1
|
Marković V, Szczepańska A, Berlicki Ł. Antiviral Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3205-3231. [PMID: 38394369 PMCID: PMC10945500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Continually repeating outbreaks of pathogenic viruses necessitate the construction of effective antiviral strategies. Therefore, the development of new specific antiviral drugs in a well-established and efficient manner is crucial. Taking into account the strong ability of viruses to change, therapies with diversified molecular targets must be sought. In addition to the widely explored viral enzyme inhibitor approach, inhibition of protein-protein interactions is a very valuable strategy. In this Perspective, protein-protein interaction inhibitors targeting HIV, SARS-CoV-2, HCV, Ebola, Dengue, and Chikungunya viruses are reviewed and discussed. Antibodies, peptides/peptidomimetics, and small molecules constitute three classes of compounds that have been explored, and each of them has some advantages and disadvantages for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Marković
- Wrocław
University of Science and Technology, Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- University
of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science,
Department of Chemistry, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Anna Szczepańska
- Wrocław
University of Science and Technology, Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Berlicki
- Wrocław
University of Science and Technology, Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rehman K, Arif N, Jawad M, Muhammad A. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and its drivers among Pakistani population. Pak J Med Sci 2023; 39:553-556. [PMID: 36950442 PMCID: PMC10025727 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.39.2.6051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Objective COVID-19 vaccine has become available within a record time but mere availability will not control the pandemic. High vaccine acceptance is required. The objective was to determine COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and its associated factors among Pakistani population. Methods An online survey using google form, was conducted from January 31st to February 9th, 2021 before the start of the mass vaccination in Pakistan. The questionnaire had questions about demographics plus vaccine hesitancy. We received a total of 1156 responses. Data was analyzed using STATA version 14. We employed descriptive statistics and chi square test. Result A total of 1156 responses were received. 65% were male and 35% female. Only 6% were uneducated. Thirty percent had tested positive for COVID-19 earlier. Forty-six percent of the respondents would take (acceptance) a vaccine if available. Forty-eight percent and 45% were confident in using USA/UK and Chinese vaccine respectively. Gender and marital status was statistically significantly associated with vaccine acceptance. Concerns about the side effects were 55% while for efficacy it was 69%. Twenty-three percent were concerned about the permissibility of the vaccine on religious grounds. Conclusion Gender and marital status was significantly associated with vaccine acceptance. Forty-six percent respondents were willing to take the vaccine. Among the vaccine hesitant group, respondents were worried about the side effects, safety and religious permissibility of vaccine. Policy makers and all the relevant stakeholders should consider low vaccine acceptance as a major bottleneck and should devise strategies to address this major issue in the fight against COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Rehman
- Khalid Rehman, PhD, MPH, MBBS, Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Nauman Arif
- Nauman Arif, Pharm-D, MSc, Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jawad
- Muhammad Jawad, MD, MCPS, MPH, Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ali Muhammad
- Ali Muhammad, BS, MPH, Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoadhesin remains effective against Omicron and other emerging variants of concern. iScience 2022; 25:105193. [PMID: 36188189 PMCID: PMC9514956 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Blocking the interaction of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with its angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor was proved to be an effective therapeutic option. Various protein binders as well as monoclonal antibodies that effectively target the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 to prevent interaction with ACE2 were developed. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that accumulate alterations in the RBD can severely affect the efficacy of such immunotherapeutic agents, as is indeed the case with Omicron that resists many of the previously isolated monoclonal antibodies. Here, we evaluate an ACE2-based immunoadhesin that we have developed early in the pandemic against some of the recent variants of concern (VoCs), including the Delta and the Omicron variants. We show that our ACE2-immunoadhesin remains effective in neutralizing these variants, suggesting that immunoadhesin-based immunotherapy is less prone to escape by the virus and has a potential to remain effective against future VoCs.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lin Q, Lu C, Hong Y, Li R, Chen J, Chen W, Chen J. Animal models for studying coronavirus infections and developing antiviral agents and vaccines. Antiviral Res 2022; 203:105345. [PMID: 35605699 PMCID: PMC9122840 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has become the third deadly coronavirus that infects humans and causes the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 has already caused more than six million deaths worldwide and it is likely the biggest pandemic of this century faced by mankind. Although many studies on SARS-CoV-2 have been conducted, a detailed understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 is still lacking. Animal models are indispensable for studying its pathogenesis and developing vaccines and antivirals. In this review, we analyze animal models of coronavirus infections and explore their applications on antivirals and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chunni Lu
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Yuqi Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Runfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bellamkonda N, Lambe UP, Sawant S, Nandi SS, Chakraborty C, Shukla D. Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1464. [PMID: 35884770 PMCID: PMC9312515 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines have been developed to confer immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Prior to the pandemic of COVID-19 which started in March 2020, there was a well-established understanding about the structure and pathogenesis of previously known Coronaviruses from the SARS and MERS outbreaks. In addition to this, vaccines for various Coronaviruses were available for veterinary use. This knowledge supported the creation of various vaccine platforms for SARS-CoV-2. Before COVID-19 there are no reports of a vaccine being developed in under a year and no vaccine for preventing coronavirus infection in humans had ever been developed. Approximately nine different technologies are being researched and developed at various levels in order to design an effective COVID-19 vaccine. As the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for generating substantial adaptive immune response, mostly all the vaccine candidates have been targeting the whole spike protein or epitopes of spike protein as a vaccine candidate. In this review, we have compiled the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and followed by the mechanism of action of various vaccine platforms such as mRNA vaccines, Adenoviral vectored vaccine, inactivated virus vaccines and subunit vaccines in the market. In the end we have also summarized the various adjuvants used in the COVID-19 vaccine formulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navya Bellamkonda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | | | - Sonali Sawant
- ICMR-NIV, Mumbai Unit, A. D. Road, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India; (U.P.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Shyam Sundar Nandi
- ICMR-NIV, Mumbai Unit, A. D. Road, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India; (U.P.L.); (S.S.)
| | | | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiang R, Wang Y, Wang L, Deng X, Huo S, Jiang S, Yu F. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against highly pathogenic coronaviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 53:101199. [PMID: 35038651 PMCID: PMC8716168 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a continuing worldwide threat to human health and social economy. Historically, SARS-CoV-2 follows SARS and MERS as the third coronavirus spreading across borders and continents, but far more dangerous with long-lasting symptomatic consequences. The current situation is strong evidence that coronaviruses will continue to be pathogens of consequence in the future, thus calling for the development of neutralizing antibody-based prophylactics and therapeutics for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and other human coronavirus diseases. This review summarized the progresses of developing neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against infection of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, and discussed their potential applications in prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and other human coronavirus diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoqian Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shanshan Huo
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Baoding, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Baoding, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Advances in Targeting ACE2 for Developing COVID-19 Therapeutics. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:1734-1749. [PMID: 36261668 PMCID: PMC9581451 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03094-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the onset of the coronavirus pandemic in December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has accounted for over 6.3 million lives resulting in the demand to develop novel therapeutic approaches to target and treat SARS-CoV-2. Improved understanding of viral entry and infection mechanisms has led to identifying different target receptors to mitigate infection in the host. Researchers have been working on identifying and targeting potential therapeutic target receptors utilizing different candidate drugs. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) has been known to perform critical functions in maintaining healthy cardiorespiratory function. However, ACE2 also functions as the binding site for the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, allowing the virus to enter the cells and ensue infection. Therefore, drugs targeting ACE2 receptors can be considered as therapeutic candidates. Strategies targeting the level of ACE2 expression have been investigated and compared to other potential therapeutic targets, such as TMPRSS2, RdRp, and DPP4. This mini review discusses the key therapeutic approaches that target the ACE2 receptor, which is critical to the cellular entry and propagation of the novel SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we summarize the main advantages of ACE2 targeting against alternative approaches for the treatment of COVID-19.
Collapse
|
8
|
Essentials of COVID-19 and treatment approaches. DATA SCIENCE FOR COVID-19 2022. [PMCID: PMC8988944 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90769-9.00026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus family is as old as the 1930s when it first showed symptoms in chicken. The virus thereafter kept evolving and it has significantly taken over a large percentage of people worldwide in the form of this new pandemic. As of the present day, there is no treatment available for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]), although supportive therapy and preventive measures have shown a tremendous control rate among certain patients. Drugs like remdesivir, camostat, nafamostat, ritonavir/lopinavir, several monoclonal antibodies, and CPs are in their early phases of trials. There are approved by the WHO under an emergency use authorization program. Favipiravir has entered its phase 3 clinical trial and is supported by evidence to show no or less adverse effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Vaccine development is accelerating its pace, and vaccines will probably become available by the end of the year 2020.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou H, Yang J, Zhou C, Chen B, Fang H, Chen S, Zhang X, Wang L, Zhang L. A Review of SARS-CoV2: Compared With SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:628370. [PMID: 34950674 PMCID: PMC8688360 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.628370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been spreading rapidly in China and the Chinese government took a series of policies to control the epidemic. Studies found that severe COVID-19 is characterized by pneumonia, lymphopenia, exhausted lymphocytes and a cytokine storm. Studies have showen that SARS-CoV2 has significant genomic similarity to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), which was a pandemic in 2002. More importantly, some diligent measures were used to limit its spread according to the evidence of hospital spread. Therefore, the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) has been established by the World Health Organization (WHO) with strategic objectives for public health to curtail its impact on global health and economy. The purpose of this paper is to review the transmission patterns of the three pneumonia: SARS-CoV2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. We compare the new characteristics of COVID-19 with those of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,School of Public Foundation, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Junfa Yang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bangjie Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xianzheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Linding Wang
- Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sarwar A, Nazar N, Nazar N, Qadir A. Measuring vaccination willingness in response to COVID-19 using a multi-criteria-decision making method. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4865-4872. [PMID: 34856879 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.2004836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic COVID-19 is continued to the massive burden of morbidity and mortality while disrupting economies and societies all over the world. At an earlier stage, wearing a face mask, social distancing, and hand hygiene were suggested to limit the transmission of this infection. The WHO, CDC, and other governing bodies were doing an effort to develop the coronavirus vaccine. Now COVID-19 vaccines are available to protect people against the coronavirus. People are hesitant about whether to receive a vaccination or do not to vaccinate. This study was aimed to analyze the COVID-19 vaccination willingness level of the general public of Pakistan to manage the COVID-19 disease. A multi-criteria decision-making method known as an analytical hierarchical method was applied to determine the COVID-19 vaccination willingness level of the public. The significant determinants of COVID-19 vaccination willingness were cues to action, perceived benefits, positive attitude, government recommendation, as well as perceived stress scoring high weights to the vaccination. Determinants of willingness to uptake the COVID-19 vaccine were individual decision, vaccine origin, adapting to change, and perceived barriers high obstacles to vaccinating. The determinants relating to the COVID-19 vaccine may help to increase the uptake of the vaccination program. The government may need communication campaigns to reinforce the benefits of the vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Sarwar
- Department of Economics and Business Management, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naima Nazar
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nimra Nazar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, GC, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Alia Qadir
- Department of Management Science, Riphah International University Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li JF, He L, Deng YQ, Qi SH, Chen YH, Zhang XL, Hu SX, Fan RW, Zhao GY, Qin CF. Generation and Characterization of a Nanobody Against SARS-CoV. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1484-1491. [PMID: 34403037 PMCID: PMC8369142 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The sudden emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has caused global panic in 2003, and the risk of SARS-CoV outbreak still exists. However, no specific antiviral drug or vaccine is available; thus, the development of therapeutic antibodies against SARS-CoV is needed. In this study, a nanobody phage-displayed library was constructed from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of alpacas immunized with the recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV. Four positive clones were selected after four rounds of bio-panning and subjected to recombinant expression in E. coli. Further biological identification demonstrated that one of the nanobodies, S14, showed high affinity to SARS-CoV RBD and potent neutralization activity at the picomole level against SARS-CoV pseudovirus. A competitive inhibition assay showed that S14 blocked the binding of SARS-CoV RBD to either soluble or cell-expressed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). In summary, we developed a novel nanobody targeting SARS-CoV RBD, which might be useful for the development of therapeutics against SARS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lei He
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Shu-Hui Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agriculture University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Yue-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Shi-Xiong Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agriculture University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Rui-Wen Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agriculture University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Guang-Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China.
- Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Beeraka NM, Tulimilli SV, Karnik M, Sadhu SP, Pragada RR, Aliev G, Madhunapantula SV. The Current Status and Challenges in the Development of Vaccines and Drugs against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8160860. [PMID: 34159203 PMCID: PMC8168478 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8160860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), which is characterized by clinical manifestations such as pneumonia, lymphopenia, severe acute respiratory distress, and cytokine storm. S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE-II) to enter into the lungs through membrane proteases consequently inflicting the extensive viral load through rapid replication mechanisms. Despite several research efforts, challenges in COVID-19 management still persist at various levels that include (a) availability of a low cost and rapid self-screening test, (b) lack of an effective vaccine which works against multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2, and (c) lack of a potent drug that can reduce the complications of COVID-19. The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is a complicated process due to the emergence of mutant variants with greater virulence and their ability to invoke intricate lung pathophysiology. Moreover, the lack of a thorough understanding about the virus transmission mechanisms and complete pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is making it hard for medical scientists to develop a better strategy to prevent the spread of the virus and design a clinically viable vaccine to protect individuals from being infected. A recent report has tested the hypothesis of T cell immunity and found effective when compared to the antibody response in agammaglobulinemic patients. Understanding SARS-CoV-2-induced changes such as "Th-2 immunopathological variations, mononuclear cell & eosinophil infiltration of the lung and antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE)" in COVID-19 patients provides key insights to develop potential therapeutic interventions for immediate clinical management. Therefore, in this review, we have described the details of rapid detection methods of SARS-CoV-2 using molecular and serological tests and addressed different therapeutic modalities used for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. In addition, the current challenges against the development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 are also briefly described in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha M. Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysore, 570015 Karnataka, India
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, Bld. 2, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - SubbaRao V. Tulimilli
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysore, 570015 Karnataka, India
| | - Medha Karnik
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysore, 570015 Karnataka, India
| | - Surya P. Sadhu
- AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003 Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rajeswara Rao Pragada
- AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003 Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, Bld. 2, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3Tsyurupy Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
- GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysore, 570015 Karnataka, India
- Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells (SIG-CBCSC), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysore, 570015 Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kushwaha PK, Kumari N, Nayak S, Kishor K, Sharon A. Structural Basis for the Understanding of Entry Inhibitors Against SARS Viruses. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:666-681. [PMID: 33992054 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210514122418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) initiated in Wuhan city, China, in December 2019 which continued to spread internationally, posing a pandemic threat as declared by WHO and as of March 10, 2021, confirmed cases reached 118 million along with 2.6 million deaths worldwide. In the absence of specific antiviral medication, symptomatic treatment and physical isolation remain the options to control the contagion. The recent clinical trials on antiviral drugs highlighted some promising compounds such as umifenovir (haemagglutinin-mediated fusion inhibitor), remdesivir (RdRp nucleoside inhibitor), and favipiravir (RdRp Inhibitor). WHO launched a multinational clinical trial on several promising analogs as a potential treatment to combat SARS infection. This situation urges a holistic approach to invent safe and specific drugs as a prophylactic and therapeutic cure for SARS-related-viral diseases, including COVID-19. It is significant to note that researchers worldwide have been doing their best to handle the crisis and have produced an extensive and promising literature body. It opens a scope and allows understanding the viral entry at the molecular level. A structure-based approach can reveal the molecular-level understanding of viral entry interaction. The ligand profiling and non-covalent interactions among participating amino-acid residues are critical information to delineate a structural interpretation. The structural investigation of SARS virus entry into host cells will reveal the possible strategy for designing drugs like entry inhibitors. The structure-based approach demonstrates details at the 3D molecular level. It shows specificity about SARS-CoV-2 spike interaction, which uses human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor for entry, and the human protease completes the process of viral fusion and infection. The 3D structural studies reveal the existence of two units, namely S1 and S2. S1 is called a receptor-binding domain (RBD) and responsible for interacting with the host (ACE2), and the S2 unit participates in the fusion of viral and cellular membranes. TMPRSS2 mediates the cleavage at S1/S2 subunit interface in S-protein of SARS CoV-2, leading to viral fusion. Conformational difference associated with S1 binding alters ACE2 interaction and inhibits viral fusion. Overall, the detailed 3D structural studies help understand the 3D structural basis of interaction between viruses with host factors and available scope for the new drug discovery process targeting SARS-related virus entry into the host cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prem Kumar Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Neha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sneha Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Keshav Kishor
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Ashoke Sharon
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kurt-Jones EA, Dudek TE, Watanabe D, Mandell L, Che J, Zhou S, Cao L, Greenough T, Babcock GJ, Diaz F, Oh HS, Zhou C, Finberg RW, Knipe DM. Expression of SARS coronavirus 1 spike protein from a herpesviral vector induces innate immune signaling and neutralizing antibody responses. Virology 2021; 559:165-172. [PMID: 33930819 PMCID: PMC8058630 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SARS coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) causes a respiratory infection that can lead to acute respiratory distress characterized by inflammation and high levels of cytokines in the lung tissue. In this study we constructed a herpes simplex virus 1 replication-defective mutant vector expressing SARS-CoV-1 spike protein as a potential vaccine vector and to probe the effects of spike protein on host cells. The spike protein expressed from this vector is functional in that it localizes to the surface of infected cells and induces fusion of ACE2-expressing cells. In immunized mice, the recombinant vector induced antibodies that bind to spike protein in an ELISA assay and that show neutralizing activity. The spike protein expressed from this vector can induce the expression of cytokines in an ACE2-independent, MyD88-dependent process. These results argue that the SARS-CoV-1 spike protein intrinsically activates signaling pathways that induce cytokines and contribute directly to the inflammatory process of SARS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn A Kurt-Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Timothy E Dudek
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daisuke Watanabe
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leisa Mandell
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jenny Che
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Shenghua Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - LuCheng Cao
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Greenough
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Gregory J Babcock
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fernando Diaz
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyung Suk Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Changhong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert W Finberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - David M Knipe
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Verma J, Subbarao N. A comparative study of human betacoronavirus spike proteins: structure, function and therapeutics. Arch Virol 2021; 166:697-714. [PMID: 33483791 PMCID: PMC7821988 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are the paradigm of emerging 21st century zoonotic viruses, triggering numerous outbreaks and a severe global health crisis. The current COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected more than 51 million people across the globe as of 12 November 2020. The crown-like spikes on the surface of the virion are the unique structural feature of viruses in the family Coronaviridae. The spike (S) protein adopts distinct conformations while mediating entry of the virus into the host. This multifunctional protein mediates the entry process by recognizing its receptor on the host cell, followed by the fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane. This review article focuses on the structural and functional comparison of S proteins of the human betacoronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we review the current state of knowledge about receptor recognition, the membrane fusion mechanism, structural epitopes, and glycosylation sites of the S proteins of these viruses. We further discuss various vaccines and other therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides, and small molecules based on the S protein of these three viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Verma
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Naidu Subbarao
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bhatta M, Nandi S, Dutta S, Saha MK. Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a systematic review for potential vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 18:1865774. [PMID: 33545014 PMCID: PMC8920137 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1865774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an international public health emergency in need of effective and safe vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. A systematic review has been done to analyze the availability, development and status of new COVID-19 vaccine candidates as well as the status of vaccines for other diseases that might be effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection. PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, ClinicalTrials.gov, Web of Science and different trial registries were searched for currently available and probable future vaccines. Articles and ongoing clinical trials are included to ascertain the availability and developmental approaches of new vaccines that could limit the present and future outbreaks. Pharmaceutical companies and institutions are at different stages of developing new vaccines, and extensive studies and clinical trials are still required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Bhatta
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Srijita Nandi
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Malay Kumar Saha
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ratre YK, Kahar N, Bhaskar LVKS, Bhattacharya A, Verma HK. Molecular mechanism, diagnosis, and potential treatment for novel coronavirus (COVID-19): a current literature review and perspective. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:94. [PMID: 33520580 PMCID: PMC7832422 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02657-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus which belongs to the Coronaviridae family. COVID-19 outbreak became evident after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the twenty-first century as the start of the third deadly coronavirus. Currently, research is at an early stage, and the exact etiological dimensions of COVID-19 are unknown. Several candidate drugs and plasma therapy have been considered and evaluated for the treatment of severe COVID-19 patients. These include clinically available drugs such as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir/ritonavir. However, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of this virus is critical for predicting interaction with humans. Based on recent evidence, we have summarized the current virus biology in terms of the possible understanding of the various pathophysiologies, molecular mechanisms, recent efficient diagnostics, and therapeutic approaches to control the disease. In addition, we briefly reviewed the biochemistry of leading candidates for novel therapies and their current status in clinical trials. As information from COVID-19 is evolving rapidly, this review will help the researcher to consider new insights and potential therapeutic approaches based on up-to-date knowledge. Finally, this review illustrates a list of alternative therapeutic solutions for a viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Namrata Kahar
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | | | - Antaripa Bhattacharya
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Henu Kumar Verma
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology CNR, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhou D, Tian X, Qi R, Peng C, Zhang W. Identification of 22 N-glycosites on spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and accessible surface glycopeptide motifs: Implications for vaccination and antibody therapeutics. Glycobiology 2021; 31:69-80. [PMID: 32518941 PMCID: PMC7313968 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses hijack human enzymes to assemble the sugar coat on their spike glycoproteins. The mechanisms by which human antibodies may recognize the antigenic viral peptide epitopes hidden by the sugar coat are unknown. Glycosylation by insect cells differs from the native form produced in human cells, but insect cell-derived influenza vaccines have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. In this study, we analyzed recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein secreted from BTI-Tn-5B1-4 insect cells, by trypsin and chymotrypsin digestion followed by mass spectrometry analysis. We acquired tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectrums for glycopeptides of all 22 predicted N-glycosylated sites. We further analyzed the surface accessibility of spike proteins according to cryogenic electron microscopy and homolog-modeled structures and available antibodies that bind to SARS-CoV-1. All 22 N-glycosylated sites of SARS-CoV-2 are modified by high-mannose N-glycans. MS/MS fragmentation clearly established the glycopeptide identities. Electron densities of glycans cover most of the spike receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2, except YQAGSTPCNGVEGFNCYFPLQSYGFQPTNGVGYQ, similar to a region FSPDGKPCTPPALNCYWPLNDYGFYTTTGIGYQ in SARS-CoV-1. Other surface-exposed domains include those located on central helix, connecting region, heptad repeats and N-terminal domain. Because the majority of antibody paratopes bind to the peptide portion with or without sugar modification, we propose a snake-catching model for predicted paratopes: a minimal length of peptide is first clamped by a paratope and sugar modifications close to the peptide either strengthen or do not hinder the binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Zhou
- Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.,Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, 165 Sanlin Road, Shanghai 200124, China
| | - Xiaoxu Tian
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ruibing Qi
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, 518 Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, 200433 Gongwei Road, Shanghai, China.,Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fouladirad S, Bach H. Development of Coronavirus Treatments Using Neutralizing Antibodies. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010165. [PMID: 33451069 PMCID: PMC7828509 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. This virus has led to 61.8 million cases worldwide being reported as of December 1st, 2020. Currently, there are no definite approved therapies endorsed by the World Health Organization for COVID-19, focusing only on supportive care. Treatment centers around symptom management, including oxygen therapy or invasive mechanical ventilation. Immunotherapy has the potential to play a role in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), in particular, is a relatively new approach in the world of infectious diseases and has the benefit of overcoming challenges with serum therapy and intravenous immunoglobulins preparations. Here, we reviewed the articles published in PubMed with the purpose of summarizing the currently available evidence for the use of neutralizing antibodies as a potential treatment for coronaviruses. Studies reporting in vivo results were summarized and analyzed. Despite promising data from some studies, none of them progressed to clinical trials. It is expected that neutralizing antibodies might offer an alternative for COVID-19 treatment. Thus, there is a need for randomized trials to understand the potential use of this treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saman Fouladirad
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z, Canada;
| | - Horacio Bach
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z, Canada;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-604-727-9719; Fax: +1-604-875-4013
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shagufta, Ahmad I. The race to treat COVID-19: Potential therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113157. [PMID: 33486200 PMCID: PMC7802596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unforeseen emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the Wuhan province of China in December 2019, subsequently its abrupt spread across the world has severely affected human life. In a short span of time, COVID-19 has sacked more than one million human lives and marked as a severe global pandemic, which is drastically accountable for the adverse effect directly to the human society, particularly the health care system and the economy. The unavailability of approved and effective drugs or vaccines against COVID-19 further created conditions more adverse and terrifying. To win the war against this pandemic within time there is a desperate need for the most adequate therapeutic treatment, which can be achieved by the collaborative research work among scientists worldwide. In continuation of our efforts to support the scientific community, a review has been presented which discusses the structure and the activity of numerous molecules exhibiting promising SARS-CoV-2 and other CoVs inhibition activities. Furthermore, this review offers an overview of the structure, a plausible mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2, and crucial structural features substantial to inhibit the primary virus-based and host-based targets involved in SARS-CoV-2 treatment. We anticipate optimistically that this perspective will provide the reader and researcher’s better understanding regarding COVID-19 and pave the path in the direction of COVID-19 drug discovery and development paradigm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Awadasseid A, Wu Y, Tanaka Y, Zhang W. Current advances in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:8-19. [PMID: 33390829 PMCID: PMC7757035 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.52569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a global pandemic that has wreaked havoc globally, which has put a heavy toll on public health, lives, and the world economy. Vaccination is considered as one of the greatest successes in medical history. Based on prior experience with the development of SARS-CoV vaccines, all COVID-19 vaccines must be subjected to the tests for protective effects and harmful risks derived from antibody-dependent enhancement that may contribute to augmented infectivity and/or eosinophilic infiltration. The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is now being developed urgently in several different ways. China is regarded as one of the world's leading countries in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development, up to date the last inactivated vaccine international clinical (Phase III) trial was launched in the United Arab Emirates by Sinopharm China National Biotec Group (CNBG). In this review, we outline the current status of vaccine development against clinically relevant SARS-CoV-2 strains, anticipating that such attempts would help create efficacious and sage SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annoor Awadasseid
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Department of Biochemistry & Food Sciences, University of Kordofan, El-Obeid, 51111, Sudan
| | - Yanling Wu
- Lab of Molecular Immunology, Virus Inspection Department, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Wen Zhang
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sohag AAM, Hannan MA, Rahman S, Hossain M, Hasan M, Khan MK, Khatun A, Dash R, Uddin MJ. Revisiting potential druggable targets against SARS-CoV-2 and repurposing therapeutics under preclinical study and clinical trials: A comprehensive review. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:919-941. [PMID: 32632960 PMCID: PMC7361641 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is one of the most contagious diseases in human history that has already affected millions of lives worldwide. To date, no vaccines or effective therapeutics have been discovered yet that may successfully treat COVID-19 patients or contain the transmission of the virus. Scientific communities across the globe responded rapidly and have been working relentlessly to develop drugs and vaccines, which may require considerable time. In this uncertainty, repurposing the existing antiviral drugs could be the best strategy to speed up the discovery of effective therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, drug repurposing may leave some vital information on druggable targets that could be capitalized in target-based drug discovery. Information on possible drug targets and the progress on therapeutic and vaccine development also needs to be updated. In this review, we revisited the druggable targets that may hold promise in the development of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent. Progresses on the development of potential therapeutics and vaccines that are under the preclinical studies and clinical trials have been highlighted. We anticipate that this review will provide valuable information that would help to accelerate the development of therapeutics and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensingh2202Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Hannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensingh2202Bangladesh
- Department of AnatomyDongguk University College of MedicineGyeongju38066South Korea
- ABEx Bio‐Research CenterEast Azampur, DhakaBangladesh
| | - Sadaqur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShahjalal University of Science and TechnologySylhetBangladesh
| | - Motaher Hossain
- Department of Biological SciencesThe University of AlabamaTuscaloosaAlabamaUSA
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial BiotechnologySylhet Agricultural UniversitySylhetBangladesh
| | - Md Kawsar Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShahjalal University of Science and TechnologySylhetBangladesh
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Amena Khatun
- Northern International Medical College HospitalDhakaBangladesh
| | - Raju Dash
- Department of AnatomyDongguk University College of MedicineGyeongju38066South Korea
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio‐Research CenterEast Azampur, DhakaBangladesh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacyEwha Womans UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Heinrich MA, Martina B, Prakash J. Nanomedicine strategies to target coronavirus. NANO TODAY 2020; 35:100961. [PMID: 32904707 PMCID: PMC7457919 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
With the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002, the middle east respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and the recently discovered SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019, the 21st first century has so far faced the outbreak of three major coronaviruses (CoVs). In particular, SARS-CoV-2 spread rapidly over the globe affecting nearly 25.000.000 people up to date. Recent evidences pointing towards mutations within the viral spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 that are considered the cause for this rapid spread and currently around 300 clinical trials are running to find a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nanomedicine, the application of nanocarriers to deliver drugs specifically to a target sites, has been applied for different diseases, such as cancer but also in viral infections. Nanocarriers can be designed to encapsulate vaccines and deliver them towards antigen presenting cells or function as antigen-presenting carriers themselves. Furthermore, drugs can be encapsulated into such carriers to directly target them to infected cells. In particular, virus-mimicking nanoparticles (NPs) such as self-assembled viral proteins, virus-like particles or liposomes, are able to replicate the infection mechanism and can not only be used as delivery system but also to study viral infections and related mechanisms. This review will provide a detailed description of the composition and replication strategy of CoVs, an overview of the therapeutics currently evaluated in clinical trials against SARS-CoV-2 and will discuss the potential of NP-based vaccines, targeted delivery of therapeutics using nanocarriers as well as using NPs to further investigate underlying biological processes in greater detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Alexander Heinrich
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Section Targeted Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Byron Martina
- Artemis One Health Research Institute, 2629JD, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Section Targeted Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Xiu S, Dick A, Ju H, Mirzaie S, Abdi F, Cocklin S, Zhan P, Liu X. Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Entry: Current and Future Opportunities. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12256-12274. [PMID: 32539378 PMCID: PMC7315836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a novel coronavirus initially designated 2019-nCoV but now termed SARS-CoV-2 has emerged and raised global concerns due to its virulence. SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of "coronavirus disease 2019", abbreviated to COVID-19, which despite only being identified at the very end of 2019, has now been classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). At this time, no specific prophylactic or postexposure therapy for COVID-19 are currently available. Viral entry is the first step in the SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle and is mediated by the trimeric spike protein. Being the first stage in infection, entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells is an extremely attractive therapeutic intervention point. Within this review, we highlight therapeutic intervention strategies for anti-SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other coronaviruses and speculate upon future directions for SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Xiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Alexej Dick
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Rooms 10307, 10309, and 10315, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Han Ju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Sako Mirzaie
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj 6616935391, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abdi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran 1651153311, Iran
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Rooms 10307, 10309, and 10315, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ghorbani M, Brooks BR, Klauda JB. Critical Sequence Hotspots for Binding of Novel Coronavirus to Angiotensin Converter Enzyme as Evaluated by Molecular Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:10034-10047. [PMID: 33112147 PMCID: PMC7605337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (nCOV-2019) outbreak has put the world on edge, causing millions of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths all around the world, as of June 2020, let alone the societal and economic impacts of the crisis. The spike protein of nCOV-2019 resides on the virion's surface mediating coronavirus entry into host cells by binding its receptor binding domain (RBD) to the host cell surface receptor protein, angiotensin converter enzyme (ACE2). Our goal is to provide a detailed structural mechanism of how nCOV-2019 recognizes and establishes contacts with ACE2 and its difference with an earlier severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-COV) in 2002 via extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Numerous mutations have been identified in the RBD of nCOV-2019 strains isolated from humans in different parts of the world. In this study, we investigated the effect of these mutations as well as other Ala-scanning mutations on the stability of the RBD/ACE2 complex. It is found that most of the naturally occurring mutations to the RBD either slightly strengthen or have the same binding affinity to ACE2 as the wild-type nCOV-2019. This means that the virus had sufficient binding affinity to its receptor at the beginning of the crisis. This also has implications for any vaccine design endeavors since these mutations could act as antibody escape mutants. Furthermore, in silico Ala-scanning and long-timescale MD simulations highlight the crucial role of the residues at the interface of RBD and ACE2 that may be used as potential pharmacophores for any drug development endeavors. From an evolutional perspective, this study also identifies how the virus has evolved from its predecessor SARS-COV and how it could further evolve to become even more infectious.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ghorbani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National, Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20824, USA
| | - Bernard R. Brooks
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National, Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20824, USA
| | - Jeffery B. Klauda
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Owji H, Negahdaripour M, Hajighahramani N. Immunotherapeutic approaches to curtail COVID-19. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106924. [PMID: 32877828 PMCID: PMC7441891 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, the disease induced by the recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has imposed an unpredictable burden on the world. Drug repurposing has been employed to rapidly find a cure; but despite great efforts, no drug or vaccine is presently available for treating or prevention of COVID-19. Apart from antivirals, immunotherapeutic strategies are suggested considering the role of the immune response as the host defense against the virus, and the fact that SARS-CoV-2 suppresses interferon induction as an immune evasion strategy. Active immunization through vaccines, interferon administration, passive immunotherapy by convalescent plasma or synthesized monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, as well as immunomodulatory drugs, are different immunotherapeutic approaches that will be mentioned in this review. The focus would be on passive immunotherapeutic interventions. Interferons might be helpful in some stages. Vaccine development has been followed with unprecedented speed. Some of these vaccines have been advanced to human clinical trials. Convalescent plasma therapy is already practiced in many countries to help save the lives of severely ill patients. Different antibodies that target various steps of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis or the associated immune responses are also proposed. For treating the cytokine storm induced at a late stage of the disease in some patients, immune modulation through JAK inhibitors, corticosteroids, and some other cognate classes are evaluated. Given the changing pattern of cytokine induction and immune responses throughout the COVID-19 disease course, different adapted approaches are needed to help patients. Gaining more knowledge about the detailed pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, its interplay with the immune system, and viral-mediated responses are crucial to identify efficient preventive and therapeutic approaches. A systemic approach seems essential in this regard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Owji
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Nasim Hajighahramani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rattanapisit K, Shanmugaraj B, Manopwisedjaroen S, Purwono PB, Siriwattananon K, Khorattanakulchai N, Hanittinan O, Boonyayothin W, Thitithanyanont A, Smith DR, Phoolcharoen W. Rapid production of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) and spike specific monoclonal antibody CR3022 in Nicotiana benthamiana. Sci Rep 2020. [PMID: 33077899 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-27160/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the ongoing global outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) which is a significant threat to global public health. The rapid spread of COVID-19 necessitates the development of cost-effective technology platforms for the production of vaccines, drugs, and protein reagents for appropriate disease diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we explored the possibility of producing the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 and an anti-SARS-CoV monoclonal antibody (mAb) CR3022 in Nicotiana benthamiana. Both RBD and mAb CR3022 were transiently produced with the highest expression level of 8 μg/g and 130 μg/g leaf fresh weight respectively at 3 days post-infiltration. The plant-produced RBD exhibited specific binding to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Furthermore, the plant-produced mAb CR3022 binds to SARS-CoV-2, but fails to neutralize the virus in vitro. This is the first report showing the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD and mAb CR3022 in plants. Overall these findings provide a proof-of-concept for using plants as an expression system for the production of SARS-CoV-2 antigens and antibodies or similar other diagnostic reagents against SARS-CoV-2 rapidly, especially during epidemic or pandemic situation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- COVID-19
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Humans
- Neutralization Tests
- Pandemics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Plant Leaves/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Domains/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Tobacco/metabolism
- Vero Cells
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaewta Rattanapisit
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Balamurugan Shanmugaraj
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Priyo Budi Purwono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Konlavat Siriwattananon
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narach Khorattanakulchai
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oranicha Hanittinan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanuttha Boonyayothin
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang N, Rosen O, Wang L, Turner HL, Stevens LJ, Corbett KS, Bowman CA, Pallesen J, Shi W, Zhang Y, Leung K, Kirchdoerfer RN, Becker MM, Denison MR, Chappell JD, Ward AB, Graham BS, McLellan JS. Structural Definition of a Neutralization-Sensitive Epitope on the MERS-CoV S1-NTD. Cell Rep 2020; 28:3395-3405.e6. [PMID: 31553909 PMCID: PMC6935267 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged into the human population in 2012 and has caused substantial morbidity and mortality. Potently neutralizing antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) on MERS-CoV spike (S) protein have been characterized, but much less is known about antibodies targeting non-RBD epitopes. Here, we report the structural and functional characterization of G2, a neutralizing antibody targeting the MERS-CoV S1 N-terminal domain (S1-NTD). Structures of G2 alone and in complex with the MERS-CoV S1-NTD define a site of vulnerability comprising two loops, each of which contain a residue mutated in G2-escape variants. Cell-surface binding studies and in vitro competition experiments demonstrate that G2 strongly disrupts the attachment of MERS-CoV S to its receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), with the inhibition requiring the native trimeric S conformation. These results advance our understanding of antibody-mediated neutralization of coronaviruses and should facilitate the development of immunotherapeutics and vaccines against MERS-CoV. The epitope for the neutralizing antibody G2 is confined to the apex of the MERS-CoV S1-NTD G2 epitope is relatively well conserved G2 IgG and Fab both neutralize pseudotyped and authentic MERS-CoV G2 neutralizes by preventing the binding of DPP4 to trimeric S protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nianshuang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Osnat Rosen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hannah L Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura J Stevens
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kizzmekia S Corbett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charles A Bowman
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jesper Pallesen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kwanyee Leung
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert N Kirchdoerfer
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michelle M Becker
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mark R Denison
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James D Chappell
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rattanapisit K, Shanmugaraj B, Manopwisedjaroen S, Purwono PB, Siriwattananon K, Khorattanakulchai N, Hanittinan O, Boonyayothin W, Thitithanyanont A, Smith DR, Phoolcharoen W. Rapid production of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) and spike specific monoclonal antibody CR3022 in Nicotiana benthamiana. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17698. [PMID: 33077899 PMCID: PMC7573609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the ongoing global outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) which is a significant threat to global public health. The rapid spread of COVID-19 necessitates the development of cost-effective technology platforms for the production of vaccines, drugs, and protein reagents for appropriate disease diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we explored the possibility of producing the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 and an anti-SARS-CoV monoclonal antibody (mAb) CR3022 in Nicotiana benthamiana. Both RBD and mAb CR3022 were transiently produced with the highest expression level of 8 μg/g and 130 μg/g leaf fresh weight respectively at 3 days post-infiltration. The plant-produced RBD exhibited specific binding to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Furthermore, the plant-produced mAb CR3022 binds to SARS-CoV-2, but fails to neutralize the virus in vitro. This is the first report showing the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD and mAb CR3022 in plants. Overall these findings provide a proof-of-concept for using plants as an expression system for the production of SARS-CoV-2 antigens and antibodies or similar other diagnostic reagents against SARS-CoV-2 rapidly, especially during epidemic or pandemic situation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- COVID-19
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Humans
- Neutralization Tests
- Pandemics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Plant Leaves/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Domains/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Vero Cells
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaewta Rattanapisit
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Balamurugan Shanmugaraj
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Priyo Budi Purwono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Konlavat Siriwattananon
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narach Khorattanakulchai
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oranicha Hanittinan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanuttha Boonyayothin
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yu F, Xiang R, Deng X, Wang L, Yu Z, Tian S, Liang R, Li Y, Ying T, Jiang S. Receptor-binding domain-specific human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:212. [PMID: 32963228 PMCID: PMC7506210 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, respectively, have posed severe threats to global public health and the economy. Treatment and prevention of these viral diseases call for the research and development of human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NMAbs). Scientists have screened neutralizing antibodies using the virus receptor-binding domain (RBD) as an antigen, indicating that RBD contains multiple conformational neutralizing epitopes, which are the main structural domains for inducing neutralizing antibodies and T-cell immune responses. This review summarizes the structure and function of RBD and RBD-specific NMAbs against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 currently under development.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Betacoronavirus/drug effects
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cross Reactions
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/immunology
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/drug effects
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/pathogenicity
- SARS-CoV-2
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/virology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Virion/immunology
- Virion/ultrastructure
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoqian Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhengsen Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shijun Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ruiying Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanbai Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Subbarao K, Mordant F, Rudraraju R. Convalescent plasma treatment for COVID‐19: Tempering expectations with the influenza experience. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1447-1453. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Francesca Mordant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ishay Y, Kessler A, Schwarts A, Ilan Y. Antibody response to SARS-Co-V-2, diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:1731-1743. [PMID: 32904861 PMCID: PMC7461510 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is comprised of both cellular and humoral arms. While current diagnostic methods are mainly based on PCR, they suffer from insensitivity. Therefore, antibody-based serological tests are being developed to achieve higher sensitivity and specificity. Current efforts in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection include blocking of viral entry into the host cells, prohibiting viral replication and survival in the host cells, or reducing the exaggerated host immune response. Administration of convalescent plasma containing anti-viral antibodies was proposed to improve the outcome in severe cases. In this paper, we review some of the aspects associated with the development of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their potential use for improved diagnosis and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ishay
- Department of Medicine Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| | - Asa Kessler
- Department of Medicine Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| | - Asaf Schwarts
- Department of Medicine Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Department of Medicine Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ejemel M, Li Q, Hou S, Schiller ZA, Tree JA, Wallace A, Amcheslavsky A, Kurt Yilmaz N, Buttigieg KR, Elmore MJ, Godwin K, Coombes N, Toomey JR, Schneider R, Ramchetty AS, Close BJ, Chen DY, Conway HL, Saeed M, Ganesa C, Carroll MW, Cavacini LA, Klempner MS, Schiffer CA, Wang Y. A cross-reactive human IgA monoclonal antibody blocks SARS-CoV-2 spike-ACE2 interaction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4198. [PMID: 32826914 PMCID: PMC7442812 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a global pandemic requiring the development of interventions for the prevention or treatment to curtail mortality and morbidity. No vaccine to boost mucosal immunity, or as a therapeutic, has yet been developed to SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we discover and characterize a cross-reactive human IgA monoclonal antibody, MAb362. MAb362 binds to both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and competitively blocks ACE2 receptor binding, by overlapping the ACE2 structural binding epitope. Furthermore, MAb362 IgA neutralizes both pseudotyped SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in 293 cells expressing ACE2. When converted to secretory IgA, MAb326 also neutralizes authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus while the IgG isotype shows no neutralization. Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA antibodies, such as MAb362, may provide effective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 by inducing mucosal immunity within the respiratory system, a potentially critical feature of an effective vaccine. Here, Ejemel et al. report the identification and characterization of a cross-neutralizing human IgA monoclonal antibody, named MAb362, that binds the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike, blocking its interaction with the ACE2 host receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monir Ejemel
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qi Li
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shurong Hou
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary A Schiller
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia A Tree
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Aaron Wallace
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alla Amcheslavsky
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen R Buttigieg
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Michael J Elmore
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Kerry Godwin
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Naomi Coombes
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Jacqueline R Toomey
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryan Schneider
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anudeep S Ramchetty
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brianna J Close
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Da-Yuan Chen
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hasahn L Conway
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohsan Saeed
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chandrashekar Ganesa
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Lisa A Cavacini
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mark S Klempner
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yang Wang
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tong PBV, Lin LY, Tran TH. Coronaviruses pandemics: Can neutralizing antibodies help? Life Sci 2020; 255:117836. [PMID: 32450171 PMCID: PMC7243778 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For the first time in Homo sapiens history, possibly, most of human activities is stopped by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Nearly eight billion people of this world are facing a great challenge, maybe not "to be or not to be" yet, but unpredictable. What happens to other major pandemics in the past, and how human beings went through these hurdles? The human body is equipped with the immune system that can recognize, respond and fight against pathogens such as viruses. Following the innate response, immune system processes the adaptive response by which each pathogen is encoded and recorded in memory system. The humoral reaction containing cytokines and antibodies is expected to activate when the pathogens come back. Exploiting this nature of body protection, neutralizing antibodies have been investigated. Learning from past, in parallel to SARS-CoV-2, other coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV who caused previous pandemics, are recalled in this review. We here propose insights of origin and characteristics and perspective for the future of antibodies development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phuoc-Bao-Viet Tong
- INSERM U1109, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Li-Yun Lin
- INSERM U1109, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tuan Hiep Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi 12116, Viet Nam; PHENIKAA Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC, No.167 Hoang Ngan, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11313, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Valle C, Martin B, Touret F, Shannon A, Canard B, Guillemot JC, Coutard B, Decroly E. Drugs against SARS-CoV-2: What do we know about their mode of action? Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:1-10. [PMID: 32779326 PMCID: PMC7435512 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The health emergency caused by the recent Covid-19 pandemic highlights the need to identify effective treatments against the virus causing this disease (SARS-CoV-2). The first clinical trials have been testing repurposed drugs that show promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects in cultured cells. Although more than 2400 clinical trials are already under way, the actual number of tested compounds is still limited to approximately 20, alone or in combination. In addition, knowledge on their mode of action (MoA) is currently insufficient. Their first results reveal some inconsistencies and contradictory results and suggest that cohort size and quality of the control arm are two key issues for obtaining rigorous and conclusive results. Moreover, the observed discrepancies might also result from differences in the clinical inclusion criteria, including the possibility of early treatment that may be essential for therapy efficacy in patients with Covid-19. Importantly, efforts should also be made to test new compounds with a documented MoA against SARS-CoV-2 in clinical trials. Successful treatment will probably be based on multitherapies with antiviral compounds that target different steps of the virus life cycle. Moreover, a multidisciplinary approach that combines artificial intelligence, compound docking, and robust in vitro and in vivo assays will accelerate the development of new antiviral molecules. Finally, large retrospective studies on hospitalized patients are needed to evaluate the different treatments with robust statistical tools and to identify the best treatment for each Covid-19 stage. This review describes different candidate antiviral strategies for Covid-19, by focusing on their mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Valle
- Laboratoire AFMB, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | | | - Franck Touret
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Ashleigh Shannon
- Laboratoire AFMB, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Canard
- Laboratoire AFMB, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | | | - Bruno Coutard
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Etienne Decroly
- Laboratoire AFMB, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang B, Zhou X, Zhu C, Song Y, Feng F, Qiu Y, Feng J, Jia Q, Song Q, Zhu B, Wang J. Immune Phenotyping Based on the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and IgG Level Predicts Disease Severity and Outcome for Patients With COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2020. [PMID: 32719810 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00157)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A recently emerging respiratory disease named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has quickly spread across the world. This disease is initiated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and uncontrolled cytokine storm, but it remains unknown as to whether a robust antibody response is related to clinical deterioration and poor outcome in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies were determined by chemiluminescence analysis (CLIA) in COVID-19 patients at a single center in Wuhan. Median IgG and IgM levels in acute and convalescent-phase sera (within 35 days) for all included patients were calculated and compared between severe and non-severe patients. Immune response phenotyping based on the late IgG levels and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was characterized to stratified patients into different disease severities and outcomes. Results: A total of 222 patients were included in this study. IgG was first detected on day 4 of illness, and its peak levels occurred in the fourth week. Severe cases were more frequently found in patients with high IgG levels, compared to those with low IgG levels (51.8 vs. 32.3%; p = 0.008). Severity rates for patients with NLRhiIgGhi, NLRhiIgGlo, NLRloIgGhi, and NLRloIgGlo phenotype were 72.3, 48.5, 33.3, and 15.6%, respectively (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, severe patients with NLRhiIgGhi, NLRhiIgGlo had higher inflammatory cytokines levels including IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10, and decreased CD4+ T cell count compared to those with NLRloIgGlo phenotype (p < 0.05). Recovery rates for severe patients with NLRhiIgGhi, NLRhiIgGlo, NLRloIgGhi, and NLRloIgGlo phenotype were 58.8% (20/34), 68.8% (11/16), 80.0% (4/5), and 100% (12/12), respectively (p = 0.0592). Dead cases only occurred in NLRhiIgGhi and NLRhiIgGlo phenotypes. Conclusions: COVID-19 severity is associated with increased IgG response, and an immune response phenotyping based on the late IgG response and NLR could act as a simple complementary tool to discriminate between severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients, and further predict their clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhou
- Cardiac Care Unit, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxiao Song
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Feng
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanru Qiu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Feng
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingzhu Jia
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qibin Song
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang B, Zhou X, Zhu C, Song Y, Feng F, Qiu Y, Feng J, Jia Q, Song Q, Zhu B, Wang J. Immune Phenotyping Based on the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and IgG Level Predicts Disease Severity and Outcome for Patients With COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:157. [PMID: 32719810 PMCID: PMC7350507 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A recently emerging respiratory disease named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has quickly spread across the world. This disease is initiated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and uncontrolled cytokine storm, but it remains unknown as to whether a robust antibody response is related to clinical deterioration and poor outcome in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies were determined by chemiluminescence analysis (CLIA) in COVID-19 patients at a single center in Wuhan. Median IgG and IgM levels in acute and convalescent-phase sera (within 35 days) for all included patients were calculated and compared between severe and non-severe patients. Immune response phenotyping based on the late IgG levels and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was characterized to stratified patients into different disease severities and outcomes. Results: A total of 222 patients were included in this study. IgG was first detected on day 4 of illness, and its peak levels occurred in the fourth week. Severe cases were more frequently found in patients with high IgG levels, compared to those with low IgG levels (51.8 vs. 32.3%; p = 0.008). Severity rates for patients with NLRhiIgGhi, NLRhiIgGlo, NLRloIgGhi, and NLRloIgGlo phenotype were 72.3, 48.5, 33.3, and 15.6%, respectively (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, severe patients with NLRhiIgGhi, NLRhiIgGlo had higher inflammatory cytokines levels including IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10, and decreased CD4+ T cell count compared to those with NLRloIgGlo phenotype (p < 0.05). Recovery rates for severe patients with NLRhiIgGhi, NLRhiIgGlo, NLRloIgGhi, and NLRloIgGlo phenotype were 58.8% (20/34), 68.8% (11/16), 80.0% (4/5), and 100% (12/12), respectively (p = 0.0592). Dead cases only occurred in NLRhiIgGhi and NLRhiIgGlo phenotypes. Conclusions: COVID-19 severity is associated with increased IgG response, and an immune response phenotyping based on the late IgG response and NLR could act as a simple complementary tool to discriminate between severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients, and further predict their clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhou
- Cardiac Care Unit, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxiao Song
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Feng
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanru Qiu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Feng
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingzhu Jia
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qibin Song
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ghorbani M, Brooks BR, Klauda JB. Critical Sequence Hot-spots for Binding of nCOV-2019 to ACE2 as Evaluated by Molecular Simulations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32637962 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.27.175448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (nCOV-2019) outbreak has put the world on edge, causing millions of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths all around the world, as of June 2020, let alone the societal and economic impacts of the crisis. The spike protein of nCOV-2019 resides on the virion's surface mediating coronavirus entry into host cells by binding its receptor binding domain (RBD) to the host cell surface receptor protein, angiotensin converter enzyme (ACE2). Our goal is to provide a detailed structural mechanism of how nCOV-2019 recognizes and establishes contacts with ACE2 and its difference with an earlier coronavirus SARS-COV in 2002 via extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Numerous mutations have been identified in the RBD of nCOV-2019 strains isolated from humans in different parts of the world. In this study, we investigated the effect of these mutations as well as other Ala-scanning mutations on the stability of RBD/ACE2 complex. It is found that most of the naturally-occurring mutations to the RBD either strengthen or have the same binding affinity to ACE2 as the wild-type nCOV-2019. This may have implications for high human-to-human transmission of coronavirus in regions where these mutations have been found as well as any vaccine design endeavors since these mutations could act as antibody escape mutants. Furthermore, in-silico Ala-scanning and long-timescale MD simulations, highlight the crucial role of the residues at the interface of RBD and ACE2 that may be used as potential pharmacophores for any drug development endeavors. From an evolutional perspective, this study also identifies how the virus has evolved from its predecessor SARS-COV and how it could further evolve to become more infectious.
Collapse
|
39
|
Klasse PJ, Moore JP. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and their potential for therapeutic passive immunization. eLife 2020; 9:e57877. [PMID: 32573433 PMCID: PMC7311167 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We review aspects of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. The topics we cover are relevant to immunotherapy with plasma from recovered patients, monoclonal antibodies against the viral S-protein, and soluble forms of the receptor for the virus, angiotensin converting enzyme 2. The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, an essential public health tool, will also be informed by an understanding of the antibody response in infected patients. Although virus-neutralizing antibodies are likely to protect, antibodies could potentially trigger immunopathogenic events in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients or enhance infection. An awareness of these possibilities may benefit clinicians and the developers of antibody-based therapies and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- PJ Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
SARS-CoV-2: An Update on Potential Antivirals in Light of SARS-CoV Antiviral Drug Discoveries. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020335. [PMID: 32585913 PMCID: PMC7350231 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of RNA viruses that are associated with different diseases in animals, birds, and humans. Human CoVs (HCoVs) have long been known to be the causative agents of mild respiratory illnesses. However, two HCoVs associated with severe respiratory diseases are Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV). Both viruses resulted in hundreds of deaths after spreading to several countries. Most recently, SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as the third HCoV causing severe respiratory distress syndrome and viral pneumonia (known as COVID-19) in patients from Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Soon after its discovery, SARS-CoV-2 spread to all countries, resulting in millions of cases and thousands of deaths. Since the emergence of SARS-CoV, many research groups have dedicated their resources to discovering effective antivirals that can treat such life-threatening infections. The rapid spread and high fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 necessitate the quick discovery of effective antivirals to control this outbreak. Since SARS-CoV-2 shares 79% sequence identity with SARS-CoV, several anti-SARS-CoV drugs have shown promise in limiting SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we discuss antivirals described for SARS-CoV and provide an update on therapeutic strategies and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. The control of the current outbreak will strongly depend on the discovery of effective and safe anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
Collapse
|
41
|
Monoclonal antibody as a potential anti-COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110337. [PMID: 32534226 PMCID: PMC7269943 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neutralizing antibodies can block COVID-19 infection. Most monoclonal antibodies inhibit binding S protein to ACE2 receptor. Researchers are trying to develop treatments based on antibodies to block and/or neutralize SARS-CoV-2. The genetic and structural similarity of the virus to SARS-CoV helps for designing new methods for treatment of COVID-19.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is expanding rapidly, which made it as one of top priorities for scientists to develop novel treatment strategies. Researchers are racing to develop treatments based on antibodies to block and/or neutralize the coronavirus in affected patients. Initially, the genetic and structural similarity of the virus to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) created the potential for understanding disease pathogenesis. Researchers have published reports of specific monoclonal antibodies against to COVID-19 (B38, H4, 47D11) and hope that this method is effective. As well as studies on patients who are plasma therapy, the patient's condition shows improvement. The evidence for these studies is very promising and demonstrates the potential of monoclonal antibody therapy as a therapeutic approach and prevention of covid-19 infection.
Collapse
|
42
|
Padron-Regalado E. Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: Lessons from Other Coronavirus Strains. Infect Dis Ther 2020; 9:255-274. [PMID: 32328406 PMCID: PMC7177048 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-020-00300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the strain of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and its impact on global health have made imperative the development of effective and safe vaccines for this lethal strain. SARS-CoV-2 now adds to the list of coronavirus diseases that have threatened global health, along with the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) coronaviruses that emerged in 2002/2003 and 2012, respectively. As of April 2020, no vaccine is commercially available for these coronavirus strains. Nevertheless, the knowledge obtained from the vaccine development efforts for MERS and SARS can be of high value for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). Here, we review the past and ongoing vaccine development efforts for clinically relevant coronavirus strains with the intention that this information helps in the development of effective and safe vaccines for COVID-19. In addition, information from naturally exposed individuals and animal models to coronavirus strains is described for the same purpose of helping into the development of effective vaccines against COVID-19.
Collapse
|
43
|
Ejemel M, Li Q, Hou S, Schiller ZA, Wallace AL, Amcheslavsky A, Yilmaz NK, Toomey JR, Schneider R, Close BJ, Chen DY, Conway HL, Mohsan S, Cavacini LA, Klempner MS, Schiffer CA, Wang Y. IgA MAb blocks SARS-CoV-2 Spike-ACE2 interaction providing mucosal immunity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32511396 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.15.096719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a global pandemic requiring the development of interventions for the prevention or treatment to curtail mortality and morbidity. No vaccine to boost mucosal immunity or as a therapeutic has yet been developed to SARS-CoV-2. In this study we discover and characterize a cross-reactive human IgA monoclonal antibody, MAb362. MAb362 binds to both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and competitively blocks hACE2 receptor binding, by completely overlapping the hACE2 structural binding epitope. Furthermore, MAb362 IgA neutralizes both pseudotyped SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in human epithelial cells expressing hACE2. SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA antibodies, such as MAb362, may provide effective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 by inducing mucosal immunity within the respiratory system, a potentially critical feature of an effective vaccine.
Collapse
|
44
|
Chebotar IV, Shagin DA. On the unpredictability of outcomes of immunotherapy and preventive immunization against COVID-19. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2020.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article analyzes the possibility of employing immunotherapy and preventive immunization to fight COVID-19. The authors think that treatment and prevention of the infection with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies can have unpredictable outcomes. Although these antibodies can neutralize virus antigens (S-proteins), they also have the ability to enhance virus entry into the host cell. The article emphasizes the importance of solid evidence of efficacy and safety for candidate anti-COVID-19 therapies and protective measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- IV Chebotar
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - DA Shagin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tse LV, Meganck RM, Graham RL, Baric RS. The Current and Future State of Vaccines, Antivirals and Gene Therapies Against Emerging Coronaviruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:658. [PMID: 32390971 PMCID: PMC7193113 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging coronaviruses (CoV) are constant global public health threats to society. Multiple ongoing clinical trials for vaccines and antivirals against CoVs showcase the availability of medical interventions to both prevent and treat the future emergence of highly pathogenic CoVs in human. However, given the diverse nature of CoVs and our close interactions with wild, domestic and companion animals, the next epidemic zoonotic CoV could resist the existing vaccines and antivirals developed, which are primarily focused on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV). In late 2019, the novel CoV (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, causing global public health concern. In this review, we will summarize the key advancements of current vaccines and antivirals against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV as well as discuss the challenge and opportunity in the current SARS-CoV-2 crisis. At the end, we advocate the development of a "plug-and-play" platform technologies that could allow quick manufacturing and administration of broad-spectrum countermeasures in an outbreak setting. We will discuss the potential of AAV-based gene therapy technology for in vivo therapeutic antibody delivery to combat SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and the future emergence of severe CoVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longping V. Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rita M. Meganck
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rachel L. Graham
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhou G, Zhao Q. Perspectives on therapeutic neutralizing antibodies against the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1718-1723. [PMID: 32226289 PMCID: PMC7098029 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly identified novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is causing pneumonia-associated respiratory syndrome across the world. Epidemiology, genomics, and pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 show high homology with that of SARS-CoV. Current efforts are focusing on development of specific antiviral drugs. Therapeutic neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 will be greatly important therapeutic agents for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Herein, the host immune responses against SARS-CoV discussed in this review provide implications for developing NAbs and understanding clinical interventions against SARS-CoV-2. Further, we describe the benefits, challenges and considerations of NAbs against SARS-CoV-2. Although many challenges exist, NAbs still offer a therapeutic option to control the current pandemic and the possible re-emergence of the virus in the future, and their development therefore remains a high priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Zhou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SPR, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SPR, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SPR, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SPR, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
From SARS to MERS, Thrusting Coronaviruses into the Spotlight. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010059. [PMID: 30646565 PMCID: PMC6357155 DOI: 10.3390/v11010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 674] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) have formerly been regarded as relatively harmless respiratory pathogens to humans. However, two outbreaks of severe respiratory tract infection, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), as a result of zoonotic CoVs crossing the species barrier, caused high pathogenicity and mortality rates in human populations. This brought CoVs global attention and highlighted the importance of controlling infectious pathogens at international borders. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, as well as provides details on the pivotal structure and function of the spike proteins (S proteins) on the surface of each of these viruses. For building up more suitable animal models, we compare the current animal models recapitulating pathogenesis and summarize the potential role of host receptors contributing to diverse host affinity in various species. We outline the research still needed to fully elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of these viruses, to construct reproducible animal models, and ultimately develop countermeasures to conquer not only SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but also these emerging coronaviral diseases.
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhang SM, Liao Y, Neo TL, Lu Y, Liu DX, Vahlne A, Tam JP. Identification and application of self-binding zipper-like sequences in SARS-CoV spike protein. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 101:103-112. [PMID: 29800727 PMCID: PMC7108413 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Self-binding peptides containing zipper-like sequences, such as the Leu/Ile zipper sequence within the coiled coil regions of proteins and the cross-β spine steric zippers within the amyloid-like fibrils, could bind to the protein-of-origin through homophilic sequence-specific zipper motifs. These self-binding sequences represent opportunities for the development of biochemical tools and/or therapeutics. Here, we report on the identification of a putative self-binding β-zipper-forming peptide within the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus spike (S) protein and its application in viral detection. Peptide array scanning of overlapping peptides covering the entire length of S protein identified 34 putative self-binding peptides of six clusters, five of which contained octapeptide core consensus sequences. The Cluster I consensus octapeptide sequence GINITNFR was predicted by the Eisenberg’s 3D profile method to have high amyloid-like fibrillation potential through steric β-zipper formation. Peptide C6 containing the Cluster I consensus sequence was shown to oligomerize and form amyloid-like fibrils. Taking advantage of this, C6 was further applied to detect the S protein expression in vitro by fluorescence staining. Meanwhile, the coiled-coil-forming Leu/Ile heptad repeat sequences within the S protein were under-represented during peptide array scanning, in agreement with that long peptide lengths were required to attain high helix-mediated interaction avidity. The data suggest that short β-zipper-like self-binding peptides within the S protein could be identified through combining the peptide scanning and predictive methods, and could be exploited as biochemical detection reagents for viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Min Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tuan Ling Neo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Yanning Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Anders Vahlne
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against HA Protein of H1N1 Swine Influenza Virus and Protective Efficacy against H1 Viruses in Mice. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080209. [PMID: 28786930 PMCID: PMC5580466 DOI: 10.3390/v9080209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
H1N1 swine influenza viruses (SIV) are prevalent in pigs globally, and occasionally emerge in humans, which raises concern about their pandemic threats. To stimulate hemagglutination (HA) of A/Swine/Guangdong/LM/2004 (H1N1) (SW/GD/04) antibody response, eukaryotic expression plasmid pCI-neo-HA was constructed and used as an immunogen to prepare monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Five mAbs (designed 8C4, 8C6, 9D6, 8A4, and 8B1) against HA protein were obtained and characterized. Western blot showed that the 70 kDa HA protein could be detected by all mAbs in MDCK cells infected with SW/GD/04. Three mAbs—8C4, 8C6, and 9D6—have hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neutralization test (NT) activities, and 8C6 induces the highest HI and NT titers. The protection efficacy of 8C6 was investigated in BALB/c mice challenged with homologous or heterologous strains of the H1 subtype SIV. The results indicate that mAb 8C6 protected the mice from viral infections, especially the homologous strain, which was clearly demonstrated by the body weight changes and reduction of viral load. Thus, our findings document for the first time that mAb 8C6 might be of potential therapeutic value for H1 subtype SIV infection.
Collapse
|
50
|
Tsutsui R, Tsukagoshi H, Nagasawa K, Takahashi M, Matsushima Y, Ryo A, Kuroda M, Takami H, Kimura H. Genetic analyses of the fusion protein genes in human parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3 among patients with acute respiratory infections in Eastern Japan from 2011 to 2015. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:160-168. [PMID: 28266286 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To genetically explore the fusion protein gene (F) in human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) and type 3 (HPIV3) strains, we analysed them in patients with acute respiratory infections in Eastern Japan from 2011 to 2015. METHODOLOGY We constructed phylogenetic trees based on the HPIV and HPIV3 F gene using the maximum likelihood method and conducted P-distance and selective pressure analyses. We also predicted the linear epitopes of the protein in the prototype strains. Furthermore, we mapped the amino acid substitutions of the proteins. RESULTS Nineteen strains of HPIV1 and 53 strains of HPIV3 were detected among the clinical acute respiratory infection cases. The phylogenetic trees indicated that the HPIV1 and HPIV3 strains were classified into clusters II and III and cluster C, respectively. The P-distance values of the HPIV1 and HPIV3 F genes were <0.03. Two positive selection sites were inferred in the HPIV1 (aa 8 and aa 10), and one positive selection site was inferred in the HPIV3 (aa 108), but over 10 negative selection sites were inferred. Four epitopes were predicted for the HPIV1 prototype strains, while five epitopes were predicted for the HPIV3 prototype strain. A positive selection site (aa 108) or the HPIV3 F protein was involved in the predicted epitope. Additionally, we found that an amino acid substitution (R73K) in the LC76627 HPIV3 strain presumably may affect the resistance to neutralization by antibodies. CONCLUSION The F gene of HPIV1 and HPIV3 was relatively well conserved in the eastern part of Japan during the investigation period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rika Tsutsui
- Department of Pathologic Analysis, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1, Hon-cho, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori 036-8564, Japan.,Aomori Prefecture Public Health and Environment Center, 1-1-1, Higashitsukurimichi, Aomori-shi, Aomori 030-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Koo Nagasawa
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health of Iwate Prefecture, 1-11-16, Kitaiioka, Morioka-shi, Iwate 020-0857, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsushima
- Division of Virology, Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, 3-25-13, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Takami
- Department of Pathologic Analysis, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1, Hon-cho, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| |
Collapse
|