1
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Lorca-Arce D, Pérez-Isidro A, Becerra J, Martínez MJ, De Moner N, Ríos-Garcés R, Prieto-González S, Espinosa G, Cervera R, Andalucía C, Viñas-Gomis O, Ruiz-Ortiz E. Evaluation of a novel particle-based assay for detecting SLE-related autoantibodies. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30767. [PMID: 38778929 PMCID: PMC11108844 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm, and anti-ribosomal-P autoantibodies are hallmarks of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), being anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm included in 2019-ACR/EULAR SLE-Classification Criteria. Enzyme-linked (ELISA) and chemiluminescence assays (CIA) are widely established in immunology laboratories, but new technologies, such as particle-based multi-analyte technology (PMAT), are nowadays available. The present study aimed to compare the presence of anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm autoantibodies measured by CIA and PMAT and analyze diagnostic and clinical SLE activity performance. Anti-ribosomal-P autoantibodies by PMAT were also included. Consequently, anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm detected by CIA showed substantial agreement with PMAT (Cohen's kappa = 0.662 and 0.671, respectively). Anti-dsDNA autoantibodies measured by PMAT showed a positive correlation with clinical SLEDAI-2K (p < 0.001) and a negative correlation with complement consumption (p < 0.001). Anti-Sm and anti-ribosomal-P autoantibodies showed a positive correlation with SLEDAI-2K (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively) and a negative correlation with complement consumption (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Finally, anti-Sm autoantibodies were associated with renal involvement (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lorca-Arce
- Immunology Department, Centre Diagnostic Biomèdic CDB, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Pérez-Isidro
- Immunology Department, Centre Diagnostic Biomèdic CDB, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Becerra
- Immunology Department, Centre Diagnostic Biomèdic CDB, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José Martínez
- Immunology Department, Centre Diagnostic Biomèdic CDB, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí De Moner
- Immunology Department, Centre Diagnostic Biomèdic CDB, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto Ríos-Garcés
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Reference Centre for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (UEC/CSUR) of the Catalan and Spanish Health Systems-Member of ERNReCONNET, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergio Prieto-González
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Reference Centre for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (UEC/CSUR) of the Catalan and Spanish Health Systems-Member of ERNReCONNET, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gerard Espinosa
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Reference Centre for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (UEC/CSUR) of the Catalan and Spanish Health Systems-Member of ERNReCONNET, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ricard Cervera
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Reference Centre for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (UEC/CSUR) of the Catalan and Spanish Health Systems-Member of ERNReCONNET, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carmen Andalucía
- Research and Development, Headquarters & Technology Center Autoimmunity, Werfen, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Odette Viñas-Gomis
- Immunology Department, Centre Diagnostic Biomèdic CDB, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Ruiz-Ortiz
- Immunology Department, Centre Diagnostic Biomèdic CDB, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Diamond B. Not Dead Yet. Annu Rev Immunol 2023; 41:1-15. [PMID: 37126416 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-101721-065214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
I have been a scientific grasshopper throughout my career, moving from question to question within the domain of lupus. This has proven to be immensely gratifying. Scientific exploration is endlessly fascinating, and succeeding in studies you care about with colleagues and trainees leads to strong and lasting bonds. Science isn't easy; being a woman in science presents challenges, but the drive to understand a disease remains strong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA;
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3
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Kaufman M, Yan XJ, Li W, Ghia EM, Langerak AW, Rassenti LZ, Belessi C, Kay NE, Davi F, Byrd JC, Pospisilova S, Brown JR, Catherwood M, Davis Z, Oscier D, Montillo M, Trentin L, Rosenquist R, Ghia P, Barrientos JC, Kolitz JE, Allen SL, Rai KR, Stamatopoulos K, Kipps TJ, Neuberg D, Chiorazzi N. Impact of the Types and Relative Quantities of IGHV Gene Mutations in Predicting Prognosis of Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2022; 12:897280. [PMID: 35903706 PMCID: PMC9315922 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.897280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with CLL with mutated IGHV genes (M-CLL) have better outcomes than patients with unmutated IGHVs (U-CLL). Since U-CLL usually express immunoglobulins (IGs) that are more autoreactive and more effectively transduce signals to leukemic B cells, B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling is likely at the heart of the worse outcomes of CLL cases without/few IGHV mutations. A corollary of this conclusion is that M-CLL follow less aggressive clinical courses because somatic IGHV mutations have altered BCR structures and no longer bind stimulatory (auto)antigens and so cannot deliver trophic signals to leukemic B cells. However, the latter assumption has not been confirmed in a large patient cohort. We tried to address the latter by measuring the relative numbers of replacement (R) mutations that lead to non-conservative amino acid changes (Rnc) to the combined numbers of conservative (Rc) and silent (S) amino acid R mutations that likely do not or cannot change amino acids, "(S+Rc) to Rnc IGHV mutation ratio". When comparing time-to-first-treatment (TTFT) of patients with (S+Rc)/Rnc ≤ 1 and >1, TTFTs were similar, even after matching groups for equal numbers of samples and identical numbers of mutations per sample. Thus, BCR structural change might not be the main reason for better outcomes for M-CLL. Since the total number of IGHV mutations associated better with longer TTFT, better clinical courses appear due to the biologic state of a B cell having undergone many stimulatory events leading to IGHV mutations. Analyses of larger patient cohorts will be needed to definitively answer this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kaufman
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Xiao-Jie Yan
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Wentian Li
- The Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics & Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Emanuela M. Ghia
- Center for Novel Therapeutics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anton W. Langerak
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura Z. Rassenti
- Center for Novel Therapeutics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Neil E. Kay
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Frederic Davi
- Department of Biological Hematology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - John C. Byrd
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology and Department of Medical Genetics and Genomics, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jennifer R. Brown
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark Catherwood
- Clinical Hematology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, Ireland
| | - Zadie Davis
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - David Oscier
- Department of Hematology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Montillo
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Niguarda Cancer Center, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine-(DIMED), University of Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacqueline C. Barrientos
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, NY, United States
- Departments of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, NY, United States
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Lake Success, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan E. Kolitz
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Lake Success, NY, United States
| | - Steven L. Allen
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Lake Success, NY, United States
| | - Kanti R. Rai
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, NY, United States
- Departments of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, NY, United States
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Lake Success, NY, United States
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas J. Kipps
- Center for Novel Therapeutics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, NY, United States
- Departments of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, NY, United States
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Lake Success, NY, United States
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4
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Wollmuth LP, Chan K, Groc L. The diverse and complex modes of action of anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies. Neuropharmacology 2021; 194:108624. [PMID: 34081993 PMCID: PMC8693782 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NMDA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are found throughout the brain and are required for both brain development and many higher order functions. A variety of human patients with diverse clinical phenotypes have been identified that carry autoantibodies directed against NMDA receptor subunits. Here we focus on two general classes of autoantibodies, anti-GluN1 antibodies associated with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and anti-GluN2 antibodies associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These two general classes of anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies display a wide range of pathophysiological mechanisms from altering synaptic composition to gating of NMDARs. While we have made progress in understanding how these autoantibodies work at the molecular and cellular level, many unanswered questions remain including their long-term actions on brain function, the significance of clonal variations, and their effects on different NMDA receptor-expressing cell types in local circuits. This information will be needed to define fully the transition from anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies to a clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, USA; Center for Nervous System Disorders. Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA.
| | - Kelvin Chan
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), USA; Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, USA
| | - Laurent Groc
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, IINS UMR, 5297, Bordeaux, France
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5
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Zarfeshani A, Carroll KR, Volpe BT, Diamond B. Cognitive Impairment in SLE: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021; 23:25. [PMID: 33782842 PMCID: PMC11207197 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-021-00992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) suffer from cognitive dysfunction (CD) which severely impacts their quality of life. However, CD remains underdiagnosed and poorly understood. Here, we discuss current findings in patients and in animal models. Strong evidence suggests that CD pathogenesis involves known mechanisms of tissue injury in SLE. These mechanisms recruit brain resident cells, in particular microglia, into the pathological process. While systemic immune activation is critical to central nervous system injury, the current focus of therapy is the microglial cell and not the systemic immune perturbation. Further studies are critical to examine additional potential therapeutic targets and more specific treatments based on the cause and progress of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Zarfeshani
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Kaitlin R Carroll
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Bruce T Volpe
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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6
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A structural investigation of FISLE-412, a peptidomimetic compound derived from saquinavir that targets lupus autoantibodies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4725-4729. [PMID: 28927788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
FISLE-412 is the first reported small molecule peptidomimetic that neutralizes anti-dsDNA autoantibodies associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. FISLE-412 is a complex small molecule that involves a challenging synthesis scheme, but has attractive pharmacological activities as a potential small molecule therapeutic in lupus. Therefore, we initiated a Structure-Activity Relationship study to simplify the complexity of FISLE-412. We synthesized a small library of mimetopes around the FISLE-412 structure and identified several analogues which could neutralize anti-DNA lupus antibodies in vitro and ex vivo. Our strategies reduced the structural complexity of FISLE-412 and provide important information that may guide development of potential autoantibody-targeted lupus therapeutics.
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7
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VanPatten S, Sun S, He M, Cheng KF, Altiti A, Papatheodorou A, Kowal C, Jeganathan V, Crawford JM, Bloom O, Volpe BT, Grant C, Meurice N, Coleman TR, Diamond B, Al-Abed Y. Amending HIV Drugs: A Novel Small-Molecule Approach To Target Lupus Anti-DNA Antibodies. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8859-8867. [PMID: 27603688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that can affect numerous tissues and is characterized by the production of nuclear antigen-directed autoantibodies (e.g., anti-dsDNA). Using a combination of virtual and ELISA-based screens, we made the intriguing discovery that several HIV-protease inhibitors can function as decoy antigens to specifically inhibit the binding of anti-dsDNA antibodies to target antigens such as dsDNA and pentapeptide DWEYS. Computational modeling revealed that HIV-protease inhibitors comprised structural features present in DWEYS and predicted that analogues containing more flexible backbones would possess preferred binding characteristics. To address this, we reduced the internal amide backbone to improve flexibility, producing new small-molecule decoy antigens, which neutralize anti-dsDNA antibodies in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Pharmacokinetic and SLE model studies demonstrated that peptidomimetic FISLE-412,1 a reduced HIV protease inhibitor analogue, was well-tolerated, altered serum reactivity to DWEYS, reduced glomeruli IgG deposition, preserved kidney histology, and delayed SLE onset in NZB/W F1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christian Grant
- BioMedical Research Models, Inc. , 67 Millbrook Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01606, United States
| | - Nathalie Meurice
- Department of Research, Mayo Clinic , 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
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8
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Stearns NA, Pisetsky DS. The role of monogamous bivalency and Fc interactions in the binding of anti-DNA antibodies to DNA antigen. Clin Immunol 2016; 166-167:38-47. [PMID: 27083935 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to DNA (anti-DNA) are the serological hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus. These antibodies can bind DNA avidly by monogamous bivalency, a mechanism which requires the interaction of both Fab combining regions with antigenic determinants on the same polynucleotide. To explore further this mechanism, we tested Fab and F(ab')2 fragments prepared from IgG from patient plasmas in an ELISA with native DNA antigen, detecting antibody with a peroxidase conjugated anti-Fab reagent. These studies showed that Fab fragments, which can only bind monovalently, had negligible activity. Although bivalent F(ab')2 fragments would be predicted to bind DNA, these fragments also showed poor anti-DNA activity. Control studies showed that the fragments retained antibody activity to tetanus toxoid and an EBV antigen preparation. Together, these findings suggest that anti-DNA avidity depends on monogamous bivalency, with the antibody Fc portion also influencing DNA binding, in a mechanism which can be termed Fc-dependent monogamous bivalency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Stearns
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Medical Research Service, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David S Pisetsky
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Medical Research Service, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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9
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Yung S, Chan TM. Mechanisms of Kidney Injury in Lupus Nephritis - the Role of Anti-dsDNA Antibodies. Front Immunol 2015; 6:475. [PMID: 26441980 PMCID: PMC4569852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a breakdown of self-tolerance, production of auto-antibodies and immune-mediated injury, resulting in damage accrual in multiple organs. Kidney involvement, termed lupus nephritis, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality that affects over half of the SLE population during the course of disease. The etiology of lupus nephritis is multifactorial and remains to be fully elucidated. Accumulating evidence suggests that in addition to forming immune complexes and triggering complement activation, anti-dsDNA antibodies contribute to the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis through binding, either directly or indirectly, to cross-reactive antigens or chromatin materials, respectively, to resident renal cells and/or extracellular matrix components, thereby triggering downstream cellular activation and proliferation as well as inflammatory and fibrotic processes. Several cross-reactive antigens that mediate anti-dsDNA antibody binding have been identified, such as annexin II and alpha-actinin. This review discusses the mechanisms through which anti-dsDNA antibodies contribute to immunopathogenesis in lupus nephritis. Corticosteroids combined with either mycophenolic acid (MPA) or cyclophosphamide is the current standard of care immunosuppressive therapy for severe lupus nephritis. This review also discusses recent data showing distinct effects of MPA and cyclophosphamide on inflammatory and fibrotic processes in resident renal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yung
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
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10
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Karim MY, Yong PFK, D'Cruz DP. Clinical importance of autoantibodies in lupus nephritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 3:937-47. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.6.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Rahman A, Giles IP. Structure and function of autoantibodies and their role in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:225-36. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.2.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Nrf2 suppresses lupus nephritis through inhibition of oxidative injury and the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response. Kidney Int 2013; 85:333-343. [PMID: 24025640 PMCID: PMC3992978 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species plays a pivotal role in both acute and chronic glomerular injuries in patients with lupus nephritis. Since the transcription factor Nrf2 is a major regulator of the antioxidant response and is a primary cellular defense mechanism we sought to determine a role of Nrf2 in the progression of lupus nephritis. Pathological analyses of renal biopsies from patients with different types of lupus nephritis showed oxidative damage in the glomeruli, accompanied by an active Nrf2 antioxidant response. A murine lupus nephritis model using Nrf2+/+ and Nrf2−/− mice was established using pristine injection. In this model, Nrf2−/− mice suffered from greater renal damage and had more severe pathological alterations in the kidney. In addition, Nrf2+/+ mice showed ameliorative renal function when treated with sulforaphane, an Nrf2 inducer. Nrf2−/− mice had higher expression of TGFβ1, fibronectin and iNOS. In primary mouse mesangial cells, the nephritogenic monoclonal antibody R4A activated the NF-κB pathway and increased the level of reactive oxygen species, iNOS, TGFβ1 and fibronectin. Knockdown of Nrf2 expression aggravated all aforementioned responses induced by R4A. Thus, these results suggest that Nrf2 improves lupus nephritis by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and by negatively regulating the NF-κB and TGFβ1 signaling pathways.
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases currently affect 5-7% of the world's population; in most diseases there are circulating autoantibodies. Brain-reactive antibodies are present in approximately 2-3% of the general population but do not usually contribute to brain pathology. These antibodies penetrate brain tissue only early in development or under pathologic conditions. This restriction on their pathogenicity and the lack of correlation between serum titers and brain pathology have, no doubt, contributed to a delayed appreciation of the contribution of autoantibodies in diseases of the central nervous system. Nonetheless, it is increasingly clear that antibodies can cause damage in the brain and likely initiate or aggravate multiple neurologic conditions; brain-reactive antibodies contribute to symptomatology in autoimmune disease, infectious disease, and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Diamond
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA.
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14
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Lakhan SE, Caro M, Hadzimichalis N. NMDA Receptor Activity in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:52. [PMID: 23772215 PMCID: PMC3677126 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a variety of physiologic roles and their proper signaling is essential for cellular homeostasis. Any disruption in this pathway, leading to either enhanced or decreased activity, may result in the manifestation of neuropsychiatric pathologies such as schizophrenia, mood disorders, substance induced psychosis, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Here, we explore the notion that the overlap in activity of at least one biochemical pathway, the NMDA receptor pathway, may be the link to understanding the overlap in psychotic symptoms between diseases. This review intends to present a broad overview of those neuropsychiatric disorders for which alternations in NMDA receptor activity is prominent thus suggesting that continued direction of pharmaceutical intervention to this pathway may present a viable option for managing symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen E Lakhan
- Biosciences Department, Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation , Beverly Hills, CA , USA ; Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, OH , USA
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15
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Xia Y, Pawar RD, Nakouzi AS, Herlitz L, Broder A, Liu K, Goilav B, Fan M, Wang L, Li QZ, Casadevall A, Putterman C. The constant region contributes to the antigenic specificity and renal pathogenicity of murine anti-DNA antibodies. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:398-411. [PMID: 22841793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Affinity for DNA and cross-reactivity with renal antigens are associated with enhanced renal pathogenicity of lupus autoantibodies. In addition, certain IgG subclasses are enriched in nephritic kidneys, suggesting that isotype may determine the outcome of antibody binding to renal antigens. To investigate if the isotype of DNA antibodies affects renal pathogenicity by influencing antigen binding, we derived IgM, IgG1, IgG2b and IgG2a forms of the PL9-11 antibody (IgG3 anti-DNA) by in vitro class switching or PCR cloning. The affinity and specificity of PL9-11 antibodies for nuclear and renal antigens were analyzed using ELISA, Western blotting, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), binding to mesangial cells, and glomerular proteome arrays. Renal deposition and pathogenicity were assayed in mice injected with PL9-11 hybridomas. We found that PL9-11 and its isotype-switched variants had differential binding to DNA and chromatin (IgG3>IgG2a>IgG1>IgG2b>IgM) by direct and competition ELISA, and SPR. In contrast, in binding to laminin and collagen IV the IgG2a isotype actually had the highest affinity. Differences in affinity of PL9-11 antibodies for renal antigens were mirrored in analysis of specificity for glomeruli, and were associated with significant differences in renal pathogenicity in vivo and survival. Our novel findings indicate that the constant region plays an important role in the nephritogenicity of antibodies to DNA by affecting immunoglobulin affinity and specificity. Increased binding to multiple glomerular and/or nuclear antigens may contribute to the renal pathogenicity of anti-DNA antibodies of the IgG2a and IgG3 isotype. Finally, class switch recombination may be another mechanism by which B cell autoreactivity is generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Xia
- The Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (AECOM), Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by antibodies that bind target autoantigens in multiple organs in the body. In peripheral organs, immune complexes engage the complement cascade, recruiting blood-borne inflammatory cells and initiating tissue inflammation. Immune complex-mediated activation of Fc receptors on infiltrating blood-borne cells and tissue resident cells amplifies an inflammatory cascade with resulting damage to tissue function, ultimately leading to tissue destruction. This pathophysiology appears to explain tissue injury throughout the body, except in the central nervous system. This review addresses a paradigm we have developed for autoantibody-mediated brain damage. This paradigm suggests that antibody-mediated brain disease does not depend on immune complex formation but rather on antibody-mediated alterations in neuronal activation and survival. Moreover, antibodies only access brain tissue when blood-brain barrier integrity is impaired, leading to a lack of concurrence of brain disease and tissue injury in other organs. We discuss the implications of this model for lupus and for identifying other antibodies that may contribute to brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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Bosch X, Ramos-Casals M, Khamashta MA. The DWEYS peptide in systemic lupus erythematosus. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:215-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Zhai JX, Zhang ZX, Feng YJ, Ding SS, Wang XH, Zou LW, Ye DQ. PDTC attenuate LPS-induced kidney injury in systemic lupus erythematosus-prone MRL/lpr Mice. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:6763-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mesangial cell-specific antibodies are central to the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:579670. [PMID: 22162716 PMCID: PMC3227425 DOI: 10.1155/2012/579670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Not only is nephritis a common complaint in systemic lupus erythematosus, but it is also the most life-threatening complication of the disease. Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (Abs), which are found in up to 80% of these patients, might be nephritogenic per se. That is, they may cross-react with mesangial cell (MC) surface proteins, such as alpha-actinin and annexin A2, they may cross-react with mesangial matrix protein such as laminine and fibronectin, or they may recognize chromatin material previously deposited in the glomeruli. The consequence of the binding of anti-MC Abs may be their internalization, which results in activation and proliferation of these MCs. In turn, these activated MCs are suspected of promoting immune complex formation by sequestering and thereby protecting chromatin from degradation. The present paper will explain the mechanisms through which such autoAbs may initiate nephritis.
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Generation of a unique small molecule peptidomimetic that neutralizes lupus autoantibody activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:10255-9. [PMID: 21646518 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103555108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of pathogenic autoantibodies, many of which are directed against nuclear antigens, in particular double-stranded (ds) DNA. Both clinical studies and animal models have shown that anti-dsDNA antibodies contribute to kidney disease, which is present in 50% of lupus patients and is a major cause of mortality. We previously demonstrated that a subset of nephrotoxic anti-dsDNA antibodies also recognizes the pentapeptide consensus sequence D/E W D/E Y S/G (DWEYS) present in the NR2A and NR2B subunits of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Autoantibodies with this specificity are present in ≈40% of lupus patient sera and are both nephrotoxic and neurotoxic. Elevated titers are present in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with central nervous system manifestations of SLE. Administration of the nonnaturally occurring D form of the DWEYS pentapeptide prevents these antibodies from depositing in glomeruli and from mediating neuronal excitotoxicity. To craft a more useful therapeutic, we used the structural features of the DWEYS peptide to design a unique, selective, and potent small molecule peptidomimetic, FISLE-412, which neutralizes anti-dsDNA/NMDAR lupus autoantibodies and prevents their pathogenic interaction with tissue antigens. This compound, or others derived from it, may provide a unique strategy for the development of lupus therapeutics.
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Cohen-Solal J, Diamond B. Lessons from an anti-DNA autoantibody. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1328-31. [PMID: 21216012 PMCID: PMC3104112 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
R4A is an anti-DNA antibody derived by hybridoma technology from a BALB/c mouse. The study of its properties has helped to elucidate aspects of the physiopathology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). It has been useful to decipher the mechanisms implicated in breaks in B cell self tolerance by B cell extrinsic or B cell intrinsic factors. Furthermore, it illustrates the importance of molecular mimicry in understanding the cellular and molecular effects relevant to some manifestations of neuropsychiatric lupus, as it cross-reacts with the D/E W D/E YS/G peptide sequence present in subunits of the N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Cohen-Solal
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases
| | - Betty Diamond
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases
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Otaki N, Chikazawa M, Nagae R, Shimozu Y, Shibata T, Ito S, Takasaki Y, Fujii J, Uchida K. Identification of a lipid peroxidation product as the source of oxidation-specific epitopes recognized by anti-DNA autoantibodies. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33834-42. [PMID: 20736172 PMCID: PMC2962483 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.165175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation in tissue and in tissue fractions represents a degradative process, which is the consequence of the production and the propagation of free radical reactions primarily involving membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We have found that bovine serum albumin incubated with peroxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids significantly cross-reacted with the sera from MRL-lpr mice, a representative murine model of SLE. To identify the active substances responsible for the generation of autoantigenic epitopes recognized by the SLE sera, we performed the activity-guiding separation of a principal source from 13-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid and identified 4-oxo-2-nonenal (ONE), a highly reactive aldehyde originating from the peroxidation of ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, as the source of the autoantigenic epitopes. When the age-dependent change in the antibody titer against the ONE-modified protein was measured in the sera from MRL-lpr mice and control MRL-MpJ mice, all of the MRL-lpr mice developed an anti-ONE titer, which was comparable with the anti-DNA titer. Strikingly, a subset of the anti-DNA monoclonal antibodies generated from the SLE mice showing recognition specificity toward DNA cross-reacted with the ONE-specific epitopes. Furthermore, these dual-specific antibodies rapidly bound and internalized into living cells. These findings raised the possibility that the enhanced lipid peroxidation followed by the generation of ONE may be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Otaki
- From the Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Miho Chikazawa
- From the Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Nagae
- From the Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuki Shimozu
- From the Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shibata
- From the Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- the School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Takasaki
- the Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan, and
| | - Junichi Fujii
- the Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9985, Japan
| | - Koji Uchida
- From the Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Diamond B. Antibodies and the Brain: Lessons from Lupus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 185:2637-2640. [PMID: 20802781 PMCID: PMC2955457 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1090080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030
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Hanrotel-Saliou C, Segalen I, Le Meur Y, Youinou P, Renaudineau Y. Glomerular Antibodies in Lupus Nephritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2010; 40:151-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-010-8204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Frese-Schaper M, Zbaeren J, Gugger M, Monestier M, Frese S. Reversal of Established Lupus Nephritis and Prolonged Survival of New Zealand Black × New Zealand White Mice Treated with the Topoisomerase I Inhibitor Irinotecan. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2175-82. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
This article reviews the epidemiology of autoimmune conditions in schizophrenia, symptom manifestations of autoimmune conditions resembling schizophrenia, and the immunological changes observed in schizophrenia; and reflects on their associations with neurodevelopment, neurodegeneration, clinical course, and management of schizophrenia.
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Manson JJ, Ma A, Rogers P, Mason LJ, Berden JH, van der Vlag J, D'Cruz DP, Isenberg DA, Rahman A. Relationship between anti-dsDNA, anti-nucleosome and anti-alpha-actinin antibodies and markers of renal disease in patients with lupus nephritis: a prospective longitudinal study. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R154. [PMID: 19828047 PMCID: PMC2787270 DOI: 10.1186/ar2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 10/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glomerulonephritis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Deposition of autoantibodies in the glomeruli plays a key role in the development of lupus nephritis (LN). Different groups have proposed that either anti-nucleosome antibodies or antibodies that bind the intrinsic renal antigen, α-actinin, are central to the pathogenesis of LN. These theories have been based mainly on cross-sectional studies in patients and on experiments in animal models. No previous longitudinal studies have compared the relationships between levels of these antibodies and markers of renal function. We assessed how well anti-α-actinin, anti-nucleosome and anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies reflected renal outcome measures in patients with new-onset LN followed for up to 2 years. Methods Renal disease activity was monitored by measuring urine protein/creatinine ratio (PCR), serum albumin and a composite outcome of renal remission. At each time point, anti-nucleosome and anti-α-actinin antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. High-avidity anti-dsDNA antibodies were measured using the Farrzyme assay. We analysed relationships between levels of the three antibodies and between antibody levels and renal outcome measures over time. Results Levels of anti-nucleosome and anti-dsDNA were positively correlated with each other (r = 0.6, P = 0.0001) but neither correlated with anti-α-actinin level. At baseline, mean anti-nucleosome levels were higher in patients with LN than in healthy controls (0.32 versus 0.01, P < 0.001). The same was true for anti-dsDNA antibodies (0.50 versus 0.07, P < 0.001) but not for anti-α-actinin (0.33 versus 0.29). Over the follow-up period, anti-nucleosome and anti-dsDNA levels associated positively with urine PCR (P = 0.041 and 0.051, respectively) and negatively with serum albumin (P = 0.027 and 0.032, respectively). Both anti-nucleosome and anti-dsDNA levels were significantly lower during renal remission than when renal disease was active (P = 0.002 and 0.003, respectively). However, there was no relationship between anti-α-actinin levels and urine PCR, serum albumin or remission status. Conclusions This prospective longitudinal clinical study is the first to compare levels of anti-nucleosome, anti-dsDNA and anti-α-actinin antibodies in the same patients with SLE. Our results support the concept that, in the majority of patients, anti-nucleosome antibodies play a major role in pathogenesis of LN, in contrast to anti-α-actinin antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Manson
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, University College London, Windeyer Institute, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF, UK.
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Chang S, Yang L, Moon YM, Cho YG, Min SY, Kim TJ, Kim YJ, Patrick W, Kim HY, Mohan C. Anti-nuclear antibody reactivity in lupus may be partly hard-wired into the primary B-cell repertoire. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:3420-6. [PMID: 19699528 PMCID: PMC2757519 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
When monoclonal ANAs and non-ANAs generated from a genetically simplified mouse model of lupus, B6.Sle1, were recently compared, the ANAs exhibited three sequence motifs in their immunoglobulin heavy chains, including increased cationicity in CDR3 ("motif A"), reduced anionicity in CDR2 ("motif B") and increased aspartate at H50 ("motif C"). The present study was designed to elucidate the extent to which these ANA-associated sequence motifs might be hard-wired into the primary B-cell repertoire in lupus. The immunoglobulin heavy chain sequence of total splenic B-cells, follicular B-cells and marginal zone B-cells from B6.Sle1 congenic mice and C57BL/6 controls were amplified by single-cell PCR and compared. Analysis of the primary immunoglobulin heavy chain repertoire indicated that the first two sequence motifs "A" and "B" were already encoded in the naïve repertoire of B6.Sle1(z) mice, whereas the third motif "C" was introduced in part by somatic mutation. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that non-anionic CDR2 and cationic CDR3 residues in the immunoglobulin heavy chain facilitated nuclear antigen binding in concert, whereas aspartate at H50 strongly vetoed DNA-binding, while preserving nucleosome reactivity. Hence, anti-nuclear antibodies appear to arise as a consequence of two distinct processes-genetically programmed selection of specific CDR charge motifs into the primary immunoglobulin repertoire, with secondary contribution from somatic mutation. Polymorphisms in the lupus susceptibility gene Ly108 that impair central B-cell tolerance may be mechanistically responsible for these early repertoire differences in lupus.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/genetics
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, Ly/genetics
- Antigens, Ly/immunology
- Antigens, Nuclear/genetics
- Antigens, Nuclear/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Mice
- Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics
- Polymorphism, Genetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooghee Chang
- Departments of Internal Medicine & Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-Dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Liu Yang
- Departments of Internal Medicine & Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Young Mee Moon
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-Dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Young Gyu Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-Dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - So Youn Min
- Departments of Internal Medicine & Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-Dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Tae Joo Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-Dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Young Joo Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-Dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | | | - Ho-Youn Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-Dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Departments of Internal Medicine & Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390
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Mulla MJ, Brosens JJ, Chamley LW, Giles I, Pericleous C, Rahman A, Joyce SK, Panda B, Paidas MJ, Abrahams VM. Antiphospholipid antibodies induce a pro-inflammatory response in first trimester trophoblast via the TLR4/MyD88 pathway. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009; 62:96-111. [PMID: 19614626 PMCID: PMC2772057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Women with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are at risk for recurrent miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, and pre-term labor. aPL target the placenta directly by binding to beta(2)-glycoprotein I (beta(2)GPI) expressed on the surface of trophoblast cells. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of aPL on trophoblast function and the mechanisms involved. METHOD OF STUDY First trimester trophoblast cells were treated with anti-beta(2)GPI monoclonal antibodies and patient-derived aPL, after which cell survival and function was evaluated. RESULTS We report that anti-beta(2)GPI antibodies trigger an inflammatory response in trophoblast, characterized by increased secretion of interleukin (IL)-8, MCP-1, GRO-alpha, and IL-1beta, and that this occurs in a TLR-4/MyD88-dependent manner. At high concentrations, these antibodies also induce caspase-mediated cell death. This was attenuated upon disabling of the MyD88 pathway, suggesting that anti-beta(2)GPI-induced inflammatory mediators compromise trophoblast survival by acting in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Enhanced IL-8, GRO-alpha, and IL-1beta secretion also occurred when trophoblast cells were incubated with antibodies from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Heparin, which acts as a pro-survival factor in human trophoblast, attenuated the anti-beta(2)GPI antibody-mediated cell death, and also the pro-inflammatory response, but only at high concentrations. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that aPL triggers a placental inflammatory response via the TLR-4/MyD88 pathway, which in turn compromises trophoblast survival. Thus, the TLR-4/MyD88 pathway may provide a new therapeutic target to improve pregnancy outcome in antiphospholipid syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Mulla
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jan J. Brosens
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Larry W. Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Ian Giles
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College, London, W1T 4JF, UK
| | - Charis Pericleous
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College, London, W1T 4JF, UK
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College, London, W1T 4JF, UK
| | - Shawna K. Joyce
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Britta Panda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT 06610, USA
| | - Michael J. Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Vikki M. Abrahams
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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Liang Z, Chang S, Youn MS, Mohan C. Molecular hallmarks of anti-chromatin antibodies associated with the lupus susceptibility locus, Sle1. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2671-81. [PMID: 19556006 PMCID: PMC2886130 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Anti-nuclear antibodies constitute the hallmark of lupus. The NZM2410-derived Sle1 lupus susceptibility interval on murine chromosome 1 breaches tolerance, leading to the emergence of anti-nuclear autoantibodies targeting nucleosomes. However, little is known about the molecular structure of the anti-nucleosome autoantibodies from this genetically simplified mouse model of lupus. In this study, the immunoglobulin heavy chain and light chain sequences of 50 anti-nuclear monoclonal antibodies derived from five B6.Sle1(z) mice were compared to non-nuclear antibody controls. Compared to two different sets of non-nuclear antibodies, anti-nucleosome antibodies derived from B6.Sle1(z) congenic mice exhibited a high degree of clonal expansion and three distinct sequence motifs in their heavy chains - cationic CDR3 stretches, non-anionic CDR2 regions, and an increased frequency of aspartate residues at H50, which together increased the likelihood of an antibody being chromatin-reactive by approximately 4-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Liang
- Departments of Internal Medicine & Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Sooghee Chang
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-Dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Min So Youn
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-Dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Departments of Internal Medicine & Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390
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Diamond B, Kowal C, Huerta PT, Aranow C, Mackay M, DeGiorgio LA, Lee J, Triantafyllopoulou A, Cohen-Solal J, Volpe BT. Immunity and acquired alterations in cognition and emotion: lessons from SLE. Adv Immunol 2009; 89:289-320. [PMID: 16682277 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(05)89007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Classic immunologic teaching describes the brain as an immunologically privileged site. Studies of neuroimmunology have focused for many years almost exclusively on multiple sclerosis, a disease in which inflammatory cells actually infiltrate brain tissue, and the rodent model of this disease, experimental allergic encephalitis. Over the past decade, however, increasingly, brain-reactive antibodies have been demonstrated in the serum of patients with numerous neurological diseases. The contribution these antibodies make to neuronal dysfunction has, in general, not been determined. Here, we describe recent studies showing that serum antibodies to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor occur frequently in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and can cause alterations in cognition and behavior following a breach in the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Kim DS, Lee SH, Kim JS, Lee SC, Kwon MH, Kim YS. Generation of humanized anti-DNA hydrolyzing catalytic antibodies by complementarity determining region grafting. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 379:314-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisur Rahman
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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34
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Yung S, Chan TM. Anti-DNA antibodies in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis — The emerging mechanisms. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 7:317-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogenous disease with complex pathogenesis. AIM In this review, we summarise recent progress in the understanding of SLE pathogenesis and discuss implications for the treatment of SLE patients using standard and experimental medications. CONCLUSIONS The discovery that Toll-like receptor signalling and interferon-alpha abundance are central elements of the disease process has led to a new appreciation for hydroxychloroquine as an essential baseline medication. Although much needs to be learned, modulation of the immune system via B-cell depletion is entering clinical practice. Mycophenolate mofetil is an effective and safer alternative to cyclophosphamide for many patients with lupus nephritis. Several other therapeutic approaches are at various stages of preclinical and clinical development. These include anticytokine therapies, co-stimulatory blockade, antigen-specific immune modulation and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ermann
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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36
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González D, van der Burg M, García-Sanz R, Fenton JA, Langerak AW, González M, van Dongen JJM, San Miguel JF, Morgan GJ. Immunoglobulin gene rearrangements and the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. Blood 2007; 110:3112-21. [PMID: 17634408 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-02-069625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe ability to rearrange the germ-line DNA to generate antibody diversity is an essential prerequisite for the production of a functional repertoire. While this is essential to prevent infections, it also represents the “Achilles heal” of the B-cell lineage, occasionally leading to malignant transformation of these cells by translocation of protooncogenes into the immunoglobulin (Ig) loci. However, in evolutionary terms this is a small price to pay for a functional immune system. The study of the configuration and rearrangements of the Ig gene loci has contributed extensively to our understanding of the natural history of development of myeloma. In addition to this, the analysis of Ig gene rearrangements in B-cell neoplasms provides information about the clonal origin of the disease, prognosis, as well as providing a clinical useful tool for clonality detection and minimal residual disease monitoring. Herein, we review the data currently available on both Ig gene rearrangements and protein patterns seen in myeloma with the aim of illustrating how this knowledge has contributed to our understanding of the pathobiology of myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González
- Section of Haemato-Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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37
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Lambrianides A, Giles I, Ioannou Y, Mason L, Latchman DS, Manson JJ, Isenberg DA, Rahman A. Arginine mutation alters binding of a human monoclonal antibody to antigens linked to systemic lupus erythematosus and the antiphospholipid syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:2392-401. [PMID: 17599767 DOI: 10.1002/art.22743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown the importance of somatic mutations and arginine residues in the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of pathogenic anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies in human and murine lupus, and in studies of murine antibodies, a role of mutations at position 53 in V(H) CDR2 has been demonstrated. We previously demonstrated in vitro expression and mutagenesis of the human IgG1 monoclonal antibody B3. The present study was undertaken to investigate, using this expression system, the importance of the arginine residue at position 53 (R53) in B3 V(H). METHODS R53 was altered, by site-directed mutagenesis, to serine, asparagine, or lysine, to create 3 expressed variants of V(H). In addition, the germline sequence of the V(H)3-23 gene (from which B3 V(H) is derived) was expressed either with or without arginine at position 53. These 5 new heavy chains, as well as wild-type B3 V(H), were expressed with 4 different light chains, and the resulting antibodies were assessed for their ability to bind to nucleosomes, alpha-actinin, cardiolipin, ovalbumin, beta(2)-glycoprotein I (beta(2)GPI), and the N-terminal domain of beta(2)GPI (domain I), using direct binding assays. RESULTS The presence of R53 was essential but not sufficient for binding to dsDNA and nucleosomes. Conversely, the presence of R53 reduced binding to alpha-actinin, ovalbumin, beta(2)GPI, and domain I of beta(2)GPI. The combination B3 (R53S) V(H)/B3 V(L) bound human, but not bovine, beta(2)GPI. CONCLUSION The fact that the R53S substitution significantly alters binding of B3 to different clinically relevant antigens, but that the alteration is in opposite directions depending on the antigen, implies that this arginine residue plays a critical role in the affinity maturation of antibody B3.
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38
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Bobeck MJ, Cleary J, Beckingham JA, Ackroyd PC, Glick GD. Effect of somatic mutation on DNA binding properties of anti-DNA autoantibodies. Biopolymers 2007; 85:471-80. [PMID: 17252585 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies that bind DNA are a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus. A subset of autoantibody*DNA complexes localize to kidney tissue and lead to damage and even death. 11F8, 9F11, and 15B10 are clonally related anti-DNA autoantibodies isolated from an autoimmune mouse. 11F8 binds ssDNA in a sequence-specific manner and causes tissue damage, while 9F11 and 15B10 bind ssDNA non-specifically and are benign. Among these antibodies, DNA binding properties are mediated by five amino acid differences in primary sequence. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters associated with recognition of structurally different DNA sequences were determined for each antibody to provide insight toward recognition strategies, and to explore a link between binding properties and disease pathogenesis. A model of 11F8 bound to its high affinity consensus sequence provides a foundation for understanding the differences in thermodynamic and kinetic parameters between the three mAbs. Our data suggest that 11F8 utilizes the proposed ssDNA recognition motif including (Y32)V(L), a hydrogen bonding residue at (91)V(L), and an aromatic residue at the tip of the third heavy chain complementarity determining region. Interestingly, a somatic mutation to arginine at (31)V(H) in 11F8 may afford additional binding site contacts including (R31)V(H), (R96)V(H), and (R98)V(H) that could determine specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Bobeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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Deocharan B, Zhou Z, Antar K, Siconolfi-Baez L, Angeletti RH, Hardin J, Putterman C. Alpha-actinin immunization elicits anti-chromatin autoimmunity in nonautoimmune mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2007; 179:1313-21. [PMID: 17617624 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Anti-dsDNA Abs are characteristic of lupus and can be found deposited in the kidneys of lupus mice. Previously, we have shown that pathogenic anti-dsDNA Abs as well as Ig eluted from the kidneys of nephritic lupus mice cross-react with alpha-actinin. Moreover, cross-reactivity with alpha-actinin characterizes nephritogenic anti-dsDNA Abs in humans with lupus as well. To determine whether Abs generated against alpha-actinin in vivo cross-react with nuclear Ags, we s.c. immunized 10-wk-old female BALB/c mice (and several other nonautoimmune mice strains) with alpha-actinin in adjuvant. Immunized but not control mice displayed high titers of anti-nuclear Abs and IgG anti-chromatin autoantibodies, hypergammaglobulinemia, renal Ig deposition, and proteinuria. The specificity of the anti-chromatin response was determined by Western blotting of purified chromatin with serum from alpha-actinin immunized mice. By proteomic analysis, a 25-kDa doublet band was conclusively identified as high mobility group box (HMGB) proteins 1 and 3, and a 70-kDa band was identified as heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), both of which are known antigenic targets in murine lupus. Binding to purified HMGB1 and hsp70 by immunized mice sera was confirmed by ELISA and Western blot. Immunized mice sera binding to both 25- and 70-kDa bands were significantly inhibited by alpha-actinin and chromatin. Importantly, a panel of nephritogenic mAbs had significantly higher affinity for alpha-actinin, chromatin, HMGB, and hsp70 as compared with nonpathogenic Abs, suggesting a common motif in these Ags that is targeted by pathogenic autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisram Deocharan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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40
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Toyoda K, Nagae R, Akagawa M, Ishino K, Shibata T, Ito S, Shibata N, Yamamoto T, Kobayashi M, Takasaki Y, Matsuda T, Uchida K. Protein-bound 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: an endogenous triggering antigen of antI-DNA response. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25769-78. [PMID: 17588942 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703039200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that the nonenzymatic oxidative modification of proteins and the subsequent accumulation of the modified proteins have been found in cells during aging and oxidative stress and in various pathological states, including premature diseases, muscular dystrophy, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis. Our previous work suggested the existence of molecular mimicry between antibodies raised against hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE)-modified protein and anti-DNA autoantibodies, a serologic hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In the present study, we investigated the possible involvement of HNE-modified proteins as the endogenous source of the anti-DNA antibodies. Accumulation of the antigen recognized by the antibody against the HNE-modified protein was observed in the nucleus of almost all of the epidermal cells from patients with autoimmune diseases, including SLE. The SLE patients also showed significantly higher serum levels of the anti-HNE titer than healthy individuals. To determine if a specific anti-DNA response could be initiated by the HNE-derived epitopes, we immunized BALB/c mice with the HNE-modified protein and observed a progressive increase in the anti-DNA response. Moreover, we generated the monoclonal antibodies, showing recognition specificity toward DNA, and found that they can bind to two structurally distinct antigens (i.e. the native DNA and protein-bound 4-oxo-2-nonenal). The findings in this study provide evidence to suspect an etiologic role for lipid peroxidation in autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Aldehydes/adverse effects
- Aldehydes/chemistry
- Aldehydes/immunology
- Aldehydes/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/etiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Cattle
- Cellular Senescence/immunology
- Epitopes/adverse effects
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Lipid Peroxidation/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/chemically induced
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/etiology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Mimicry/immunology
- Muscular Dystrophies/etiology
- Muscular Dystrophies/immunology
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Oxidative Stress/immunology
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/immunology
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/adverse effects
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/immunology
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Toyoda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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41
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Renaudineau Y, Deocharan B, Jousse S, Renaudineau E, Putterman C, Youinou P. Anti-alpha-actinin antibodies: a new marker of lupus nephritis. Autoimmun Rev 2007; 6:464-8. [PMID: 17643934 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The exact role of anti-ds (double stranded) DNA antibodies in the pathogenesis of kidney injury in lupus nephritis remains a focus of continuing investigation. One theory explaining the pathogenicity of anti-dsDNA antibodies in lupus nephritis is direct cross-reactivity with renal antigens. Several years ago, alpha-actinin was identified as a major cross-reactive target for pathogenic anti-dsDNA antibodies in murine SLE. Indeed, binding of a nephritogenic murine anti-dsDNA antibody was stronger to the alpha-actinin derived from a lupus prone mouse mesangial cell line as compared to alpha-actinin in a non-autoimmune mouse mesangial cell line. Furthermore, we recently showed that immunization of non-autoimmune mice with alpha-actinin induces anti-chromatin antibodies, glomerular IgG deposition and proteinuria. In humans, anti-alpha-actinin autoantibodies (Ab) were associated with anti-dsDNA Ab in SLE. In those patients, anti-alpha-actinin rather than anti-dsDNA Ab were significantly associated with glomerulonephritis and disease activity. The anti-alpha-actinin reactivity was associated with high avidity anti-dsDNA Ab. Moreover, the anti-alpha-actinin response was related to the actin-binding site of alpha-actinin. Taken together, these studies indicate that detection of anti-alpha-actinin Ab, in association with anti-dsDNA Ab, may constitute a new marker in lupus nephritis.
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42
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Kowal C, DeGiorgio LA, Lee JY, Edgar MA, Huerta PT, Volpe BT, Diamond B. Human lupus autoantibodies against NMDA receptors mediate cognitive impairment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:19854-9. [PMID: 17170137 PMCID: PMC1702320 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608397104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus, which often entails cognitive disturbances and memory loss, has become a major complication for lupus patients. Previously, we developed a murine model of neuropsychiatric lupus based on Abs that cross-react with dsDNA and the NMDA receptor (NMDAR). We showed that these murine Abs impair cognition when they access the CNS through a breach in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) triggered by lipopolysaccharide. Because studies show that lupus patients possess anti-NMDAR Abs in their serum and cerebrospinal fluid, we decided to investigate whether these human Abs contribute to cognitive dysfunction. Here, we show that serum with reactivity to DNA and NMDAR extracted from lupus patients elicited cognitive impairment in mice receiving the serum intravenously and given lipopolysaccharide to compromise the BBB integrity. Brain histopathology showed hippocampal neuron damage, and behavioral testing revealed hippocampus-dependent memory impairment. To determine whether anti-NMDAR Abs exist in the brains of systemic lupus erythematosus patients, we eluted IgG from a patient's brain. The IgG bound DNA and NMDAR and caused neuronal apoptosis when injected into mouse brains. We examined four more brains of patients with neuropsychiatric lupus and found that they displayed endogenous IgG colocalizing with anti-NMDAR Abs. Our results indicate that lupus patients have circulating anti-NMDAR Abs capable of causing neuronal damage and memory deficit, if they breach the BBB, and that the Abs exist within patients' brains. Which aspects of neuropsychiatric lupus may be mediated by anti-NMDAR Abs, how often, and in which patients are now important clinical questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Czeslawa Kowal
- *Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Lorraine A. DeGiorgio
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Burke Medical Research Institute, Joan and Stanford I. Weill Medical College, Cornell University, White Plains, NY 10605
| | - Ji Y. Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and
| | - Mark A. Edgar
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | - Patricio T. Huerta
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Burke Medical Research Institute, Joan and Stanford I. Weill Medical College, Cornell University, White Plains, NY 10605
| | - Bruce T. Volpe
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Burke Medical Research Institute, Joan and Stanford I. Weill Medical College, Cornell University, White Plains, NY 10605
| | - Betty Diamond
- *Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, Audubon III Building, Ninth Floor, Room 924, New York, NY 10032. E-mail:
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Abstract
The authors discuss a new study, by Emmer and colleagues, which attempted to test whether the presence of an antibody called anti-NMDAR correlates with brain abnormality in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Diamond
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America.
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44
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Renaudineau Y, Croquefer S, Jousse S, Renaudineau E, Devauchelle V, Guéguen P, Hanrotel C, Gilburd B, Saraux A, Shoenfeld Y, Putterman C, Youinou P. Association of alpha-actinin-binding anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies with lupus nephritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:2523-32. [PMID: 16868973 DOI: 10.1002/art.22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies may contribute to the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis (GN) by cross-reacting with alpha-actinin in murine models and in some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We therefore sought to determine possible disease associations with serologic and clinical features and to characterize this new autoantibody specificity. METHODS One hundred patients with SLE were recruited into this multicenter study, as well as 100 rheumatic disease controls and 2,100 healthy blood donors. Clinical disease was evaluated by the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI; excluding the anti-DNA component). Anti-dsDNA antibodies were detected by conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Anti-alpha-actinin antibodies were detected by ELISA, and their specificity was confirmed by Western blotting and by indirect immunofluorescence using rat kidney sections and mesangial cells as substrates. Highly positive sera were selected for absorption experiments and were affinity-purified for cross-reactivity studies and measurement of antibody avidity. RESULTS Sera from 62 of the SLE patients had anti-dsDNA antibodies; 21 of these sera also had anti-alpha-actinin antibodies, as compared with 1 of the 38 sera without anti-dsDNA antibodies. Of the 22 patients with anti-alpha-actinin antibodies, 10 had GN, as compared with 14 of the 78 without anti-alpha-actinin antibodies (P < 0.01). In patients with GN, anti-alpha-actinin, but not anti-dsDNA, antibodies correlated with the SLEDAI score (minus the anti-DNA component) and with treatment. The fraction of serum anti-dsDNA antibodies that cross-reacted with alpha-actinin exhibited high avidity for dsDNA, as determined using a commercial EIA for high-avidity anti-dsDNA antibodies and an in-house conventional ELISA. CONCLUSION The alpha-actinin-binding antibodies are significantly associated with GN in SLE. Whether such autoantibodies may anticipate the development of this complication of SLE remains to be verified.
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45
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Qing X, Zavadil J, Crosby MB, Hogarth MP, Hahn BH, Mohan C, Gilkeson GS, Bottinger EP, Putterman C. Nephritogenic anti-DNA antibodies regulate gene expression in MRL/lpr mouse glomerular mesangial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:2198-210. [PMID: 16804897 DOI: 10.1002/art.21934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lupus-associated IgG anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies are thought to be pathogenic in the kidney due to cross-reaction with glomerular antigens, leading subsequently to immune complex formation in situ and complement activation. We undertook this study to determine if pathogenic anti-DNA antibodies may also contribute to renal damage by directly influencing mesangial gene expression. METHODS Complementary DNA microarray gene profiling was performed in primary mesangial cells (derived from lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice) treated with pathogenic, noncomplexed anti-DNA antibodies. Significant gene up-regulation induced by anti-DNA antibodies as determined by microarray analysis was further investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and methods to detect the relevant proteins. Induction of proinflammatory genes by pathogenic antibodies was confirmed by comparing gene expression in glomeruli of old versus young MRL/lpr mice, and by antibody injection in vivo. RESULTS Pathogenic, but not nonpathogenic, antibodies significantly induced a number of transcripts, including CXCL1/KC, LCN2, iNOS, CX3CL1/fractalkine, SERPINA3G, and IkappaBalpha ("marker genes"). Blocking of Fcgamma receptors or using Fcgamma chain-knockout mesangial cells had no effect on the gene regulation effect of the pathogenic antibody R4A, indicating a non-Fc-dependent mechanism. The glomerular expression of these marker genes increased over time with the development of glomerular antibody deposition and active nephritis in MRL/lpr mice. Moreover, injection of R4A into SCID mice in vivo significantly up-regulated glomerular marker gene expression. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the renal pathogenicity of anti-DNA antibodies may be attributed in part to their ability to directly modulate gene expression in kidney mesangial cells through both Fc-dependent and non-Fc-dependent mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Acute-Phase Proteins/genetics
- Acute-Phase Proteins/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CX3CL1
- Chemokine CXCL1
- Chemokines, CX3C/genetics
- Chemokines, CX3C/metabolism
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Female
- I-kappa B Proteins/genetics
- I-kappa B Proteins/metabolism
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Kidney Diseases/chemically induced
- Kidney Diseases/physiopathology
- Lipocalin-2
- Lipocalins
- Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/genetics
- Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mesangial Cells/drug effects
- Mesangial Cells/metabolism
- Mesangial Cells/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr/genetics
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Serpins/genetics
- Serpins/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Qing
- Division of Rheumatology, Forchheimer 701N, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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46
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Huerta PT, Kowal C, DeGiorgio LA, Volpe BT, Diamond B. Immunity and behavior: antibodies alter emotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:678-83. [PMID: 16407105 PMCID: PMC1334673 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510055103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease in which most patients express Abs that bind double-stranded DNA. Recent work has shown that a subset of lupus Abs can crossreact with the NR2A and NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor. This receptor is expressed in neurons throughout the brain but is at highest density within cells of the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. The neurons in the CNS are normally protected from brain-reactive Abs by the blood-brain barrier (BBB); however, a breach in the barrier's integrity exposes neurons to potentially pathogenic Abs. Previously, we have shown that mice that are immunized with a peptide mimetope of DNA produce lupus-like Abs that crossreact with DNA and the NMDA receptor. Moreover, after abrogation of the BBB by treatment with lipopolysaccharide, the immunized mice display hippocampal neuron damage with ensuing memory impairment. Given that rises in epinephrine can increase cerebral blood flow and can cause leaks in the BBB, we decided to investigate whether epinephrine could act as a permissive agent for Ab-mediated neurotoxicity. Here, we show that peptide-immunized mice, given epinephrine to open the BBB, lose neurons in the lateral amygdala and develop a behavioral disorder characterized by a deficient response to fear-conditioning paradigms. Thus, the agent used to open the BBB determines which brain region is made vulnerable to neurotoxic Abs, and Abs that penetrate brain tissue can cause changes not only in cognitive competence, but also in emotional behavior.
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47
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Forestier C, Molano A, Im JS, Dutronc Y, Diamond B, Davidson A, Illarionov PA, Besra GS, Porcelli SA. Expansion and hyperactivity of CD1d-restricted NKT cells during the progression of systemic lupus erythematosus in (New Zealand Black x New Zealand White)F1 mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:763-70. [PMID: 16002672 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CD1d-restricted NKT cells expressing invariant TCR alpha-chain rearrangements (iNKT cells) have been reported to be deficient in humans with a variety of autoimmune syndromes and in certain strains of autoimmune mice. In addition, injection of mice with alpha-galactosylceramide, a specific glycolipid agonist of iNKT cells, activates these T cells and ameliorates autoimmunity in several different disease models. Thus, deficiency and reduced function in iNKT cells are considered to be risk factors for the development of such diseases. In this study we report that the development of systemic lupus erythematosus in (New Zealand Black (NZB) x New Zealand White (NZW))F(1) mice was paradoxically associated with an expansion and activation of iNKT cells. Although young (NZB x NZW)F(1) mice had normal levels of iNKT cells, these expanded with age and became phenotypically and functionally hyperactive. Activation of iNKT cells in (NZB x NZW)F(1) mice in vivo or in vitro with alpha-galactosylceramide indicated that the immunoregulatory role of iNKT cells varied over time, revealing a marked increase in their potential to contribute to production of IFN-gamma with advancing age and disease progression. This evolution of iNKT cell function during the progression of autoimmunity may have important implications for the mechanism of disease in this model of systemic lupus erythematosus and for the development of therapies using iNKT cell agonists.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Crosses, Genetic
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Galactosylceramides/pharmacology
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Immunophenotyping
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Forestier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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48
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Mason LJ, Lambrianides A, Haley JD, Manson JJ, Latchman DS, Isenberg DA, Rahman A. Stable expression of a recombinant human antinucleosome antibody to investigate relationships between antibody sequence, binding properties, and pathogenicity. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:R971-83. [PMID: 16207338 PMCID: PMC1257422 DOI: 10.1186/ar1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Revised: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
When purified under rigorous conditions, some murine anti-double-stranded-DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies actually bind chromatin rather than dsDNA. This suggests that they may actually be antinucleosome antibodies that only appear to bind dsDNA when they are incompletely dissociated from nucleosomes. Experiments in murine models suggest that antibody–nucleosome complexes may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Some human monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies are pathogenic when administered to mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Our objective was to achieve stable expression of sequence-altered variants of one such antibody, B3, in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Purified antibodies secreted by these cells were tested to investigate whether B3 is actually an antinucleosome antibody. The pathogenic effects of the antibodies were tested by implanting CHO cells secreting them into SCID mice. Purified B3 does not bind to dsDNA unless supernatant from cultured cells is added, but does bind to nucleosomes. The strength of binding to dsDNA and nucleosomes is dependent on the sequence of the light chain. Mice that received CHO cells secreting wild-type B3 developed more proteinuria and died earlier than control mice that received nonsecreting CHO cells or mice that received B3 with a single light chain mutation. However, none of the mice had histological changes or deposition of human immunoglobulin G in the kidneys. Sequence changes may alter the pathogenicity of B3, but further studies using different techniques are needed to investigate this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley J Mason
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
| | - Anastasia Lambrianides
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - Joanna D Haley
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - Jessica J Manson
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
| | - David S Latchman
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - David A Isenberg
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
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49
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Giles I, Lambrianides N, Latchman D, Chen P, Chukwuocha R, Isenberg D, Rahman A. The critical role of arginine residues in the binding of human monoclonal antibodies to cardiolipin. Arthritis Res Ther 2004; 7:R47-56. [PMID: 15642142 PMCID: PMC1064879 DOI: 10.1186/ar1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported that the variable heavy chain region (VH) of a human beta2 glycoprotein I-dependent monoclonal antiphospholipid antibody (IS4) was dominant in conferring the ability to bind cardiolipin (CL). In contrast, the identity of the paired variable light chain region (VL) determined the strength of CL binding. In the present study, we examine the importance of specific arginine residues in IS4VH and paired VL in CL binding. The distribution of arginine residues in complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of VH and VL sequences was altered by site-directed mutagenesis or by CDR exchange. Ten different 2a2 germline gene-derived VL sequences were expressed with IS4VH and the VH of an anti-dsDNA antibody, B3. Six variants of IS4VH, containing different patterns of arginine residues in CDR3, were paired with B3VL and IS4VL. The ability of the 32 expressed heavy chain/light chain combinations to bind CL was determined by ELISA. Of four arginine residues in IS4VH CDR3 substituted to serines, two residues at positions 100 and 100 g had a major influence on the strength of CL binding while the two residues at positions 96 and 97 had no effect. In CDR exchange studies, VL containing B3VL CDR1 were associated with elevated CL binding, which was reduced significantly by substitution of a CDR1 arginine residue at position 27a with serine. In contrast, arginine residues in VL CDR2 or VL CDR3 did not enhance CL binding, and in one case may have contributed to inhibition of this binding. Subsets of arginine residues at specific locations in the CDRs of heavy chains and light chains of pathogenic antiphospholipid antibodies are important in determining their ability to bind CL.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anticardiolipin/genetics
- Antibodies, Anticardiolipin/immunology
- Antibodies, Anticardiolipin/metabolism
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/genetics
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Antiphospholipid Syndrome/immunology
- Arginine/chemistry
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- COS Cells
- Cardiolipins/immunology
- Cardiolipins/metabolism
- Cattle
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Complementarity Determining Regions/chemistry
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Complementarity Determining Regions/immunology
- Complementarity Determining Regions/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Mapping
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Serine/chemistry
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- beta 2-Glycoprotein I
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Giles
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London, UK
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - Nancy Lambrianides
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London, UK
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - David Latchman
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - Pojen Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Reginald Chukwuocha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - David Isenberg
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London, UK
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London, UK
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
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50
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Liang Z, Xie C, Chen C, Kreska D, Hsu K, Li L, Zhou XJ, Mohan C. Pathogenic profiles and molecular signatures of antinuclear autoantibodies rescued from NZM2410 lupus mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:381-98. [PMID: 14757744 PMCID: PMC2211797 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Two outstanding questions concerning antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) in lupus involve their pathogenic potential and their molecular signatures. To address these questions, a panel of 56 antinuclear and 47 nonnuclear binding monoclonal antibodies was rescued from four seropositive NZM2410 lupus mice. The monoclonals varied in their reactivity to nucleosomes, ssDNA, dsDNA, and glomerular substrate. A large fraction of the antibodies demonstrated apparent polyreactivity (to DNA, histones, and glomerular antigens) due to bound, DNase-1 sensitive nuclear antigenic bridges. Although nephrophilic immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG antibodies were the most pathogenic, the dsDNA-binding antibodies were modestly so; in contrast, antinucleosome antibodies were clearly not pathogenic. Compared with the nonnuclear antigen-binding monoclonal antibodies rescued from the same mice, ANAs exhibited increased utilization of VH5/7183 genes and highly cationic heavy chain (HC) CDR3 regions. Most intriguingly, the CDR3 regions of the ANAs exhibited alternating arginine/lysine peaks at H96, H98, and H100, with neutral troughs at H95, H97, and H99. To summarize, glomerular-binding anti-dsDNA antibodies appear to be the most pathogenic variety of lupus autoantibodies. The presence of an alternating charge pattern in their HC CDR3 regions appears to be a prominent hallmark of ANAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Liang
- Simmons Arthritis Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas 75390, USA
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