat MRP2 from the canalicular membrane to the intracelluar compartment occurs under conditions of acute (~30min) oxidative stress. However, it is unclear whether MRP2 expression is decreased during its sustained internalization during chronic oxidative stress. The present study employed buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to induce chronic oxidative stress in the livers of Sprague-Dawley rats and then examined the protein expression and localization of MRP2. Canalicular MRP2 localization was altered by BSO treatment for 2h without changing the hepatic protein expression of MRP2. While the 8h after exposure to BSO, hepatic MRP2 protein expression was decreased, and the canalicular localization of MRP2 was disrupted without changing the mRNA expression of MRP2. The BSO-induced reduction in MRP2 protein expression was suppressed by pretreatment with N-benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz)-Leu-Leu-leucinal ( MG-132), a proteasomal inhibitor. Furthermore, the modification of MRP2 by small ubiquitin-relatedmodifier 1 (SUMO-1) was impaired in BSO-treated rat liver,while that by ubiquitin (Ub) and MRP2 was enhanced. Taken together, the results of this study suggest the sustained periods of low GSH content coupled with altered modification of MRP2 by Ub/SUMO-1 were accompanied by proteasomal degradation of MRP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Sekine
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
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Powell SR, Herrmann J, Lerman A, Patterson C, Wang X. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and cardiovascular disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 109:295-346. [PMID: 22727426 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397863-9.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has been the subject of numerous studies to elucidate its role in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. There have been many advances in this field including the use of proteomics to achieve a better understanding of how the cardiac proteasome is regulated. Moreover, improved methods for the assessment of UPS function and the development of genetic models to study the role of the UPS have led to the realization that often the function of this system deviates from the norm in many cardiovascular pathologies. Hence, dysfunction has been described in atherosclerosis, familial cardiac proteinopathies, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathies, and myocardial ischemia. This has led to numerous studies of the ubiquitin protein (E3) ligases and their roles in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. This has also led to the controversial proposition of treating atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and myocardial ischemia with proteasome inhibitors. Furthering our knowledge of this system may help in the development of new UPS-based therapeutic modalities for mitigation of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul R Powell
- Center for Heart and Lung Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
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Ludwig-Galezowska AH, Flanagan L, Rehm M. Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain, a multifunctional modulator of cell death. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:1044-53. [PMID: 21129150 PMCID: PMC3822617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is a highly potent and multifunctional inhibitor of apoptosis that is physiologically expressed predominantly in post-mitotic cells such as cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscle cells and neurons. ARC was also found to be up-regulated in many forms of malignant tumours. ARC impairs the cellular apoptotic responsiveness to a wide range of stresses and insults, including extrinsic apoptosis initiation via death receptor ligands, dysregulation of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis and endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress, genotoxic drugs, ionizing radiation, oxidative stress and hypoxia. ARC is subject to both transcriptional and post-translational regulation and exhibits its function through a multitude of molecular interactions with upstream transducers of apoptosis signals. This review summarizes, structures and comments on the published knowledge regarding ARC and its roles in modulating apoptotic cell death responsiveness in physiological and pathophysiological contexts.
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Santos CX, Anilkumar N, Zhang M, Brewer AC, Shah AM. Redox signaling in cardiac myocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:777-93. [PMID: 21236334 PMCID: PMC3049876 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The heart has complex mechanisms that facilitate the maintenance of an oxygen supply-demand balance necessary for its contractile function in response to physiological fluctuations in workload as well as in response to chronic stresses such as hypoxia, ischemia, and overload. Redox-sensitive signaling pathways are centrally involved in many of these homeostatic and stress-response mechanisms. Here, we review the main redox-regulated pathways that are involved in cardiac myocyte excitation-contraction coupling, differentiation, hypertrophy, and stress responses. We discuss specific sources of endogenously generated reactive oxygen species (e.g., mitochondria and NADPH oxidases of the Nox family), the particular pathways and processes that they affect, the role of modulators such as thioredoxin, and the specific molecular mechanisms that are involved-where this knowledge is available. A better understanding of this complex regulatory system may allow the development of more specific therapeutic strategies for heart diseases.
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Key Words
- aif, apoptosis-inducing factor
- arc, apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain
- camkii, calmodulin kinase ii
- ctgf, connective tissue growth factor
- eb, embryoid body
- ecc, excitation–contraction coupling
- er, endoplasmic reticulum
- es, embryonic stem
- etc, electron transport chain
- g6pdh, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- gpcr, g-protein-coupled receptor
- hdac, histone deacetylase
- hif, hypoxia-inducible factor
- mao-a, monoamine oxidase-a
- mi, myocardial infarction
- mmp, matrix metalloproteinase
- mptp, mitochondrial permeability transition pore
- mtdna, mitochondrial dna
- ncx, na/ca exchanger
- nos, nitric oxide synthase
- phd, prolyl hydroxylase dioxygenase
- pka, protein kinase a
- pkc, protein kinase c
- pkg, protein kinase g
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- ryr, ryanodine receptor
- serca, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium atpase
- sr, sarcoplasmic reticulum
- trx1, thioredoxin1
- tnfα, tumor necrosis factor-α
- vegf, vascular endothelial growth factor
- cardiac myocyte
- reactive oxygen species
- redox signaling
- hypertrophy
- heart failure
- nadph oxidase
- mitochondria
- free radicals
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Expression of ARC (apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain), an antiapoptotic protein, is strongly prognostic in AML. Blood 2011; 117:780-7. [PMID: 21041716 PMCID: PMC3035072 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-04-280503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulators of apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have been extensively studied and are considered excellent therapeutic targets. Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC), an antiapoptotic protein originally found to be involved in apoptosis of cardiac cells, was recently demonstrated to be overexpressed in several solid tumors. To assess its importance in AML, we profiled ARC expression in 511 newly diagnosed AML patients using a validated robust reverse-phase protein array and correlated ARC levels with clinical outcomes. ARC was variably expressed in samples from patients with AML. ARC level was not associated with cytogenetic groups or with FLT-3 mutation status. However, patients with low or medium ARC protein levels had significantly better outcomes than those with high ARC levels: longer overall survival (median, 53.9 or 61.6 vs 38.9 weeks, P = .0015) and longer remission duration (median, 97.6 or 44.7 vs 31.1 weeks, P = .0007). Multivariate analysis indicated that ARC was a statistically significant independent predictor of survival in AML (P = .00013). Inhibition of ARC promoted apoptosis and sensitized cytosine arabinoside-induced apoptosis in OCI-AML3 cells. These results suggest that ARC expression levels are highly prognostic in AML and that ARC is a potential therapeutic target in AML.
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Choy MK, Movassagh M, Siggens L, Vujic A, Goddard M, Sánchez A, Perkins N, Figg N, Bennett M, Carroll J, Foo R. High-throughput sequencing identifies STAT3 as the DNA-associated factor for p53-NF-kappaB-complex-dependent gene expression in human heart failure. Genome Med 2010; 2:37. [PMID: 20546595 PMCID: PMC2905097 DOI: 10.1186/gm158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide maps of DNA regulatory elements and their interaction with transcription factors may form a framework for understanding regulatory circuits and gene expression control in human disease, but how these networks, comprising transcription factors and DNA-binding proteins, form complexes, interact with DNA and modulate gene expression remains largely unknown. METHODS Using microRNA-21 (mir-21), which is an example of genes that are regulated in heart failure, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays to determine the occupancy of transcription factors at this genetic locus. Tissue ChIP was further performed using human hearts and genome-wide occupancies of these transcription factors were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS We show that the transcription factor p53 piggy-backs onto NF-kappaB/RELA and utilizes the kappaB-motif at a cis-regulatory region to control mir-21 expression. p53 behaves as a co-factor in this complex because despite a mutation in its DNA binding domain, mutant p53 was still capable of binding RELA and the cis-element, and inducing mir-21 expression. In dilated human hearts where mir-21 upregulation was previously demonstrated, the p53-RELA complex was also associated with this cis-element. Using high-throughput sequencing, we analyzed genome-wide binding sites for the p53-RELA complex in diseased and control human hearts and found a significant overrepresentation of the STAT3 motif. We further determined that STAT3 was necessary for the p53-RELA complex to associate with this cis-element and for mir-21 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results uncover a mechanism by which transcription factors cooperate in a multi-molecular complex at a cis-regulatory element to control gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun-Kit Choy
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Mehregan Movassagh
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lee Siggens
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ana Vujic
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Martin Goddard
- Department of Histopathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, CB23 3RE, UK
| | - Ana Sánchez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Neil Perkins
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Nichola Figg
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Martin Bennett
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jason Carroll
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Roger Foo
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Willis MS, Schisler JC, Patterson C. Appetite for destruction: E3 ubiquitin-ligase protection in cardiac disease. Future Cardiol 2010; 4:65-75. [PMID: 19543439 DOI: 10.2217/14796678.4.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the course of 3 billion heartbeats in an average human lifetime, the heart must maintain constant protein quality control, including the coordinated and regulated degradation of proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Recent data highlight the specificity by which the UPS functions in the context of cardiac hypertrophy, ischemic heart disease and cardiomyopathies. Although curbing the appetite of the proteasome through the use of inhibitors in animal models of cardiac disease has proven effective experimentally, recent studies report proteasome inhibition as being cardiotoxic in some patients. Therefore, focusing on specific regulatory components of the proteasome, such as members of the E3 ubiquitin-ligase family of proteins, may hold promise for targeted therapeutics of cardiac disease. This review focuses on the UPS, its specific role in cardiac disease and opportunities for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte S Willis
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Cardiovascular Biology Center, 2340B Medical Biomolecular Research Building, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
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Abstract
The emergence of mitochondria as critical regulators of cardiac myocyte survival and death has revolutionized the field of cardiac biology. Indeed, it is now well recognized that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of multiple cardiac diseases. A panoply of mitochondrial proteins/complexes ranging from canonical apoptosis proteins such as Bcl2 and Bax, through the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, to ion channels such as mitochondrial K(ATP) channels and connexin-43 have now been implicated as critical regulators of cardiac cell death. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to focus on these mitochondrial mediators/inhibitors of cell death and to address the specific mechanisms that underlie their ability to influence cardiac pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Baines
- The Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Wu L, Nam YJ, Kung G, Crow MT, Kitsis RN. Induction of the apoptosis inhibitor ARC by Ras in human cancers. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:19235-45. [PMID: 20392691 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.114892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of apoptosis is critical for carcinogenesis. ARC (apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain) is an endogenous inhibitor of apoptosis that antagonizes both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways. Although normally expressed in striated myocytes and neurons, ARC is markedly induced in a variety of primary human epithelial cancers and renders cancer cells resistant to killing. The mechanisms that mediate the induction of ARC in cancer are unknown. Herein we demonstrate that increases in ARC abundance are stimulated by Ras through effects on transcription and protein stability. Overexpression of activated N-Ras or H-Ras in normal cells is sufficient to increase ARC mRNA and protein levels. Similarly, transgenic expression of activated H-Ras induces ARC in both the normal mammary epithelium and resulting tumors of intact mice. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous N-Ras in breast and colon cancer cells significantly reduces ARC mRNA and protein levels. The promoter of the Nol3 locus, encoding ARC, is activated by N-Ras and H-Ras in a MEK/ERK-dependent manner. Ras also stabilizes ARC protein by suppressing its polyubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. In addition to the effects of Ras on ARC abundance, ARC mediates Ras-induced cell survival and cell cycle progression. Thus, Ras induces ARC in epithelial cancers, and ARC plays a role in the oncogenic actions of Ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Wu
- Department of Medicine, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a major proteolytic system that regulates the degradation of intracellular proteins in the heart. The UPS regulates the turnover of misfolded and damaged proteins, in addition to numerous cellular processes, by affecting the stability of short-lived proteins such as transcription factors and cell signaling pathways. The UPS is tightly regulated by the specificity of ubiquitin ligases that recognize specific substrates and direct the addition of ubiquitin, targeting the substrates for degradation by the 26S proteasome. An increasing number of cardiac ubiquitin ligases have been identified, and the number of substrates each one is known to recognize also has increased, expanding their roles. Although mainly cardioprotective roles have been attributed to ubiquitin ligases, new studies have identified exceptions to this rule. This review discusses the mechanisms of cardiac ubiquitin ligases and identifies their role in common cardiac diseases including cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac atrophy, ischemic heart disease, and diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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