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Wainberg M, Forde NJ, Mansour S, Kerrebijn I, Medland SE, Hawco C, Tripathy SJ. Genetic architecture of the structural connectome. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1962. [PMID: 38438384 PMCID: PMC10912129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Myelinated axons form long-range connections that enable rapid communication between distant brain regions, but how genetics governs the strength and organization of these connections remains unclear. We perform genome-wide association studies of 206 structural connectivity measures derived from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging tractography of 26,333 UK Biobank participants, each representing the density of myelinated connections within or between a pair of cortical networks, subcortical structures or cortical hemispheres. We identify 30 independent genome-wide significant variants after Bonferroni correction for the number of measures studied (126 variants at nominal genome-wide significance) implicating genes involved in myelination (SEMA3A), neurite elongation and guidance (NUAK1, STRN, DPYSL2, EPHA3, SEMA3A, HGF, SHTN1), neural cell proliferation and differentiation (GMNC, CELF4, HGF), neuronal migration (CCDC88C), cytoskeletal organization (CTTNBP2, MAPT, DAAM1, MYO16, PLEC), and brain metal transport (SLC39A8). These variants have four broad patterns of spatial association with structural connectivity: some have disproportionately strong associations with corticothalamic connectivity, interhemispheric connectivity, or both, while others are more spatially diffuse. Structural connectivity measures are highly polygenic, with a median of 9.1 percent of common variants estimated to have non-zero effects on each measure, and exhibited signatures of negative selection. Structural connectivity measures have significant genetic correlations with a variety of neuropsychiatric and cognitive traits, indicating that connectivity-altering variants tend to influence brain health and cognitive function. Heritability is enriched in regions with increased chromatin accessibility in adult oligodendrocytes (as well as microglia, inhibitory neurons and astrocytes) and multiple fetal cell types, suggesting that genetic control of structural connectivity is partially mediated by effects on myelination and early brain development. Our results indicate pervasive, pleiotropic, and spatially structured genetic control of white-matter structural connectivity via diverse neurodevelopmental pathways, and support the relevance of this genetic control to healthy brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wainberg
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Natalie J Forde
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Salim Mansour
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabel Kerrebijn
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Colin Hawco
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Shreejoy J Tripathy
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Li AX, Martin TA, Lane J, Jiang WG. Cellular Impacts of Striatins and the STRIPAK Complex and Their Roles in the Development and Metastasis in Clinical Cancers (Review). Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:76. [PMID: 38201504 PMCID: PMC10777921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Striatins (STRNs) are generally considered to be cytoplasmic proteins, with lower expression observed in the nucleus and at cell-cell contact regions. Together with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), STRNs form the core region of striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complexes through the coiled-coil region of STRN proteins, which is crucial for substrate recruitment. Over the past two decades, there has been an increasing amount of research into the biological and cellular functions of STRIPAK members. STRNs and the constituent members of the STRIPAK complex have been found to regulate several cellular functions, such as cell cycle control, cell growth, and motility. Dysregulation of these cellular events is associated with cancer development. Importantly, their roles in cancer cells and clinical cancers are becoming recognised, with several STRIPAK components found to have elevated expression in cancerous tissues compared to healthy tissues. These molecules exhibit significant diagnostic and prognostic value across different cancer types and in metastatic progression. The present review comprehensively summarises and discusses the current knowledge of STRNs and core STRIPAK members, in cancer malignancy, from both cellular and clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracey A. Martin
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.X.L.); (J.L.); (W.G.J.)
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Li AX, Zeng JJ, Martin TA, Ye L, Ruge F, Sanders AJ, Khan E, Dou QP, Davies E, Jiang WG. Striatins and STRIPAK complex partners in clinical outcomes of patients with breast cancer and responses to drug treatment. Chin J Cancer Res 2023; 35:365-385. [PMID: 37691891 PMCID: PMC10485918 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2023.04.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Striatins (STRNs) family, which contains three multi-domain scaffolding proteins, are cornerstones of the striatins interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complex. Although the role of the STRIPAK complex in cancer has become recognized in recent years, its clinical significance in breast cancer has not been fully established. Methods Using a freshly frozen breast cancer tissue cohort containing both cancerous and adjacent normal mammary tissues, we quantitatively evaluated the transcript-level expression of all members within the STRIPAK complex along with some key interacting and regulatory proteins of STRNs. The expression profile of each molecule and the integrated pattern of the complex members were assessed against the clinical-pathological factors of the patients. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset was used to evaluate the breast cancer patients' response to chemotherapies. Four human breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-361, MCF-7, and SK-BR-3, were subsequently adopted for in vitro work. Results Here we found that high-level expressions of STRIP2, calmodulin, CCM3, MINK1 and SLMAP were respectively associated with shorter overall survival (OS) of patients. Although the similar pattern observed for STRN3, STRN4 and a contrary pattern observed for PPP2CA, PPP2CB and PPPR1A were not significant, the integrated expression profile of STRNs group and PPP2 group members constitutes a highly significant prognostic indicator for OS [P<0.001, hazard ratio (HR)=2.04, 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.36-3.07] and disease-free survival (DFS) (P=0.003, HR=1.40, 95% CI, 1.12-1.75). Reduced expression of STRN3 has an influence on the biological functions including adhesiveness and migration. In line with our clinical findings, the breast cancer cells responded to STRN3 knockdown with changes in their chemo-sensitivity, of which the response is also breast cancer subtype dependent. Conclusions Our results suggest a possible role of the STRIPAK complex in breast cancer development and prognosis. Among the members, the expression profile of STRN3 presents a valuable factor for assessing patients' responses to drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Xinyu Li
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jimmy Jianyuan Zeng
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Tracey A Martin
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Fiona Ruge
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- School of Natural and Social Science, University of Gloucestershire, Francis Close Hall, Cheltenham GL50 4AZ, UK
| | - Elyas Khan
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit MI 48201, USA
| | - Q. Ping Dou
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit MI 48201, USA
| | - Eleri Davies
- Wales Breast Center, Cardiff and Vales University Health Board, University Llandough Hospital, Cardiff CF64 2XX, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Tanti GK, Pandey P, Shreya S, Jain BP. Striatin family proteins: The neglected scaffolds. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119430. [PMID: 36638846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Striatin family of proteins constitutes Striatin, SG2NA, and Zinedin. Members of this family of proteins act as a signaling scaffold due to the presence of multiple protein-protein interaction domains. At least two members of this family, namely Zinedin and SG2NA, have a proven role in cancer cell proliferation. SG2NA, the second member of this family, undergoes alternative splicing and gives rise to several isoforms which are differentially regulated in a tissue-dependent manner. SG2NA evolved earlier than the other two members of the family, and SG2NA undergoes not only alternative splicing but also other posttranscriptional gene regulation. Striatin also undergoes alternative splicing, and as a result, it gives rise to multiple isoforms. It has been shown that this family of proteins plays a significant role in estrogen signaling, neuroprotection, cancer as well as in cell cycle regulation. Members of the striatin family form a complex network of signaling hubs with different kinases and phosphatases, and other signaling proteins named STRIPAK. Here, in the present manuscript, we thoroughly reviewed the findings on striatin family members to elaborate on the overall structural and functional idea of this family of proteins. We also commented on the involvement of these proteins in STRIPAK complexes and their functional relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Kumar Tanti
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Prachi Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Smriti Shreya
- Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, India
| | - Buddhi Prakash Jain
- Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, India.
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Lacroix B, Lorca T, Castro A. Structural, enzymatic and spatiotemporal regulation of PP2A-B55 phosphatase in the control of mitosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:967909. [PMID: 36105360 PMCID: PMC9465306 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.967909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells require major physical changes to induce a proper repartition of the DNA. Nuclear envelope breakdown, DNA condensation and spindle formation are promoted at mitotic entry by massive protein phosphorylation and reversed at mitotic exit by the timely and ordered dephosphorylation of mitotic substrates. This phosphorylation results from the balance between the activity of kinases and phosphatases. The role of kinases in the control of mitosis has been largely studied, however, the impact of phosphatases has long been underestimated. Recent data have now established that the regulation of phosphatases is crucial to confer timely and ordered cellular events required for cell division. One major phosphatase involved in this process is the phosphatase holoenzyme PP2A-B55. This review will be focused in the latest structural, biochemical and enzymatic insights provided for PP2A-B55 phosphatase as well as its regulators and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lacroix
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR5237, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR5237Montpellier, France
- Équipe Labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Lorca
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR5237, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR5237Montpellier, France
- Équipe Labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, Paris, France
| | - Anna Castro
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR5237, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR5237Montpellier, France
- Équipe Labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Anna Castro,
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Zheng Q, Zou Y, Teng P, Chen Z, Wu Y, Dai X, Li X, Hu Z, Wu S, Xu Y, Zou W, Song H, Ma L. Mechanosensitive Channel PIEZO1 Senses Shear Force to Induce KLF2/4 Expression via CaMKII/MEKK3/ERK5 Axis in Endothelial Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142191. [PMID: 35883633 PMCID: PMC9317998 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Shear stress exerted by the blood stream modulates endothelial functions through altering gene expression. KLF2 and KLF4, the mechanosensitive transcription factors, are promoted by laminar flow to maintain endothelial homeostasis. However, how the expression of KLF2/4 is regulated by shear stress is poorly understood. Here, we showed that the activation of PIEZO1 upregulates the expression of KLF2/4 in endothelial cells. Mice with endothelial-specific deletion of Piezo1 exhibit reduced KLF2/4 expression in thoracic aorta and pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. Mechanistically, shear stress activates PIEZO1, which results in a calcium influx and subsequently activation of CaMKII. CaMKII interacts with and activates MEKK3 to promote MEKK3/MEK5/ERK5 signaling and ultimately induce the transcription of KLF2/4. Our data provide the molecular insight into how endothelial cells sense and convert mechanical stimuli into a biological response to promote KLF2/4 expression for the maintenance of endothelial function and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; (Q.Z.); (P.T.); (Z.C.); (X.D.); (S.W.)
| | - Yonggang Zou
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Peng Teng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; (Q.Z.); (P.T.); (Z.C.); (X.D.); (S.W.)
| | - Zhenghua Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; (Q.Z.); (P.T.); (Z.C.); (X.D.); (S.W.)
| | - Yuefeng Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xiaoyi Dai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; (Q.Z.); (P.T.); (Z.C.); (X.D.); (S.W.)
| | - Xiya Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Zonghao Hu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; (Q.Z.); (P.T.); (Z.C.); (X.D.); (S.W.)
| | - Yanhua Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Weiguo Zou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (H.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Hai Song
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.X.)
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (H.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; (Q.Z.); (P.T.); (Z.C.); (X.D.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (H.S.); (L.M.)
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Zhang Y, Xu J, Qiu Z, Guan Y, Zhang X, Zhang X, Chai D, Chen C, Hu Q, Wang W. STK25 enhances hepatocellular carcinoma progression through the STRN/AMPK/ACC1 pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:4. [PMID: 34986838 PMCID: PMC8734210 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02421-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serine/threonine protein kinase 25 (STK25) plays an important role in regulating glucose and insulin homeostasis and in ectopic lipid accumulation. It directly affects the progression and prognosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the effects of STK25 on lipid metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of STK25 in HCC and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of STK25 in hepatic tissues of HCC patients, and public datasets were used as supplementary material for predicting the expression of STK25 and the prognosis of patients with HCC. The interaction between STK25 and striatin (STRN) was determined by the STRING database, immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses. The involved signaling pathway was detected by the KEGG database and western blot. Moreover, the biological behaviors of the HCC cells were detected by wound healing assays, Transwell invasion assays and oil red O staining. Finally, it was verified again by xenograft model. Results STK25 is highly expressed in HCC patients and is associated with poor prognosis. STK25 knockdown inhibited the HCC cell invasion and proliferation, promotes apoptosis. Consistently, STK25 knockdown inhibited tumor growth in xenograft mouse model. Besides, STK25 deficiency decreased lipid synthesis, energy reserve, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by down-regulating lipid metabolism signaling pathway. STRN could reverse the change of lipid metabolism. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that STK25 interacted with STRN to regulates the energy reserve and EMT via lipid metabolism reprogramming. Accordingly, high expression of STK25 may be associated with HCC patients and poor prognosis, which implicates STK25 could be a potential target for lipid metabolism in cancer therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02421-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junhui Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhendong Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yongjun Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - XiaoYi Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, ZhongNan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongqi Chai
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qinyong Hu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Weixing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Ito M, Hiwasa T, Oshima Y, Yajima S, Suzuki T, Nanami T, Sumazaki M, Shiratori F, Funahashi K, Takizawa H, Kashiwado K, Tochigi N, Shimada H. Identification of serum anti-striatin 4 antibodies as a common marker for esophageal cancer and other solid cancers. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 15:237. [PMID: 34650804 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid cancers have a poor prognosis, and their morbidity and mortality after surgery is high. Even after radical surgery for esophageal cancer, there have been cases of early postoperative death. The present study therefore aimed to explore new tumor markers that can predict the early postoperative prognosis. To identify antibody markers, serological antigens were identified using recombinant cDNA expression cloning (SEREX). The results identified striatin 4 (STRN4) as the antigen recognized by serum IgG antibodies in patients with esophageal cancer. After performing an amplified luminescence proximity homogeneous assay-linked immunosorbent assay (AlphaLISA), it was revealed that when compared with healthy donors, serum anti-STRN4 antibody (STRN4-Ab) levels were significantly higher not only in patients with esophageal cancer but also to lesser extent, in those with gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and breast cancer. Compared with STRN4-Ab-negative patients with esophageal cancer, STRN4-Ab-positive patients had a poorer postoperative prognosis at early stages, suggesting that STRN4-Abs may be useful for predicting poor early-stage prognoses of patients with esophageal cancer. The positive diagnosis rates of esophageal cancer using the STRN4-Ab marker and conventional markers, including squamous cell carcinoma antigen and p53 antibody alone, were 26.4, 35.2 and 19.1% respectively; a result that increased up to 59.1% by combining all three markers. Serum STRN4-Ab may serve as a novel marker of esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Ito
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Takaki Hiwasa
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yoko Oshima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yajima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Nanami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Makoto Sumazaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Shiratori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Funahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Takizawa
- Port Square Kashiwado Clinic, Kashiwado Memorial Foundation, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-0025, Japan
| | - Koichi Kashiwado
- Department of Neurology, Kashiwado Hospital, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-0854, Japan
| | - Naobumi Tochigi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimada
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
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Antifungal activity of dendritic cell lysosomal proteins against Cryptococcus neoformans. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13619. [PMID: 34193926 PMCID: PMC8245489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening disease among immune compromised individuals that is caused by the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Previous studies have shown that the fungus is phagocytosed by dendritic cells (DCs) and trafficked to the lysosome where it is killed by both oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms. While certain molecules from the lysosome are known to kill or inhibit the growth of C. neoformans, the lysosome is an organelle containing many different proteins and enzymes that are designed to degrade phagocytosed material. We hypothesized that multiple lysosomal components, including cysteine proteases and antimicrobial peptides, could inhibit the growth of C. neoformans. Our study identified the contents of the DC lysosome and examined the anti-cryptococcal properties of different proteins found within the lysosome. Results showed several DC lysosomal proteins affected the growth of C. neoformans in vitro. The proteins that killed or inhibited the fungus did so in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the concentration of protein needed for cryptococcal inhibition was found to be non-cytotoxic to mammalian cells. These data show that many DC lysosomal proteins have antifungal activity and have potential as immune-based therapeutics.
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Bao F, Hao P, An S, Yang Y, Liu Y, Hao Q, Ejaz M, Guo XX, Xu TR. Akt scaffold proteins: the key to controlling specificity of Akt signaling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C429-C442. [PMID: 34161152 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00146.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway plays an essential role in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. Akt kinase is at the center of this signaling pathway and interacts with a variety of proteins. Akt is overexpressed in almost 80% of tumors. However, inhibiting Akt has serious clinical side effects so is not a suitable treatment for cancer. During recent years, Akt scaffold proteins have received increasing attention for their ability to regulate Akt signaling and have emerged as potential targets for cancer therapy. In this paper, we categorize Akt kinase scaffold proteins into four groups based on their cellular location: membrane-bound activator and inhibitor, cytoplasm, and endosome. We describe how these scaffolds interact with Akt kinase, how they affect Akt activity, and how they regulate the specificity of Akt signaling. We also discuss the clinical application of Akt scaffold proteins as targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Bao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Center of Stomatology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Peiqi Hao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Su An
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qian Hao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Mubashir Ejaz
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Guo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tian-Rui Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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11
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Zhang Y, Gu X, Jiang F, Sun P, Li X. Altered expression of striatin-4 is associated with poor prognosis in bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:331. [PMID: 33692863 PMCID: PMC7933759 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatin-4 (STRN4 or Zinedin) is a scaffolding protein belonging to the mammalian STRN family of proteins and consists of multiple functional signaling domains. Due to its numerous signaling complexes, STRN4 has been reported to be involved in the tumorigenesis of various cancer types, including colon cancer, liver cancer and prostate cancer. However, few studies on STRN4 have been conducted in bladder cancer, and its prognostic role in bladder cancer remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the expression levels of STRN4 in bladder transitional cell carcinoma and evaluate the prognostic role of STRN4. STRN4 expression in clinical specimens was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. It was demonstrated that STRN4 expression was significantly associated with clinical parameters such as tumor size, muscle invasion depth and pathological tumor grade. Abnormal STRN4 expression was typically associated with worse overall survival time and outcome when compared with the low STRN4 expression group. Using multivariate analysis, it was reported that STRN4 was an independent prognostic biomarker for survival time in bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Although the specific biological mechanisms of STRN4 in bladder cancer still remain to be elucidated, STRN4 expression could be a prognostic indicator in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zhang
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Xinquan Gu
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Fuquan Jiang
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Pinghui Sun
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130015, P.R. China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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12
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Nader M, Khalil B, Kattuah W, Dzimiri N, Bakheet D. Striatin translocates to the cytosol of apoptotic cells and is proteolytically cleaved in a caspase 3-dependent manner. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04990. [PMID: 33005798 PMCID: PMC7509466 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatin (STRN) is a multivalent protein holding great therapeutic potentials in view of its interaction with dynamic partners implicated in apoptosis. Although striatin-3 and striatin-4, that share high structural similarities with STRN, have been linked to apoptosis, the dynamics of STRN in apoptotic cells remain unclear. Herein, we report that the amount of STRN (110 kDa) is reduced in apoptotic cells, in response to various chemotherapeutic agents, thereby yielding a major polypeptide fragment at ~65 kDa, and three minor products at lower molecular weights. While STRN siRNA reduced the 65 kDa derivative fragment, the overexpression of a Myc-tagged STRN precipitated a novel fragment that was detected slightly higher than 65 kDa (due to the Myc-DDK tag on the cleaved fragment), confirming the cleavage of STRN during apoptosis. Interestingly, STRN cleavage was abrogated by the general caspase inhibitor Z-VAD.fmk. Cell fractionation revealed that the STRN pool, mainly distributed in the non-cytosolic fragment of naïve cells, translocates to the cytosol where it is proteolytically cleaved during apoptosis. Interestingly, the ectopic expression of caspase 3 in MCF-7 cells (deprived of caspase 3) induced STRN cleavage under apoptotic conditions. Inhibition of caspase 3 (Ac-DEVD-CHO) conferred a dose-dependent protection against the proteolytic cleavage of STRN. Collectively, our data provide cogent proofs that STRN translocates to the cytosol where it undergoes proteolytic cleavage in a caspase 3-dependent manner during apoptosis. Thus, this study projects the cleavage of STRN as a novel marker for apoptosis to serve pharmacological strategies targeting this particular form of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moni Nader
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bariaa Khalil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wejdan Kattuah
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nduna Dzimiri
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dana Bakheet
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Stein V, Blank-Landeshammer B, Müntjes K, Märker R, Teichert I, Feldbrügge M, Sickmann A, Kück U. The STRIPAK signaling complex regulates dephosphorylation of GUL1, an RNA-binding protein that shuttles on endosomes. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008819. [PMID: 32997654 PMCID: PMC7550108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) multi-subunit signaling complex is highly conserved within eukaryotes. In fungi, STRIPAK controls multicellular development, morphogenesis, pathogenicity, and cell-cell recognition, while in humans, certain diseases are related to this signaling complex. To date, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation targets of STRIPAK are still widely unknown in microbial as well as animal systems. Here, we provide an extended global proteome and phosphoproteome study using the wild type as well as STRIPAK single and double deletion mutants (Δpro11, Δpro11Δpro22, Δpp2Ac1Δpro22) from the filamentous fungus Sordaria macrospora. Notably, in the deletion mutants, we identified the differential phosphorylation of 129 proteins, of which 70 phosphorylation sites were previously unknown. Included in the list of STRIPAK targets are eight proteins with RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) including GUL1. Knockout mutants and complemented transformants clearly show that GUL1 affects hyphal growth and sexual development. To assess the role of GUL1 phosphorylation on fungal development, we constructed phospho-mimetic and -deficient mutants of GUL1 residues. While S180 was dephosphorylated in a STRIPAK-dependent manner, S216, and S1343 served as non-regulated phosphorylation sites. While the S1343 mutants were indistinguishable from wild type, phospho-deficiency of S180 and S216 resulted in a drastic reduction in hyphal growth, and phospho-deficiency of S216 also affects sexual fertility. These results thus suggest that differential phosphorylation of GUL1 regulates developmental processes such as fruiting body maturation and hyphal morphogenesis. Moreover, genetic interaction studies provide strong evidence that GUL1 is not an integral subunit of STRIPAK. Finally, fluorescence microscopy revealed that GUL1 co-localizes with endosomal marker proteins and shuttles on endosomes. Here, we provide a new mechanistic model that explains how STRIPAK-dependent and -independent phosphorylation of GUL1 regulates sexual development and asexual growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Stein
- Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Kira Müntjes
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ramona Märker
- Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ines Teichert
- Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Feldbrügge
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kück
- Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
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14
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Therapeutic potential of miR-21 regulation by human peripheral blood derived-small extracellular vesicles in myocardial infarction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:985-999. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20191077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) as natural membranous vesicles are on the frontiers of nanomedical research, due to their ability to deliver therapeutic molecules such as microRNAs (miRNAs). The miRNA-21 (miR-21) is thought to be involved in the initiation and development of myocardial infarction (MI). Here, we examined whether miR-21 regulation using human peripheral blood-derived sEVs (PB-sEVs) could serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for MI. First, we examined miR-21 levels in hypoxic conditions and validated the ability of PB-sEVs to serve as a potential delivery system for miRNAs. Further, bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assay were performed to identify target genes of miR-21 mechanistically. Among numerous target pathways, we focused on nitrogen metabolism, which remains relatively unexplored compared with other possible miR-21-mediated pathways; hence, we aimed to determine novel target genes of miR-21 related to nitrogen metabolism. In hypoxic conditions, the expression of miR-21 was significantly up-regulated and correlated with nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) levels, which in turn influences cardiac function. The down-regulation of miR-21 expression by PB-sEVs loaded with anti-miR-21 significantly improved survival rates, consistent with the augmentation of cardiac function. However, the up-regulation of miR-21 expression by PB-sEVs loaded with miR-21 reversed these effects. Mechanistically, miR-21 targeted and down-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of striatin (STRN), which could regulate NOS3 expression. In conclusion, we identified a novel therapeutic strategy to improve cardiac function by regulating the expression of miR-21 with PB-sEVs as an miR-21 or anti-miR-21 delivery vehicle and confirmed the miR-21-associated nitrogen metabolic disorders in MI.
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15
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Nader M. The SLMAP/Striatin complex: An emerging regulator of normal and abnormal cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 858:172491. [PMID: 31233748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The excitation-contraction (E-C) module involves a harmonized correspondence between the sarcolemma and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This is provided by membrane proteins, which primarily shape the caveolae, the T-tubule/Sarcoplasmic reticulum (TT/SR) junction, and the intercalated discs (ICDs). Distortion of either one of these structures impairs myocardial contraction, and subsequently translates into cardiac failure. Thus, detailed studies on the molecular cues of the E-C module are becoming increasingly necessary to pharmacologically eradicate cardiac failure Herein we reviewed the organization of caveolae, TT/SR junctions, and the ICDs in the heart, with special attention to the Sarcolemma Membrane Associated Protein (SLMAP) and striatin (STRN) in cardiac membranes biology and cardiomyocyte contraction. We emphasized on their in vivo and in vitro signaling in cardiac function/dysfunction. SLMAP is a cardiac membrane protein that plays an important role in E-C coupling and the adrenergic response of the heart. Similarly, STRN is a dynamic protein that is also involved in cardiac E-C coupling and ICD-related cardiomyopathies. Both SLMAP and STRN are linked to cardiac conditions, including heart failure, and their role in cardiomyocyte function was elucidated in our laboratory. They interact together in a protein complex that holds therapeutic potentials for cardiac dysfunction. This review is the first of its kind to conceptualize the role of the SLMAP/STRN complex in cardiac function and failure. It provides in depth information on the signaling of these two proteins and projects their interaction as a novel therapeutic target for cardiac failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moni Nader
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, P.O. Box 50927, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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16
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Kück U, Radchenko D, Teichert I. STRIPAK, a highly conserved signaling complex, controls multiple eukaryotic cellular and developmental processes and is linked with human diseases. Biol Chem 2019; 400:1005-1022. [PMID: 31042639 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The striatin-interacting phosphatases and kinases (STRIPAK) complex is evolutionary highly conserved and has been structurally and functionally described in diverse lower and higher eukaryotes. In recent years, this complex has been biochemically characterized better and further analyses in different model systems have shown that it is also involved in numerous cellular and developmental processes in eukaryotic organisms. Further recent results have shown that the STRIPAK complex functions as a macromolecular assembly communicating through physical interaction with other conserved signaling protein complexes to constitute larger dynamic protein networks. Here, we will provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the architecture, function and regulation of the STRIPAK complex and discuss key issues and future perspectives, linked with human diseases, which may form the basis of further research endeavors in this area. In particular, the investigation of bi-directional interactions between STRIPAK and other signaling pathways should elucidate upstream regulators and downstream targets as fundamental parts of a complex cellular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kück
- Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Daria Radchenko
- Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ines Teichert
- Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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17
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Mierke CT. The matrix environmental and cell mechanical properties regulate cell migration and contribute to the invasive phenotype of cancer cells. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:064602. [PMID: 30947151 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The minimal structural unit of a solid tumor is a single cell or a cellular compartment such as the nucleus. A closer look inside the cells reveals that there are functional compartments or even structural domains determining the overall properties of a cell such as the mechanical phenotype. The mechanical interaction of these living cells leads to the complex organization such as compartments, tissues and organs of organisms including mammals. In contrast to passive non-living materials, living cells actively respond to the mechanical perturbations occurring in their microenvironment during diseases such as fibrosis and cancer. The transformation of single cancer cells in highly aggressive and hence malignant cancer cells during malignant cancer progression encompasses the basement membrane crossing, the invasion of connective tissue, the stroma microenvironments and transbarrier migration, which all require the immediate interaction of the aggressive and invasive cancer cells with the surrounding extracellular matrix environment including normal embedded neighboring cells. All these steps of the metastatic pathway seem to involve mechanical interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment. The pathology of cancer due to a broad heterogeneity of cancer types is still not fully understood. Hence it is necessary to reveal the signaling pathways such as mechanotransduction pathways that seem to be commonly involved in the development and establishment of the metastatic and mechanical phenotype in several carcinoma cells. We still do not know whether there exist distinct metastatic genes regulating the progression of tumors. These metastatic genes may then be activated either during the progression of cancer by themselves on their migration path or in earlier stages of oncogenesis through activated oncogenes or inactivated tumor suppressor genes, both of which promote the metastatic phenotype. In more detail, the adhesion of cancer cells to their surrounding stroma induces the generation of intracellular contraction forces that deform their microenvironments by alignment of fibers. The amplitude of these forces can adapt to the mechanical properties of the microenvironment. Moreover, the adhesion strength of cancer cells seems to determine whether a cancer cell is able to migrate through connective tissue or across barriers such as the basement membrane or endothelial cell linings of blood or lymph vessels in order to metastasize. In turn, exposure of adherent cancer cells to physical forces, such as shear flow in vessels or compression forces around tumors, reinforces cell adhesion, regulates cell contractility and restructures the ordering of the local stroma matrix that leads subsequently to secretion of crosslinking proteins or matrix degrading enzymes. Hence invasive cancer cells alter the mechanical properties of their microenvironment. From a mechanobiological point-of-view, the recognized physical signals are transduced into biochemical signaling events that guide cellular responses such as cancer progression after the malignant transition of cancer cells from an epithelial and non-motile phenotype to a mesenchymal and motile (invasive) phenotype providing cellular motility. This transition can also be described as the physical attempt to relate this cancer cell transitional behavior to a T1 phase transition such as the jamming to unjamming transition. During the invasion of cancer cells, cell adaptation occurs to mechanical alterations of the local stroma, such as enhanced stroma upon fibrosis, and therefore we need to uncover underlying mechano-coupling and mechano-regulating functional processes that reinforce the invasion of cancer cells. Moreover, these mechanisms may also be responsible for the awakening of dormant residual cancer cells within the microenvironment. Physicists were initially tempted to consider the steps of the cancer metastasis cascade as single events caused by a single mechanical alteration of the overall properties of the cancer cell. However, this general and simple view has been challenged by the finding that several mechanical properties of cancer cells and their microenvironment influence each other and continuously contribute to tumor growth and cancer progression. In addition, basement membrane crossing, cell invasion and transbarrier migration during cancer progression is explained in physical terms by applying physical principles on living cells regardless of their complexity and individual differences of cancer types. As a novel approach, the impact of the individual microenvironment surrounding cancer cells is also included. Moreover, new theories and models are still needed to understand why certain cancers are malignant and aggressive, while others stay still benign. However, due to the broad variety of cancer types, there may be various pathways solely suitable for specific cancer types and distinct steps in the process of cancer progression. In this review, physical concepts and hypotheses of cancer initiation and progression including cancer cell basement membrane crossing, invasion and transbarrier migration are presented and discussed from a biophysical point-of-view. In addition, the crosstalk between cancer cells and a chronically altered microenvironment, such as fibrosis, is discussed including the basic physical concepts of fibrosis and the cellular responses to mechanical stress caused by the mechanically altered microenvironment. Here, is highlighted how biophysical approaches, both experimentally and theoretically, have an impact on classical hallmarks of cancer and fibrosis and how they contribute to the understanding of the regulation of cancer and its progression by sensing and responding to the physical environmental properties through mechanotransduction processes. Finally, this review discusses various physical models of cell migration such as blebbing, nuclear piston, protrusive force and unjamming transition migration modes and how they contribute to cancer progression. Moreover, these cellular migration modes are influenced by microenvironmental perturbances such as fibrosis that can induce mechanical alterations in cancer cells, which in turn may impact the environment. Hence, the classical hallmarks of cancer need to be refined by including biomechanical properties of cells, cell clusters and tissues and their microenvironment to understand mechano-regulatory processes within cancer cells and the entire organism.
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18
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Jiang F, Zheng Q, Chang L, Li X, Wang X, Gu X. Pro-oncogene Pokemon Promotes Prostate Cancer Progression by Inducing STRN4 Expression. J Cancer 2019; 10:1833-1845. [PMID: 31205540 PMCID: PMC6547993 DOI: 10.7150/jca.29471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Pokemon, also known as leukemia/lymphoma-related factor (LRF) is a pro-oncogenic protein highly expressed in several cancers. There have been few in vitro and animal studies about its malignant biological behavior and function, however, its role especially in prostate cancer has not been completely elucidated. Therefore, in this study, we identified that Pokemon is overexpressed in human prostate cancer tissue samples, and its suppression inhibits proliferation of prostate cancer cells, along with promotion of apoptosis. Furthermore, to explore the mechanism by which Pokemon promotes tumor progression, we observed that it binds to the promoter of STRN4 (striatin 4), a downstream target, and subsequently regulates its expression. In conclusion, our study indicated that Pokemon through stimulation of STRN4 expression promotes prostate tumor progression via a Pokemon /STRN4 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuquan Jiang
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Qingfan Zheng
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Liping Chang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xinsheng Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinquan Gu
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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19
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Nader M, Alsolme E, Alotaibi S, Alsomali R, Bakheet D, Dzimiri N. SLMAP-3 is downregulated in human dilated ventricles and its overexpression promotes cardiomyocyte response to adrenergic stimuli by increasing intracellular calcium. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:623-630. [PMID: 30856349 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Structural dilation of cardiomyocytes (CMs) imposes a decline in cardiac performance that precipitates cardiac failure and sudden death. Since membrane proteins are implicated in dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure, we evaluated the expression of the sarcolemmal membrane-associated protein (SLMAP) in dilated cardiomyopathy and its effect on CM contraction. We found that all 3 SLMAP isoforms (SLMAP-1, -2, and -3) are expressed in CMs and are downregulated in human dilated ventricles. Knockdown of SLMAPs in cultured CMs transduced with recombinant adeno-associated viral particles releasing SLMAP-shRNA precipitated reduced spontaneous contractile rate that was not fully recovered in SLMAP-depleted CMs challenged with isoproterenol (ISO), thus phenotypically mimicking heart failure performance. Interestingly, the overexpression of the SLMAP-3 full-length isoform induced a positive chronotropic effect in CMs that was more pronounced in response to ISO insult (vs. ISO-treated naïve CMs). Confocal live imaging showed that H9c2 cardiac myoblasts overexpressing SLMAP-3 exhibit a higher intracellular calcium transient peak when treated with ISO (vs. ISO-treated cells carrying a control adeno-associated viral particle). Proteomics revealed that SLMAP-3 interacts with the regulator of CM contraction, striatin. Collectively, our data demonstrate that SLMAP-3 is a novel regulator of CM contraction rate and their response to adrenergic stimuli. Loss of SLMAPs phenotypically mimics cardiac failure and crystallizes SLMAPs as predictive of dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moni Nader
- a Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,b Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtehal Alsolme
- b Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahd Alotaibi
- b Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahmah Alsomali
- b Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dana Bakheet
- b Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nduna Dzimiri
- b Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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20
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Architecture, substructures, and dynamic assembly of STRIPAK complexes in Hippo signaling. Cell Discov 2019; 5:3. [PMID: 30622739 PMCID: PMC6323126 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-018-0077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Striatin-interacting phosphatases and kinases (STRIPAKs) are evolutionarily conserved supramolecular complexes, which have been implicated in the Hippo signaling pathway. Yet the topological structure and dynamic assembly of STRIPAK complexes remain elusive. Here, we report the overall architecture and substructures of a Hippo kinase-containing STRIPAK complex. PP2Aa/c-bound STRN3 directly contacts the Hippo kinase MST2 and also controls the loading of MST2 via two “arms” in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, one arm being STRIP1 and the other SIKE1-SLMAP. A decreased cell density triggered the dissociation of the STRIP1 arm from STRIPAK, reflecting the dynamic assembly of the complex upon sensing upstream signals. Crystallographic studies defined at atomic resolution the interface between STRN3 and SIKE1, and that between SIKE1 and SLMAP. Disrupting the complex assembly abrogated the regulatory effect of STRIPAK towards Hippo signaling. Collectively, our study revealed a “two-arm” assembly of STRIPAK with context-dependent dynamics, offering a framework for further studies on Hippo signaling and biological processes involving MST kinases.
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21
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Fowle H, Zhao Z, Graña X. PP2A holoenzymes, substrate specificity driving cellular functions and deregulation in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 144:55-93. [PMID: 31349904 PMCID: PMC9994639 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PP2A is a highly conserved eukaryotic serine/threonine protein phosphatase of the PPP family of phosphatases with fundamental cellular functions. In cells, PP2A targets specific subcellular locations and substrates by forming heterotrimeric holoenzymes, where a core dimer consisting of scaffold (A) and catalytic (C) subunits complexes with one of many B regulatory subunits. PP2A plays a key role in positively and negatively regulating a myriad of cellular processes, as it targets a very sizable fraction of the cellular substrates phosphorylated on Ser/Thr residues. This review focuses on insights made toward the understanding on how the subunit composition and structure of PP2A holoenzymes mediates substrate specificity, the role of substrate modulation in the signaling of cellular division, growth, and differentiation, and its deregulation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Fowle
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology and Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ziran Zhao
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology and Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xavier Graña
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology and Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Abstract
The WD40 domain is one of the most abundant and interacting domains in the eukaryotic genome. In proteins the WD domain folds into a β-propeller structure, providing a platform for the interaction and assembly of several proteins into a signalosome. WD40 repeats containing proteins, in lower eukaryotes, are mainly involved in growth, cell cycle, development and virulence, while in higher organisms, they play an important role in diverse cellular functions like signal transduction, cell cycle control, intracellular transport, chromatin remodelling, cytoskeletal organization, apoptosis, development, transcriptional regulation, immune responses. To play the regulatory role in various processes, they act as a scaffold for protein-protein or protein-DNA interaction. So far, no WD40 domain has been identified with intrinsic enzymatic activity. Several WD40 domain-containing proteins have been recently characterized in prokaryotes as well. The review summarizes the vast array of functions performed by different WD40 domain containing proteins, their domain organization and functional conservation during the course of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddhi Prakash Jain
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, 845401, India.
| | - Shweta Pandey
- APSGMNS Govt P G College, Kawardha, Chhattisgarh, 491995, India
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23
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Zheng S, Sun P, Liu H, Li R, Long L, Xu Y, Chen S, Xu J. 17β-estradiol upregulates striatin protein levels via Akt pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202500. [PMID: 30138337 PMCID: PMC6107185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
17β-estradiol (E2) has been shown to have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. We previously demonstrated that E2 increases striatin levels and inhibits migration in vascular smooth muscle cells. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of E2 on the regulation of striatin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We demonstrated that E2 increased striatin protein expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner in HUVECs. Pretreatment with ICI 182780 or the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor, wortmannin, abolished E2-mediated upregulation of striatin protein expression. Treatment with E2 resulted in Akt phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, silencing striatin significantly inhibited HUVEC migration, while striatin overexpression significantly promoted HUVEC migration. Finally, E2 enhanced HUVEC migration, which was inhibited by silencing striatin. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that E2-mediated upregulation of striatin promotes cell migration in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Zheng
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haimei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, University Town, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runmei Li
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, University Town, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingli Long
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuxia Xu
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Suiqing Chen
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, University Town, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinwen Xu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, University Town, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Soni S, Jain BP, Gupta R, Dharavath S, Kar K, Komath SS, Goswami SK. Biophysical Characterization of SG2NA Variants and their Interaction with DJ-1 and Calmodulin in vitro. Cell Biochem Biophys 2018; 76:451-461. [PMID: 30132185 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-018-0854-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
SG2NA was first discovered as nuclear autoantigen in lung and bladder cancer patient. It was named SG2NA as its expression increases during S to G2 phase of cell cycle. SG2NA/Striatin3 was classified as a member of Striatin family along with Straitin and Zinedin due to its structural and functional relatedness. At the molecular level, SG2NA is characterized by the presence of multiple protein-protein interaction domains viz., a caveolin binding motif, a coiled coil structure, Ca2+-calmodulin binding domain and a large WD-40 repeat domain in the same order from amino to the carboxyl termini. Analysis of secondary structures of 87 and 78 kDa SG2NA isoforms showed characteristic combinations of α-helix, β-structure, β-turns and random coil; suggesting of effective refolding after denaturation. This study for the first time establishes the structural differences between the two prevalent isoforms of SG2NA. Recently we observed that DJ-1 interacts with variants of SG2NA both in vitro and in vivo. The SG2NA isoforms purified from inclusion bodies showed the different secondary structure conformations, stability and interaction pattern for their interacting partners (DJ-1 and calmodulin) which imparts functional diversity of SG2NA. The SG2NA isoforms showed significant differential binding affinity to DJ-1 and Calmodulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Soni
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, 462022, India
| | - Buddhi Prakash Jain
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University Bihar, Motihari, 845401, India
| | - Richa Gupta
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sudhaker Dharavath
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Karunakar Kar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sneha Sudha Komath
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Shyamal K Goswami
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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25
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Zhang H, Mukherjee M, Kim J, Yu W, Shim W. Fsr1, a striatin homologue, forms an endomembrane-associated complex that regulates virulence in the maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:812-826. [PMID: 28467007 PMCID: PMC6638083 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fsr1, a homologue of mammalian striatin, containing multiple protein-binding domains and a coiled-coil (CC) domain, is critical for Fusarium verticillioides virulence. In mammals, striatin interacts with multiple proteins to form a STRIPAK (striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase) complex that regulates a variety of developmental processes and cellular mechanisms. In this study, we identified the homologue of a key mammalian STRIPAK component STRIP1/2 (striatin-interacting proteins 1 and 2) in F. verticillioides, FvStp1, which interacts with Fsr1 in vivo. Gene deletion analysis indicates that FvStp1 is critical for F. verticillioides stalk rot virulence. In addition, we identified three proteins, designated FvCyp1, FvScp1 and FvSel1, which interact with the Fsr1 CC domain via a yeast two-hybrid screen. Importantly, FvCyp1, FvScp1 and FvSel1 co-localize to endomembrane structures, each having a preferred localization in the cell, and they are all required for F. verticillioides stalk rot virulence. Moreover, these proteins are necessary for the correct localization of Fsr1 to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear envelope. Thus, we identified several novel components in the STRIPAK complex that regulates F. verticillioides virulence, and propose that the correct organization and localization of Fsr1 are critical for STRIPAK complex function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology & MicrobiologyTexas A&M University, College StationTX 77843‐2132USA
| | - Mala Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Pathology & MicrobiologyTexas A&M University, College StationTX 77843‐2132USA
| | - Jung‐Eun Kim
- Department of Plant Pathology & MicrobiologyTexas A&M University, College StationTX 77843‐2132USA
| | - Wenying Yu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry UniversityFuzhou 350002China
| | - Won‐Bo Shim
- Department of Plant Pathology & MicrobiologyTexas A&M University, College StationTX 77843‐2132USA
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26
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Kim M, Zhang H, Woloshuk C, Shim WB, Yoon BJ. Computational Prediction of Pathogenic Network Modules in Fusarium verticillioides. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2018; 15:506-515. [PMID: 29610099 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2015.2440232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is a fungal pathogen that triggers stalk rots and ear rots in maize. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of wild type and loss-of-virulence mutant F. verticillioides co-expression networks to identify subnetwork modules that are associated with its pathogenicity. We constructed the F. verticillioides co-expression networks from RNA-Seq data and searched through these networks to identify subnetwork modules that are differentially activated between the wild type and mutant F. verticillioides, which considerably differ in terms of pathogenic potentials. A greedy seed-and-extend approach was utilized in our search, where we also used an efficient branch-out technique for reliable prediction of functional subnetwork modules in the fungus. Through our analysis, we identified four potential pathogenicity-associated subnetwork modules, each of which consists of interacting genes with coordinated expression patterns, but whose activation level is significantly different in the wild type and the mutant. The predicted modules were comprised of functionally coherent genes and topologically cohesive. Furthermore, they contained several orthologs of known pathogenic genes in other fungi, which may play important roles in the fungal pathogenesis.
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27
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Gupta T, Connors M, Tan JW, Manosroi W, Ahmed N, Ting PY, Garza AE, Romero JR, Hopkins PN, Williams JS, Williams GH. Striatin Gene Polymorphic Variants Are Associated With Salt Sensitive Blood Pressure in Normotensives and Hypertensives. Am J Hypertens 2017; 31:124-131. [PMID: 28985281 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpx146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the interactions between genetics, sodium (Na+) intake, and blood pressure (BP) will help overcome the lack of individual specificity in our current treatment of hypertension. This study had 3 goals: expand on the relationship between striatin gene (STRN) status and salt-sensitivity of BP (SSBP); evaluate the status of Na+ and volume regulating systems by striatin risk allele status; evaluate potential SSBP mechanisms. METHODS We assessed the relationship between STRN status in humans (HyperPATH cohort) and SSBP and on volume regulated systems in humans and a striatin knockout mouse (STRN+/-). RESULTS The previously identified association between a striatin risk allele and systolic SSBP was demonstrated in a new cohort (P = 0.01). The STRN-SSBP association was significant for the combined cohort (P = 0.003; β = +5.35 mm Hg systolic BP/risk allele) and in the following subgroups: normotensives, hypertensives, men, and older subjects. Additionally, we observed a lower epinephrine level in risk allele carriers (P = 0.014) and decreased adrenal medulla phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in STRN+/- mice. No significant associations were observed with other volume regulated systems. CONCLUSIONS These results support the association between a variant of striatin and SSBP and extend the findings to normotensive individuals and other subsets. In contrast to most salt-sensitive hypertensives, striatin-associated SSBP is associated with normal plasma renin activity and reduced epinephrine levels. These data provide clues to the underlying cause and a potential pathway to achieve, specific, personalized treatment, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Gupta
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Molly Connors
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Jia Wei Tan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s, Harvard Medical School, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, UCSI University, Malaysia
| | - Worapaka Manosroi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s, Harvard Medical School, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Bangkok Chiang Mai Hospital, Thailand
| | - Noha Ahmed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Pei Yee Ting
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s, Harvard Medical School, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Bangkok Chiang Mai Hospital, Thailand
| | - Amanda E Garza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Jose R Romero
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics Unit, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jonathan S Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Gordon H Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s, Harvard Medical School, USA
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28
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STRIP1, a core component of STRIPAK complexes, is essential for normal mesoderm migration in the mouse embryo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10928-E10936. [PMID: 29203676 PMCID: PMC5754794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713535114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatin-interacting phosphatases and kinases (STRIPAK) complexes can regulate the cytoskeleton and cell migration in cell lines, but their roles in vivo in mammals are not known. Here, we show that mouse embryos that lack striatin-interacting protein 1 (STRIP1), a core component of STRIPAK complexes, arrest at midgestation with striking morphological defects. Strip1 mutants lack a trunk, and both paraxial and axial mesoderm fail to elongate along the anterior–posterior body axis. Mesodermal cells from Strip1 mutants have defects in actin organization, focal adhesions, and cell migration that can account for the failure of normal mesoderm migration. The findings demonstrate that STRIPAK is a critical regulator of mammalian cell migration and is likely to have important roles in tumor progression as well as development. Regulated mesoderm migration is necessary for the proper morphogenesis and organ formation during embryonic development. Cell migration and its dependence on the cytoskeleton and signaling machines have been studied extensively in cultured cells; in contrast, remarkably little is known about the mechanisms that regulate mesoderm cell migration in vivo. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a mouse mutation in striatin-interacting protein 1 (Strip1) that disrupts migration of the mesoderm after the gastrulation epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). STRIP1 is a core component of the biochemically defined mammalian striatin-interacting phosphatases and kinase (STRIPAK) complexes that appear to act through regulation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), but their functions in mammals in vivo have not been examined. Strip1-null mutants arrest development at midgestation with profound disruptions in the organization of the mesoderm and its derivatives, including a complete failure of the anterior extension of axial mesoderm. Analysis of cultured mesoderm explants and mouse embryonic fibroblasts from null mutants shows that the mesoderm migration defect is correlated with decreased cell spreading, abnormal focal adhesions, changes in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, and decreased velocity of cell migration. The results show that STRIPAK complexes are essential for cell migration and tissue morphogenesis in vivo.
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29
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Nader M, Alotaibi S, Alsolme E, Khalil B, Abu-Zaid A, Alsomali R, Bakheet D, Dzimiri N. Cardiac striatin interacts with caveolin-3 and calmodulin in a calcium sensitive manner and regulates cardiomyocyte spontaneous contraction rate. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1306-1312. [PMID: 28825318 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Impaired cardiomyocyte contraction rate is detrimental to cardiac function and often lethal. Despite advancements in the field, there is a paucity of information regarding the coordination of molecules implicated in regulating the heart rate. Striatin (STRN) is a dynamic protein with binding domains to calmodulin (CaM) and caveolin (Cav), both of which are regulators of myocardial function. However, its role in cardiomyocyte contraction is not yet determined. Herein, we show that STRN is expressed in cardiomyocytes and is more abundant in atrial myocardium than in ventricles. Cardiac expression of STRN (protein and mRNA) was developmentally regulated with the highest expression being at neonatal stage (day one) and the lowest in adult rats (13 weeks). CaM pulldown assay indicated that the interaction of cardiac STRN with CaM and caveolin-3 (Cav-3) was calcium sensitive. Interestingly, the overexpression of STRN induced an increase (∼2-fold) in the rate of the spontaneous contraction of cultured cardiomyocytes, while the knockdown of STRN reduced their contraction rate (∼40%). The expression level of STRN was inversely proportional to the interaction of Cav-3 with the CaM/STRN complex. Collectively, our data delineate a novel role for STRN in regulating cardiomyocyte spontaneous contraction rate and the dynamics of the STRN/Cav-3/CaM complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moni Nader
- a Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,b Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahd Alotaibi
- a Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,b Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtehal Alsolme
- a Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,b Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bariaa Khalil
- a Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,b Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abu-Zaid
- a Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,b Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahmah Alsomali
- b Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dana Bakheet
- b Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nduna Dzimiri
- b Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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30
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Pandey S, Talukdar I, Jain BP, Tanti GK, Goswami SK. GSK3β and ERK regulate the expression of 78 kDa SG2NA and ectopic modulation of its level affects phases of cell cycle. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7555. [PMID: 28790387 PMCID: PMC5548716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatin and SG2NA are essential constituents of the multi-protein STRIPAK assembly harbouring protein phosphatase PP2A and several kinases. SG2NA has several isoforms generated by mRNA splicing and editing. While the expression of striatin is largely restricted to the striatum in brain, that of SG2NAs is ubiquitous. In NIH3T3 cells, only the 78 kDa isoform is expressed. When cells enter into the S phase, the level of SG2NA increases; reaches maximum at the G2/M phase and declines thereafter. Downregulation of SG2NA extends G1 phase and its overexpression extends G2. Ectopic expression of the 35 kDa has no effects on the cell cycle. Relative abundance of phospho-SG2NA is high in the microsome and cytosol and the nucleus but low in the mitochondria. Okadoic acid, an inhibitor of PP2A, increases the level of SG2NA which is further enhanced upon inhibition of proteasomal activity. Phospho-SG2NA is thus more stable than the dephosphorylated form. Inhibition of GSK3β by LiCl reduces its level, but the inhibition of ERK by PD98059 increases it. Thus, ERK decreases the level of phospho-SG2NA by inhibiting GSK3β. In cells depleted from SG2NA by shRNA, the levels of pGSK3β and pERK are reduced, suggesting that these kinases and SG2NA regulate each other's expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Pandey
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067, New Delhi, India
| | - Indrani Talukdar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067, New Delhi, India
| | - Buddhi P Jain
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067, New Delhi, India.,Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, 845401, Bihar, India
| | - Goutam K Tanti
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067, New Delhi, India.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shyamal K Goswami
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067, New Delhi, India.
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31
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Zhang M, Yao F, Luan H, Zhao W, Jing T, Zhang S, Hou L, Zou X. APC/C CDC20 and APC/C play pivotal roles in the process of embryonic development in Artemia sinica. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39047. [PMID: 27991546 PMCID: PMC5171921 DOI: 10.1038/srep39047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C) is a representative E3 ubiquitin ligase, triggering the transition of metaphase to anaphase by regulating degradation and ensures the exit from mitosis. Cell division cycle 20 (CDC20) and Cell division cycle 20 related protein 1 (CDH1), as co-activators of APC/C, play significant roles in the spindle assembly checkpoint, guiding ubiquitin-mediated degradation, together with CDC23. During the embryonic development of the brine shrimp, Artemia sinica, CDC20, CDH1 and CDC23 participate in cell cycle regulation, but the specific mechanisms of their activities remain unknown. Herein, the full-length cDNAs of cdc20 and cdc23 from A. sinica were cloned. Real-time PCR analyzed the expression levels of As-cdc20 and As-cdc23. The locations of CDH1, CDC20 and CDC23 showed no tissue or organ specificity. Furthermore, western blotting showed that the levels of As-CDC20, securin, cyclin B, CDK1, CDH1, CDC14B, CDC23 and geminin proteins conformed to their complicated degradation relationships during different embryo stages. Our research revealed that As-CDC20, As-CDH1 and APC mediate the mitotic progression, downstream proteins degradation and cellular differentiation in the process of embryonic development in A. sinica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Feng Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Hong Luan
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Ting Jing
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Lin Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Xiangyang Zou
- Department of Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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32
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Juraszek B, Nałęcz KA. Protein phosphatase PP2A - a novel interacting partner of carnitine transporter OCTN2 (SLC22A5) in rat astrocytes. J Neurochem 2016; 139:537-551. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Juraszek
- Laboratory of Transport through Biomembranes; Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna A. Nałęcz
- Laboratory of Transport through Biomembranes; Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
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33
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Beier A, Teichert I, Krisp C, Wolters DA, Kück U. Catalytic Subunit 1 of Protein Phosphatase 2A Is a Subunit of the STRIPAK Complex and Governs Fungal Sexual Development. mBio 2016; 7:e00870-16. [PMID: 27329756 PMCID: PMC4916389 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00870-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The generation of complex three-dimensional structures is a key developmental step for most eukaryotic organisms. The details of the molecular machinery controlling this step remain to be determined. An excellent model system to study this general process is the generation of three-dimensional fruiting bodies in filamentous fungi like Sordaria macrospora Fruiting body development is controlled by subunits of the highly conserved striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complex, which has been described in organisms ranging from yeasts to humans. The highly conserved heterotrimeric protein phosphatase PP2A is a subunit of STRIPAK. Here, catalytic subunit 1 of PP2A was functionally characterized. The Δpp2Ac1 strain is sterile, unable to undergo hyphal fusion, and devoid of ascogonial septation. Further, PP2Ac1, together with STRIPAK subunit PRO22, governs vegetative and stress-related growth. We revealed in vitro catalytic activity of wild-type PP2Ac1, and our in vivo analysis showed that inactive PP2Ac1 blocks the complementation of the sterile deletion strain. Tandem affinity purification, followed by mass spectrometry and yeast two-hybrid analysis, verified that PP2Ac1 is a subunit of STRIPAK. Further, these data indicate links between the STRIPAK complex and other developmental signaling pathways, implying the presence of a large interconnected signaling network that controls eukaryotic developmental processes. The insights gained in our study can be transferred to higher eukaryotes and will be important for understanding eukaryotic cellular development in general. IMPORTANCE The striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complex is highly conserved from yeasts to humans and is an important regulator of numerous eukaryotic developmental processes, such as cellular signaling and cell development. Although functional insights into the STRIPAK complex are accumulating, the detailed molecular mechanisms of single subunits are only partially understood. The first fungal STRIPAK was described in Sordaria macrospora, which is a well-established model organism used to study the formation of fungal fruiting bodies, three-dimensional organ-like structures. We analyzed STRIPAK subunit PP2Ac1, catalytic subunit 1 of protein phosphatase PP2A, to study the importance of the catalytic activity of this protein during sexual development. The results of our yeast two-hybrid analysis and tandem affinity purification, followed by mass spectrometry, indicate that PP2Ac1 activity connects STRIPAK with other signaling pathways and thus forms a large interconnected signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Beier
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ines Teichert
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Krisp
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk A Wolters
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kück
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
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Shi Z, Jiao S, Zhou Z. STRIPAK complexes in cell signaling and cancer. Oncogene 2016; 35:4549-57. [PMID: 26876214 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complexes are striatin-centered multicomponent supramolecular structures containing both kinases and phosphatases. STRIPAK complexes are evolutionarily conserved and have critical roles in protein (de)phosphorylation. Recent studies indicate that STRIPAK complexes are emerging mediators and regulators of multiple vital signaling pathways including Hippo, MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), nuclear receptor and cytoskeleton remodeling. Different types of STRIPAK complexes are extensively involved in a variety of fundamental biological processes ranging from cell growth, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis to metabolism, immune regulation and tumorigenesis. Growing evidence correlates dysregulation of STRIPAK complexes with human diseases including cancer. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the assembly and functions of STRIPAK complexes, with a special focus on cell signaling and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - S Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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Garza AE, Pojoga LH, Moize B, Hafiz WM, Opsasnick LA, Siddiqui WT, Horenstein M, Adler GK, Williams GH, Khalil RA. Critical Role of Striatin in Blood Pressure and Vascular Responses to Dietary Sodium Intake. Hypertension 2015; 66:674-80. [PMID: 26169051 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Striatin is a protein regulator of vesicular trafficking in neurons that also binds caveolin-1 and Ca(2+)-calmodulin and could activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase. We have shown that striatin colocalizes with the mineralocorticoid receptor and that mineralocorticoid receptor activation increases striatin levels in vascular cells. To test whether striatin is a regulator of vascular function, wild-type and heterozygous striatin-deficient mice (Strn(+/-)) were randomized in crossover intervention to restricted (0.03%) and liberal sodium (1.6%) diets for 7 days on each diet, and blood pressure and aortic vascular function were measured. Compared with wild-type, sodium restriction significantly reduced blood pressure in Strn(+/-). On liberal salt intake, phenylephrine and high KCl caused a greater vascular contraction in Strn(+/-) than wild-type, and endothelium removal, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME, and guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ enhanced phenylephrine contraction to a smaller extent in Strn(+/-) than wild-type. On liberal salt, acetylcholine relaxation was less in Strn(+/-) than in wild-type, and endothelium removal, L-NAME, and ODQ blocked acetylcholine relaxation, suggesting changes in endothelial NO-cGMP. On liberal salt, endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression and the ratio of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activator pAkt/total Akt were decreased in Strn(+/-) versus wild-type. Vascular relaxation to NO donor sodium nitroprusside was not different among groups. Thus, striatin deficiency is associated with salt sensitivity of blood pressure, enhanced vasoconstriction, and decreased vascular relaxation, suggesting a critical role for striatin, through modulation of endothelial NO-cGMP, in regulation of vascular function and BP during changes in sodium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Garza
- From the Cardiovascular Endocrine Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (A.E.G., L.H.P., B.M., W.M.H., G.K.A., G.H.W.), and Division of Vascular Surgery (L.A.O., W.T.S., M.H., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Luminita H Pojoga
- From the Cardiovascular Endocrine Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (A.E.G., L.H.P., B.M., W.M.H., G.K.A., G.H.W.), and Division of Vascular Surgery (L.A.O., W.T.S., M.H., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Burhanuddin Moize
- From the Cardiovascular Endocrine Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (A.E.G., L.H.P., B.M., W.M.H., G.K.A., G.H.W.), and Division of Vascular Surgery (L.A.O., W.T.S., M.H., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Wan M Hafiz
- From the Cardiovascular Endocrine Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (A.E.G., L.H.P., B.M., W.M.H., G.K.A., G.H.W.), and Division of Vascular Surgery (L.A.O., W.T.S., M.H., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lauren A Opsasnick
- From the Cardiovascular Endocrine Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (A.E.G., L.H.P., B.M., W.M.H., G.K.A., G.H.W.), and Division of Vascular Surgery (L.A.O., W.T.S., M.H., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Waleed T Siddiqui
- From the Cardiovascular Endocrine Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (A.E.G., L.H.P., B.M., W.M.H., G.K.A., G.H.W.), and Division of Vascular Surgery (L.A.O., W.T.S., M.H., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael Horenstein
- From the Cardiovascular Endocrine Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (A.E.G., L.H.P., B.M., W.M.H., G.K.A., G.H.W.), and Division of Vascular Surgery (L.A.O., W.T.S., M.H., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gail K Adler
- From the Cardiovascular Endocrine Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (A.E.G., L.H.P., B.M., W.M.H., G.K.A., G.H.W.), and Division of Vascular Surgery (L.A.O., W.T.S., M.H., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gordon H Williams
- From the Cardiovascular Endocrine Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (A.E.G., L.H.P., B.M., W.M.H., G.K.A., G.H.W.), and Division of Vascular Surgery (L.A.O., W.T.S., M.H., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- From the Cardiovascular Endocrine Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (A.E.G., L.H.P., B.M., W.M.H., G.K.A., G.H.W.), and Division of Vascular Surgery (L.A.O., W.T.S., M.H., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Sellers K, Raval P, Srivastava DP. Molecular signature of rapid estrogen regulation of synaptic connectivity and cognition. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 36:72-89. [PMID: 25159586 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is now a growing appreciation that estrogens are capable of rapidly activating a number of signaling cascades within the central nervous system. In addition, there are an increasing number of studies reporting that 17β-estradiol, the major biologically active estrogen, can modulate cognition within a rapid time frame. Here we review recent studies that have begun to uncover the molecular and cellular framework which contributes to estrogens ability to rapidly modulate cognition. We first describe the mechanisms by which estrogen receptors (ERs) can couple to intracellular signaling cascades, either directly, or via the transactivation of other receptors. Subsequently, we review the evidence that estrogen can rapidly modulate both neuronal function and structure in the hippocampus and the cortex. Finally, we will discuss how estrogens may influence cognitive function through the modulation of neuronal structure, and the implications this may have on the treatment of a range of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sellers
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The James Black Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Pooja Raval
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The James Black Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Deepak P Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The James Black Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK.
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Franke WW, Rickelt S, Zimbelmann R, Dörflinger Y, Kuhn C, Frey N, Heid H, Rosin-Arbesfeld R. Striatins as plaque molecules of zonulae adhaerentes in simple epithelia, of tessellate junctions in stratified epithelia, of cardiac composite junctions and of various size classes of lateral adherens junctions in cultures of epithelia- and carcinoma-derived cells. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:779-97. [PMID: 25501894 PMCID: PMC4341017 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the striatin family (striatins 1–4; sizes ranging from 90 to 110 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) are highly homologous in their amino acid sequences but can differ in their cell-type-specific gene expression patterns and biological functions. In various cell types, we have found one, two or three polypeptides of this evolutionarily old and nearly ubiquitous family of proteins known to serve as scaffold proteins for diverse protein complexes. Light and electron microscopic immunolocalization methods have revealed striatins in mammalian cell-cell adherens junctions (AJs). In simple epithelia, we have localized striatins as constitutive components of the plaques of the subapical zonulae adhaerentes of cells, including intestinal, glandular, ductal and urothelial cells and hepatocytes. Striatins colocalize with E-cadherin or E–N-cadherin heterodimers and with the plaque proteins α- and β-catenin, p120 and p0071. In some epithelia and carcinomas and in cultured cells derived therefrom, striatins are also seen in lateral AJs. In stratified epithelia and in corresponding squamous cell carcinomas, striatins can be found in plaques of some forms of tessellate junctions. Moreover, striatins are major plaque proteins of composite junctions (CJs; areae compositae) in the intercalated disks connecting cardiomyocytes, colocalizing with other CJ molecules, including plectin and ankyrin-G. We discuss the “multimodulator” scaffold roles of striatins in the initiation and regulation of the formation of various complex particles and structures. We propose that striatins are included in the diagnostic candidate list of proteins that, in the CJs of human hearts, can occur in mutated forms in the pathogeneses of hereditary cardiomyopathies, as seen in some types of genetically determined heart damage in boxer dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner W Franke
- Helmholtz Group for Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany,
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Tissue specific expression of SG2NA is regulated by differential splicing, RNA editing and differential polyadenylation. Gene 2014; 556:119-26. [PMID: 25459749 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SG2NA belongs to a three member Striatin subfamily of WD-40 repeat superfamily. It has multiple protein-protein interaction domains that are involved in the assembly of supra-molecular signaling complexes. Earlier we had demonstrated that there are at least five variants of SG2NA, generated by alternative splicing. We now demonstrate that a 52kDa novel variant is generated by the editing of the transcript for the 82kDa isoform. The 52kDa protein is abundant in mouse tissues but it is barely present in immortalized cells, suggesting its role in cell differentiation. Besides splicing and editing, expression of SG2NAs in tissues is also regulated by differential polyadenylation and mRNA/protein stability. Further, the longer UTR is seen only in the brain mRNA from 1month old mouse and 8-10day old chick embryo. Like alternative splicing, differential polyadenylation of Sg2na transcripts is also conserved in evolution. Taken together, these results suggest a highly versatile and dynamic mode of regulation of SG2NA with potential implications in tissue development.
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Wong M, Hyodo T, Asano E, Funasaka K, Miyahara R, Hirooka Y, Goto H, Hamaguchi M, Senga T. Silencing of STRN4 suppresses the malignant characteristics of cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1526-32. [PMID: 25250919 PMCID: PMC4317966 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatin family of proteins, comprising STRN, STRN3 and STRN4, are multidomain-containing proteins that associate with additional proteins to form a large protein complex. We previously reported that STRN4 directly associated with protein kinases, such as MINK1, TNIK and MAP4K4, which are associated with tumor suppression or tumor progression. However, it remains unclear whether STRN4 is associated with tumor progression. In this report, we examined the role that STRN4 plays in cancer malignancy. We show that depletion of STRN4 suppresses proliferation, migration, invasion and the anchorage-independent growth of cancer cells. In addition, STRN4 knockdown increases the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine. Finally, we show that STRN4 knockdown suppresses the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells in mice. Our results demonstrate a possible role of STRN4 in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Wong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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40
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Tanti GK, Goswami SK. SG2NA recruits DJ-1 and Akt into the mitochondria and membrane to protect cells from oxidative damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 75:1-13. [PMID: 25035075 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SG2NA is a WD-40 repeat protein with multiple protein-protein interaction domains of unknown functions. We demonstrate that it associates with the antioxidant protein DJ-1 and the survival kinase Akt. The C-terminal WD-40 repeat domain of SG2NA is required for its interaction with Akt, while DJ-1 binds it further upstream. No interaction between DJ-1 and Akt occurs in the absence of SG2NA. SG2NA, DJ-1, and Akt colocalize in mitochondria and plasma membrane. Their association is enhanced by increasing levels of reactive oxygen species up to a threshold level but falters thereafter with further increase in oxidants. Mutants of DJ-1 found in patients with familial parkinsonism are not recruited by SG2NA, suggesting its role in neuroprotection. Cells depleted of SG2NA are susceptible, while those overexpressing it are resistant to apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Our study thus unravels a novel pathway of recruitment of Akt and DJ-1 that provides protection against oxidative stress, especially in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Kumar Tanti
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shyamal K Goswami
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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41
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Chen L, Ma L, Bai Q, Zhu X, Zhang J, Wei Q, Li D, Gao C, Li J, Zhang Z, Liu C, He Z, Zeng X, Zhang A, Qu W, Zhuang Z, Chen W, Xiao Y. Heavy metal-induced metallothionein expression is regulated by specific protein phosphatase 2A complexes. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22413-26. [PMID: 24962574 PMCID: PMC4139248 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.548677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of metallothionein (MT) expression is involved in metal homeostasis and detoxification. To identify the key pathways that regulate metal-induced cytotoxicity, we investigate how phosphorylated metal-responsive transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) contributed to induction of MT expression. Immortal human embryonic kidney cells (HEK cells) were treated with seven kinds of metals including cadmium chloride (CdCl2), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), copper sulfate(CuSO4), lead acetate (PbAc), nickel sulfate (NiSO4), sodium arsenite (NaAsO2), and potassium bichromate (K2Cr2O7). The MT expression was induced in a dose-response and time-dependent manner upon various metal treatments. A cycle of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation was required for translocation of MTF-1 from cytoplasm to nucleus, leading to the up-regulation of MTs expression. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) participated in regulating MT expression through dephosphorylation of MTF-1. A loss-of-function screen revealed that the specific PP2A complexes containing PR110 were involved in metal-induced MT expression. Suppression of PP2A PR110 in HEK cells resulted in the persistent MTF-1 phosphorylation and the disturbance of MTF-1 nuclear translocation, which was concomitant with a significant decrease of MT expression and enhanced cytotoxicity in HEK cells. Notably, MTF-1 was found in complex with specific PP2A complexes containing the PR110 subunit upon metal exposure. Furthermore, we identify that the dephosphorylation of MTF-1 at residue Thr-254 is directly regulated by PP2A PR110 complexes and responsible for MTF-1 activation. Taken together, these findings delineate a novel pathway that determines cytotoxicity in response to metal treatments and provide new insight into the role of PP2A in cellular stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Chen
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lu Ma
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qing Bai
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaonian Zhu
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinmiao Zhang
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qing Wei
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Daochuan Li
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chen Gao
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jie Li
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhengbao Zhang
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhini He
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaowen Zeng
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Weidong Qu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, and
| | - Zhixiong Zhuang
- Department of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Wen Chen
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China,
| | - Yongmei Xiao
- From the Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China,
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Soni S, Tyagi C, Grover A, Goswami SK. Molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations based structural analysis of the SG2NA protein variants. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:446. [PMID: 25015106 PMCID: PMC4105797 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SG2NA is a member of the striatin sub-family of WD-40 repeat proteins. Striatin family members have been associated with diverse physiological functions. SG2NA has also been shown to have roles in cell cycle progression, signal transduction etc. They have been known to interact with a number of proteins including Caveolin and Calmodulin and also propagate the formation of a multimeric protein unit called striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase. As a pre-requisite for such interaction ability, these proteins are known to be unstable and primarily disordered in their arrangement. Earlier we had identified that it has multiple isoforms (namely 35, 78, 87 kDa based on its molecular weight) which are generated by alternative splicing. However, detailed structural information of SG2NA is still eluding the researchers. Results This study was aimed towards three-dimensional molecular modeling and characterization of SG2NA protein and its isoforms. One structure out of five was selected for each variant having the least value for C score. Out of these, m35 kDa with a C score value of −3.21was the most poorly determined structure in comparison to m78 kDa and m87 kDa variants with C scores of −1.16 and −1.97 respectively. Further evaluation resulted in about 61.6% residues of m35 kDa, 76.6% residues of m78 kDa and 72.1% residues of m87 kDa falling in the favorable regions of Ramchandran Plot. Molecular dynamics simulations were also carried out to obtain biologically relevant structural models and compared with previous atomic coordinates. N-terminal region of all variants was found to be highly disordered. Conclusion This study provides first-hand detailed information to understand the structural conformation of SG2NA protein variants (m35 kDa, m78 kDa and m87 kDa). The WD-40 repeat domain was found to constitute antiparallel strands of β-sheets arranged circularly. This study elucidates the crucial structural features of SG2NA proteins which are involved in various protein-protein interactions and also reveals the extent of disorder present in the SG2NA structure crucial for excessive interaction and multimeric protein complexes. The study also potentiates the role of computational approaches for preliminary examination of unknown proteins in the absence of experimental information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Coutinho P, Vega C, Pojoga LH, Rivera A, Prado GN, Yao TM, Adler G, Torres-Grajales M, Maldonado ER, Ramos-Rivera A, Williams JS, Williams G, Romero JR. Aldosterone's rapid, nongenomic effects are mediated by striatin: a modulator of aldosterone's effect on estrogen action. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2233-43. [PMID: 24654783 PMCID: PMC4020933 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The cellular responses to steroids are mediated by 2 general mechanisms: genomic and rapid/nongenomic effects. Identification of the mechanisms underlying aldosterone (ALDO)'s rapid vs their genomic actions is difficult to study, and these mechanisms are not clearly understood. Recent data suggest that striatin is a mediator of nongenomic effects of estrogen. We explored the hypothesis that striatin is an intermediary of the rapid/nongenomic effects of ALDO and that striatin serves as a novel link between the actions of the mineralocorticoid and estrogen receptors. In human and mouse endothelial cells, ALDO promoted an increase in phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (pERK) that peaked at 15 minutes. In addition, we found that striatin is a critical intermediary in this process, because reducing striatin levels with small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology prevented the rise in pERK levels. In contrast, reducing striatin did not significantly affect 2 well-characterized genomic responses to ALDO. Down-regulation of striatin with siRNA produced similar effects on estrogen's actions, reducing nongenomic, but not some genomic, actions. ALDO, but not estrogen, increased striatin levels. When endothelial cells were pretreated with ALDO, the rapid/nongenomic response to estrogen on phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (peNOS) was enhanced and accelerated significantly. Importantly, pretreatment with estrogen did not enhance ALDO's nongenomic response on pERK. In conclusion, our results indicate that striatin is a novel mediator for both ALDO's and estrogen's rapid and nongenomic mechanisms of action on pERK and phosphorylated eNOS, respectively, thereby suggesting a unique level of interactions between the mineralocorticoid receptor and the estrogen receptor in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Coutinho
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (P.C., C.V., L.H.P., G.N.P., T.M.Y., G.A., M.T.-G., E.R.M., A.R.-R., J.S.W., G.W., J.R.R.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Laboratory Medicine (C.V., A.R., G.N.P., E.R.M.), Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Chen C, Shi Z, Zhang W, Chen M, He F, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Feng M, Wang W, Zhao Y, Brown JH, Jiao S, Zhou Z. Striatins contain a noncanonical coiled coil that binds protein phosphatase 2A A subunit to form a 2:2 heterotetrameric core of striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complex. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9651-61. [PMID: 24550388 PMCID: PMC3975014 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.529297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and kinases such as germinal center kinase III (GCKIII) can interact with striatins to form a supramolecular complex called striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complex. Despite the fact that the STRIPAK complex regulates multiple cellular events, it remains only partially understood how this complex itself is assembled and regulated for differential biological functions. Our recent work revealed the activation mechanism of GCKIIIs by MO25, as well as how GCKIIIs heterodimerize with CCM3, a molecular bridge between GCKIII and striatins. Here we dissect the structural features of the coiled coil domain of striatin 3, a novel type of PP2A regulatory subunit that functions as a scaffold for the assembly of the STRIPAK complex. We have determined the crystal structure of a selenomethionine-labeled striatin 3 coiled coil domain, which shows it to assume a parallel dimeric but asymmetric conformation containing a large bend. This result combined with a number of biophysical analyses provide evidence that the coiled coil domain of striatin 3 and the PP2A A subunit form a stable core complex with a 2:2 stoichiometry. Structure-based mutational studies reveal that homodimerization of striatin 3 is essential for its interaction with PP2A and therefore assembly of the STRIPAK complex. Wild-type striatin 3 but not the mutants defective in PP2A binding strongly suppresses apoptosis of Jurkat cells induced by the GCKIII kinase MST3, most likely through a mechanism in which striatin recruits PP2A to negatively regulate the activation of MST3. Collectively, our work provides structural insights into the organization of the STRIPAK complex and will facilitate further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Chen
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhubing Shi
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China, and
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Min Chen
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Feng He
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yicui Wang
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Miao Feng
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jerry H. Brown
- the Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110
| | - Shi Jiao
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhaocai Zhou
- From the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China, and
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Identification of the transforming STRN-ALK fusion as a potential therapeutic target in the aggressive forms of thyroid cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:4233-8. [PMID: 24613930 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321937111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is a common endocrine malignancy that encompasses well-differentiated as well as dedifferentiated cancer types. The latter tumors have high mortality and lack effective therapies. Using a paired-end RNA-sequencing approach, we report the discovery of rearrangements involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene in thyroid cancer. The most common of these involves a fusion between ALK and the striatin (STRN) gene, which is the result of a complex rearrangement involving the short arm of chromosome 2. STRN-ALK leads to constitutive activation of ALK kinase via dimerization mediated by the coiled-coil domain of STRN and to a kinase-dependent, thyroid-stimulating hormone-independent proliferation of thyroid cells. Moreover, expression of STRN-ALK transforms cells in vitro and induces tumor formation in nude mice. The kinase activity of STRN-ALK and the ALK-induced cell growth can be blocked by the ALK inhibitors crizotinib and TAE684. In addition to well-differentiated papillary cancer, STRN-ALK was found with a higher prevalence in poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers, and it did not overlap with other known driver mutations in these tumors. Our data demonstrate that STRN-ALK fusion occurs in a subset of patients with highly aggressive types of thyroid cancer and provide initial evidence suggesting that it may represent a therapeutic target for these patients.
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Hwang J, Pallas DC. STRIPAK complexes: structure, biological function, and involvement in human diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 47:118-48. [PMID: 24333164 PMCID: PMC3927685 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian striatin family consists of three proteins, striatin, S/G2 nuclear autoantigen, and zinedin. Striatin family members have no intrinsic catalytic activity, but rather function as scaffolding proteins. Remarkably, they organize multiple diverse, large signaling complexes that participate in a variety of cellular processes. Moreover, they appear to be regulatory/targeting subunits for the major eukaryotic serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A. In addition, striatin family members associate with germinal center kinase III kinases as well as other novel components, earning these assemblies the name striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complexes. Recently, there has been a great increase in functional and mechanistic studies aimed at identifying and understanding the roles of STRIPAK and STRIPAK-like complexes in cellular processes of multiple organisms. These studies have identified novel STRIPAK and STRIPAK-like complexes and have explored their roles in specific signaling pathways. Together, the results of these studies have sparked increased interest in striatin family complexes because they have revealed roles in signaling, cell cycle control, apoptosis, vesicular trafficking, Golgi assembly, cell polarity, cell migration, neural and vascular development, and cardiac function. Moreover, STRIPAK complexes have been connected to clinical conditions, including cardiac disease, diabetes, autism, and cerebral cavernous malformation. In this review, we discuss the expression, localization, and protein domain structure of striatin family members. Then we consider the diverse complexes these proteins and their homologs form in various organisms, emphasizing what is known regarding function and regulation. Finally, we explore possible roles of striatin family complexes in disease, especially cerebral cavernous malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Winship Cancer Institute, and Biochemistry, Cell, Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - David C Pallas
- Department of Biochemistry and Winship Cancer Institute, and Biochemistry, Cell, Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Teichert I, Nowrousian M, Pöggeler S, Kück U. The filamentous fungus Sordaria macrospora as a genetic model to study fruiting body development. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2014; 87:199-244. [PMID: 25311923 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800149-3.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are excellent experimental systems due to their short life cycles as well as easy and safe manipulation in the laboratory. They form three-dimensional structures with numerous different cell types and have a long tradition as genetic model organisms used to unravel basic mechanisms underlying eukaryotic cell differentiation. The filamentous ascomycete Sordaria macrospora is a model system for sexual fruiting body (perithecia) formation. S. macrospora is homothallic, i.e., self-fertile, easily genetically tractable, and well suited for large-scale genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics studies. Specific features of its life cycle and the availability of a developmental mutant library make it an excellent system for studying cellular differentiation at the molecular level. In this review, we focus on recent developments in identifying gene and protein regulatory networks governing perithecia formation. A number of tools have been developed to genetically analyze developmental mutants and dissect transcriptional profiles at different developmental stages. Protein interaction studies allowed us to identify a highly conserved eukaryotic multisubunit protein complex, the striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase complex and its role in sexual development. We have further identified a number of proteins involved in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation of fruiting body development. Furthermore, we review the involvement of metabolic processes from both primary and secondary metabolism, and the role of nutrient recycling by autophagy in perithecia formation. Our research has uncovered numerous players regulating multicellular development in S. macrospora. Future research will focus on mechanistically understanding how these players are orchestrated in this fungal model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Teichert
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Minou Nowrousian
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefanie Pöggeler
- Abteilung Genetik eukaryotischer Mikroorganismen, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kück
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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SOcK, MiSTs, MASK and STicKs: the GCKIII (germinal centre kinase III) kinases and their heterologous protein-protein interactions. Biochem J 2013; 454:13-30. [PMID: 23889253 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The GCKIII (germinal centre kinase III) subfamily of the mammalian Ste20 (sterile 20)-like group of serine/threonine protein kinases comprises SOK1 (Ste20-like/oxidant-stress-response kinase 1), MST3 (mammalian Ste20-like kinase 3) and MST4. Initially, GCKIIIs were considered in the contexts of the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and apoptosis. More recently, their participation in multiprotein heterocomplexes has become apparent. In the present review, we discuss the structure and phosphorylation of GCKIIIs and then focus on their interactions with other proteins. GCKIIIs possess a highly-conserved, structured catalytic domain at the N-terminus and a less-well conserved C-terminal regulatory domain. GCKIIIs are activated by tonic autophosphorylation of a T-loop threonine residue and their phosphorylation is regulated primarily through protein serine/threonine phosphatases [especially PP2A (protein phosphatase 2A)]. The GCKIII regulatory domains are highly disorganized, but can interact with more structured proteins, particularly the CCM3 (cerebral cavernous malformation 3)/PDCD10 (programmed cell death 10) protein. We explore the role(s) of GCKIIIs (and CCM3/PDCD10) in STRIPAK (striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase) complexes and their association with the cis-Golgi protein GOLGA2 (golgin A2; GM130). Recently, an interaction of GCKIIIs with MO25 has been identified. This exhibits similarities to the STRADα (STE20-related kinase adaptor α)-MO25 interaction (as in the LKB1-STRADα-MO25 heterotrimer) and, at least for MST3, the interaction may be enhanced by cis-autophosphorylation of its regulatory domain. In these various heterocomplexes, GCKIIIs associate with the Golgi apparatus, the centrosome and the nucleus, as well as with focal adhesions and cell junctions, and are probably involved in cell migration, polarity and proliferation. Finally, we consider the association of GCKIIIs with a number of human diseases, particularly cerebral cavernous malformations.
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Srivastava DP, Woolfrey KM, Penzes P. Insights into rapid modulation of neuroplasticity by brain estrogens. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1318-50. [PMID: 24076546 PMCID: PMC3799233 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence from cellular, electrophysiological, anatomic, and behavioral studies suggests that the remodeling of synapse structure and function is a critical component of cognition. This modulation of neuroplasticity can be achieved through the actions of numerous extracellular signals. Moreover, it is thought that it is the integration of different extracellular signals regulation of neuroplasticity that greatly influences cognitive function. One group of signals that exerts powerful effects on multiple neurologic processes is estrogens. Classically, estrogens have been described to exert their effects over a period of hours to days. However, there is now increasing evidence that estrogens can rapidly influence multiple behaviors, including those that require forebrain neural circuitry. Moreover, these effects are found in both sexes. Critically, it is now emerging that the modulation of cognition by rapid estrogenic signaling is achieved by activation of specific signaling cascades and regulation of synapse structure and function, cumulating in the rewiring of neural circuits. The importance of understanding the rapid effects of estrogens on forebrain function and circuitry is further emphasized as investigations continue to consider the potential of estrogenic-based therapies for neuropathologies. This review focuses on how estrogens can rapidly influence cognition and the emerging mechanisms that underlie these effects. We discuss the potential sources and the biosynthesis of estrogens within the brain and the consequences of rapid estrogenic-signaling on the remodeling of neural circuits. Furthermore, we argue that estrogens act via distinct signaling pathways to modulate synapse structure and function in a manner that may vary with cell type, developmental stage, and sex. Finally, we present a model in which the coordination of rapid estrogenic-signaling and activity-dependent stimuli can result in long-lasting changes in neural circuits, contributing to cognition, with potential relevance for the development of novel estrogenic-based therapies for neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak P Srivastava
- Department of Neuroscience & Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, 125 Coldharbour Lane, The James Black Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aldosterone is now recognized as an increasingly important contributor to cardiometabolic pathology via inflammatory and fibrosis-related pathways in addition to its classically described role in sodium and volume regulation. Consequently, much effort has been directed towards characterizing the molecular pathways involved in aldosterone-mediated fibrosis and inflammation. What was once viewed as straightforward steroid hormone biology is now appreciated as a highly complex and tightly regulated series of pathways and interactions. These recognitions have fuelled a multidisciplinary effort to identify precisely how aldosterone mediates intracellular activation of both genomic (latent) and nongenomic (rapid) mechanisms of influence. This review will explore recent novel pathways regulating aldosterone action, focusing on the nongenomic pathways. RECENT FINDINGS Several recent discoveries have redefined our understanding of aldosterone interactions at the cellular level. This includes activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor at the plasma membrane instead of via classical nuclear hormone receptor interaction, and identification of novel cofactor scaffolding proteins that modify aldosterone influence at the cellular level. In addition, aldosterone activation of secondary messenger system cascades can occur directly and independent of mineralocorticoid receptor interaction. SUMMARY Substantial progress in detailing the molecular biology of aldosterone regulation and action should facilitate study of how it exerts detrimental effects in cardiometabolic diseases. However, to date, the clinical impact of these discoveries has not been validated. Translational efforts are now required to determine if novel therapeutic targets can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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