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Kim H, Park C, Kim TH. Targeting Liver X Receptors for the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091292. [PMID: 37174692 PMCID: PMC10177243 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a range of conditions in which excess lipids accumulate in the liver, possibly leading to serious hepatic manifestations such as steatohepatitis, fibrosis/cirrhosis and cancer. Despite its increasing prevalence and significant impact on liver disease-associated mortality worldwide, no medication has been approved for the treatment of NAFLD yet. Liver X receptors α/β (LXRα and LXRβ) are lipid-activated nuclear receptors that serve as master regulators of lipid homeostasis and play pivotal roles in controlling various metabolic processes, including lipid metabolism, inflammation and immune response. Of note, NAFLD progression is characterized by increased accumulation of triglycerides and cholesterol, hepatic de novo lipogenesis, mitochondrial dysfunction and augmented inflammation, all of which are highly attributed to dysregulated LXR signaling. Thus, targeting LXRs may provide promising strategies for the treatment of NAFLD. However, emerging evidence has revealed that modulating the activity of LXRs has various metabolic consequences, as the main functions of LXRs can distinctively vary in a cell type-dependent manner. Therefore, understanding how LXRs in the liver integrate various signaling pathways and regulate metabolic homeostasis from a cellular perspective using recent advances in research may provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for NAFLD and associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaewon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
- Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
- Muscle Physiome Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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2
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Britt RD, Porter N, Grayson MH, Gowdy KM, Ballinger M, Wada K, Kim HY, Guerau-de-Arellano M. Sterols and immune mechanisms in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:47-59. [PMID: 37138729 PMCID: PMC10151016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The field of sterol and oxysterol biology in lung disease has recently gained attention, revealing a unique need for sterol uptake and metabolism in the lung. The presence of cholesterol transport, biosynthesis, and sterol/oxysterol-mediated signaling in immune cells suggests a role in immune regulation. In support of this idea, statin drugs that inhibit the cholesterol biosynthesis rate-limiting step enzyme, hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, show immunomodulatory activity in several models of inflammation. Studies in human asthma reveal contradicting results, whereas promising retrospective studies suggest benefits of statins in severe asthma. Here, we provide a timely review by discussing the role of sterols in immune responses in asthma, analytical tools to evaluate the role of sterols in disease, and potential mechanistic pathways and targets relevant to asthma. Our review reveals the importance of sterols in immune processes and highlights the need for further research to solve critical gaps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney D. Britt
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Ned Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville
| | - Mitchell H. Grayson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
| | - Kymberly M. Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Megan Ballinger
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Kara Wada
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Hye-Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus
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3
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Lipid Metabolism Disorders in the Comorbid Course of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112978. [PMID: 34831201 PMCID: PMC8616072 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently among the most common liver diseases. Unfavorable data on the epidemiology of metabolic syndrome and obesity have increased the attention of clinicians and researchers to the problem of NAFLD. The research results allow us to emphasize the systemicity and multifactoriality of the pathogenesis of liver parenchyma lesion. At the same time, many aspects of its classification, etiology, and pathogenesis remain controversial. Local and systemic metabolic disorders are also a part of the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and can influence its course. The present article analyzes the metabolic pathways mediating the links of impaired lipid metabolism in NAFLD and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Free fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides are involved in key metabolic and inflammatory pathways underlying the pathogenesis of both diseases. Moreover, inflammation and lipid metabolism demonstrate close links in the comorbid course of NAFLD and COPD.
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Matsumoto R, Takahashi D, Watanabe M, Nakatani S, Takamura Y, Kurosaki Y, Kakuta H, Hase K. A Retinoid X Receptor Agonist Directed to the Large Intestine Ameliorates T-Cell-Mediated Colitis in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:715752. [PMID: 34475823 PMCID: PMC8406631 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.715752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) is a nuclear receptor that heterodimerizes with several nuclear receptors, integrating ligand-mediated signals across the heterodimers. Synthetic RXR agonists have been developed to cure certain inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). However, pre-existing RXR agonists, which are lipophilic and readily absorbed in the upper intestine, cause considerable adverse effects such as hepatomegaly, hyperlipidemia, and hypothyroidism. To minimize these adverse effects, we have developed an RXR agonist, NEt-3IB, which has lipophilic and thus poorly absorptive properties. In this study, we evaluated the effects of NEt-3IB in an experimental murine colitis model induced through the adoptive transfer of CD45RBhighCD4+ T cells. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that the major portion of NEt-3IB was successfully delivered to the large intestine after oral administration. Notably, NEt-3IB treatment suppressed the development of T cell-mediated chronic colitis, as indicated by improvement of wasting symptoms, inflammatory infiltration, and mucosal hyperplasia. The protective effect of NEt-3IB was mediated by the suppression of IFN-γ-producing Th1 cell expansion in the colon. In conclusion, NEt-3IB, a large intestine-directed RXR agonist, is a promising drug candidate for IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohtaroh Matsumoto
- Division of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science and Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science and Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Watanabe
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakatani
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuta Takamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuji Kurosaki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science and Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Mai CT, Zheng DC, Li XZ, Zhou H, Xie Y. Liver X receptors conserve the therapeutic target potential for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105747. [PMID: 34186192 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic multi-system autoimmune disease with extremely complex pathogenesis. Significantly altered lipid paradox related to the inflammatory burden is reported in RA patients, inducing 50% higher cardiovascular risks. Recent studies have also demonstrated that lipid metabolism can regulate many functions of immune cells in which metabolic pathways have altered. The nuclear liver X receptors (LXRs), including LXRα and LXRβ, play a central role in regulating lipid homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Undoubtedly, LXRs have been considered as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of RA. However, there are some contradictory effects of LXRs agonists observed in previous animal studies where both pro-inflammatory role and anti-inflammatory role were revealed for LXRs activation in RA. Therefore, in addition to updating the knowledge of LXRs as the prominent regulators of lipid homeostasis, the purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of LXRs agonists in RA-associated immune cells, to explore the underlying reasons for the contradictory therapeutic effects of LXRs agonists observed in RA animal models, and to discuss future strategy for the treatment of RA with LXRs modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Tian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau; Faculty of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - De-Chong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau; Faculty of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Xin-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau; Faculty of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Ying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau.
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6
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Mlera L, Offerdahl DK, Dorward DW, Carmody A, Chiramel AI, Best SM, Bloom ME. The liver X receptor agonist LXR 623 restricts flavivirus replication. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1378-1389. [PMID: 34162308 PMCID: PMC8259867 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1947749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The vector-borne flaviviruses (VBFVs) are well known for causing great misery and death in humans worldwide. The VBFVs include those transmitted by mosquitos, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), dengue virus; and those transmitted by ticks including the tick-borne flavivirus serocomplex and Powassan virus (POWV). Two of our recent reports showed that intracranial POWV infection in the reservoir host, Peromyscus leucopus, was restricted and caused no overt clinical disease. Several modes of analyses suggested activation of the LXR pathway. Activation of the LXR pathway leads to increased efflux of cholesterol from cells and consequent disturbances in membrane biogenesis. Because VBFV replication is dependent on membrane biogenesis, we evaluated the effect of an LXR agonist (LXR623) on POWV and ZIKV infection and observed that the compound impaired permissive replication of both viruses in a human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cell line. The LXR agonist resulted in failure of the viruses to induce ER expansion and elaborate vesicle formation, suggesting that the efflux of cholesterol was part of the antiviral mechanism. We also observed that the LXR agonist contributed to the mechanism of virus suppression by increased expression of mRNAs encoding for the antiviral cytokines CXCL10, RANTES and IFN1β. In sharp contrast, a LXR antagonist (GSK2033) had no significant effect on VBFV replication. We conclude that LXR623 impairs flavivirus replication by stimulating cellular antiviral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwanika Mlera
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Danielle K Offerdahl
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - David W Dorward
- Microscopy Unit, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Aaron Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Abhilash I Chiramel
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Sonja M Best
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Marshall E Bloom
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
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7
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Participation of ABCA1 Transporter in Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073334. [PMID: 33805156 PMCID: PMC8037621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the important medical and social problem. According to modern concepts, COPD is a chronic inflammatory disease, macrophages play a key role in its pathogenesis. Macrophages are heterogeneous in their functions, which is largely determined by their immunometabolic profile, as well as the features of lipid homeostasis, in which the ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) plays an essential role. The objective of this work is the analysis of the ABCA1 protein participation and the function of reverse cholesterol transport in the pathogenesis of COPD. The expression of the ABCA1 gene in lung tissues takes the second place after the liver, which indicates the important role of the carrier in lung function. The participation of the transporter in the development of COPD consists in provision of lipid metabolism, regulation of inflammation, phagocytosis, and apoptosis. Violation of the processes in which ABCA1 is involved may be a part of the pathophysiological mechanisms, leading to the formation of a heterogeneous clinical course of the disease.
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8
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Wang F, So KF, Xiao J, Wang H. Organ-organ communication: The liver's perspective. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3317-3330. [PMID: 33537089 PMCID: PMC7847667 DOI: 10.7150/thno.55795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between organs participates in most physiological and pathological events. Owing to the importance of precise coordination among the liver and virtually all organs in the body for the maintenance of homeostasis, many hepatic disorders originate from impaired organ-organ communication, resulting in concomitant pathological phenotypes of distant organs. Hepatokines are proteins that are predominantly secreted from the liver, and many hepatokines and several signaling proteins have been linked to diseases of other organs, such as the heart, muscle, bone, and eyes. Although liver-centered interorgan communication has been proposed in both basic and clinical studies, to date, the regulatory mechanisms of hepatokine production, secretion, and reciprocation with signaling factors from other organs are obscure. Whether other hormones and cytokines are involved in such communication also warrants investigation. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge of organ-organ communication phenotypes in a variety of diseases and the possible involvement of hepatokines and/or other important signaling factors. This provides novel insight into the underlying roles and mechanisms of liver-originated signal transduction and, more importantly, the understanding of disease in an integrative view.
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9
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Lamorte S, Shinde R, McGaha TL. Nuclear receptors, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and macrophage function. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 78:100942. [PMID: 33451803 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are key regulators of innate immune responses and tissue homeostasis. Evidence indicates that NRs significantly impact steady-state immune regulation, uptake and processing of apoptotic cells, tolerance induction, and control of inflammatory immunity. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the NR activity for balancing inflammation and tolerance, the signaling cascade inducing the NR activation and functional responses, and different mechanisms of the NR-driven immune effects in the context of autoimmune diseases. We further describe the ligand-activated transcription factor the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) that exhibits analogous functionality. Moreover, we will discuss the putative role of NRs and AhR in immune regulation and disease pathogenesis providing a rationale for therapeutic targeting as a unique opportunities in the clinical management of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lamorte
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rahul Shinde
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Department of Immunology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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10
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Absence of nuclear receptors LXRs impairs immune response to androgen deprivation and leads to prostate neoplasia. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000948. [PMID: 33284790 PMCID: PMC7752095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is now a well-known precursor for cancer development. Infectious prostatitis are the most common causes of prostate inflammation, but emerging evidence points the role of metabolic disorders as a potential source of cancer-related inflammation. Although the widely used treatment for prostate cancer based on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) effectively decreases tumor size, it also causes profound alterations in immune tumor microenvironment within the prostate. Here, we demonstrate that prostates of a mouse model invalidated for nuclear receptors liver X receptors (LXRs), crucial lipid metabolism and inflammation integrators, respond in an unexpected way to androgen deprivation. Indeed, we observed profound alterations in immune cells composition, which was associated with chronic inflammation of the prostate. This was explained by the recruitment of phagocytosis-deficient macrophages leading to aberrant hyporesponse to castration. This phenotypic alteration was sufficient to allow prostatic neoplasia. Altogether, these data suggest that ADT and inflammation resulting from metabolic alterations interact to promote aberrant proliferation of epithelial prostate cells and development of neoplasia. This raises the question of the benefit of ADT for patients with metabolic disorders. Mice lacking the liver X nuclear receptors (LXRs), crucial integrators of lipid metabolism, were used to study the response of the prostate to androgen deprivation. This reveals that lack of androgens leads to chronic inflammation due to impaired clearance of castration-induced apoptotic cells, allowing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting prostate neoplasia.
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11
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Association of proteome and metabolome signatures with severity in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J Proteomics 2020; 214:103627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hachisu Y, Murata K, Takei K, Tsuchiya T, Tsurumaki H, Koga Y, Horie T, Takise A, Hisada T. Possible Serological Markers to Predict Mortality in Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55050132. [PMID: 31086028 PMCID: PMC6571816 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has a particularly poor prognosis, and most IPF-related deaths are due to acute exacerbation (AE) of this condition. Few reports about biomarkers to predict prognosis of AE-IPF have been published since the release of the new AE-IPF criteria in 2016. The present study investigated relationships between serological markers and in-hospital mortality after the onset of AE-IPF. Methods: Demographic, serological, and imaging data from patients hospitalized at the Maebashi Red Cross Hospital (Gunma, Japan) between 1 January 2013, and 31 December 2017, were retrospectively reviewed. Subjects fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for AE-IPF were divided into those who survived or died; statistical analysis of risk factors was performed using data from these two groups. Results: Diagnostic criteria for AE-IPF were fulfilled by 84 patients (59 males (70.2%)), with a median age of 78 years (range, 56-95 years). IPF was diagnosed before hospitalization in 50 (59.5%) patients and 38 (45.2%) died in hospital. Among the serological markers at hospitalization in the deceased group, C-reactive protein (CRP) was significantly higher than in the survivor group (p = 0.002), while total serum protein (p = 0.031), albumin (p = 0.047) and total cholesterol (p = 0.039) were significantly lower. Cox hazard analysis of factors predicting mortality, corrected for age, sex and BMI, revealed the following: CRP (hazard ratio (HR) 1.080 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.022-1.141); p = 0.006), LDH (HR 1.003 (95% CI 1.000-1.006); p = 0.037), and total cholesterol (HR 0.985 (95% CI 0.972-0.997); p = 0.018). Conclusions: Our data suggest that CRP, LDH, and total cholesterol may be biomarkers predicting mortality in patients with AE-IPF. However, only prospective controlled studies can confirm or not our observation as a generalizable one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Hachisu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, 389-1, Asakura-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0811, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Murata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, 389-1, Asakura-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0811, Japan.
| | - Kousuke Takei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, 389-1, Asakura-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0811, Japan.
| | - Takuma Tsuchiya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, 389-1, Asakura-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0811, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Tsurumaki
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Koga
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Takeo Horie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, 389-1, Asakura-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0811, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Takise
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, 389-1, Asakura-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0811, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Hisada
- Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan.
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Jubinville É, Routhier J, Maranda-Robitaille M, Pineault M, Milad N, Talbot M, Beaulieu MJ, Aubin S, Paré MÈ, Laplante M, Morissette MC. Pharmacological activation of liver X receptor during cigarette smoke exposure adversely affects alveolar macrophages and pulmonary surfactant homeostasis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L669-L678. [PMID: 30702343 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00482.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking alters pulmonary reverse lipid transport and leads to intracellular lipid accumulation in alveolar macrophages. We investigated whether stimulating reverse lipid transport with an agonist of the liver X receptor (LXR) would help alveolar macrophages limit lipid accumulation and dampen lung inflammation in response to cigarette smoke. Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke and treated intraperitoneally with the LXR agonist T0901317. Expression of lipid capture and lipid export genes was assessed in lung tissue and alveolar macrophages. Pulmonary inflammation was assessed in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Finally, cholesterol efflux capacity and pulmonary surfactant levels were determined. In room air-exposed mice, T0901317 increased the expression of lipid export genes in macrophages and the whole lung and increased cholesterol efflux capacity without inducing inflammation or affecting the pulmonary surfactant. However, cigarette smoke-exposed mice treated with T0901317 showed a marked increase in BAL neutrophils, IL-1α, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor levels. T0901317 treatment in cigarette smoke-exposed mice failed to increase the ability of alveolar macrophages to export cholesterol and markedly exacerbated IL-1α release. Finally, T0901317 led to pulmonary surfactant depletion only in cigarette smoke-exposed mice. This study shows that hyperactivation of LXR and the associated lipid capture/export mechanisms only have minor pulmonary effects on the normal lung. However, in the context of cigarette smoke exposure, where the pulmonary surfactant is constantly oxidized, hyperactivation of LXR has dramatic adverse effects, once again showing the central role of lipid homeostasis in the pulmonary response to cigarette smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éric Jubinville
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Joanie Routhier
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | | | - Marie Pineault
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Nadia Milad
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Maude Talbot
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Beaulieu
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Sophie Aubin
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Paré
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu C Morissette
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
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The Liver X Receptor Is Upregulated in Monocyte-Derived Macrophages and Modulates Inflammatory Cytokines Based on LXR α Polymorphism. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:6217548. [PMID: 30944547 PMCID: PMC6421810 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6217548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) have emerged as important regulators of inflammatory gene expression. Previously, we had reported that an LXRα gene promoter polymorphism (-1830 T > C) is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Therefore, we assessed cytokine expression in relation to LXRα polymorphism in monocyte-derived macrophages from patients with SLE. Macrophages were obtained after 72 hours of culture of human monocytes supplemented with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Cells were transfected with LXRα promoter constructs. Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cell- (PBMC-) derived macrophages from the patients were evaluated for proinflammatory cytokines in relation to the genotypes of LXRα -1830 T > C. The expression of LXRα was increased in macrophages; levels of proinflammatory cytokines were decreased with LXRα expression. Production of proinflammatory cytokines varied depending on LXRα -1830 T > C genotype. In particular, expression of LXRα was decreased and that of proinflammatory cytokines was increased for LXRα -1830 TC genotype compared to that for TT genotype. The data were consistent in PBMC-derived macrophages from patients with SLE. Increased proinflammatory cytokines is related to TLR7 and TLR9 expression. These data suggest that the expression levels of LXRα, according to LXRα -1830 T > C genotype, may contribute to the inflammatory response by induction of inflammatory cytokines in SLE.
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15
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Wang J, Xiao C, Wei Z, Wang Y, Zhang X, Fu Y. Activation of liver X receptors inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory response in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 197:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Pérez‐Baos S, Barrasa JI, Gratal P, Larrañaga‐Vera A, Prieto‐Potin I, Herrero‐Beaumont G, Largo R. Tofacitinib restores the inhibition of reverse cholesterol transport induced by inflammation: understanding the lipid paradox associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3018-3031. [PMID: 28646516 PMCID: PMC5573422 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have increased cardiovascular mortality, paradoxically associated with reduced circulating lipid levels. The JAK inhibitor tofacitinib ameliorates systemic and joint inflammation in RA with a concomitant increase in serum lipids. We analysed the effect of tofacitinib on the lipid profile of hyperlipidaemic rabbits with chronic arthritis (CA) and on the changes in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) during chronic inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CA was induced in previously immunized rabbits, fed a high-fat diet, by administering four intra-articular injections of ovalbumin. A group of rabbits received tofacitinib (10 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ) for 2 weeks. Systemic and synovial inflammation and lipid content were evaluated. For in vitro studies, THP-1-derived macrophages were exposed to high lipid concentrations and then stimulated with IFNγ in the presence or absence of tofacitinib in order to study mediators of RCT. KEY RESULTS Tofacitinib decreased systemic and synovial inflammation and increased circulating lipid levels. Although it did not modify synovial macrophage density, it reduced the lipid content within synovial macrophages. In foam macrophages in culture, IFNγ further stimulated intracellular lipid accumulation, while the JAK/STAT inhibition provoked by tofacitinib induced lipid release by increasing the levels of cellular liver X receptor α and ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA1) synthesis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Active inflammation could be associated with lipid accumulation within macrophages of CA rabbits. JAK inhibition induced lipid release through RCT activation, providing a plausible explanation for the effect of tofacitinib on the lipid profile of RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pérez‐Baos
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Rheumatology DepartmentIIS‐Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAMMadridSpain
- Thematic Network on Aging and Frailty (RETICEF)MadridSpain
| | - J I Barrasa
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Rheumatology DepartmentIIS‐Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAMMadridSpain
| | - P Gratal
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Rheumatology DepartmentIIS‐Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAMMadridSpain
- Thematic Network on Aging and Frailty (RETICEF)MadridSpain
| | - A Larrañaga‐Vera
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Rheumatology DepartmentIIS‐Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAMMadridSpain
- Thematic Network on Aging and Frailty (RETICEF)MadridSpain
| | - I Prieto‐Potin
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Rheumatology DepartmentIIS‐Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAMMadridSpain
- Thematic Network on Aging and Frailty (RETICEF)MadridSpain
| | - G Herrero‐Beaumont
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Rheumatology DepartmentIIS‐Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAMMadridSpain
- Thematic Network on Aging and Frailty (RETICEF)MadridSpain
| | - R Largo
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Rheumatology DepartmentIIS‐Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAMMadridSpain
- Thematic Network on Aging and Frailty (RETICEF)MadridSpain
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17
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Chai AB, Ammit AJ, Gelissen IC. Examining the role of ABC lipid transporters in pulmonary lipid homeostasis and inflammation. Respir Res 2017; 18:41. [PMID: 28241820 PMCID: PMC5330150 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are characterised by excessive and persistent inflammation. Current treatments are often inadequate for symptom and disease control, and hence new therapies are warranted. Recent emerging research has implicated dyslipidaemia in pulmonary inflammation. Three ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are found in the mammalian lung – ABCA1, ABCG1 and ABCA3 – that are involved in movement of cholesterol and phospholipids from lung cells. The aim of this review is to corroborate the current evidence for the role of ABC lipid transporters in pulmonary lipid homeostasis and inflammation. Here, we summarise results from murine knockout studies, human diseases associated with ABC transporter mutations, and in vitro studies. Disruption to ABC transporter activity results in lipid accumulation and elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines in lung tissue. Furthermore, these ABC-knockout mice exhibit signs of respiratory distress. ABC lipid transporters appear to have a crucial and protective role in the lung. However, our knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms for these benefits requires further attention. Understanding the relationship between cholesterol and inflammation in the lung, and the role that ABC transporters play in this may illuminate new pathways to target for the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Chai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Alaina J Ammit
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. .,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ingrid C Gelissen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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18
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Gabor KA, Fessler MB. Roles of the Mevalonate Pathway and Cholesterol Trafficking in Pulmonary Host Defense. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2017; 10:27-45. [PMID: 26758950 PMCID: PMC6026538 DOI: 10.2174/1874467209666160112123603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mevalonic acid synthesis pathway, cholesterol, and lipoproteins play fundamental roles in lung physiology and the innate immune response. Recent literature investigating roles for cholesterol synthesis and trafficking in host defense against respiratory infection was critically reviewed. The innate immune response and the cholesterol biosynthesis/trafficking network regulate one another, with important implications for pathogen invasion and host defense in the lung. The activation of pathogen recognition receptors and downstream cellular host defense functions are critically sensitive to cellular cholesterol. Conversely, microorganisms can co-opt the sterol/lipoprotein network in order to facilitate replication and evade immunity. Emerging literature suggests the potential for harnessing these insights towards therapeutic development. Given that >50% of adults in the U.S. have serum cholesterol abnormalities and pneumonia remains a leading cause of death, the potential impact of cholesterol on pulmonary host defense is of tremendous public health significance and warrants further mechanistic and translational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12233, Maildrop D2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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19
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Pourcet B, Gage MC, León TE, Waddington KE, Pello OM, Steffensen KR, Castrillo A, Valledor AF, Pineda-Torra I. The nuclear receptor LXR modulates interleukin-18 levels in macrophages through multiple mechanisms. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25481. [PMID: 27149934 PMCID: PMC4858669 DOI: 10.1038/srep25481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-18 is a member of the IL-1 family involved in innate immunity and inflammation. Deregulated levels of IL-18 are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple disorders including inflammatory and metabolic diseases, yet relatively little is known regarding its regulation. Liver X receptors or LXRs are key modulators of macrophage cholesterol homeostasis and immune responses. Here we show that LXR ligands negatively regulate LPS-induced mRNA and protein expression of IL-18 in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Consistent with this being an LXR-mediated process, inhibition is abolished in the presence of a specific LXR antagonist and in LXR-deficient macrophages. Additionally, IL-18 processing of its precursor inactive form to its bioactive state is inhibited by LXR through negative regulation of both pro-caspase 1 expression and activation. Finally, LXR ligands further modulate IL-18 levels by inducing the expression of IL-18BP, a potent endogenous inhibitor of IL-18. This regulation occurs via the transcription factor IRF8, thus identifying IL-18BP as a novel LXR and IRF8 target gene. In conclusion, LXR activation inhibits IL-18 production through regulation of its transcription and maturation into an active pro-inflammatory cytokine. This novel regulation of IL-18 by LXR could be applied to modulate the severity of IL-18 driven metabolic and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Pourcet
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College of London, 5 University Street, London, WC1 E6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Gage
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College of London, 5 University Street, London, WC1 E6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa E León
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College of London, 5 University Street, London, WC1 E6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty E Waddington
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College of London, 5 University Street, London, WC1 E6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar M Pello
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College of London, 5 University Street, London, WC1 E6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Knut R Steffensen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institut, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas "Alberto Sols" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) de Madrid, Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomedicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Planta 3, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés Pineda-Torra
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College of London, 5 University Street, London, WC1 E6JF, United Kingdom
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20
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Ding H, Li Y, Feng Y, Chen J, Zhong X, Wang N, Wang W, Zhang P, Wang L. LXR agonist T0901317 upregulates thrombomodulin expression in glomerular endothelial cells by inhibition of nuclear factor‑κB. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4888-96. [PMID: 27082844 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) induces a variety of symptoms, including proteinuria, inflammation, vascular diseases, fibrosis and thrombosis. Thrombomodulin (TM) acts as a vasoprotective molecule on the surface of the vascular endothelial cells to maintain the homeostasis of the endothelial microenvironment by suppressing cellular proliferation, adhesion and inflammatory responses. Liver X receptor (LXR), a nuclear receptor (NR) and a bile acid‑activated transcription factor, regulates metabolism and cholesterol transport, vascular tension and inflammation. Previous studies indicated that TM expression is upregulated by various NRs; however, it is unclear whether pharmacological modulation of LXR may affect TM expression and GEC function. The current study revealed that LXR activation by its agonist, T0901317, upregulates the expression and activity of TM. This effect was mediated specifically through LXR‑α, and not through LXR‑β. Additionally, T0901317 treatment inhibited nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) signaling and the secretion of high glucose‑induced proinflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor‑α and interleukin‑1β in GECs. Co‑immunoprecipitation experiments determined that treatment with T0901317 enhances the interaction between LXR‑α and the transcriptional coactivator, p300, in GEC extracts. The present findings suggest that NF‑κB may be a negative regulator of TM expression, and its removal may contribute to TM gene expression, particularly when in competition with the T0901317‑enhanced formation of the LXR/p300 complex. Therefore, LXR may be a novel molecular target for manipulating TM in GECs, which may advance the treatment of endothelial cell‑associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlu Ding
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Yunlin Feng
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nephrology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
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21
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Lin J, Cheng Y, Wang T, Tang L, Sun Y, Lu X, Yu H. Soyasaponin Ab inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 30:121-128. [PMID: 26672918 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Soyasaponin Ab (SA) has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effect. However, the effects of SA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) have not been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of SA on LPS-induced ALI and clarify the possible mechanism. The mice were stimulated with LPS to induce ALI. SA was given 1h after LPS treatment. 12h later, lung tissues were collected to assess pathological changes and edema. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected to assess inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) production. In vitro, mice alveolar macrophages were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of SA. Our results showed that SA attenuated LPS-induced lung pathological changes, edema, the expression of cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lung tissues, as well as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and NO production in mice. Meanwhile, SA up-regulated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase decreased by LPS in mice. SA also inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β production as well as NF-κB activation in alveolar macrophages. Furthermore, SA could activate Liver X Receptor Alpha (LXRα) and knockdown of LXRα by RNAi abrogated the anti-inflammatory effects of SA. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that SA exhibited protective effects against LPS-induced acute lung injury and the possible mechanism was involved in activating LXRα, thereby inhibiting LPS-induced inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lin
- Chinese Medicine Department of The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Yanwen Cheng
- Pharmaceutical Department of The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Basic Medical College of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Lihua Tang
- Medical Record Quality Department of The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Chinese Medicine Department of The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Xiuyun Lu
- Chinese Medicine Department of The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Huimin Yu
- Chinese Medicine Department of The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China.
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22
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Lin CY, Vedin LL, Steffensen KR. The emerging roles of liver X receptors and their ligands in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:61-71. [PMID: 26788589 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1081169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors with well-known functions in cholesterol transport, fatty acid and glucose metabolism, and modulation of immune responses. Natural and synthetic ligands have been identified and are under development for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory conditions and diseases. There is mounting evidence pointing to functional roles for LXRs in a variety of malignancies and the potential therapeutic efficacy of their ligands. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the discovery and characterization of LXRs and their ligands, surveys their effects and mechanisms of action in cell-based and animal models of cancer, and proposes the future direction of basic and translational studies of LXRs and their ligands in cancer research and therapeutics. EXPERT OPINION Targeting LXRs is a promising strategy for cancer treatment, particularly for those cancers which do not have effective treatment options. Key questions remain, however, regarding the specific mechanisms of action, effects on other target cells within the tumor microenvironment, and receptor status in patient populations. Moreover, LXR ligands optimized for disease-specific functions and cancer-related endpoints are currently not available. These issues represent both challenges and significant opportunities for future research and development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yo Lin
- a 1 University of Houston, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lise-Lotte Vedin
- b 2 Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine , SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Knut R Steffensen
- b 2 Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine , SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Keiser NW, Birket SE, Evans IA, Tyler SR, Crooke AK, Sun X, Zhou W, Nellis JR, Stroebele EK, Chu KK, Tearney GJ, Stevens MJ, Harris JK, Rowe SM, Engelhardt JF. Defective innate immunity and hyperinflammation in newborn cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-knockout ferret lungs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:683-94. [PMID: 25317669 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0250oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance (MCC) and submucosal glands are major components of airway innate immunity that have impaired function in cystic fibrosis (CF). Although both of these defense systems develop postnatally in the ferret, the lungs of newborn ferrets remain sterile in the presence of a functioning cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene. We evaluated several components of airway innate immunity and inflammation in the early CF ferret lung. At birth, the rates of MCC did not differ between CF and non-CF animals, but the height of the airway surface liquid was significantly reduced in CF newborn ferrets. CF ferrets had impaired MCC after 7 days of age, despite normal rates of ciliogenesis. Only non-CF ferrets eradicated Pseudomonas directly introduced into the lung after birth, whereas both genotypes could eradicate Staphylococcus. CF bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) had significantly lower antimicrobial activity selectively against Pseudomonas than non-CF BALF, which was insensitive to changes in pH and bicarbonate. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and cytokine analysis of BALF from sterile Caesarean-sectioned and nonsterile naturally born animals demonstrated CF-associated disturbances in IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-β, and pathways that control immunity and inflammation, including the complement system, macrophage functions, mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, and eukaryotic initiation factor 2 signaling. Interestingly, during the birth transition, IL-8 was selectively induced in CF BALF, despite no genotypic difference in bacterial load shortly after birth. These results suggest that newborn CF ferrets have defects in both innate immunity and inflammatory signaling that may be important in the early onset and progression of lung disease in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Keiser
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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24
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Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXRs), LXRα and LXRβ, are transcription factors with well-established roles in the regulation of lipid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis. In addition, LXRs influence innate and adaptive immunity, including responses to inflammatory stimuli, proliferation and differentiation, migration, apoptosis and survival. However, the majority of work describing the role of LXRs in immune cells has been carried out in mouse models, and there are a number of known species-specific differences concerning LXR function. Here we review what is known about the role of LXRs in human immune cells, demonstrating the importance of these receptors in the integration of lipid metabolism and immune function, but also highlighting the need for a better understanding of the species, isoform, and cell-type specific effects of LXR activation.
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25
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Papageorgiou AP, Heggermont W, Rienks M, Carai P, Langouche L, Verhesen W, De Boer RA, Heymans S. Liver X receptor activation enhances CVB3 viral replication during myocarditis by stimulating lipogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:78-88. [PMID: 25998987 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Viral myocarditis (VM) is severe cardiac inflammation that can result in sudden death or congestive heart failure in previously healthy adults, with no effective therapy. Liver X receptor (LXR) agonists have both anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering properties. This study investigates whether LXR agonist T0901317 may modulate viral replication and cardiac inflammation during VM. METHODS AND RESULTS (i) Adult mice were administered T0901317 or vehicle with the onset of inflammation during CVB3 virus myocarditis or (ii) treated 2 days prior to CVB3 infection. Against what we expected, T0901317 treatment did not alter leucocyte infiltration after CVB3 infection; yet pre-administration with T0901317 resulted in increased mortality upon CVB3 infection, higher cardiac viral presence, and increased cardiomyocyte damage when compared with the vehicle. Furthermore, we show a correlation of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) with CVB3 viral load in the heart and that T0901317 is able to enhance the cardiac expression of FAS and SREBP-1c. Finally, we show in vitro that T0901317 is able to exaggerate CVB3-mediated damage of Vero cells, whereas inhibitors of FAS and the SREBP-1c reduce the viral presence of CVB3 in neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION LXR agonism does not modulate cardiac inflammation, but exacerbates virus-mediated myocardial damage during VM by stimulating lipid biosynthesis and enhancing CVB3 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Pia Papageorgiou
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology (CMVB), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium CArdiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ward Heggermont
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology (CMVB), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium CArdiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Rienks
- CArdiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Carai
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology (CMVB), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium CArdiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lies Langouche
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter Verhesen
- CArdiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A De Boer
- University Medical Center, Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology (CMVB), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium CArdiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands ICIN - Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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26
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Abstract
Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors carry out vital cellular functions and are highly druggable therapeutic targets. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptor family members that function in cholesterol transport, glucose metabolism and the modulation of inflammatory responses. There is now accumulating evidence to support the involvement of LXRs in a variety of malignancies and the potential efficacy of their ligands in these diseases. This Review summarizes the discovery and characterization of LXRs and their ligands, their effects and mechanisms in preclinical cancer models, and the future directions of basic and translational LXR research in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yo Lin
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5056, USA
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- 1] Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5056, USA. [2] Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge SE-141 83, Sweden
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Chien YF, Chen CY, Hsu CL, Chen KY, Yu CJ. Decreased serum level of lipoprotein cholesterol is a poor prognostic factor for patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia that required intensive care unit admission. J Crit Care 2015; 30:506-10. [PMID: 25702844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to investigate the prognostic values of the serum levels of lipids in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) that required intensive care unit (ICU) admission. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients who had severe CAP that required ICU admission were included. Serum lipid level was collected on the days 1 and 7 of ICU stay. Clinical outcome, including length of ICU stay, hospital stay, and death, were monitored prospectively. RESULTS A total of 40 patients were enrolled in this study. Lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were found in nonsurvival group on ICU admission day 7 (survivors vs nonsurvivors; mean HDL, 41.8 vs 13.0 mg/dL, P = .002; LDL, 62.3 vs 30.3 mg/dL, P = 0.006, respectively). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of less than or equal to 17 mg/dL on day 7 (odds ratio, 1.23) and LDL cholesterol level of less than or equal to 21 mg/dL on day 7 (odds ratio, 1.10) could be a predictor of hospital mortality. The mean change in levels of HDL cholesterol in nonsurvivors decreased significantly than those in survivors from days 1 to 7 (8.5 vs -17.4 mg/dL, P = .04) but not LDL cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Decreased serum HDL cholesterol level from days 1 to 7 may be of prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Chien
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin County, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Lin Hsu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Jen Yu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liu P, He S, Gao J, Li J, Fan X, Xiao YB. Liver X receptor activation protects against inflammation and enhances autophagy in myocardium of neonatal mouse challenged by lipopolysaccharides. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1504-13. [PMID: 25209497 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.923295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) has been emerged as negative regulators of cardiomyocytic inflammation. The cellular process of autophagy is believed to play a protective role in myocardium during the inflammatory status. In this study, we investigated the role of LXRs agonist TO901317 (TO) on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced myocardial inflammation and autophagy. The results showed that TO pretreatment significantly reduced the LPS-induced infiltration of inflammatory cells, elevation of NF-κB protein, TNF-α, and IL-6 mRNA levels in the myocardium. Moreover, LPS stimulated autophagy in neonatal mice heart, and this effect was further enhanced by TO pretreatment as evidenced by increased LC3-II/GAPDH ratio increment. Furthermore, TUNEL assay revealed LPS stimulation also increased the number of apoptotic cells in the myocardium, and the increment was inhibited by TO pretreatment. Our findings suggested that attenuation of inflammation and apoptosis, and enhancement of autophagy by TO may contribute to the protection of myocardium under inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- a Department of Cardiovascular Surgery , The Second Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
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Han M, Liang L, Liu LR, Yue J, Zhao YL, Xiao HP. Liver X receptor gene polymorphisms in tuberculosis: effect on susceptibility. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95954. [PMID: 24788534 PMCID: PMC4006844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The Liver X receptors (LXRs), Liver X receptor A (LXRA) and Liver X receptor B (LXRB), regulate lipid metabolism and antimicrobial response. LXRs have a crucial role in the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Lacking LXRs mice is more susceptibility to infection M.tb, developing higher bacterial burdens and an increase in the size and number of granulomatous lesions. We aimed to assess the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in LXRs and risk of tuberculosis. Methods We sequenced the LXRs genes to detect SNPs and to examine genotypic frequencies in 600 patients and 620 healthy controls to investigate for associations with tuberculosis (TB) in the Chinese Han population. DNA re-sequencing revealed eight common variants in the LXRs genes. Results The G allele of rs1449627 and the T allele of rs1405655 demonstrated an increased risk of developing TB (p<0.001, p = 0.002), and the T allele of rs3758673, the T allele of rs2279238, and the C allele of rs1449626 in LXRA and the C allele of rs17373080, the G allele of rs2248949, and the C allele of rs1052677 in LXRB were protective against TB patients compared to healthy controls (p = 0.0002, p = 0.006, p<0.001, p = 0.004, p = 0.008, p = 0.003, respectively). All SNP genotypes were significantly associated with TB. An estimation of the frequencies of haplotypes revealed two potential risk haplotypes,GGCG in LXRB (p = 0.004,) and TTCG in LXRA (p<0.001, p = 0.004). Moreover, three protective haplotypes, TTAT and CCAT in LXRA and CATC in LXRB, were significantly “protective” (p = 0.008, p<0.001, p = 0.031) for TB. Furthermore, we determined that the LXRs SNPs were nominally associated with the clinical pattern of disease. Conclusions Our study data supported that LXRs play a fundamental role in the genetic susceptibility to TB and to different clinical patterns of disease. Thus, further investigation is required in larger populations and in additional areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Li Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Li-rong Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yan-lin Zhao
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - He-ping Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Higham A, Lea S, Plumb J, Maschera B, Simpson K, Ray D, Singh D. The role of the liver X receptor in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2013; 14:106. [PMID: 24118845 PMCID: PMC3852990 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for novel anti-inflammatory therapies to treat COPD. The liver X receptor (LXR) is a nuclear hormone receptor with anti-inflammatory properties. METHODS We investigated LXR gene and protein expression levels in alveolar macrophages and whole lung tissue from COPD patients and controls, the effect of LXR activation on the suppression of inflammatory mediators from LPS stimulated COPD alveolar macrophages, and the effect of LXR activation on the induction of genes associated with alternative macrophage polarisation. RESULTS The levels of LXR mRNA were significantly increased in whole lung tissue extracts in COPD patients and smokers compared to non-smokers. The expression of LXR protein was significantly increased in small airway epithelium and alveolar epithelium in COPD patients compared to controls. No differences in LXR mRNA and protein levels were observed in alveolar macrophages between patient groups. The LXR agonist GW3965 significantly induced the expression of the LXR dependent genes ABCA1 and ABCG1 in alveolar macrophage cultures. In LPS stimulated alveolar macrophages, GW3965 suppressed the production of CXCL10 and CCL5, whilst stimulating IL-10 production. CONCLUSIONS GW3965 did not significantly suppress the production of TNFα, IL-1β, or CXCL8. Our major finding is that LXR activation has anti-inflammatory effects on CXC10, CCL5 and IL-10 production from alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Higham
- The University of Manchester, NIHR Translational Research Facility, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Simon Lea
- The University of Manchester, NIHR Translational Research Facility, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Jonathan Plumb
- The University of Manchester, NIHR Translational Research Facility, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Barbara Maschera
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Karen Simpson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David Ray
- The University of Manchester, NIHR Translational Research Facility, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Dave Singh
- The University of Manchester, NIHR Translational Research Facility, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
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Trasino SE, Dawson HD, Urban JF, Wang TTY, Solano-Aguilar G. Feeding probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei to Ossabaw pigs on a high-fat diet prevents cholesteryl-ester accumulation and LPS modulation of the Liver X receptor and inflammatory axis in alveolar macrophages. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1931-9. [PMID: 24060267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXR) play an integral role in cholesterol metabolism and the inflammatory response. High-fat (HF) diets and microbial infection can antagonize the LXR pathway leading to accumulation of cholesteryl-esters (CE) and increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in macrophages. The probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus paracasei possesses cholesterol lowering and immune modulating properties. Therefore, the present study sought to model whether daily feeding of L. paracasei to juvenile Ossabaw pigs fed a HF diet could modulate cholesterol metabolism and the LXR/inflammatory axis in lipopolysacharide (LPS)-stimulated alveolar macrophages (AM). The results showed that AM from pigs fed a HF diet had significantly higher concentrations of CE compared to AM from pigs fed a control (C) diet, but not in pigs fed a HF diet with L. paracasei (HFPB). Ex vivo LPS stimulation of AM opposed LXR agonist-mediated transcription of cholesterol metabolism related genes: ABCA1, CH25H and PPARγ in pigs on the C diet, and LXRα, ABCA1, ABCG1, CH25H and PPARγ in pigs on the HF diet. This effect was abrogated for all these genes except LXRα in AM from pigs given L. paracasei. Protein analysis of culture supernatants revealed that AM from HFPB-fed pigs had significantly lower LPS-induced protein expression of IL-1β than AM from HF-fed pigs. Moreover, AM from pigs fed the C diet and given L. paracasei, had significantly higher mRNA levels of IL-8, and IL-6, in response to LPS. These data demonstrated a role for L. paracasei in modulating AM cholesterol metabolism and the response to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Trasino
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East, Bldg. 307C, Rm. 225, Beltsville, MD 20705
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Steffensen KR, Jakobsson T, Gustafsson JÅ. Targeting liver X receptors in inflammation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:977-90. [PMID: 23738533 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.806490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The two oxysterol receptors, 'liver X receptors (LXRs)' LXRα and LXRβ, are amongst the emerging newer drug targets within the nuclear receptor family and targeting LXRs represents novel strategies needed for prevention and treatment of diseases where current therapeutics is inadequate. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the current understanding of LXR biology with an emphasis on the molecular aspects of LXR signalling establishing their potential as drug targets. Recent advances of their transcriptional mechanisms in inflammatory pathways and their physiological roles in inflammation and immunity are described. EXPERT OPINION The new discoveries of LXR-regulated inflammatory pathways have ignited new promises for LXRs as drug targets. The broad physiological roles of LXRs involve a high risk of unwanted side effects. Recent insights into LXR biology of the brain indicate a highly important role in neuronal development and a clinical trial testing an LXR agonist reported adverse neurological side effects. This suggests that drug development must focus on limiting the range of LXR signalling - possibly achieved through subtype, tissue specific, promoter specific or pathway specific activation of LXRs where a successful candidate drug must be carefully studied for its effect in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut R Steffensen
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Biosciences, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-14183 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Robertson Remen KM, Lerner UH, Gustafsson JÅ, Andersson G. Activation of the liver X receptor-β potently inhibits osteoclastogenesis from lipopolysaccharide-exposed bone marrow-derived macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 93:71-82. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0712339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Robertson Remen KM, Gustafsson JÅ, Andersson G. The liver X receptor promotes macrophage differentiation and suppresses osteoclast formation in mouse RAW264.7 promyelocytic leukemia cells exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 430:375-80. [PMID: 23159616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the principal component of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls, is a stimulator of osteoclastogenesis and thus a key factor in inflammatory bone loss. We have recently reported that the important cholesterol and inflammatory regulator, liver X receptor (LXRα/β), can potently inhibit osteoclast formation from bone marrow-derived osteoclast precursors in a bacterial/LPS environment. In this manuscript, we further studied the effect of the LXR agonist GW3965 on osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 promyelocytic leukemia cells exposed to LPS. We found that not only did activation of the LXR potently inhibit the formation of TRAP-positive osteoclast-like cells, but promoted a population of TRAP-negative mononuclear cells with high phagocytic activity. We observed reduced expression of the osteoclast markers TRAP/Acp5, Ctsk, Calcr and Oscar after 3-4days of GW3965 treatment, coinciding with an increase in the expression of the anti-osteoclastogenic factor Irf8. Expression of the macrophage/phagocytic marker Cd68 was increased, however the "classical" macrophage markers F4/80 and Cd14 and the "alternatively" activated macrophage markers Tgfβ and Il10 were not altered. Further, activation of LXR increased the expression of the macrophage survival gene AIM/SPα, a known LXR target gene, and osteoclast/macrophage-related markers (Mitf, Pu.1, Usf1/2, Ostm1 and Mfr). Although Akt phosphorylation was reduced, GW3965 seemed to act independently of MAPKs (p38, ERK, JNK) and NFκB, and had no inhibitory effect on cytokine expression (Tnfα, Il6, or Il1β). Our results indicate that activation of the LXR not only inhibits the differentiation of osteoclast-like cells from RAW264.7 cells in a bacterial/LPS environment, but is also involved in the fate determination of myeloid progenitor cells into macrophages with high phagocytic capacity.
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Sun H, Shamy M, Kluz T, Muñoz AB, Zhong M, Laulicht F, Alghamdi MA, Khoder MI, Chen LC, Costa M. Gene expression profiling and pathway analysis of human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to airborne particulate matter collected from Saudi Arabia. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 265:147-57. [PMID: 23085030 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have established a positive correlation between human mortality and increased concentration of airborne particulate matters (PM). However, the mechanisms underlying PM related human diseases, as well as the molecules and pathways mediating the cellular response to PM, are not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the global gene expression changes in human cells exposed to PM(10) and to identify genes and pathways that may contribute to PM related adverse health effects. Human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to PM(10) collected from Saudi Arabia for 1 or 4 days, and whole transcript expression was profiled using the GeneChip human gene 1.0 ST array. A total of 140 and 230 genes were identified that significantly changed more than 1.5 fold after PM(10) exposure for 1 or 4 days, respectively. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that different exposure durations triggered distinct pathways. Genes involved in NRF2-mediated response to oxidative stress were up-regulated after 1 day exposure. In contrast, cells exposed for 4 days exhibited significant changes in genes related to cholesterol and lipid synthesis pathways. These observed changes in cellular oxidative stress and lipid synthesis might contribute to PM related respiratory and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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Laragione T, Gulko PS. Liver X receptor regulates rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocyte invasiveness, matrix metalloproteinase 2 activation, interleukin-6 and CXCL10. Mol Med 2012; 18:1009-17. [PMID: 22634718 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) invasiveness correlates with articular damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), yet little is known about its regulation. In this study we aimed to determine the role of the nuclear receptor liver X receptor (LXR) in FLS invasion. FLS were isolated from synovial tissues obtained from RA patients and from DA rats with pristane-induced arthritis. Invasion was tested on Matrigel-coated chambers in the presence of the LXR agonist T0901317, or control vehicle. FLS were cultured in the presence or absence of T0901317, and supernatants were used to quantify matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), MMP-2, MMP-3, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10). Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (p65) and Akt activation, actin cytoskeleton, cell morphology and lamellipodia formation were also determined. The LXR agonist T0901317 significantly reduced DA FLS invasion by 99% (P ≤ 0.001), and RA FLS invasion by 96% (P ≤ 0.001), compared with control. T0901317-induced suppression of invasion was associated with reduced production of activated MMP-2, IL-6 and CXCL10 by RA FLS, and with reduction of actin filament reorganization and reduced polarized formation of lamellipodia. T0901317 also prevented both IL-1β-induced and IL-6-induced FLS invasion. NF-κB (p65) and Akt activation were not significantly affected by T0901317. This is the first description of a role for LXR in the regulation of FLS invasion and in processes and pathways implicated both in invasion as well as in inflammatory responses. These findings provide a new rationale for considering LXR agonists as therapeutic agents aimed at reducing both inflammation and FLS-mediated invasion and destruction in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresina Laragione
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology, Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States of America
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Gowdy KM, Fessler MB. Emerging roles for cholesterol and lipoproteins in lung disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 26:430-7. [PMID: 22706330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia, the condition of elevated serum triglycerides, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and/or low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, is a public health problem of growing concern. Dyslipidemia clusters with other disorders of the metabolic syndrome that together influence, and may derive from, chronic inflammation. While best recognized as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, lipid dysregulation has recently been shown to influence a variety of disease processes in several organ systems. This review highlights our current understanding of the role of cholesterol and its homeostatic trafficking in pulmonary physiology and pathophysiology. Gene-targeted mice deficient in regulatory proteins that govern reverse cholesterol transport (e.g., ATP Binding Cassette transporter G1, apolipoprotein E) have recently been shown to have abnormal lung physiology, including dysregulated pulmonary innate and adaptive immune responses to the environment. It has also recently been shown that diet-induced dyslipidemia alters trafficking of immune cells to the lung in a manner that may have important implications for the pathogenesis of acute lung injury, asthma, pneumonia, and other lung disorders. Conversely, cholesterol-targeting pharmacologic agents, such as statins, apolipoprotein mimetic peptides, and Liver X Receptor agonists, have shown early promise in the treatment of several lung disorders. An improved understanding of the precise molecular mechanisms by which cholesterol and its trafficking modify pulmonary immunity will be required before the full implications of dyslipidemia as a lung disease modifier, and the full potential of lipid-targeting agents as pulmonary therapeutics, can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kymberly M Gowdy
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 TW Alexander Drive, PO Box 12233, MD D2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Jakobsson T, Treuter E, Gustafsson JÅ, Steffensen KR. Liver X receptor biology and pharmacology: new pathways, challenges and opportunities. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:394-404. [PMID: 22541735 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are master regulators of transcriptional programs that integrate the homeostatic control of almost all biological processes. Their direct mode of ligand regulation and genome interaction is at the core of modern pharmacology. The two liver X receptors LXRα and LXRβ are among the emerging newer drug targets within the NR family. LXRs are best known as nuclear oxysterol receptors and physiological regulators of lipid and cholesterol metabolism that also act in an anti-inflammatory way. Because LXRs control diverse pathways in development, reproduction, metabolism, immunity and inflammation, they have potential as therapeutic targets for diseases as diverse as lipid disorders, atherosclerosis, chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent insights into LXR signaling suggest future targeting strategies aiming at increasing LXR subtype and pathway selectivity. This review discusses the current status of our understanding of LXR biology and pharmacology, with an emphasis on the molecular aspects of LXR signaling that constitute the potential of LXRs as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Jakobsson
- Center for Biosciences, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, S-14183 Stockholm, Sweden
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Viennois E, Mouzat K, Dufour J, Morel L, Lobaccaro JM, Baron S. Selective liver X receptor modulators (SLiMs): what use in human health? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 351:129-41. [PMID: 21907760 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXR) are members of the nuclear receptor family. As activated transcription factors, their putative association with human diseases makes them promising pharmacological targets because of the large potential to develop ligands. LXR are mainly considered as intracellular cholesterol "sensors" whose activation leads to decreased plasma cholesterol. They also modulate numerous physiological functions: fatty acid synthesis and metabolism, glucose homeostasis, steroidogenesis, immunity, and neurological homeostasis. LXR-deficiency in mouse results in several phenotypes mimicking pathological conditions in humans. This review will be focused on the various natural and synthetic LXR agonists and antagonists. Putative clinical targets including atherosclerosis, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, skin disorders, and cancer will be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Viennois
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Liver X receptor α activation with the synthetic ligand T0901317 reduces lung injury and inflammation after hemorrhage and resuscitation via inhibition of the nuclear factor κB pathway. Shock 2011; 35:367-74. [PMID: 20926989 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181f7d742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptor α (LXRα) is a nuclear transcription factor that regulates lipid metabolism. Recently, it has been shown that activation of LXRα with synthetic ligands has anti-inflammatory effects in atherosclerosis and chemical-induced dermatitis. We investigated the effect of the LXRα agonist, T0901317, on lung inflammation in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic shock was induced in male rats by withdrawing blood to a goal mean arterial blood pressure of 50 mmHg. Blood pressure was maintained at this level for 3 h, at which point rats were rapidly resuscitated with shed blood. Animals were then treated with T0901317 (50 mg · kg) or vehicle i.p. and sacrificed at 1, 2, and 3 h after resuscitation. Treatment with T0901317 significantly improved the cardiac and stroke volume indices as well as the heart rate of rats during the resuscitation period as compared with vehicle-treated rats. The T0901317-treated animals showed significant improvement in the plasma level of lactate, whereas base deficit and bicarbonate levels both trended toward improvement. The T0901317-treated animals also showed lower levels of plasma cytokines and chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α, TNF-α, KC, and IL-6. Lung injury and neutrophil infiltration were reduced by treatment with T0901317, as evaluated by histology and myeloperoxidase assay. At molecular analysis, treatment with T0901317 increased nuclear LXRα expression and DNA binding while also inhibiting activation of nuclear factor κB, a proinflammatory transcription factor, in the lung. Thus, our data suggest that LXRα is an important modulator of the inflammatory response and lung injury after severe hemorrhagic shock, likely through the inhibition of the nuclear factor κB pathway.
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Park K, Scott AL. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase production by dendritic cells and macrophages is regulated by type I interferons. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:1081-7. [PMID: 20699362 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0610318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxysterol-producing enzyme CH25H plays an important role in regulating lipid metabolism, gene expression, and immune activation. In vitro experiments using a panel of TLR agonists to activate BMDCs and macrophages demonstrated that Ch25h expression is induced rapidly, selectively, and robustly by the TLR ligands poly I:C and LPS. The mechanism of TLR3- and TLR4-induced transcription levels of Ch25h relies on the TRIF-mediated production of type I IFNs and requires signaling through the IFNαR and JAK/STAT1 pathway. Treatment of BMDCs and macrophages with IFN-α or IFN-β induces Ch25h in a STAT1-dependent manner. IFN-γ also up-regulated Ch25h expression by signaling through STAT1, suggesting that multiple pathways regulate the production of this enzyme. In addition, we demonstrated that regulation of Ch25h expression in vivo in lung-derived DCs and macrophages is dependent on signaling through the IFNαR and STAT1. The results suggest that the rapid induction of Ch25h and subsequent oxysterol synthesis may represent a component of the regulatory network that modulates the magnitude of innate immune reactions and possibly the nature and intensity of subsequent adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwon Park
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Rough JJ, Monroy MA, Yerrum S, Daly JM. Anti-proliferative effect of LXR agonist T0901317 in ovarian carcinoma cells. J Ovarian Res 2010; 3:13. [PMID: 20504359 PMCID: PMC2890636 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-3-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is the most common cause of cancer related death from gynecologic tumors in the United States. The insidious nature of the disease precludes early diagnosis, therefore surgical debulking and chemotherapy are considered as standard treatment modalities for advanced stages. We investigated the effect of the LXR agonist, T0901317, on ovarian cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis as a potential therapeutic agent. RESULTS T0901317 treatment resulted in a significant (P <0.001) inhibition of cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner in CaOV3, SKOV3 and A2780 cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated an induction of p21 and p27 with a concominant reduction in phospho-RB protein levels. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated a significant (P <0.001) arrest in the G1 cell cycle phase. Significant induction of Caspase-3 and BAX gene expression occurred with treatment. Induction of apoptosis was confirmed by significant (P < 0.001) elevation of caspase activity on FACS analysis, caspase-glo assay, BAX protein induction and decreased caspase 3 precursor protein expression on Western blot analysis. LXR alpha/beta knockdown experiments did not reverse the anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects of T0901317. CONCLUSIONS The LXR agonist, T0901317, significantly suppresses cell proliferation and induces programmed cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Our results indicate that T0901317 induces its anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects via an LXR-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Rough
- Department of Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Alexandra Monroy
- Department of Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Smitha Yerrum
- Department of Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John M Daly
- Department of Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Majdalawieh A, Ro HS. PPARgamma1 and LXRalpha face a new regulator of macrophage cholesterol homeostasis and inflammatory responsiveness, AEBP1. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2010; 8:e004. [PMID: 20419060 PMCID: PMC2858268 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.08004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ1 (PPARγ1) and liver X receptor α (LXRα) are nuclear receptors that play pivotal roles in macrophage cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation; key biological processes in atherogenesis. The activation of PPARγ1 and LXRα by natural or synthetic ligands results in the transactivation of ABCA1, ABCG1, and ApoE; integral players in cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport. In this review, we describe the structure, isoforms, expression pattern, and functional specificity of PPARs and LXRs. Control of PPARs and LXRs transcriptional activity by coactivators and corepressors is also highlighted. The specific roles that PPARγ1 and LXRα play in inducing macrophage cholesterol efflux mediators and antagonizing macrophage inflammatory responsiveness are summarized. Finally, this review focuses on the recently reported regulatory functions that adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1 (AEBP1) exerts on PPARγ1 and LXRα transcriptional activity in the context of macrophage cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation.
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Effects of Liver x receptor agonist treatment on signal transduction pathways in acute lung inflammation. Respir Res 2010; 11:19. [PMID: 20175894 PMCID: PMC2836283 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver × receptor α (LXRα) and β (LXRβ) are members of the nuclear receptor super family of ligand-activated transcription factors, a super family which includes the perhaps better known glucocorticoid receptor, estrogen receptor, thyroid receptor, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. There is limited evidence that LXL activation may reduces acute lung inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of T0901317, a potent LXR receptor ligand, in a mouse model of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. Methods Injection of carrageenan into the pleural cavity of mice elicited an acute inflammatory response characterized by: accumulation of fluid containing a large number of neutrophils (PMNs) in the pleural cavity, infiltration of PMNs in lung tissues and subsequent lipid peroxidation, and increased production of nitrite/nitrate (NOx), tumor necrosis factor-α, (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Furthermore, carrageenan induced the expression of iNOS, nitrotyrosine and PARP, as well as induced apoptosis (TUNEL staining and Bax and Bcl-2 expression) in the lung tissues. Results Administration of T0901317, 30 min after the challenge with carrageenan, caused a significant reduction in a dose dependent manner of all the parameters of inflammation measured. Conclusions Thus, based on these findings we propose that LXR ligand such as T0901317, may be useful in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
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Gong H, He J, Lee JH, Mallick E, Gao X, Li S, Homanics GE, Xie W. Activation of the liver X receptor prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:30113-21. [PMID: 19717840 PMCID: PMC2781566 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.047753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXRs) have been known as sterol sensors that impact cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, as well as inflammation. Although the hepatic functions of LXRs are well documented, whether and how LXRs play a pathophysiological role in the lung remain largely unknown. Here we show that LXRalpha and LXRbeta are expressed in both type I and type II mouse lung epithelial cells, as well as in human lung cancer cells. To study the role of LXRalpha in vivo including the pulmonary function of this LXR isoform, we created LXRalpha knock-in (LXR-KI) mice in which a constitutively activated LXRalpha (VP-LXRalpha) was inserted into the mouse LXRalpha locus. We show that activation of LXR in LXR-KI mice or LXR agonist-treated wild type mice induced pulmonary expression of genes encoding multiple antioxidant enzymes. Consistent with the induction of antioxidant enzymes, LXR-KI mice and LXR ligand-treated wild type mice showed a substantial resistance to lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury and decreased production of reactive oxygen species. In summary, we have uncovered a novel role of LXR in regulating antioxidant enzymes in the lung and the implication of this regulation in pulmonary tissue protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibiao Gong
- From the
Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Jinhan He
- From the
Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Jung Hoon Lee
- From the
Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | | | - Xiang Gao
- From the
Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Song Li
- From the
Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Gregg E. Homanics
- the Departments of
Anesthesiology and
- Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Wen Xie
- From the
Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
- Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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Balamayooran G, Batra S, Fessler MB, Happel KI, Jeyaseelan S. Mechanisms of neutrophil accumulation in the lungs against bacteria. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 43:5-16. [PMID: 19738160 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0047tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lung diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality both in immunocompromised and in immunocompetent individuals. Neutrophil accumulation, a pathological hallmark of bacterial diseases, is critical to host defense, but may also cause acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Toll-like receptors, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, transcription factors, cytokines, and chemokines play essential roles in neutrophil sequestration in the lungs. This review highlights our current understanding of the role of these molecules in the lungs during bacterial infection and their therapeutic potential. We also discuss emerging data on cholesterol and ethanol as environmentally modifiable factors that may impact neutrophil-mediated pulmonary innate host defense. Understanding the precise molecular mechanisms leading to neutrophil influx in the lungs during bacterial infection is critical for the development of more effective therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to control the excessive host response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathriy Balamayooran
- D.V.M., Pathobiolgical Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, LSU, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Trasino SE, Kim YS, Wang TTY. Ligand, receptor, and cell type-dependent regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA in prostate cancer epithelial cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1934-45. [PMID: 19531574 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the liver X receptor (LXR) is a potential anticancer target in prostate carcinoma. There is little characterization, however, of which of the two LXR isoforms, LXRalpha or LXRbeta, regulates the LXR-responsive genes ATP-binding cassette subfamily members A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1) in transformed prostatic epithelial cells. In this study, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to determine whether LXRalpha or LXRbeta is involved in regulating ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA expression in LNCaP and PC-3 cells. Treatment of both cell lines with the synthetic LXR ligand T0901317 and oxysterols: 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) and 24(S), 25-epoxycholesterol (24,25EC), resulted in more than a 10-fold increase of ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA expression. Transfection of LNCaP cells with siRNA against either LXRbeta or LXRalpha failed to inhibit T0901317 and 25HC-mediated increase of ABCA1 mRNA. siRNA silencing of LXRbeta did, however, inhibit ABCA1 mRNA expression in 24,25EC-treated LNCaP cells. In contrast, LXRbeta siRNA inhibited T0901317, 25HC, and 24,25EC induction of ABCA1 mRNA in PC-3 cells and ABCG1 mRNA in both LNCaP and PC-3 cells. Additional experiments revealed that T0901317 and 25HC induction of ABCA1 mRNA expression was significantly inhibited by the p38 stress kinase antagonist SB202190 and PKA inhibitor H89. Our study is the first to show that LXRbeta, but not LXRalpha, is the major regulatory isoform of ABCG1 mRNA expression in LNCaP and PC-3 cells. Our study also reveals that ABCA1 gene expression is differentially regulated by synthetic and natural LXR ligands, possibly involving kinase mediated signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Trasino
- Diet, Genomics, & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Zhang Y, Chan JF, Cummins CL. Liver X Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Managing Cholesterol: Implications for Atherosclerosis and Other Inflammatory Conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 4:29-40. [PMID: 20852746 DOI: 10.2217/17584299.4.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a disease characterized by excess cholesterol and inflammation in the blood vessels. The liver X receptors (alpha and beta) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor family that are activated by endogenous cholesterol metabolites. These receptors are widely expressed with a tissue distribution that includes the liver, intestine and macrophage. Upon activation, these receptors have been shown to increase reverse cholesterol transport from the macrophage back to the liver to aid in the removal of excess cholesterol. More recently, they have also been shown to inhibit the inflammatory response in macrophages. These functions are accomplished through direct regulation of gene transcription. Herein, we will describe the key benefits and potential risks of targeting the LXRs for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Bensinger SJ, Tontonoz P. Integration of metabolism and inflammation by lipid-activated nuclear receptors. Nature 2008; 454:470-7. [PMID: 18650918 DOI: 10.1038/nature07202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptors known as PPARs and LXRs are lipid-activated transcription factors that have emerged as key regulators of lipid metabolism and inflammation. PPARs and LXRs are activated by non-esterified fatty acids and cholesterol metabolites, respectively, and both exert positive and negative control over the expression of a range of metabolic and inflammatory genes. The ability of these nuclear receptors to integrate metabolic and inflammatory signalling makes them attractive targets for intervention in human metabolic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes, as well as for the modulation of inflammation and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Bensinger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, California 90049, USA
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