Historical overview of the interleukin-6 family cytokine

Role of antidiarrheal agents nifuroxazide in antitumor multi‑target anticancer, multi‑mechanism anticancer drug (Review)

Nifuroxazide (NFZ) is an antimicrobial drug, which has been found to be a promising antitumor agent in recent years. In addition to being a classic STAT3 inhibitor, NFZ can also act on IL-6 and exert an anti-tumor role through inflammatory factor pathways. It can also bind to target proteins of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, one of the families of E-twenty-six transcription factors and ubiquitin-specific protease 21 to play an anti-tumor role in different pathways. NFZ is able to act on the tumor cell microenvironment to inhibit tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell migration, enhance tumor immune cells, increase the cytotoxicity of tumor cells and enhance the anti-tumor effect of other drugs. Furthermore, it has high safety with few toxic side effects. The anti-tumor mechanisms of NFZ were described in the current review, aiming to provide insight and a reference for future studies promoting the implementation of NFZ as an anti-tumor drug in the clinic.

CD28+ CD45RA- CD8br AC mediated the effects of Interleukin- 6 on Alzheimer's disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study

BACKGROUND

IL-6 has garnered significant attention as a potential factor in AD pathogenesis. The association between peripheral immune cells and IL-6 is evident, yet how peripheral immune cells mediate IL-6's effects on AD remains enigmatic regarding the precise pathophysiological processes. To address these uncertainties, we employed genetic evidence to investigate their impact. Our current study explores further the intricate relationship between IL-6, peripheral immune cells, and AD by using extensive publicly available genetic data, aiming to provide novel insights into this critical area of medical research.

METHODS

The relevant data regarding IL-6, 731 peripheral immune cells, and AD were screened and retrieved from the GWAS database. Subsequently, we predominantly utilized the IVW approach to carry out bi-directional MR analyses between IL-6, 731 peripheral immune cells, and AD. We utilized two-step, two-sample MR analyses to determine three key factors: (i) IL-6 exhibits associations with both AD and specific peripheral immune cells, respectively, and there is an absence of inverse causality. (ii) Specific peripheral immune cells exhibit associations with AD, and there is an absence of inverse causality. (iii) to identify which peripheral immune cells mediate the effects of IL-6 on AD. Then we employed the MVMR approach to verify whether the mediating relationships obtained from the two-step, two-sample MR analyses remained valid. Furthermore, we calculated their respective mediating effects, the combined mediating effects, and the proportions of their mediating effect shares. All of the aforementioned steps were utilized to verify the reliability of causality employing sensitivity analysis, heterogeneity analysis, and horizontal pleiotropy analysis.

RESULTS

Our findings indicate a significant correlation between increased IL-6 levels and a reduced risk of AD (P = 0.009, OR = 0.941, 95%CI = 0.899- 0.985), along with elevated levels of CD28+ CD45RA- CD8br AC (P = 0.007, OR = 1.159, 95%CI = 1.007- 1.333). Also indicates a significant correlation between increased CD28+ CD45RA- CD8br AC (P = 0.005, OR = 0.983, 95%CI = 0.971- 0.995) levels and a reduced risk of AD. Therefore, through MVMR analysis, the effect of IL-6 on AD increased from -0.061 to -0.046 (95% CI: -0.090, -0.002) after genetic adjustment for CD28+ CD45RA- CD8br AC.

CONCLUSIONS

Increased CD28+ CD45RA- CD8br AC levels appear to partially mediate the effect of IL-6 on reducing AD risk.

Inhibitory effect of Alantolactone against varicella-zoster virus in vitro

BACKGROUND

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a member of the α-herpesvirus family, is known for causing two distinct diseases: chickenpox (varicella) during the primary infection and shingles (zoster) due to reactivation of the virus later in life. Although there are vaccines available to prevent VZV infection, it is still not universally effective, and antiviral treatments for VZV are limited and may come with significant side effects. Thus, development of novel therapeutics is urgently needed.

METHODS

We identified a naturally occurring Alantolactone (ALT) that inhibited replication of recombinant VZV in human diploid fibroblast (WI-38 cells) and Adult Retinal Pigment Epithelial cell line-19 (ARPE-19 cells) through Western blotting, qPCR and plaque assays. Subsequently, we explored the mechanism underlying the anti-VZV activity of ALT using time-of-addition experiments and transcriptomic analyses.

RESULTS

A screening model was established for anti-VZV compounds, and we screened ALT was with good anti-VZV efficacy. Our findings revealed that ALT alleviated cytopathic changes, reduced viral titres, and inhibited the expression of viral genes and proteins in WI-38 cells and ARPE-19 cells. Furthermore, our data showed that ALT inhibited VZV infection in intracellular viral replication. Finally, multiple inflammatory pathways were involved in the antiviral role of ALT, and IL-6 was one of the most critical hub genes.

CONCLUSION

Together, our findings identify ALT as an anti-VZV agent that may prove useful in the treatment of VZV replication.

Chronic Exposure to Fluxapyroxad Exacerbated Susceptibility to Colitis in Mice via a Gut Microbiota-Indole Derivatives-Th17/Treg Cell Balance Axis

Fluxapyroxad is the most commonly used succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide. This work investigated its adverse effects on colitis susceptibility and explored the underlying mechanisms based on a mouse model. After 13 weeks of exposure at the acceptable daily intake (ADI) level, fluxapyroxad exacerbated the susceptibility to colitis, impaired the intestinal barrier, and elevated proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines of the colon in mice. It was found that this toxic effect was caused by the disruption of the gut microbiome. Specifically, the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Muribaculaceae decreased, while Desulfovibrionaceae and Eggerthellaceae increased. Altered microbiota reduced fecal indole derivatives, including indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and indole-3-acrylic acid (IArA), inhibiting aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation, disrupting immune homeostasis by overactivating Th17 cells and insufficient Treg cell differentiation, and causing mild colonic inflammation. Oral antibiotic-treated mice and fecal transfer experiments validated the pathway. Susceptibility to colitis induced by fluxapyroxad was not detected in the oral antibiotic-treated mice. Fecal transfer of the disordered gut microbiota caused by fluxapyroxad could aggravate the severity of colitis in recipient oral antibiotic-treated mice that did not receive fluxapyroxad exposure. In conclusion, chronic fluxapyroxad exposure at the ADI level exacerbated colitis via a gut microbiota-indole derivatives-Treg/Th17 cell balance axis, offering a new risk assessment perspective of fluxapyroxad.

Escherichia coli aggravates inflammatory response in mice oral mucositis through regulating Th17/Treg imbalance

Introduction

Microbial dysbiosis links to mucosal immune dysregulation, but the specific bacterial contributions to oral mucosal inflammation remain unclear. Escherichia coli (E. coli), a pathogen well-characterized in mucosal immunity and immune regulation studies, has been observed to be enriched in chronic oral inflammatory lesions and was reported to modulate T helper 17 cells (Th17)/T regulatory cells (Treg) homeostasis. Here, we developed an oral mucositis mouse model via tongue scratch and E. coli topical application to investigate its role in Th17/Treg imbalance.

Methods

The inflammatory infiltration was evaluated by macroscopic photography and HE staining. The expression of inflammatory factors in tongue tissue and peripheral blood of mice were detected by immunohistochemical staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The number of Th17 and Treg in mice spleen lymphocytes were evaluated with flow cytometry. Differential gene expression analysis, functional enrichment analysis and immune infiltration analysis were performed using RNA-seq data from oral lichen planus (OLP).

Results

E. coli stimulation aggravated inflammatory responses induced by scratching in lingual mucosa of mice, including increased local and systemic expression of interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 17 (IL17), chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) and chemokine C-C motif ligand 20 (CCL20), increased proportions of Th17 cells and increased Th17/Treg ratio in spleen lymphocytes. Analysis of RNA-seq data from OLP revealed alterations in antimicrobial responses and inflammatory factors associated with upregulation of Th17/Treg balance.

Conclusion

This study supports the role of E. coli in promoting oral mucosal inflammation and provides an experimental basis for in vivo study of OLP from the perspective of microorganisms.

Interventions in cytokine signaling: novel horizons for psoriasis treatment

Intricate interactions between immune cells and cytokines define psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is immunological-mediated. Cytokines, including interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), chemokines, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), are essential for controlling cellular activity and immunological responses, maintaining homeostasis and contributing to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. These molecules modulate the immune microenvironment by either promoting or suppressing inflammation, which significantly impacts therapeutic outcomes. Recent research indicates that treatment strategies targeting cytokines and chemokines have significant potential, offering new approaches for regulating the immune system, inhibiting the progression of psoriasis, and reducing adverse effects of traditional therapies. This review consolidates current knowledge on cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways in psoriasis and examines their significance in treatment. Specific attention is given to cytokines like IL-17, IL-23, and TNF-α, underscoring the necessity for innovative therapies to modulate these pathways and address inflammatory processes. This review emphasizes the principal part of cytokines in the -pathological process of psoriasis and explores the challenges and opportunities they present for therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, we examine recent advancements in targeted therapies, with a particular focus on monoclonal antibodies, in ongoing research and clinical trials.

Immune status assessment based on plasma proteomics with meta graph convolutional networks

Plasma proteins, especially immune-related proteins, are vital for assessing immune health and predicting disease risks. Despite their significance, the link between these proteins and systemic immune function remains unclear. To bridge this gap, researchers developed ProMetaGCN, a model integrating meta-learning, graph convolutional networks, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) data to evaluate immune status via plasma proteomics. This framework identified 309 immune-related factors with associated biological functions and pathways. Using six machine learning methods, four algorithms (Random Forest, LightGBM, XGBoost, Lasso) were selected for immune profiling and aging analysis, revealing ADAMTS13, GDF15, and SERPINF2 as key biomarkers. Validation across two COVID-19 cohorts confirmed the model's robustness, showing immune status correlates with infection progression and recovery. Furthermore, the study proposed ImmuneAgeGap, a novel metric linking immune profiles to survival rates in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. These insights advance personalized immune health strategies and disease prevention.

JAK-STAT pathway, type I/II cytokines, and new potential therapeutic strategy for autoimmune bullous diseases: update on pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid

Autoimmune Bullous Diseases (AIBDs), characterized by the formation of blisters due to autoantibodies targeting structural proteins, pose significant therapeutic challenges. Current treatments, often involving glucocorticoids or traditional immunosuppressants, are limited by their non-specificity and side effects. Cytokines play a pivotal role in AIBDs pathogenesis by driving inflammation and immune responses. The JAK-STAT pathway is central to the biological effects of various type I and II cytokines, making it an attractive therapeutic target. Preliminary reports suggest that JAK inhibitors may be a promising approach in PV and BP, but further clinical validation is required. In AIBDs, particularly bullous pemphigoid (BP) and pemphigus vulgaris (PV), JAK inhibitors have shown promise in modulating pathogenic cytokine signaling. However, the safety and selectivity of JAK inhibitors remain critical considerations, with the potential for adverse effects and the need for tailored treatment strategies. This review explores the role of cytokines and the JAK-STAT pathway in BP and PV, evaluating the therapeutic potential and challenges associated with JAK inhibitors in managing these complex disorders.

Effects of Oral Amino Acid Supplementation on Physical Activity, Systemic Inflammation, and Quality of Life in Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis: A Single-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study

Background/Objective: Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a common, life-threatening genetic disorder that leads to progressive lung function decline, respiratory failure, and premature death. Musculoskeletal complications, affecting both peripheral and respiratory muscles, are major concerns in CF patients. Inflammatory cytokines seem to be responsible for the activation of the molecular pathways involved in the imbalance between protein synthesis and catabolism, with consequent loss of muscle mass and function. This study aims to assess the effects of amino acid supplements on functional status, muscle mass and strength, inflammation, and quality of life in adult CF patients. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial with 60 adult CF patients, aged 18 or older. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either amino acid supplementation or a placebo for 4 weeks. Physical function tests and self-assessment questionnaires on quality of life, global health, and sleep status, as well as blood samples to measure pro-inflammatory cytokines, were performed at baseline and after the treatment period. Results: The amino acid supplementation group showed a significant improvement in self-perceived physical performance and health status. Interleukin-6 serum levels were significantly reduced in this group compared to those who received the placebo (p = 0.042). Conclusions: Amino acid supplementation in adult CF patients improves self-perception of health status and may reduce systemic inflammation, significantly decreasing serum levels of Interleukin-6. This suggests potential benefits for the overall well-being of CF patients and a reduction in their inflammatory status.

STAT Signature Dish: Serving Immunity with a Side of Dietary Control

Immunity is a fundamental aspect of animal biology, defined as the host's ability to detect and defend against harmful pathogens and toxic substances to preserve homeostasis. However, immune defenses are metabolically demanding, requiring the efficient allocation of limited resources to balance immune function with other physiological and developmental needs. To achieve this balance, organisms have evolved sophisticated signaling networks that enable precise, context-specific responses to internal and external cues. These networks are essential for survival and adaptation in multicellular systems. Central to this regulatory architecture is the STAT (signal transducer and activator of Transcription) family, a group of versatile signaling molecules that govern a wide array of biological processes across eukaryotes. STAT signaling demonstrates remarkable plasticity, from orchestrating host defense mechanisms to regulating dietary metabolism. Despite its critical role, the cell-specific and context-dependent nuances of STAT signaling remain incompletely understood, highlighting a significant gap in our understanding. This review delves into emerging perspectives on immunity, presenting dynamic frameworks to explore the complexity and adaptability of STAT signaling and the underlying logic driving cellular decision-making. It emphasizes how STAT pathways integrate diverse physiological processes, from immune responses to dietary regulation, ultimately supporting organismal balance and homeostasis.

Effects of glycyrrhetinic acid on production performance, serum biochemical indexes, ruminal parameters, and rumen microflora of beef cattle

This research was carried out to assess the impact of supplementing with glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) on production performance, serum biochemical indexes, ruminal parameters, and rumen bacterial flora of beef cattle. Twenty-four Simmental bulls were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments (n = 12 per treatment): the control treatment (basal ration, CON) and the GA treatment (basal ration supplemented with GA at 0.1% DM). After an 87-day feeding trial (7-day adaptation period and 80-day period dedicated to data and sample collection), feces, blood, and rumen fluid samples were collected on day 87. The GA addition significantly increased the average daily gain of beef cattle (p < 0.05). The GA treatment exhibited significantly greater apparent digestibility of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber than the control treatment (p < 0.05). Total volatile fatty acid concentration, microbial protein concentration, and propionic acid concentration in the rumen fluid were significantly increased by GA addition (p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the interleukin-4 concentration was significantly higher in GA treatment (p < 0.05). The indices, including operational taxonomic units (OTUs), Sobs, Shannon, Ace, and Chao1, were found to be greater in the GA treatment. At the phyla level, GA addition (p < 0.05) significantly decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, while also significantly decreasing the Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes ratios. At the genera level, the relative abundance of Prevotella, NK4A214_group, norank_f_UCG-011, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Christensenellaceae_R-7_treatment, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, norank_f_Bacteroidales_UCG-001, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Butyrivibrio significantly differed due to GA addition (p < 0.05). Carbohydrate and amino acid transport and metabolism, as well as energy production and conversion, were significantly enriched in the GA treatment (p < 0.05). In summary, the findings indicated that adding glycyrrhetinic acid to the diet could improve growth performance and modify the rumen microbial composition and diversity of beef cattle.

Resolution of inflammation during rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes synovial joint inflammation as well as bone destruction and erosion, typically characterized by joint pain, swelling, and stiffness, with complications and persistent pain after remission posing a significant health burden for RA patients. The etiology of RA has not yet been fully elucidated, but a large number of studies have shown that the initiation of inflammation in RA is closely related to T-cell activation, the production of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines, macrophage M1/M2 imbalance, homeostatic imbalance of the intestinal flora, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) and synovial tissue macrophages (STMs) in the synovial lumen of joints that exhibit an aggressive phenotype. While the resolution of RA is less discussed, therefore, we provided a systematic review of the relevant remission mechanisms including blocking T cell activation, regulating macrophage polarization status, modulating the signaling pathway of FLSs, modulating the subpopulation of STMs, and inhibiting the relevant inflammatory factors, as well as the probable causes of persistent arthritis pain after the remission of RA and its pain management methods. Achieving resolution in RA is crucial for improving the quality of life and long-term prognosis of patients. Thus, understanding these mechanisms provide novel potential for further drug development and treatment of RA.

Hyper-IgE Syndrome: A Case Report with Insights from Bioinformatics Analysis of Key Pathways and Genes

Purpose

This study reports on a patient with High IgE Syndrome(HIES), focusing on clinical manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms through bioinformatics to enhance understanding and treatment.

Patients and Methods

The patient received appropriate interventions and was currently undergoing treatment with close monitoring. Additionally, bioinformatics analyses were conducted to investigate potential signaling pathways and key genes associated with HIES.

Results

A 28-year-old woman presented with a 6-month history of cough, worsening dyspnea, and eczema was diagnosed with HIES after elevated immunoglobulin levels and a STAT3 mutation. Initially, she declined immunoglobulin therapy, but showed improvement with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and subsequently required intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for ongoing management. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that these genes were primarily associated with infection-related signaling pathways, consistent with the susceptibility to infections observed in HIES patients. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis highlighted the importance of key genes such as IL6, CDH2, and CLDN1.

Conclusion

Increased HIES awareness among healthcare providers is crucial for patients with recurrent infections, requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Our study identified IL6, CDH2, and CLDN1 as key factors in HIES progression, suggesting naive B cells and dormant mast cells may be involved.

Unveiling the Therapeutic Potential of Banxia Xiexin Decoction in Alzheimer's Disease: Insights From Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with various pathological states for which there is no effective treatment. First documented in the Eastern Han Dynasty's medical classic, "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases" (200-210 Anno Domini), Banxia Xiexin Decoction (BXD) stands as a quintessential approach to treating spleen ailments. Recent studies have shown BXD's effectiveness in mitigating memory impairment associated with AD. Yet, the precise mechanisms underlying BXD's action against AD require further exploration.

Aim of the Study

To explore the important components of BXD in exerting anti-AD effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms using network pharmacology, metabolomics analysis, and in vitro and in vivo validation strategies. Initially, candidates for BXD's application in AD therapy were identified through extensive database searches, followed by an analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPI). To elucidate BXD's therapeutic pathways in AD, we engaged in Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) assessments. Further, we delved into BXD's primary constituents through ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with Q Exactive mass spectrometry and molecular docking techniques. Finally, AD-associated Aβ42-SY5Y cells and APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice models were utilized to further determine the activity and mechanisms of BXD through various molecular or phenotypic assays and metabolomics analysis.

Results

Our findings identified the PI3K/Akt signaling pathways as central to BXD's effects. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we found the activity of BXD against AD to be mediated by the suppression of neuroinflammation and apoptosis, accompanied by activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Finally, we observed robust changes in metabolite levels in the plasma of BXD-treated APP/PS1 mice.

Conclusion

Through systematic data analysis and experimental validation, the therapeutic advantages and fundamental molecular mechanisms of BXD in treating AD were revealed. These findings underscore the promising prospects and compelling potential of BXD, which targets the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and inflammation, apoptosis, as a therapeutic strategy for improving AD.

Inflammation in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review

Inflammation appears to play a crucial role in the development and progression of penile cancer (PeCa). Two molecular pathways of PeCa are currently described: HPV-dependent and HPV-independent. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of PeCa is characterized by the presence of tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. The components of the TIME produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which have been found to be overexpressed in PeCa tissues and are associated with tumor progression and unfavorable prognoses. Additionally, the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) have been implicated in PeCa pathogenesis. Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) have been identified as potential prognostic biomarkers in PeCa. This overview presents the complex contribution of the inflammatory process and collates projects aimed at modulating TIME in PeCa.

Identification and validation of the common pathogenesis and hub biomarkers in Papillary thyroid carcinoma complicated by rheumatoid arthritis

BACKGROUND

Papillary thyroid carcinoma coexisting with rheumatoid arthritis is frequently observed in clinical patients, yet its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. This investigation sought to further explore the molecular underpinnings of these two diseases.

METHODS

Gene expression profiles for thyroid papillary carcinoma and rheumatoid arthritis patients were obtained from the Comprehensive Gene Expression Database (GEO). Following the discovery of shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these two conditions, three separate analyses were conducted. These included functional annotation, the establishment of a protein‒protein interaction (PPI) network and module, and the identification of hub genes via coexpression analysis. The final step involved the validation of target genes via clinical specimens.

RESULTS

This study analyzed datasets from four GEO databases and identified 64 common DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these genes are predominantly associated with pathways related to immunity and signal transduction. Protein‒protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed complex interactions among these differentially expressed genes and highlighted several genes that may play pivotal roles in shared pathological mechanisms, namely, CCR5, CD4, IL6, CXCL13, FOXM1, CXCL9, and CXCL10.

CONCLUSION

Our study highlights the shared pathogenesis between papillary thyroid cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. Shared pathways and crucial genes could offer novel perspectives for subsequent investigations into the mechanisms of these diseases.

Research Progress on the Immune Function of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells in Sepsis

Sepsis is a complex clinical syndrome closely associated with the occurrence of acute organ dysfunction and is often characterized by high mortality. Due to the rapid progression of sepsis, early diagnosis and intervention are crucial. Recent research has focused on exploring the pathological response involved in the process of sepsis. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are a special type of endothelial cell and an important component of liver non-parenchymal cells. Unlike general endothelial cells, which mainly provide a barrier function within the body, LSECs also have important functions in the clearance and regulation of the immune response. LSECs are not only vital antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the immune system but also play a significant role in the development of infectious diseases and tumors through their specific immune regulatory pathways. However, in certain disease states, the functions of LSECs may be impaired, leading to immune imbalance and the development of organ failure. Investigating the immune pathways of LSECs in sepsis may provide new solutions for the prevention and treatment of sepsis and is crucial for maintaining microcirculation and improving patient outcomes.

Progress of ADAM17 in Fibrosis-Related Diseases

Fibrosis leads to structural damage and functional decline and is characterized by an accumulation of fibrous connective tissue and a reduction in parenchymal cells. Because of its extremely poor prognosis, organ fibrosis poses a significant economic burden. In order to prevent and treat fibrosis more effectively, potential mechanisms need to be investigated. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) is a membrane-bound protein. It regulates intracellular signaling and membrane protein degradation. Fibrosis mediated by ADAM17 has been identified as an important contributor, although the specific relationship between its multiple regulatory functions and the pathogenesis is unclear. This article describes ADAM17 activation, function, and regulation, as well as the role of ADAM17 mediated fibrosis injury in kidney, liver, heart, lung, skin, endometrium, and retina. To develop new therapeutic approaches based on ADAM17 related signal pathways.

Human Recombinant Interleukin-6 and Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Improve Inner Cell Mass Cell Number but Lack Cryoprotective Activities on In Vitro-Produced Bovine Blastocysts

This work explored whether supplementing recombinant human interleukin-6 (IL6), interleukin-11 (IL11), or leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) improves IVP bovine embryo development, morphology, and cryosurvivability. Embryos were treated from day 5 to 8 post-fertilization with either the carrier only (control) or 100 ng/mL of IL6, IL11, or LIF. Blastocyst formation and stage were determined on day 7 and 8. A subset of day 8 blastocysts was processed for immunofluorescence to count trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM) cell numbers and another subset was slow frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen until thawing. No differences in the blastocyst rate or blastocyst stage of development were detected. Increases in ICM cell numbers were observed for IL6 and LIF but not the IL11 treatment. None of the cytokine treatments applied before freezing affected post-thaw survival, TE or ICM cell number, or cell death 24 h after thawing. In conclusion, supplementing IL6 and LIF improves ICM cell numbers in non-frozen blastocysts, but there was no evidence that any of these cytokine treatments contain cryoprotective properties in bovine embryos.

COVID-19 Induces Greater NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Obese Patients than Other Chronic Illnesses: A Case-Control Study

Obesity has been identified as an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19 unfavorable outcomes. Several factors, such as increased ACE2 receptor expression and chronic inflammation, can contribute to this relationship, yet the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway is also a key element. Our primary goal was to determine whether chronic NLRP3 inflammasome activation in people with obesity is different in critical COVID-19 and in critical chronic conditions. A retrospective analysis was conducted using clinical data and post-mortem lung tissue samples from 14 COVID-19 patients with obesity (group A) and 9 patients with obesity who died from non-COVID-19 causes (group B). Immunohistochemical analysis assessed twelve markers related to the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Group A showed a significantly higher expression of ASC (p = 0.0387) and CASP-1 (p = 0.0142). No significant differences were found for IL-8, TNF-α, NF-kB, NLRP3, IL-1β, and gasdermin-D. Group B had higher levels of IL-6 (p < 0.0001), IL-18 (p = 0.002), CASP-9 (p < 0.0001), and HIF (p = 0.0327). We concluded that COVID-19 activates the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, possibly leading to pyroptotic cell death mediated by caspase-1. In contrast, people with obesity without COVID-19, despite exhibiting some markers of the NLRP3 inflammasome, are more likely to experience necroptosis mediated by caspase-9.

Single-cell analysis reveals cellular heterogeneity, gene expression profiles, and pathway dynamics in acne vulgaris

Acne vulgaris is a common dermatological condition, particularly in adolescents, and is associated with significant physical and psychological impacts. Its pathogenesis involves genetic factors, sebaceous gland dysfunction, inflammatory responses, and alterations in skin microbiota. Despite advancements in treatment, a comprehensive understanding of its cellular and molecular mechanisms remains limited, making therapeutic strategies challenging. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from six acne vulgaris patients were obtained from the GEO database (GSE175817), filtered, and integrated. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and subjected to functional enrichment analysis to explore the underlying pathogenesis. Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) was used to investigate metabolic pathway alterations, and ligand-receptor interactions were analyzed to examine cell-to-cell communication between lesional and non-lesional skin tissues. The integration of scRNA-seq data yielded the identification of eight distinct cell clusters, including endothelial cells, myeloid cells, lymphocytes, melanocytes, sebaceous gland cells, smooth muscle cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The proportions of lymphoid and myeloid cells were found to be significantly different between the lesional and non-lesional sites. The differential expression of genes (DEGs) was found to be significantly specific to the different cell clusters. Abnormal intercellular communication was found to result in a substantial increase in the number and intensity of communications in the area of acne vulgaris lesions. Moreover, specific ligand-receptor pairs for SPP1 and IL6 associated with acne vulgaris were identified. Furthermore, the presence of specific alterations in metabolic pathways, including riboflavin metabolism, niacin metabolism, and lipoic acid metabolism, was observed. Our findings demonstrate the cellular heterogeneity and dysfunction of intercellular communication and metabolic signaling in the lesional skin tissues of patients with acne vulgaris. These findings have important implications for understanding the complex biological processes of acne vulgaris.

Exploring Advances in Natural Plant Molecules for Allergic Rhinitis Immunomodulation in Vivo and in Vitro

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a prevalent allergic disease that imposes significant economic burdens and life pressures on individuals, families, and society, particularly in the context of accelerating globalization and increasing pathogenic factors. Current clinical therapies for AR include antihistamines, glucocorticoids administered via various routes, leukotriene receptor antagonists, immunotherapy, and several decongestants. These treatments have demonstrated efficacy in alleviating clinical symptoms and pathological states. However, with the growing awareness of AR and rising expectations for improvements in quality of life, these treatments have become associated with a higher incidence of side effects and an elevated risk of drug resistance. Furthermore, the development of AR is intricately associated with dysregulation of the immune system, yet the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In contrast, widely available natural plant molecules offer multiple targeting pathways that uniquely modify the typical pathophysiology of AR through immunomodulatory processes. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of both in vivo and in vitro studies on natural plant molecules that modulate immunity for treating AR. Additionally, we examine their specific mechanisms of action in animal models to provide new insights for developing safe and effective targeted therapies while guiding experimental and clinical applications against AR.

Interleukin-11 receptor is an alternative α-receptor for interleukin-6 and the chimeric cytokine IC7

The cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) signals via the IL-6 α-receptor (IL-6Rα or IL-6R) in complex with the gp130 β-receptor. Cell type restricted expression of the IL-6R limits the action of IL-6 mainly to hepatocytes and some immune cells. Here, we show that IL-6 also binds to the IL-11 α receptor (IL-11Rα or IL-11R) and induces signaling via IL-11R:gp130 complexes, albeit with a lower affinity compared to IL-11. Antagonistic antibodies directed against IL-11R, but not IL-6R, inhibit IL-6 signaling via IL-11R:gp130 receptor complexes. Notably, IL-11 did not cross-react with IL-6R. IL-11R has also been identified as an alternative α receptor for the CNTF/IL-6-derived chimeric cytokine IC7, which has recently been shown to induce weight loss in mice. Accordingly, the effects of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against IL-6 or IL-6R, which both block IL-6 signaling, may be slightly different. These findings provide new insights into IL-6 signaling and therefore offer new potential therapeutic intervention options in the future.

The High Levels of Soluble Receptors for Tumor Necrosis Factor and Heart Injury in Children with the Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Associated with Coronavirus Infection: Is This Just a Coincidence? A Proof-of-Concept Study

(1) Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS) is a relatively rare complication of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). So far, it is unclear why COVID-19 in children has usually mild or asymptomatic courses, whereas PIMS, which develops several weeks after COVID-19, is a serious life-threatening condition. (2) In this proof-of-concept study, using the ELISA method, we compared selected clinical and immunological parameters in small groups of children with PIMS and COVID-19. Children with various inflammatory diseases were included as a control. (3) Patients with PIMS revealed significantly higher levels of pro-inflammatory molecules (C-reactive protein and IL-6) and markers of heart injury (troponin I and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide) as compared to other groups. Moreover, these markers correlated with increased levels of soluble receptors for tumor necrosis factor (sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2). (4) Our observation may be a step forward to better understand the phenomenon of mild COVID-19 in children and its severe complications in PIMS. It is hypothesized that the delayed inflammation results in excessive cardiomyocyte damage and the release of sTNF-R1 and -R2. Therefore, possibly the involvement of the TNF pathway in PIMS could be explored as a potential therapeutic target. However, further studies are required to validate this approach.

Development and Validation of a Diagnostic Model for Stanford Type B Aortic Dissection Based on Proteomic Profiling

Purpose

Stanford Type B Aortic Dissection (TBAD), a critical aortic disease, has exhibited stable mortality rates over the past decade. However, diagnostic approaches for TBAD during routine health check-ups are currently lacking. This study focused on developing a model to improve the diagnosis in a population.

Patients and Methods

Serum biomarkers were investigated in 88 participants using proteomic profiling combined with machine learning. The findings were validated using ELISA in other 80 participants. Subsequently, a diagnostic model for TBAD integrating biomarkers with clinical indicators was developed and assessed using machine learning.

Results

Six differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified through proteomic profiling and machine learning in discovery and derivation cohorts. Five of these (GDF-15, IL6, CD58, LY9, and Siglec-7) were further verified through ELISA validation within the validation cohort. In addition, ten blood-related indicators were selected as clinical indicators. Combining biomarkers and clinical indicators, the machine learning-based models performed well (AUC of the biomarker model = 0.865, AUC of the clinical model = 0.904, and AUC of the combined model = 0.909) using relative quantitation. The performance of the three models was verified (AUC of biomarker model = 0.866, AUC of clinical model = 0.868, and AUC of combined model = 0.886) using absolute quantitation. Crucially, the combined models outperformed individual biomarkers and clinical models, demonstrating superior efficacy.

Conclusion

Using proteomic profiling, we identified serum IL-6, GDF-15, CD58, LY9, and Siglec-7 as TBAD biomarkers. The machine-learning-based diagnostic model exhibited significant potential for TBAD diagnosis using only blood samples within the population.

Bile acid synthesis impedes tumor-specific T cell responses during liver cancer

The metabolic landscape of cancer greatly influences antitumor immunity, yet it remains unclear how organ-specific metabolites in the tumor microenvironment influence immunosurveillance. We found that accumulation of primary conjugated and secondary bile acids (BAs) are metabolic features of human hepatocellular carcinoma and experimental liver cancer models. Inhibiting conjugated BA synthesis in hepatocytes through deletion of the BA-conjugating enzyme bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAAT) enhanced tumor-specific T cell responses, reduced tumor growth, and sensitized tumors to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) immunotherapy. Furthermore, different BAs regulated CD8+ T cells differently; primary BAs induced oxidative stress, whereas the secondary BA lithocholic acid inhibited T cell function through endoplasmic reticulum stress, which was countered by ursodeoxycholic acid. We demonstrate that modifying BA synthesis or dietary intake of ursodeoxycholic acid could improve tumor immunotherapy in liver cancer model systems.

Long-term increase in soluble interleukin-6 receptor levels in convalescents after mild COVID-19 infection

Introduction

Serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) are increased in COVID-19 patients. IL-6 is an effective therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases and tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks signaling via the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), is used to treat patients with severe COVID-19. However, the IL-6R exists in membrane-bound and soluble forms (sIL-6R), and the sIL-6R in combination with soluble glycoprotein 130 (sgp130) forms an IL-6-neutralizing buffer system capable of neutralizing small amounts of IL-6.

Methods

In this study, we analyzed serum levels of IL-6, sIL-6R and sgp130 in the serum of COVID-19 convalescent individuals with a history of mild COVID-19 disease and in acute severely ill COVID-19 patients compared to uninfected control subjects. Furthermore, we used single cell RNA sequencing data in order to determine which immune cell types are sources and targets of the individual cytokines and whether their expression is altered in severe COVID-19 patients.

Results

We find that sIL-6R levels are not only increased in acute severely ill patients, but also in convalescents after a mild COVID-19 infection. We show that this increase in sIL-6R results in an enhanced capacity of the sIL-6R/sgp130 buffer system, but that significantly enhanced free IL-6 is still present due to an overload of the buffer. Further, we identify IL-6 serum levels, age and the number of known pre-existing medical conditions as crucial determinants of disease outcome for the patients. We also show that IL-11 has no major systemic role in COVID-19 patients and that sCD25 is only increased in acute severely ill COVID-19 patients, but not in mild convalescent individuals.

Discussion

In conclusion, our study shows long-lasting alterations of the IL-6 system after COVID-19 disease, which might be relevant when applying anti-IL-6 or anti-IL-6R therapy.

Causal Relationship Between Gluten-Free Diet and Autoimmune-Related Disease Risk: A Comprehensive Mendelian Randomization Study

While the gluten-free diet (GFD) is primarily used to treat celiac disease (CD), recent research suggests it may also offer benefits for autoimmune-related diseases (ARDs), though findings remain inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effect of a GFD against ARDs by Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis. Utilizing data from over 500,000 samples from the UK Biobank and other publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWAS), MR analysis revealed a significant negative causal relationship between GFD and the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (OR = 0.782, 95% CI = [0.727-0.841], p < 0.001). Mediation analysis identified immune cells such as CD14+ CD16+ monocyte absolute count (mediating 2.441% of the effect), CD14+ CD16+ monocyte percentage (2.346%), and CD20 on IgD+ CD38^dim B cells (3.119%) as potential mediators in the protective effect of GFD on RA. These findings suggest that GFD may help reduce RA risk by modulating specific immune cell populations. However, further research is necessary to clarify the exact mechanisms underlying these associations.

Clozapine Induces Agranulocytosis via Inflammatory and Hematopoietic Cytokine Induction of the JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway: Evidence From Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

BACKGROUND

Clozapine exhibits significant therapeutic efficacy in schizophrenia, especially treatment-resistant schizophrenia. However, clozapine can cause agranulocytosis, a fatal adverse effect, and the aim of this study is to explore this mechanism based on network pharmacology and molecular docking.

METHOD

Six and two databases were used to identify targets associated with clozapine and agranulocytosis, respectively. The bioinformatics online platform was used to identify overlaps between the drug and disease targets. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was characterized using Cystoscope 3.10.1 and STRING. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) were analyzed using the DAVID online platform. A drug-target-pathway-disease network was constructed utilizing Cystoscope 3.10.1. The Auto Dock Vina and PyMOL software were used to verify the molecular docking of clozapine and core targets.

RESULTS

The analysis revealed 188 overlapping targets. The PPI and KEGG enrichment pathway analyses demonstrated that clozapine induces agranulocytosis by modulating the hematopoietic cell lineage and JAK-STAT signaling pathways via interleukin-3 (IL3), IL6, IL2 receptor subunit alpha (IL2RA), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Binding energies between clozapine and core targets were favorable (< -7.0 kcal/mol).

CONCLUSION

Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis may be linked to the JAK-STAT inflammatory signaling pathway through inflammatory and hematopoietic-related cytokines. Our findings enhance our comprehension of the potential mechanisms underlying clozapine-induced agranulocytosis.

Panduratin A Inhibits TNF Alpha-Stimulated Endothelial Cell Activation Through Suppressing the NF-κB Pathway

Upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli including TNF-α, endothelial cells are activated leading to the adhesion of monocytes to their surface. These events are involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Since TNF-α activates the NF-κB pathway, which contributes to atherosclerosis, targeting this signaling pathway may help prevent the risk of developing the disease. The current study elucidated the inhibitory effect of panduratin A (PA) on TNF-α-induced endothelial activation and monocyte adhesion. We discovered that PA reduced the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and chemokine MCP-1 in the media collected from endothelial cells stimulated with TNF-α. In addition, PA inhibited the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on the surface of TNF-α-induced endothelial cells resulting in a decrease in the number of monocytes attached to endothelial cell surface. Mechanistically, PA prevented IκB degradation and specifically suppressed NF-κB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in endothelial cells. However, PA had no inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2, p38, and JNK. Taken together, PA blocked the production of cytokine and chemokine, adhesion molecules, and monocyte adhesion in response to TNF-α stimulation, in part, through NF-κB inhibition. Our study suggests that PA may possibly be effective in blocking the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.

Exploring the preventive effects of Jie Geng Tang on pulmonary fibrosis induced in vitro and in vivo: a network pharmacology approach

Pulmonary fibrosis is a debilitating lung disease marked by excessive fibrotic tissue accumulation, which significantly impairs respiratory function. Given the limitations of current therapies, there is an increasing interest in exploring traditional herbal formulations like Jie Geng Tang (JGT) for treatment. This study examines the potential of JGT and its bioactive component, quercetin, in reversing bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. We employed a BLM-induced MLE-12 cell damage model for in vitro studies and a bleomycin-induced fibrosis model in C57BL/6 mice for in vivo experiments. In vitro assessments showed that JGT significantly enhanced cell viability and reduced apoptosis in MLE-12 cells treated with BLM. These findings underscore JGT's potential for cytoprotection against fibrotic agents. In vivo, JGT was effective in modulating the expression of E-cadherin and vimentin, key markers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway, indicating its role in mitigating EMT-associated fibrotic changes in lung tissue. Quercetin, identified through network pharmacology analysis as a potential key bioactive component of JGT, was highlighted for its role in the regulatory mechanisms underlying fibrosis progression, particularly through the modulation of the IL-17 pathway and Il6 expression. By targeting inflammatory pathways and key processes like EMT, JGT and quercetin offer a potent alternative to conventional therapies, meriting further clinical exploration to harness their full therapeutic potential in fibrotic diseases.

Acupuncture Treats Sepsis through Immune Modulation and Organ Protection

Sepsis is a secondary condition resulting from severe systemic infections. It is a significant contributor to mortality in critically ill patients with rapid onset and severe symptoms. Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medical treatment. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that acupuncture, as an important synergistic therapy, has promising therapeutic effects in the treatment of sepsis. This paper reviews the mechanisms of immunomodulation and target organ protection associated with acupuncture and synergistic drug acupuncture in the treatment of sepsis. It also integrates existing studies to elucidate the modulation of the immune system and the protective effect of acupuncture on target organs.

The role of chemokines and interleukins in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a systematic review

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood hematological malignancy, but it also affects adult patients with worse prognosis and outcomes. Leukemic cells benefit from protective mechanisms, which are mediated by intercellular signaling molecules - cytokines. Through these signals, cytokines modulate the biology of leukemic cells and their surroundings, enhancing the proliferation, survival, and chemoresistance of the disease. This ultimately leads to disease progression, refractoriness, and relapse, decreasing the chances of curability and overall survival of the patients. Targeting and modulating these pathological processes without affecting the healthy physiology is desirable, offering more possibilities for the treatment of ALL patients, which still remains unsatisfactory in certain cases. In this review, we comprehensively analyze the existing literature and ongoing trials regarding the role of chemokines and interleukins in the biology of ALL. Focusing on the functional pathways, genetic background, and critical checkpoints, we constructed a summary of molecules that are promising for prognostic stratification and mainly therapeutic use. Targeted therapy, including chemokine and interleukin pathways, is a new and promising approach to the treatment of cancer. With the expansion of our knowledge, we are able to uncover a spectrum of new potential checkpoints in order to modulate the disease biology. Several cytokine-related targets are advancing toward clinical application, offering the hope of higher disease response rates to treatment.

Bioinformatics Identification and Validation of Ferroptosis-Related Key Genes and Therapeutic Compounds in Septic Lung Injury

Background

Septic lung injury (SLI) is a severe condition with high mortality, and ferroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is implicated in its pathogenesis. However, the explicit mechanisms underlying this condition remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate and validate key ferroptosis-related genes involved in the pathogenesis of SLI through bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation.

Methods

Microarray data related to SLI from the GSE130936 dataset were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. These data were then intersected with the FerrDb database to obtain ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and functional enrichment analysis were employed to identify key ferroptosis-related DEGs. The Connectivity Map (c-MAP) tool was used to search for potential compounds or drugs that may inhibit ferroptosis-related DEGs. The transcriptional levels of the key genes and potential therapeutic compounds were verified in an LPS-induced mouse model of lung injury. The expression of these key genes was further verified using the GSE60088 and GSE137342 datasets.

Results

38 ferroptosis-related DEGs were identified between the septic and control mice. PPI network analysis revealed four modules, the most significant of which included eight ferroptosis-related DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis showed that these genes were enriched in the HIF-1 signaling pathway, including IL-6 (Interleukin-6), TIMP1 (Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 1), HIF-1α (Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α), and HMOX1 (Heme Oxygenase-1). Phloretin, a natural compound, was identified as a potential inhibitor of these genes. Treatment with phloretin significantly reduced the expression of these genes (p < 0.05), mitigated lung injury, improved inflammatory profiles by approximately 50%, and ferroptosis profiles by nearly 30% in the SLI models.

Conclusion

This study elucidates the significant role of ferroptosis in SLI and identifies phloretin as a potential therapeutic agent. However, further research, particularly involving human clinical trials, is necessary to validate these findings for clinical use.

CD38 modulates cytokine secretion by NK cells through the Sirt1/NF-κB pathway, suppressing immune surveillance in colorectal cancer

Tregs and M2-type macrophages are essential for immune surveillance. CD38 + NK cells are involved in immunoregulation by modulating cytokine secretion. This study investigated how CD38 + NKs affect Tregs and macrophages in colorectal cancer (CRC). Higher proportions of CD38 + NKs and Tregs were detected in bloods and tumor tissues of CRC patients than that in the samples from healthy controls (HCs). Compared with CD38 + NKs from HCs, the NK cells from CRC promoted the differentiation of Tregs from CD4 + T cells, and secreted increased levels of IL-10, TGF-β and TNF-α and decreased levels of IFN-γ. CD38 + NKs from CRC expressed higher levels of CD38, NF-κB and acetyl-NF-κB and lower levels of Sirt1. When CRC CD38 + NK cells were treated with anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, the above trends were reversed. CRC CD38 + NKs with treatment of NF-κB inhibitor also showed opposite effects on cytokine secretion and CD4 + T-cell differentiation. After treatment with a Sirt1 activator, NF-κB signaling was inhibited in these CD38 + NKs, whereas treatment with a Sirt1 inhibitor activated NF-κB signaling. The supernatants of CRC CD38 + NK culture promoted M0 macrophage polarization to M2-type. We suggest that CD38 modulates cytokine secretion by NK cells through Sirt1/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby suppressing immune surveillance in tumorigenesis.

Beneficial effects of non-invasive physical plasma on human periodontal ligament cells in vitro

Introduction

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium that can lead to the loss of affected teeth if left untreated. It is induced by a multifactorial process centered on microbial pathogens such as Fusobacterium nucleatum (F.n.). Non-invasive physical plasma (NIPP), a highly reactive gas, has become a focus of research, not only for its hemostatic, proliferation-enhancing and apoptotic properties, but also for its antimicrobial potential. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of NIPP on human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells that had been induced into a state of periodontal infection in vitro.

Methods

Initially, the solitary effect of NIPP was evaluated by measuring temperature and pH and analyzing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, DAPI and phalloidin staining were employed to investigate possible cytotoxic effects. The cells were pre-incubated with F.n. and treated with NIPP after 24 hours. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were analyzed at mRNA and protein levels, respectively, by real-time PCR and ELISA.

Results

NIPP alone had no significant effect on PDL cells. However, the F.n.-induced upregulation of IL-6 and IL-8 was counteracted by NIPP.

Discussion

Thus, the utilization of NIPP may be regarded as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Favorable inhibitory effect of clodronate on hepatic steatosis in short bowel syndrome model rats

PURPOSE

This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of clodronate, a vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) inhibitor, on intestinal-failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) in a rat model of short bowel syndrome (SBS).

METHODS

The rats underwent jugular vein catheterization for continuous total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and 90% small bowel resection. The animals were divided into the following groups: TPN/SBS (Control group), TPN/SBS/intravenous administration of low-dose clodronate (20 mg/kg twice per week; Low group), or TPN/SBS/intravenous administration of high-dose clodronate (60 mg/kg twice per week; High group). On day 7, the rats were euthanized. Hepatic steatosis and hepatocellular injury were also assessed.

RESULTS

Hepatic steatosis and lobular inflammation in the liver were observed in all groups. The High group showed histologically reduced hepatic steatosis compared with the Control group. IL-6 and Nlrp3 expression in the High group was significantly suppressed compared to that in the Control group. The expression of other inflammatory cytokines tended to be lower in the High dose group than in the control group. The lipid metabolism gene expression in the liver specimens showed no significant differences among the groups.

CONCLUSION

The high-dose administration of clodronate may, therefore, inhibit hepatic steatosis and inflammation associated with IFALD in patients with SBS.

Structures of complete extracellular assemblies of type I and type II Oncostatin M receptor complexes

Oncostatin M (OSM) is a unique Interleukin 6 (IL-6) family cytokine that plays pivotal roles in numerous biological events by signaling via two types of receptor complexes. While type I OSM receptor complex is formed by glycoprotein 130 (gp130) heterodimerization with Leukemia Inhibitory Factor receptor (LIFR), type II OSM receptor complex is composed of gp130 and OSM receptor (OSMR). OSM is an important contributor to multiple inflammatory diseases and cancers while OSM inhibition has been shown to be effective at reducing symptoms, making OSM an attractive therapeutic target. Using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we characterize full extracellular assemblies of human type I OSM receptor complex and mouse type II OSM receptor complex. The juxtamembrane domains of both complexes are situated in close proximity due to acute bends of the receptors. The rigid N-terminal extension of OSM contributes to gp130 binding and OSM signaling. Neither glycosylation nor pro-domain cleavage of OSM affects its activity. Mutagenesis identifies multiple OSM and OSMR residues crucial for complex formation and signaling. Our data reveal the structural basis for the assemblies of both type I and type II OSM receptor complexes and provide insights for modulation of OSM signaling in therapeutics.

Tinosporae Radix attenuates acute pharyngitis by regulating glycerophospholipid metabolism and inflammatory responses through PI3K-Akt signaling pathway

Introduction

With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the incidence and prevalence of acute pharyngitis (AP) have increased significantly. Tinosporae Radix (TR) is a vital medication utilized in the treatment of pharyngeal and laryngeal ailments, especially AP. The study endeavors to explore unclear molecular mechanisms of TR in addressing AP.

Methods

Network pharmacology and metabolomics analyses of effect of TR on AP were conducted, and apossible pathway was validated both in vivo using the acute pharyngitis rat model and in vitro using the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells model, through techniques such as histopathological examinations, immunohistochemical technology, ELISA, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting to systematically explore the possible mechanisms underlying the inhibition of AP by TR.

Results and discussion

Network pharmacology analysis identified several key targets, including PIK3CA, IL6, AKT1, TNF, and PTGS2, alongside pivotal signaling pathways such as IL-17, TNF, Hepatitis B, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Influenza A, and the PI3K-Akt pathway. Most of them are closely associated with inflammation. Then, wide-target metabolomics analysis showed that TR downregulated substances within the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway, and modulated the PI3K-Akt pathway. The integrated findings from network pharmacology and metabolomics underscored the pivotal role of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and the attenuation of inflammatory responses. Finally, in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that TR can inhibit inflammatory factors such as IL-6, TNF - α, and COX-2, downregulate targets such as PI3K and AKT on the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and thereby alleviate the inflammatory response of AP. Our study demonstrated that TR exerts an anti-AP effect through suppression of release of inflammatory factors and modulation of glycerophospholipid metabolism via suppressing the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Effect of intravitreal injection of anti-interleukin (IL)-6 antibody in experimental autoimmune uveitis in mice

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to assess the functional and clinical impact of intravitreal administration of a neutralizing anti-IL-6 antibody in the treatment of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in mice.

METHODS

EAU was induced in 17 female B10.RIII mice by administering Inter-Photoreceptor-Binding-Protein (IRBP) in complete Freund's adjuvant, followed by a boost with Pertussis toxin. Intravitreal injections of anti-Interleukin (IL)-6 antibody were administered on days 10, 13, and 16 after EAU induction (day 0) into the randomized treatment eye, with an isotype antibody similarly injected into the fellow control eye. Visual acuity was assessed using the optomotor reflex via OptoDrum, and clinical scoring was performed via fundus imaging (utilizing 6 EAU grades) in a single-blinded manner on days 0, 10, 13, 16, and 18.

RESULTS

Uveitis developed in all 17 mice. Significantly higher visual acuity was observed in treated eyes compared to control eyes on days 13, 16, and 18. The most pronounced effect was noted on days 16 and 18 (p < 0.001). On days 13, 16, and 18 the number of eyes with lower EAU-score was significantly higher in the treatment group, with the most notable effect observed on day 18 (p < 0.003).

CONCLUSION

Intravitreal administration of anti-IL-6 treatment notably mitigates experimental autoimmune uveitis in mice, both functionally and clinically. Further investigations are warranted to assess the potential of intravitreal anti-IL-6 therapy as a treatment option for non-infectious uveitis in humans.

Intermittent Fasting-Induced Orm2 Promotes Adipose Browning via the GP130/IL23R-p38 Cascade

Intermittent fasting (IF) plays a critical role in mitigating obesity, yet the precise biological mechanisms require further elucidation. Here Orosomucoid 2 (Orm2) is identified as an IF-induced hepatokine that stimulates adipose browning. IF induced Orm2 expression and secretion from the liver through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). In adipose tissue, Orm2 bound to glycoprotein 130/interleukin 23 receptor (GP130/IL23R) and promoted adipose browning through the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38-MAPK). In obese mice, Orm2 led to a significant induction of adipose tissue browning and subsequent weight loss, an effect that is not replicated by a mutant variant of Orm2 deficient in GP130/IL23R binding capability. Crucially, genetic association studies in humans identified an obesity-associated Orm2 variant (D178E), which shows decreased GP130/IL23R binding and impaired browning capacity in mice. Overall, the research identifies Orm2 as a promising therapeutic target for obesity, mediating adipose browning through the GP130/IL23R-p38 signalling pathway.

Progress in cytokine research for ARDS: A comprehensive review

Introduction

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a critical form of acute respiratory failure characterized by diffuse alveolar damage, refractory hypoxemia, and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, resulting in high mortality. Dysregulated inflammation, driven by cytokines, is central to ARDS pathogenesis, progression, and prognosis.

Objective

This review synthesizes current knowledge on the role of cytokines in ARDS and evaluates their potential as therapeutic targets, offering new insights for clinical management.

Methods

A comprehensive analysis of recent studies was conducted to explore the roles of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10, IL-22) in ARDS pathogenesis and to assess current and emerging therapies targeting these cytokines.

Results

Pro-inflammatory cytokines are crucial in initiating inflammatory responses and lung injury in early ARDS, while anti-inflammatory cytokines help regulate and resolve inflammation. Targeted therapies, such as IL-1 and IL-6 inhibitors, show potential in managing ARDS, particularly in COVID-19, but their clinical efficacy is still debated. Combination therapy strategies may enhance outcomes, but further large-scale, multicenter randomized controlled trials are required to establish their safety and efficacy.

Conclusion

Understanding cytokine regulation in ARDS could lead to innovative therapeutic approaches. Future research should focus on cytokine roles across ARDS subtypes and stages and develop biomarker-driven, individualized treatments.

Unlocking the dual role of LSD1 in tumor immunity: innate and adaptive pathways

The roles of innate and adaptive immunity are crucial in both the development of cancer and its response to treatment. Numerous studies have demonstrated that histone lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is overexpressed in various cancers. Elevated levels of LSD1 intricately modulate immune checkpoints, the function of immune cells, and the expression of immunomodulators, impacting both innate and adaptive immunity. Moreover, compelling evidence suggests that inhibiting LSD1 enhances tumor immunity, suppresses tumor growth, and improves the effectiveness of immunotherapy. However, a comprehensive classification of LSD1's role in both innate and adaptive immunity is lacking. In this review, we outline the role of LSD1 in tumor immunity in terms of both innate and adaptive immunity, summarizing the mechanisms associated with LSD1-mediated tumor immunity and its potential regulatory capacity in tumor immune escape. Finally, we summarize the research status of LSD1 inhibitors in tumor immunotherapy, which be valuable for promoting the development of effective LSD1-targeted agents used as combination immunotherapy drugs.

Induction of the antiviral factors APOBEC3A and RSAD2 upon CCL2 neutralization in primary human macrophages involves NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and gp130 signaling

The CCL2/CC chemokine receptor 2 axis plays key roles in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. We previously reported that exposure of monocyte-derived macrophages to CCL2 neutralizing antibody (αCCL2 Ab) restricted HIV-1 replication at postentry steps of the viral life cycle. This effect was associated with induction of transcripts coding for innate antiviral proteins, including APOBEC3A and RSAD2. This study aimed at identifying the signaling pathways involved in induction of these factors by CCL2 blocking in monocyte-derived macrophages. Through a combination of pharmacologic inhibition, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and confocal laser-scanning microscopy, we demonstrated that CCL2 neutralization activates the canonical NF-κB and JAK/STAT pathways, as assessed by time-dependent phosphorylation of IκB, STAT1, and STAT3 and p65 nuclear translocation. Furthermore, pharmacologic inhibition of IκB kinase and JAKs strongly reduced APOBEC3A and RSAD2 transcript accumulation elicited by αCCL2 Ab treatment. Interestingly, exposure of monocyte-derived macrophages to αCCL2 Ab resulted in induction of IL-6 family cytokines, and interference with glycoprotein 130, the common signal-transducing receptor subunit shared by these cytokines, inhibited APOBEC3A and RSAD2 upregulation triggered by CCL2 neutralization. These results provide novel insights into the signal transduction pathways underlying the activation of innate responses triggered by CCL2 neutralization in macrophages. Since this response was found to be associated with protective antiviral effects, the new findings may help design innovative therapeutic approaches targeting CCL2 to strengthen host innate immunity.

Interleukin-6 Receptor Gene rs1800795 Polymorphism and Expression of Interleukin-6 in Gingival Tissue in Patients with Periodontitis

Periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease. This chronic periodontal disease is caused by a bacterial infection in the gums, which triggers a host inflammatory response. To eliminate the bacterial infection, immune response mechanisms are activated, leading to inflammation and damage to the periodontal tissues. This process involves many cytokines, including IL-6, a cytokine with antibacterial properties. An ongoing bacterial infection in the periodontal tissues leads to its excessive production, which increases inflammation. In this study, we examined IL-6 receptor gene rs1800795 polymorphism in patients with periodontitis in comparison with healthy subjects, as well as the correlation between rs1800795 genotypes and clinical parameters. Additionally we examined the expression of IL-6 in gingival tissue in patients with periodontitis and control subjects, as well as the correlation between gingival expression of IL-6 and clinical parameters. This study included 200 patients with periodontitis and 158 healthy subjects as the control group. Biopsy specimens of gingival tissue in which IL-6 expression was detected were taken from 14 patients with periodontitis and 8 controls who had undergone minor surgery. There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of IL-6 rs1800795 genotypes and alleles between patients with periodontitis and control subjects. There were also no statistically significant correlations between IL-6 rs1800795 genotypes and clinical parameters in patients with periodontitis. There were no differences in IL-6 expression in the gingival tissue between patients with periodontitis and controls. There was also no correlation between IL-6 expression in the gingival tissue of patients with periodontitis and clinical parameters. In the control group, IL-6 expression in gingival tissue correlated negatively with the approximal plaque index, which reflects the size of bacterial plaques. The results of our study suggest a protective role for IL-6 against bacterial growth in the periodontal tissue. However, it should be noted that several parameters directly or indirectly affect the accumulation of bacterial plaque.

How Can Promoting Skeletal Muscle Health and Exercise in Children and Adolescents Prevent Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes?

Skeletal muscle secretome, through its paracrine and endocrine functions, contributes to the maintenance and regulation of overall physiological health. We conducted a narrative review on the role of skeletal muscle and exercise in maintaining glucose homeostasis, driving insulin resistance (IR), and preventing type 2 diabetes in pediatric populations, especially in the context of overweight and obesity. Myokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-15, as well as irisin, myonectin, and myostatin, appear to play a crucial role in IR. Skeletal muscle can also become a target of obesity-induced and IR-induced inflammation. In the correlation between muscle, IR, and inflammation, the role of infiltration of the immune cells and the microvasculature may also be considered. It remains unclear which exercise approach is the best; however, combining aerobic exercise with resistance training seems to be the most effective strategy for managing IR, with high-intensity activities offering superior metabolic benefits and long-term adherence. Encouraging daily participation in enjoyable and engaging exercise is key for long-term commitment and effective glucose metabolism management. Promoting physical activity in children and adolescents must be a top priority for public health, not only in terms of individual quality of life and well-being but also for community health.

Early use of SGLT2 inhibitors reduces the progression of diabetic kidney disease: a retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the potential of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in preventing the progression of diabetic kidney disease and to provide guidance for clinical practice to improve renal health management strategies for diabetic patients.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 178 patients with diabetic kidney disease admitted to Baoji High Tech Hospital from March 2023 to March 2024. Of these, 88 patients who received early treatment with the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin were included in the early SGLT2-i group, while 90 patients receiving later treatment with SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin were included in the late SGLT2-i group. Clinical data, overall effectiveness, adverse reactions, blood glucose, renal function, lipid levels, and inflammatory markers were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

Prior to treatment, there were no differences in blood glucose indicators between the two groups (all P > 0.05). Following treatment, both groups showed reductions in 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2hPG), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), with the early SGLT2-i group demonstrating significantly lower values compared to the late SGLT2-i group (all P < 0.05). Similarly, there were no differences in renal function indicators between the two groups before treatment (all P > 0.05). However, following treatment, the early SGLT2-i group showed more noticeable improvements compared to the late SGLT2-i group (P < 0.05). Inflammatory markers and lipid levels followed similar patterns. The overall effectiveness of the early SGLT2-i group was higher than that of the late SGLT2-i group (92.05% vs. 78.89%, P < 0.05), while the incidence of adverse reactions did not differ statistically between the two groups (6.82% vs. 10.00%, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Early use of SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetic kidney disease patients effectively controls blood glucose and lipid levels, improves renal function, reduces inflammatory responses, and exhibits a low incidence of adverse reactions. This demonstrates high safety and an important role in delaying disease progression. Therefore, it is worth considering clinical promotion and use for this patient population.

Mechanisms Underlying the Therapeutic Effects of JianPiYiFei II Granules in Treating COPD Based on GEO Datasets, Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

BACKGROUND

JianPiYiFei (JPYF) II granules are a Chinese medicine for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the main components and underlying mechanisms of JPYF II granules are not well understood. This study aimed to elucidate the potential mechanism of JPYF II granules in the treatment of COPD using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation techniques.

METHODS

The active compounds and corresponding protein targets of the JPYF II granules were found using the TCMSP, ETCM, and Uniport databases, and a compound-target network was constructed using Cytoscape3.9.1. The COPD targets were searched for in GEO datasets and the OMIM and GeneCards databases. The intersection between the effective compound-related targets and disease-related targets was obtained, PPI networks were constructed, and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed. Then, molecular docking analysis verified the results obtained using network pharmacology. Finally, the protein-compound complexes obtained from the molecular docking analysis were simulated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.

RESULTS

The network pharmacological results showed that quercetin, kaempferol, and stigmasterol are the main active compounds in JPYF II granules, and AKT1, IL-6, and TNF are key target proteins. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is a potential pathway through which the JPYF II granules affect COPD. The results of the molecular docking analysis suggested that quercetin, kaempferol, and stigmasterol have a good binding affinity with AKT1, IL-6, and TNF. The MD simulation results showed that TNF has a good binding affinity with the compounds.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified the effective compounds, targets, and related underlying molecular mechanisms of JPYF II granules in the treatment of COPD through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and MD simulation techniques, which provides a reference for subsequent research on the treatment of COPD.

Comparative effects of 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine and 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine on mitochondrial damage and cGAS/STING-driven inflammation in liver of hypothyroid rats

Maintaining a well-functioning mitochondrial network through the mitochondria quality control (MQC) mechanisms, including biogenesis, dynamics and mitophagy, is crucial for overall health. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by oxidative stress and further exacerbated by impaired quality control can trigger inflammation through the release of the damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs). mtDAMPs act by stimulating the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. Recently, aberrant signalling of the cGAS-STING axis has been recognised to be closely associated with several sterile inflammatory diseases (e.g. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity). This may fit the pathophysiology of hypothyroidism, an endocrine disorder characterised by the reduction of thyroid hormone production associated with impaired metabolic fluxes, oxidative balance and inflammatory status. Both 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-tyronine (T3) and its derivative 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2), are known to mitigate processes targeting mitochondria, albeit the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Therefore, we used a chemically induced hypothyroidism rat model to investigate the effect of 3,5-T2 or T3 administration on inflammation-related factors (inflammatory cytokines, hepatic cGAS-STING pathway), oxidative stress, antioxidant defence enzymes, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, release and repair, and the MQC system in the liver. Hypothyroid rats showed: i) increased oxidative stress, ii) accumulation of mtDNA damage, iii) high levels of circulating cytokines, iv) hepatic activation of cGAS-STING pathways and v) impairment of MQC mechanisms and autophagy. Both iodothyronines restored oxidative balance by enhancing antioxidant defence, preventing mtDNA damage through the activation of mtDNA repair mechanisms (OGG1, APE1, and POLγ) and promoting autophagy progression. Concerning MQC, both iodothyronines stimulated mitophagy and dynamics, with 3,5-T2 activating fusion and T3 modulating both fusion and fission processes. Moreover, only T3 enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis. Notably, 3,5-T2, but not T3, reversed the hypothyroidism-induced activation of the cGAS-STING inflammatory cascade. In addition, it is noteworthy that 3,5-T2 seems more effective than T3 in reducing circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1B and in stimulating the release of IL-10, a known anti-inflammatory cytokine. These findings reveal novel molecular mechanisms of hepatic signalling pathways involved in hypothyroidism, which could be targeted by natural iodothyronines, particularly 3,5-T2, paving the way for the development of new treatment strategies for inflammatory diseases.

Effects of Photobiomodulation Associated with Platelet-Rich Plasma in Acute Rheumatoid Arthritis Induced in Female Wistar Rats' Knee

Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis causes inflammation, pain, and joint degradation, necessitating treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids, posing various challenges. We aimed to evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) at two different doses associated to platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in an in vivo model of induced acute arthritis in Wistar rats' knee. Methods: Eighty-four Wistar rats were assigned into seven groups, including animals treated with PBM and/or PRP. On day 0, arthritis was induced in sham and treated groups through the intra-articular injection of zymosan (200 μg). Twenty-four hours after induction, the PBM groups were treated with an AsGaAl laser, whereas the PRP-treated groups received intra-articular injections with a concentration of 8 × 105 platelets obtained from another four animals. After 3 days, the animals were euthanized, and the interleukin (IL)-6 and complement C3 gene and protein expression levels were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using the mean ± SD with analysis of variance and Tukey's posttest, with a significance level set at 5% (p < 0.05). Results: Synovial inflammation decreased in PBM-treated groups; however, PRP alone showed no significant difference. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant difference in IL-6 and C3 levels in the PBM and PBM+PRP-treated groups. Meanwhile, the PRP alone group exhibited significance for IL-6. Moreover, the PBM and PBM+PRP-treated groups showed a significant difference in C3 protein expression levels, whereas the PRP alone group showed no difference. Conclusion: The increase in cellular activity in the synovial membrane and the decrease protein expression levels are owing to the reduction in proinflammatory mediators following PBM therapy.