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Lu M, Zhu Y, Li D, Zhou Z, Lin H, Hong H, Shi J, Wu Z. Gb3-Coated Bovine Milk Exosomes as a Practical Neutralizer for Shiga Toxin. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5798-5808. [PMID: 37988327 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) is associated with foodborne infections of some Shigella spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), leading to life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Target-specific therapeutics against HUS are currently unavailable in clinical practice. Herein, we reported the construction and in vitro characterization of Gb3-coated bovine milk exosomes (Gb3-mExo) as a multivalent Shiga toxin neutralizer, utilizing the natural advantages of milk exosomes (mExo) in drug delivery and multivalent interactions between Stx and its receptor Gb3. Gb3-mExo constructs were achieved by conjugating mExo with the Gb3 derivatives containing stearic acid-derived lipid tail, which was prepared through an efficient chemoenzymatic approach. The constructs were able to potently neutralize the binding of the B subunit of Stx2 (Stx2B) to receptor Gb3 immobilized on the plate or expressed on model cells. General safety of the constructs was evidenced by the cytotoxicity analysis and hemolysis assay. In addition to the excellent stability under conventional storage and handling conditions, the construct can also retain most of its neutralization potency under gastrointestinal pH extremes, showing the potential for oral administration. Considering the natural availability and excellent biocompatibility of mExo, Gb3-mExo conjugates should prove to be a practical prophylactic and therapeutic for the Shiga toxin-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Yating Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Han Lin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Haofei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
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Billet A, Hadjerci J, Tran T, Kessler P, Ulmer J, Mourier G, Ghazarian M, Gonzalez A, Thai R, Urquia P, Van Baelen AC, Meola A, Fernandez I, Deville-Foillard S, MacDonald E, Paolini L, Schmidt F, Rey FA, Kay MS, Tartour E, Servent D, Johannes L. A synthetic delivery vector for mucosal vaccination. Biomaterials 2023; 302:122298. [PMID: 37713762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The success of mRNA-based vaccines during the Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the value of this new platform for vaccine development against infectious disease. However, the CD8+ T cell response remains modest with mRNA vaccines, and these do not induce mucosal immunity, which would be needed to prevent viral spread in the healthy population. To address this drawback, we developed a dendritic cell targeting mucosal vaccination vector, the homopentameric STxB. Here, we describe the highly efficient chemical synthesis of the protein, and its in vitro folding. This straightforward preparation led to a synthetic delivery tool whose biophysical and intracellular trafficking characteristics were largely indistinguishable from recombinant STxB. The chemical approach allowed for the generation of new variants with bioorthogonal handles. Selected variants were chemically coupled to several types of antigens derived from the mucosal viruses SARS-CoV-2 and type 16 human papillomavirus. Upon intranasal administration in mice, mucosal immunity, including resident memory CD8+ T cells and IgA antibodies was induced against these antigens. Our study thereby identifies a novel synthetic antigen delivery tool for mucosal vaccination with an unmatched potential to respond to an urgent medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Billet
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France; Université de Paris, 85 boulevard Saint-Germain, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Justine Hadjerci
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Thi Tran
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, PARCC, PARIS, France
| | - Pascal Kessler
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, DMTS/SIMoS, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - Jonathan Ulmer
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Gilles Mourier
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, DMTS/SIMoS, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - Marine Ghazarian
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, DMTS/SIMoS, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - Anthony Gonzalez
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, DMTS/SIMoS, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - Robert Thai
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, DMTS/SIMoS, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Annalisa Meola
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Structural Virology Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Fernandez
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Structural Virology Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Deville-Foillard
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France; Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Ewan MacDonald
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Léa Paolini
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, PARCC, PARIS, France
| | - Frédéric Schmidt
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Félix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Structural Virology Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Michael S Kay
- University of Utah, Department of Biochemistry Biopolymers Research Building, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5700, USA
| | - Eric Tartour
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, PARCC, PARIS, France; Department of Immunology, Hopital Europeen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, Cedex 15 75908, France.
| | - Denis Servent
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, DMTS/SIMoS, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, Cedex, France.
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France.
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Danielewicz N, Rosato F, Tomisch J, Gräber J, Wiltschi B, Striedner G, Römer W, Mairhofer J. Clickable Shiga Toxin B Subunit for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:15406-15421. [PMID: 37151527 PMCID: PMC10157870 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, receptor-mediated drug delivery has gained major attention in the treatment of cancer. The pathogen-derived Shiga Toxin B subunit (STxB) can be used as a carrier that detects the tumor-associated glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) receptors. While drug conjugation via lysine or cysteine offers random drug attachment to carriers, click chemistry has the potential to improve the engineering of delivery systems as the site specificity can eliminate interference with the active binding site of tumor ligands. We present the production of recombinant STxB in its wild-type (STxBwt) version or incorporating the noncanonical amino acid azido lysine (STxBAzK). The STxBwt and STxBAzK were manufactured using a growth-decoupled Escherichia coli (E. coli)-based expression strain and analyzed via flow cytometry for Gb3 receptor recognition and specificity on two human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines-HT-29 and LS-174-characterized by high and low Gb3 abundance, respectively. Furthermore, STxBAzK was clicked to the antineoplastic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) and evaluated in cell-killing assays for its ability to deliver the drug to Gb3-expressing tumor cells. The STxBAzK-MMAE conjugate induced uptake and release of the MMAE drug in Gb3-positive tumor cells, reaching 94% of HT-29 cell elimination at 72 h post-treatment and low nanomolar doses while sparing LS-174 cells. STxBAzK is therefore presented as a well-functioning drug carrier, with a possible application in cancer therapy. This research demonstrates the feasibility of lectin carriers used in delivering drugs to tumor cells, with prospects for improved cancer therapy in terms of straightforward drug attachment and effective cancer cell elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Danielewicz
- enGenes
Biotech GmbH, Muthgasse
11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Francesca Rosato
- Faculty
of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling
Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University
of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße
18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jana Tomisch
- Faculty
of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling
Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University
of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße
18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Gräber
- Faculty
of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling
Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University
of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße
18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Wiltschi
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Striedner
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty
of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling
Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University
of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße
18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg
Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Rosato F, Pasupuleti R, Tomisch J, Meléndez AV, Kolanovic D, Makshakova ON, Wiltschi B, Römer W. A bispecific, crosslinking lectibody activates cytotoxic T cells and induces cancer cell death. J Transl Med 2022; 20:578. [PMID: 36494671 PMCID: PMC9733292 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03794-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant glycosylation patterns play a crucial role in the development of cancer cells as they promote tumor growth and aggressiveness. Lectins recognize carbohydrate antigens attached to proteins and lipids on cell surfaces and represent potential tools for application in cancer diagnostics and therapy. Among the emerging cancer therapies, immunotherapy has become a promising treatment modality for various hematological and solid malignancies. Here we present an approach to redirect the immune system into fighting cancer by targeting altered glycans at the surface of malignant cells. We developed a so-called "lectibody", a bispecific construct composed of a lectin linked to an antibody fragment. This lectibody is inspired by bispecific T cell engager (BiTEs) antibodies that recruit cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) while simultaneously binding to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) on cancer cells. The tumor-related glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) represents the target of this proof-of-concept study. It is recognized with high selectivity by the B-subunit of the pathogen-derived Shiga toxin, presenting opportunities for clinical development. METHODS The lectibody was realized by conjugating an anti-CD3 single-chain antibody fragment to the B-subunit of Shiga toxin to target Gb3+ cancer cells. The reactive non-canonical amino acid azidolysine (AzK) was inserted at predefined single positions in both proteins. The azido groups were functionalized by bioorthogonal conjugation with individual linkers that facilitated selective coupling via an alternative bioorthogonal click chemistry reaction. In vitro cell-based assays were conducted to evaluate the antitumoral activity of the lectibody. CTLs, Burkitt´s lymphoma-derived cells and colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines were screened in flow cytometry and cytotoxicity assays for activation and lysis, respectively. RESULTS This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that the lectibody activates T cells for their cytotoxic signaling, redirecting CTLs´ cytotoxicity in a highly selective manner and resulting in nearly complete tumor cell lysis-up to 93%-of Gb3+ tumor cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This research highlights the potential of lectins in targeting certain tumors, with an opportunity for new cancer treatments. When considering a combinatorial strategy, lectin-based platforms of this type offer the possibility to target glycan epitopes on tumor cells and boost the efficacy of current therapies, providing an additional strategy for tumor eradication and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rosato
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rajeev Pasupuleti
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB - The Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria ,grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XInstitute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Jana Tomisch
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana Valeria Meléndez
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dajana Kolanovic
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB - The Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria ,grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XInstitute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Olga N. Makshakova
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.419733.b0000 0004 0487 3538Kazan Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Birgit Wiltschi
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB - The Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria ,grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XInstitute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria ,grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried Römer
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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STxB as an Antigen Delivery Tool for Mucosal Vaccination. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030202. [PMID: 35324699 PMCID: PMC8948715 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy against cancer and infectious disease holds the promise of high efficacy with minor side effects. Mucosal vaccines to protect against tumors or infections disease agents that affect the upper airways or the lung are still lacking, however. One mucosal vaccine candidate is the B-subunit of Shiga toxin, STxB. In this review, we compare STxB to other immunotherapy vectors. STxB is a non-toxic protein that binds to a glycosylated lipid, termed globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), which is preferentially expressed by dendritic cells. We review the use of STxB for the cross-presentation of tumor or viral antigens in a MHC class I-restricted manner to induce humoral immunity against these antigens in addition to polyfunctional and persistent CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes capable of protecting against viral infection or tumor growth. Other literature will be summarized that documents a powerful induction of mucosal IgA and resident memory CD8+ T cells against mucosal tumors specifically when STxB-antigen conjugates are administered via the nasal route. It will also be pointed out how STxB-based vaccines have been shown in preclinical cancer models to synergize with other therapeutic modalities (immune checkpoint inhibitors, anti-angiogenic therapy, radiotherapy). Finally, we will discuss how molecular aspects such as low immunogenicity, cross-species conservation of Gb3 expression, and lack of toxicity contribute to the competitive positioning of STxB among the different DC targeting approaches. STxB thereby appears as an original and innovative tool for the development of mucosal vaccines in infectious diseases and cancer.
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6
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Deville-Foillard S, Billet A, Dubuisson RM, Johannes L, Durand P, Schmidt F, Volk A. High-Relaxivity Molecular MRI Contrast Agent to Target Gb3-Expressing Cancer Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:180-193. [PMID: 34986302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Targeted contrast agents (CAs) can improve magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for accurate cancer diagnosis. In this work, we used the Shiga toxin B-subunit (STxB) as a targeting agent, which binds to Gb3, a glycosphingolipid highly overexpressed on the surface of tumor cells. We developed STxB-targeted MRI probes from cyclic peptide scaffolds functionalized with six to nine monoamide DO3A[Gd(III)] chelates. The influence of structural constraints on the longitudinal relaxivity (r1) of the CAs has been studied. The cyclic peptide carrying nine monoamide DO3A[Gd(III)] exhibited a r1 per compound of 32 and 93 mM-1s-1 at 9.4 and 1.5 T, respectively. Its conjugation to the pentameric STxB protein led to a 70 kDa compound with a higher r1 of 150 and 475 mM-1 s-1 at 9.4 and 1.5 T, respectively. Specific accumulation and cellular distribution of this conjugate in Gb3-expressing cancer cells were demonstrated using immunofluorescence microscopy and quantified by an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry dosage of Gd(III). Such an agent should enable the in vivo detection by MRI of tumors expressing Gb3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Deville-Foillard
- Institut Curie, PSL University Paris, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, Cellular and Chemical Biology, Paris 75005, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UPR 2301, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Anne Billet
- Institut Curie, PSL University Paris, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, Cellular and Chemical Biology, Paris 75005, France.,Université de Paris, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Rose-Marie Dubuisson
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, INSERM, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay 91401, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL University Paris, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, Cellular and Chemical Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Philippe Durand
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UPR 2301, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Frédéric Schmidt
- Institut Curie, PSL University Paris, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, Cellular and Chemical Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Andreas Volk
- Institut Curie, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INSERM, CMIB, Orsay 91405, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, INSERM, BioMaps, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94800, France
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7
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Shiga Toxins as Antitumor Tools. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100690. [PMID: 34678982 PMCID: PMC8538568 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs), also known as Shiga-like toxins (SLT) or verotoxins (VT), constitute a family of structurally and functionally related cytotoxic proteins produced by the enteric pathogens Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Infection with these bacteria causes bloody diarrhea and other pathological manifestations that can lead to HUS (hemolytic and uremic syndrome). At the cellular level, Stxs bind to the cellular receptor Gb3 and inhibit protein synthesis by removing an adenine from the 28S rRNA. This triggers multiple cellular signaling pathways, including the ribotoxic stress response (RSR), unfolded protein response (UPR), autophagy and apoptosis. Stxs cause several pathologies of major public health concern, but their specific targeting of host cells and efficient delivery to the cytosol could potentially be exploited for biomedical purposes. Moreover, high levels of expression have been reported for the Stxs receptor, Gb3/CD77, in Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells and on various types of solid tumors. These properties have led to many attempts to develop Stxs as tools for biomedical applications, such as cancer treatment or imaging, and several engineered Stxs are currently being tested. We provide here an overview of these studies.
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8
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Johannes L. The Cellular and Chemical Biology of Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery-The GL-Lect Hypothesis. Molecules 2021; 26:3299. [PMID: 34072622 PMCID: PMC8198588 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid membranes are common to all forms of life. While being stable barriers that delimitate the cell as the fundamental organismal unit, biological membranes are highly dynamic by allowing for lateral diffusion, transbilayer passage via selective channels, and in eukaryotic cells for endocytic uptake through the formation of membrane bound vesicular or tubular carriers. Two of the most abundant fundamental fabrics of membranes-lipids and complex sugars-are produced through elaborate chains of biosynthetic enzymes, which makes it difficult to study them by conventional reverse genetics. This review illustrates how organic synthesis provides access to uncharted areas of membrane glycobiology research and its application to biomedicine. For this Special Issue on Chemical Biology Research in France, focus will be placed on synthetic approaches (i) to study endocytic functions of glycosylated proteins and lipids according to the GlycoLipid-Lectin (GL-Lect) hypothesis, notably that of Shiga toxin; (ii) to mechanistically dissect its endocytosis and intracellular trafficking with small molecule; and (iii) to devise intracellular delivery strategies for immunotherapy and tumor targeting. It will be pointed out how the chemical biologist's view on lipids, sugars, and proteins synergizes with biophysics and modeling to "look" into the membrane for atomistic scale insights on molecular rearrangements that drive the biogenesis of endocytic carriers in processes of clathrin-independent endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 26 rue d'Ulm, CEDEX 05, 75248 Paris, France
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9
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Lingwood C. Therapeutic Uses of Bacterial Subunit Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060378. [PMID: 34073185 PMCID: PMC8226680 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The B subunit pentamer verotoxin (VT aka Shiga toxin-Stx) binding to its cellular glycosphingolipid (GSL) receptor, globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb3) mediates internalization and the subsequent receptor mediated retrograde intracellular traffic of the AB5 subunit holotoxin to the endoplasmic reticulum. Subunit separation and cytosolic A subunit transit via the ER retrotranslocon as a misfolded protein mimic, then inhibits protein synthesis to kill cells, which can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome clinically. This represents one of the most studied systems of prokaryotic hijacking of eukaryotic biology. Similarly, the interaction of cholera AB5 toxin with its GSL receptor, GM1 ganglioside, is the key component of the gastrointestinal pathogenesis of cholera and follows the same retrograde transport pathway for A subunit cytosol access. Although both VT and CT are the cause of major pathology worldwide, the toxin–receptor interaction is itself being manipulated to generate new approaches to control, rather than cause, disease. This arena comprises two areas: anti neoplasia, and protein misfolding diseases. CT/CTB subunit immunomodulatory function and anti-cancer toxin immunoconjugates will not be considered here. In the verotoxin case, it is clear that Gb3 (and VT targeting) is upregulated in many human cancers and that there is a relationship between GSL expression and cancer drug resistance. While both verotoxin and cholera toxin similarly hijack the intracellular ERAD quality control system of nascent protein folding, the more widespread cell expression of GM1 makes cholera the toxin of choice as the means to more widely utilise ERAD targeting to ameliorate genetic diseases of protein misfolding. Gb3 is primarily expressed in human renal tissue. Glomerular endothelial cells are the primary VT target but Gb3 is expressed in other endothelial beds, notably brain endothelial cells which can mediate the encephalopathy primarily associated with VT2-producing E. coli infection. The Gb3 levels can be regulated by cytokines released during EHEC infection, which complicate pathogenesis. Significantly Gb3 is upregulated in the neovasculature of many tumours, irrespective of tumour Gb3 status. Gb3 is markedly increased in pancreatic, ovarian, breast, testicular, renal, astrocytic, gastric, colorectal, cervical, sarcoma and meningeal cancer relative to the normal tissue. VT has been shown to be effective in mouse xenograft models of renal, astrocytoma, ovarian, colorectal, meningioma, and breast cancer. These studies are herein reviewed. Both CT and VT (and several other bacterial toxins) access the cell cytosol via cell surface ->ER transport. Once in the ER they interface with the protein folding homeostatic quality control pathway of the cell -ERAD, (ER associated degradation), which ensures that only correctly folded nascent proteins are allowed to progress to their cellular destinations. Misfolded proteins are translocated through the ER membrane and degraded by cytosolic proteosome. VT and CT A subunits have a C terminal misfolded protein mimic sequence to hijack this transporter to enter the cytosol. This interface between exogenous toxin and genetically encoded endogenous mutant misfolded proteins, provides a new therapeutic basis for the treatment of such genetic diseases, e.g., Cystic fibrosis, Gaucher disease, Krabbe disease, Fabry disease, Tay-Sachs disease and many more. Studies showing the efficacy of this approach in animal models of such diseases are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Lingwood
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada;
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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10
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The Protein Toxins Ricin and Shiga Toxin as Tools to Explore Cellular Mechanisms of Internalization and Intracellular Transport. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060377. [PMID: 34070659 PMCID: PMC8227415 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein toxins secreted by bacteria and found in plants can be threats to human health. However, their extreme toxicity can also be exploited in different ways, e.g., to produce hybrid toxins directed against cancer cells and to study transport mechanisms in cells. Investigations during the last decades have shown how powerful these molecules are as tools in cell biological research. Here, we first present a partly historical overview, with emphasis on Shiga toxin and ricin, of how such toxins have been used to characterize processes and proteins of importance for their trafficking. In the second half of the article, we describe how one can now use toxins to investigate the role of lipid classes for intracellular transport. In recent years, it has become possible to quantify hundreds of lipid species using mass spectrometry analysis. Thus, it is also now possible to explore the importance of lipid species in intracellular transport. The detailed analyses of changes in lipids seen under conditions of inhibited toxin transport reveal previously unknown connections between syntheses of lipid classes and demonstrate the ability of cells to compensate under given conditions.
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11
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Malek M, Wawrzyniak AM, Koch P, Lüchtenborg C, Hessenberger M, Sachsenheimer T, Jang W, Brügger B, Haucke V. Inositol triphosphate-triggered calcium release blocks lipid exchange at endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi contact sites. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2673. [PMID: 33976123 PMCID: PMC8113574 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular traffic and membrane contact sites between organelles enable the exchange of proteins, lipids, and metabolites. Recruitment of tethers to contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the plasma membrane is often triggered by calcium. Here we reveal a function for calcium in the repression of cholesterol export at membrane contact sites between the ER and the Golgi complex. We show that calcium efflux from ER stores induced by inositol-triphosphate [IP3] accumulation upon loss of the inositol 5-phosphatase INPP5A or receptor signaling triggers depletion of cholesterol and associated Gb3 from the cell surface, resulting in a blockade of clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) of Shiga toxin. This phenotype is caused by the calcium-induced dissociation of oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) from the Golgi complex and from VAP-containing membrane contact sites. Our findings reveal a crucial function for INPP5A-mediated IP3 hydrolysis in the control of lipid exchange at membrane contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhannad Malek
- grid.418832.40000 0001 0610 524XLeibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna M. Wawrzyniak
- grid.418832.40000 0001 0610 524XLeibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Koch
- grid.418832.40000 0001 0610 524XLeibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Lüchtenborg
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Hessenberger
- grid.418832.40000 0001 0610 524XLeibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Sachsenheimer
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wonyul Jang
- grid.418832.40000 0001 0610 524XLeibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Brügger
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Haucke
- grid.418832.40000 0001 0610 524XLeibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany ,grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Faculty of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Le LHM, Ying L, Ferrero RL. Nuclear trafficking of bacterial effector proteins. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13320. [PMID: 33600054 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens can subvert host responses by producing effector proteins that directly target the nucleus of eukaryotic cells in animals and plants. Nuclear-targeting proteins are categorised as either: "nucleomodulins," which have epigenetic-modulating activities; or "cyclomodulins," which specifically interfere with the host cell cycle. Bacteria can deliver these effector proteins to eukaryotic cells via a range of strategies. Despite an increasing number of reports describing the effects of bacterial effector proteins on nuclear processes in host cells, the intracellular pathways used by these proteins to traffic to the nucleus have yet to be fully elucidated. This review will describe current knowledge about how nucleomodulins and cyclomodulins enter eukaryotic cells, exploit endocytic pathways and translocate to the nucleus. We will also discuss the secretion of nuclear-targeting proteins or their release in bacterial membrane vesicles and the trafficking pathways employed by each of these forms. Besides their importance for bacterial pathogenesis, some nuclear-targeting proteins have been implicated in the development of chronic diseases and even cancer. A greater understanding of nuclear-targeting proteins and their actions will provide new insights into the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, as well as contribute to advances in the development of novel therapies against bacterial infections and possibly cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hoang My Le
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Le Ying
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard L Ferrero
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Detzner J, Krojnewski E, Pohlentz G, Steil D, Humpf HU, Mellmann A, Karch H, Müthing J. Shiga Toxin (Stx)-Binding Glycosphingolipids of Primary Human Renal Cortical Epithelial Cells (pHRCEpiCs) and Stx-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020139. [PMID: 33673393 PMCID: PMC7918848 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human kidney epithelial cells are supposed to be directly involved in the pathogenesis of the hemolytic–uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). The characterization of the major and minor Stx-binding glycosphingolipids (GSLs) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer), respectively, of primary human renal cortical epithelial cells (pHRCEpiCs) revealed GSLs with Cer (d18:1, C16:0), Cer (d18:1, C22:0), and Cer (d18:1, C24:1/C24:0) as the dominant lipoforms. Using detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) and non-DRMs, Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer prevailed in the DRM fractions, suggesting their association with microdomains in the liquid-ordered membrane phase. A preference of Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer endowed with C24:0 fatty acid accompanied by minor monounsaturated C24:1-harboring counterparts was observed in DRMs, whereas the C24:1 fatty acid increased in relation to the saturated equivalents in non-DRMs. A shift of the dominant phospholipid phosphatidylcholine with saturated fatty acids in the DRM to unsaturated species in the non-DRM fractions correlated with the GSL distribution. Cytotoxicity assays gave a moderate susceptibility of pHRCEpiCs to the Stx1a and Stx2a subtypes when compared to highly sensitive Vero-B4 cells. The results indicate that presence of Stx-binding GSLs per se and preferred occurrence in microdomains do not necessarily lead to a high cellular susceptibility towards Stx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Detzner
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Elisabeth Krojnewski
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Daniel Steil
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Brandel A, Aigal S, Lagies S, Schlimpert M, Meléndez AV, Xu M, Lehmann A, Hummel D, Fisch D, Madl J, Eierhoff T, Kammerer B, Römer W. The Gb3-enriched CD59/flotillin plasma membrane domain regulates host cell invasion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3637-3656. [PMID: 33555391 PMCID: PMC8038999 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa has gained precedence over the years due to its ability to develop resistance to existing antibiotics, thereby necessitating alternative strategies to understand and combat the bacterium. Our previous work identified the interaction between the bacterial lectin LecA and its host cell glycosphingolipid receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) as a crucial step for the engulfment of P. aeruginosa via the lipid zipper mechanism. In this study, we define the LecA-associated host cell membrane domain by pull-down and mass spectrometry analysis. We unraveled a predilection of LecA for binding to saturated, long fatty acyl chain-containing Gb3 species in the extracellular membrane leaflet and an induction of dynamic phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) clusters at the intracellular leaflet co-localizing with sites of LecA binding. We found flotillins and the GPI-anchored protein CD59 not only to be an integral part of the LecA-interacting membrane domain, but also majorly influencing bacterial invasion as depletion of either of these host cell proteins resulted in about 50% reduced invasiveness of the P. aeruginosa strain PAO1. In summary, we report that the LecA-Gb3 interaction at the extracellular leaflet induces the formation of a plasma membrane domain enriched in saturated Gb3 species, CD59, PIP3 and flotillin thereby facilitating efficient uptake of PAO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Brandel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sahaja Aigal
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Lagies
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstraße 49, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Schlimpert
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstraße 49, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana Valeria Meléndez
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maokai Xu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anika Lehmann
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Hummel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Fisch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Josef Madl
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Elsässer Straße 2q, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Eierhoff
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Albert Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstraße 49, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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15
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Abstract
Changes in glycosylation on proteins or lipids are one of the hallmarks of tumorigenesis. In many cases, it is still not understood how glycan information is translated into biological function. In this review, we discuss at the example of specific cancer-related glycoproteins how their endocytic uptake into eukaryotic cells is tuned by carbohydrate modifications. For this, we not only focus on overall uptake rates, but also illustrate how different uptake processes-dependent or not on the conventional clathrin machinery-are used under given glycosylation conditions. Furthermore, we discuss the role of certain sugar-binding proteins, termed galectins, to tune glycoprotein uptake by inducing their crosslinking into lattices, or by co-clustering them with glycolipids into raft-type membrane nanodomains from which the so-called clathrin-independent carriers (CLICs) are formed for glycoprotein internalization into cells. The latter process has been termed glycolipid-lectin (GL-Lect) hypothesis, which operates in a complementary manner to the clathrin pathway and galectin lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR3666, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Anne Billet
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR3666, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France.,Université de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
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16
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Plavec TV, Zahirović A, Zadravec P, Sabotič J, Berlec A. Lectin-Mediated Binding of Engineered Lactococcus lactis to Cancer Cells. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020223. [PMID: 33499141 PMCID: PMC7911926 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins have been increasingly utilized as carriers for targeted drug delivery based on their specific binding to glycans located on mammalian cells. This study employed two lectins, B subunit of bacterial Shiga holotoxin (Stx1B) and fungal Clitocybe nebularis lectin (CNL), for surface display on the lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis. The specific adhesion of these engineered, lectin-displaying L. lactis to cancer cells was evaluated. The expression and surface display of both lectins on L. lactis were demonstrated by western blotting and flow cytometry, respectively. MTS assays revealed that recombinant Stx1B had no effect on Caco-2 cell viability at concentrations of ≤25 µg/mL, whereas CNL was non-toxic even at relatively high concentrations of ≤250 µg/mL. Stx1B bound to Caco-2, HT-29 and HeLa cells after 1 h of incubation. CNL bound to Caco-2 cells and recognized several glycoproteins in HT-29 and Caco-2 cell homogenates of which a 70 kDa protein predominated. Confocal microscopy revealed adhesion of Stx1B-displaying L. lactis to HeLa, Caco-2, and, to a lesser extent, HT-29 cells; CNL-displaying L. lactis showed a relatively similar level of adherence to HT-29 and Caco-2 cells. Thus, lectin-displaying L. lactis might serve as a carrier in targeted drug delivery when coupled to a therapeutic moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Vida Plavec
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.V.P.); (A.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.S.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Abida Zahirović
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.V.P.); (A.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Petra Zadravec
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.V.P.); (A.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.S.)
- Lek d.d., Kolodvorska 27, 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.V.P.); (A.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Aleš Berlec
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.V.P.); (A.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.S.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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17
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Menge C. The Role of Escherichia coli Shiga Toxins in STEC Colonization of Cattle. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090607. [PMID: 32967277 PMCID: PMC7551371 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cattle are persistently colonized with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and represent a major source of human infections with human-pathogenic STEC strains (syn. enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)). Intervention strategies most effectively protecting humans best aim at the limitation of bovine STEC shedding. Mechanisms enabling STEC to persist in cattle are only partialy understood. Cattle were long believed to resist the detrimental effects of Shiga toxins (Stxs), potent cytotoxins acting as principal virulence factors in the pathogenesis of human EHEC-associated diseases. However, work by different groups, summarized in this review, has provided substantial evidence that different types of target cells for Stxs exist in cattle. Peripheral and intestinal lymphocytes express the Stx receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3syn. CD77) in vitro and in vivo in an activation-dependent fashion with Stx-binding isoforms expressed predominantly at early stages of the activation process. Subpopulations of colonic epithelial cells and macrophage-like cells, residing in the bovine mucosa in proximity to STEC colonies, are also targeted by Stxs. STEC-inoculated calves are depressed in mounting appropriate cellular immune responses which can be overcome by vaccination of the animals against Stxs early in life before encountering STEC. Considering Stx target cells and the resulting effects of Stxs in cattle, which significantly differ from effects implicated in human disease, may open promising opportunities to improve existing yet insufficient measures to limit STEC carriage and shedding by the principal reservoir host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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18
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Lee KS, Lee J, Lee P, Kim CU, Kim DJ, Jeong YJ, Park YJ, Tesh VL, Lee MS. Exosomes released from Shiga toxin 2a-treated human macrophages modulate inflammatory responses and induce cell death in toxin receptor expressing human cells. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13249. [PMID: 32772454 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) produced by Stx-producing Escherichia coli are the primarily virulence factors of hemolytic uremic syndrome and central nervous system (CNS) impairment. Although the precise mechanisms of toxin dissemination remain unclear, Stxs bind to extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes, a subset of EVs, may play a key role in Stx-mediated renal injury. To test this hypothesis, we isolated exosomes from monocyte-derived macrophages in the presence of Stx2a or Stx2 toxoids. Macrophage-like differentiated THP-1 cells treated with Stxs secreted Stx-associated exosomes (Stx-Exo) of 90-130 nm in diameter, which induced cytotoxicity in recipient cells in a toxin receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3 )-dependent manner. Stx2-Exo engulfed by Gb3 -positive cells were translocated to the endoplasmic reticulum in the human proximal tubule epithelial cell line HK-2. Stx2-Exo contained pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs and proteins and induced more severe inflammation than purified Stx2a accompanied by greater death of target cells such as human renal or retinal pigment epithelial cells. Blockade of exosome biogenesis using the pharmacological inhibitor GW4869 reduced Stx2-Exo-mediated human renal cell death. Stx2-Exo isolated from human primary monocyte-derived macrophages activated caspase 3/7 and resulted in significant cell death in primary human renal cortical epithelial cells. Based on these results, we speculate that Stx-containing exosomes derived from macrophages may exacerbate cytotoxicity and inflammation and trigger cell death in toxin-sensitive cells. Therapeutic interventions targeting Stx-containing exosomes may prevent or ameliorate Stx-mediated acute vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Soo Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Pureum Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chang-Ung Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jeong
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Vernon L Tesh
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
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19
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Simpson MS, Lencer WI, Luong P. A Quantitative Single-cell Flow Cytometry Assay for Retrograde MembraneTrafficking Using Engineered Cholera Toxin. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3707. [PMID: 33659371 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization and distribution of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in eukaryotic cells is an essential process for cell function. Retrograde trafficking from the plasma membrane to the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum can greatly modify cell membrane composition and intracellular protein dynamics, and thus typifies a key sorting step. However, methods to efficiently quantify the extent or kinetics of these events are currently limited. Here, we describe a novel quantitative and effectively real-time single-cell flow cytometry assay to directly measure retrograde membrane transport. The assay takes advantage of the well-known retrograde trafficking of cholera toxin engineered with split-fluorescent proteins to generate novel tools for immediate monitoring of intracellular trafficking. This approach will greatly extend the ability to study the underlying biology of intracellular membrane trafficking, and how trafficking systems can adapt to the physiologic needs of different cell types and cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska S Simpson
- Graduate School of Life Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Phi Luong
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Shiga Toxin Uptake and Sequestration in Extracellular Vesicles Is Mediated by Its B-Subunit. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070449. [PMID: 32664382 PMCID: PMC7404996 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-stimulated blood cells shed extracellular vesicles (EVs) which can transfer the toxin to the kidneys and lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome. The toxin can be taken up by renal cells within EVs wherein the toxin is released, ultimately leading to cell death. The mechanism by which Stx is taken up, translocated, and sequestered in EVs was addressed in this study utilizing the B-subunit that binds to the globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) receptor. We found that Stx1B was released in EVs within minutes after stimulation of HeLa cells or red blood cells, detected by live cell imaging and flow cytometry. In the presence of Retro-2.1, an inhibitor of intracellular retrograde trafficking, a continuous release of Stx-positive EVs occurred. EVs from HeLa cells possess the Gb3 receptor on their membrane, and EVs from cells that were treated with a glycosylceramide synthase inhibitor, to reduce Gb3, bound significantly less Stx1B. Stx1B was detected both on the membrane and within the shed EVs. Stx1B was incubated with EVs derived from blood cells, in the absence of cells, and was shown to bind to, and be taken up by, these EVs, as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Using a membrane translocation assay we demonstrated that Stx1B was taken up by blood cell- and HeLa-derived EVs, an effect enhanced by chloropromazine or methyl-ß-cyclodextrin, suggesting toxin transfer within the membrane. This is a novel mechanism by which EVs derived from blood cells can sequester their toxic content, possibly to evade the host response.
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21
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Encarnação JC, Napolitano V, Opassi G, Danielson UH, Dubin G, Popowicz GM, Munier-Lehmann H, Buijs J, Andersson K, Björkelund H. A real-time cell-binding assay reveals dynamic features of STxB-Gb3 cointernalization and STxB-mediated cargo delivery into cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2406-2420. [PMID: 32473599 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the Shiga toxin B-subunit (STxB) and its globotriaosylceramide receptor (Gb3) has a high potential for being exploited for targeted cancer therapy. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the capacity of STxB to carry small molecules and proteins as cargo into cells. For this purpose, an assay was designed to provide real-time information about the StxB-Gb3 interaction as well as the dynamics and mechanism of the internalization process. The assay revealed the ability to distinguish the process of binding to the cell surface from internalization and presented the importance of receptor and STxB clustering for internalization. The overall setup demonstrated that the binding mechanism is complex, and the concept of affinity is difficult to apply. Hence, time-resolved methods, providing detailed information about the interaction of STxB with cells, are critical for the optimization of intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Crispim Encarnação
- Ridgeview Instruments AB, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Pathology and Genetics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Valeria Napolitano
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Giulia Opassi
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Grzegorz Dubin
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz M Popowicz
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair of Biomolecular NMR, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, Paris, France
| | - Jos Buijs
- Ridgeview Instruments AB, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Pathology and Genetics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Andersson
- Ridgeview Instruments AB, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Pathology and Genetics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Johansson K, Willysson A, Kristoffersson AC, Tontanahal A, Gillet D, Ståhl AL, Karpman D. Shiga Toxin-Bearing Microvesicles Exert a Cytotoxic Effect on Recipient Cells Only When the Cells Express the Toxin Receptor. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:212. [PMID: 32523894 PMCID: PMC7261856 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin is the main virulence factor of non-invasive enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains capable of causing hemolytic uremic syndrome. Our group has previously shown that the toxin can reach the kidney within microvesicles where it is taken up by renal cells and the vesicles release their cargo intracellularly, leading to toxin-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death. The aim of this study was to examine if recipient cells must express the globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) toxin receptor for this to occur, or if Gb3-negative cells are also susceptible after uptake of Gb3-positive and toxin-positive microvesicles. To this end we generated Gb3-positive A4GALT–transfected CHO cells, and a vector control lacking Gb3 (CHO-control cells), and decreased Gb3 synthesis in native HeLa cells by exposing them to the glycosylceramide synthase inhibitor PPMP. We used these cells, and human intestinal DLD-1 cells lacking Gb3, and exposed them to Shiga toxin 2-bearing Gb3-positive microvesicles derived from human blood cells. Results showed that only recipient cells that possessed endogenous Gb3 (CHO-Gb3 transfected and native HeLa cells) exhibited cellular injury, reduced cell metabolism and protein synthesis, after uptake of toxin-positive microvesicles. In Gb3-positive cells the toxin introduced via vesicles followed the retrograde pathway and was inhibited by the retrograde transport blocker Retro-2.1. CHO-control cells, HeLa cells treated with PPMP and DLD-1 cells remained unaffected by toxin-positive microvesicles. We conclude that Shiga toxin-containing microvesicles can be taken up by Gb3-negative cells but the recipient cell must express endogenous Gb3 for the cell to be susceptible to the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Johansson
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annie Willysson
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ashmita Tontanahal
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Gillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, (MTS), SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anne-Lie Ståhl
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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23
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Molecular Biology of Escherichia Coli Shiga Toxins' Effects on Mammalian Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050345. [PMID: 32456125 PMCID: PMC7290813 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs), syn. Vero(cyto)toxins, are potent bacterial exotoxins and the principal virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), a subset of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). EHEC strains, e.g., strains of serovars O157:H7 and O104:H4, may cause individual cases as well as large outbreaks of life-threatening diseases in humans. Stxs primarily exert a ribotoxic activity in the eukaryotic target cells of the mammalian host resulting in rapid protein synthesis inhibition and cell death. Damage of endothelial cells in the kidneys and the central nervous system by Stxs is central in the pathogenesis of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans and edema disease in pigs. Probably even more important, the toxins also are capable of modulating a plethora of essential cellular functions, which eventually disturb intercellular communication. The review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of the time course and the consecutive steps of Stx/cell interactions at the molecular level. Intervention measures deduced from an in-depth understanding of this molecular interplay may foster our basic understanding of cellular biology and microbial pathogenesis and pave the way to the creation of host-directed active compounds to mitigate the pathological conditions of STEC infections in the mammalian body.
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24
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Targeting the Early Endosome-to-Golgi Transport of Shiga Toxins as a Therapeutic Strategy. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050342. [PMID: 32456007 PMCID: PMC7290323 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (STx) produced by Shigella and closely related Shiga toxin 1 and 2 (STx1 and STx2) synthesized by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are bacterial AB5 toxins. All three toxins target kidney cells and may cause life-threatening renal disease. While Shigella infections can be treated with antibiotics, resistance is increasing. Moreover, antibiotic therapy is contraindicated for STEC, and there are no definitive treatments for STEC-induced disease. To exert cellular toxicity, STx, STx1, and STx2 must undergo retrograde trafficking to reach their cytosolic target, ribosomes. Direct transport from early endosomes to the Golgi apparatus is an essential step that allows the toxins to bypass degradative late endosomes and lysosomes. The essentiality of this transport step also makes it an ideal target for the development of small-molecule inhibitors of toxin trafficking as potential therapeutics. Here, we review the recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the early endosome-to-Golgi transport of STx, STx1, and STx2, as well as the development of small-molecule inhibitors of toxin trafficking that act at the endosome/Golgi interface.
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25
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Lingwood C. Verotoxin Receptor-Based Pathology and Therapies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:123. [PMID: 32296648 PMCID: PMC7136409 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Verotoxin, VT (aka Shiga toxin,Stx) is produced by enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and is the key pathogenic factor in EHEC-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome (eHUS-hemolytic anemia/thrombocytopenia/glomerular infarct) which can follow gastrointestinal EHEC infection, particularly in children. This AB5 subunit toxin family bind target cell globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb3), a glycosphingolipid (GSL) (aka CD77, pk blood group antigen) of the globoseries of neutral GSLs, initiating lipid raft-dependent plasma membrane Gb3 clustering, membrane curvature, invagination, scission, endosomal trafficking, and retrograde traffic via the TGN to the Golgi, and ER. In the ER, A/B subunits separate and the A subunit hijacks the ER reverse translocon (dislocon-used to eliminate misfolded proteins-ER associated degradation-ERAD) for cytosolic access. This property has been used to devise toxoid-based therapy to temporarily block ERAD and rescue the mutant phenotype of several genetic protein misfolding diseases. The A subunit avoids cytosolic proteosomal degradation, to block protein synthesis via its RNA glycanase activity. In humans, Gb3 is primarily expressed in the kidney, particularly in the glomerular endothelial cells. Here, Gb3 is in lipid rafts (more ordered membrane domains which accumulate GSLs/cholesterol) whereas renal tubular Gb3 is in the non-raft membrane fraction, explaining the basic pathology of eHUS (glomerular endothelial infarct). Females are more susceptible and this correlates with higher renal Gb3 expression. HUS can be associated with encephalopathy, more commonly following verotoxin 2 exposure. Gb3 is expressed in the microvasculature of the brain. All members of the VT family bind Gb3, but with varying affinity. VT2e (pig edema toxin) binds Gb4 preferentially. Verotoxin-specific therapeutics based on chemical analogs of Gb3, though effective in vitro, have failed in vivo. While some analogs are effective in animal models, there are no good rodent models of eHUS since Gb3 is not expressed in rodent glomeruli. However, the mouse mimics the neurological symptoms more closely and provides an excellent tool to assess therapeutics. In addition to direct cytotoxicity, other factors including VT–induced cytokine release and aberrant complement cascade, are now appreciated as important in eHUS. Based on atypical HUS therapy, treatment of eHUS patients with anticomplement antibodies has proven effective in some cases. A recent switch using stem cells to try to reverse, rather than prevent VT induced pathology may prove a more effective methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Lingwood
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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26
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Mesquita FS, van der Goot FG, Sergeeva OA. Mammalian membrane trafficking as seen through the lens of bacterial toxins. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13167. [PMID: 32185902 PMCID: PMC7154709 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question of eukaryotic cell biology is how membrane organelles are organised and interact with each other. Cell biologists address these questions by characterising the structural features of membrane compartments and the mechanisms that coordinate their exchange. To do so, they must rely on variety of cargo molecules and treatments that enable targeted perturbation, localisation, and labelling of specific compartments. In this context, bacterial toxins emerged in cell biology as paradigm shifting molecules that enabled scientists to not only study them from the side of bacterial infection but also from the side of the mammalian host. Their selectivity, potency, and versatility made them exquisite tools for uncovering much of our current understanding of membrane trafficking mechanisms. Here, we will follow the steps that lead toxins until their intracellular targets, highlighting how specific events helped us comprehend membrane trafficking and establish the fundamentals of various cellular organelles and processes. Bacterial toxins will continue to guide us in answering crucial questions in cellular biology while also acting as probes for new technologies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oksana A Sergeeva
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Joseph A, Cointe A, Mariani Kurkdjian P, Rafat C, Hertig A. Shiga Toxin-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E67. [PMID: 31973203 PMCID: PMC7076748 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of human infection by one of the many Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is determined by a number of factors: the bacterial genome, the capacity of human societies to prevent foodborne epidemics, the medical condition of infected patients (in particular their hydration status, often compromised by severe diarrhea), and by our capacity to devise new therapeutic approaches, most specifically to combat the bacterial virulence factors, as opposed to our current strategies that essentially aim to palliate organ deficiencies. The last major outbreak in 2011 in Germany, which killed more than 50 people in Europe, was evidence that an effective treatment was still lacking. Herein, we review the current knowledge of STEC virulence, how societies organize the prevention of human disease, and how physicians treat (and, hopefully, will treat) its potentially fatal complications. In particular, we focus on STEC-induced hemolytic and uremic syndrome (HUS), where the intrusion of toxins inside endothelial cells results in massive cell death, activation of the coagulation within capillaries, and eventually organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Joseph
- Department of Nephrology, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, F-75020 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.R.)
| | - Aurélie Cointe
- Department of Microbiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France; (A.C.); (P.M.K.)
| | | | - Cédric Rafat
- Department of Nephrology, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, F-75020 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.R.)
| | - Alexandre Hertig
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
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28
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Role of Shiga Toxins in Cytotoxicity and Immunomodulatory Effects of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during Host-Bacterial Interactions in vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12010048. [PMID: 31947665 PMCID: PMC7020462 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains are food-borne pathogens that can cause different clinical conditions. Shiga toxin 2a and/or 2c (Stx2)-producing E. coli O157:H7 is the serotype most frequently associated with severe human disease. In this work we analyzed the hypothesis that host cells participate in Stx2 production, cell damage, and inflammation during EHEC infection. With this aim, macrophage-differentiated THP-1 cells and the intestinal epithelial cell line HCT-8 were incubated with E. coli O157:H7. A time course analysis of cellular and bacterial survival, Stx2 production, stx2 transcription, and cytokine secretion were analyzed in both human cell lines. We demonstrated that macrophages are able to internalize and kill EHEC. Simultaneously, Stx2 produced by internalized bacteria played a major role in macrophage death. In contrast, HCT-8 cells were completely resistant to EHEC infection. Besides, macrophages and HCT-8 infected cells produce IL-1β and IL-8 inflammatory cytokines, respectively. At the same time, bacterial stx2-specific transcripts were detected only in macrophages after EHEC infection. The interplay between bacteria and host cells led to Stx production, triggering of inflammatory response and cell damage, all of which could contribute to a severe outcome after EHEC infections.
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29
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Skotland T, Sandvig K. The role of PS 18:0/18:1 in membrane function. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2752. [PMID: 31227693 PMCID: PMC6588574 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10711-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies have demonstrated that the two leaflets of cellular membranes interact, potentially through so-called interdigitation between the fatty acyl groups. While the molecular mechanism underlying interleaflet coupling remains to be fully understood, recent results suggest interactions between the very-long-chain sphingolipids in the outer leaflet, and phosphatidylserine PS18:0/18:1 in the inner leaflet, and an important role for cholesterol for these interactions. Here we review the evidence that cross-linking of sphingolipids may result in clustering of phosphatidylserine and transfer of signals to the cytosol. Although much remains to be uncovered, the molecular properties and abundance of PS 18:0/18:1 suggest a unique role for this lipid. There are several lines of evidence for interactions between the two membrane leaflets in cells. In this review the authors discuss the transmembrane coupling of lipids, the involvement of phosphatidyl serine species PS 18:0/18:1, and their importance for various cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullernchausséen 70, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullernchausséen 70, 0379, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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30
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Farhani I, Nezafat N, Mahmoodi S. Designing a Novel Multi-epitope Peptide Vaccine Against Pathogenic Shigella spp. Based Immunoinformatics Approaches. Int J Pept Res Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-9698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Overview of the role of Shiga toxins in porcine edema disease pathogenesis. Toxicon 2018; 148:149-154. [PMID: 29698757 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have been implicated as the cause of enterotoxemias, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans and edema disease (ED) of pigs. Stx1 and Stx2 are the most common types found in association with illness, but only Stx2e is associated with disease in the animal host. Porcine edema disease is a serious affection which can lead to dead causing great losses of weaned piglets. Stx2e is the most frequent Stx variant found in porcine feces and is considered the key virulence factor involved in the pathogenesis of porcine edema disease. Stx2e binds with higher affinity to Gb4 receptor than to Gb3 which could be due to amino acid changes in B subunit. Moreover, this subtype also binds to Forssman glycosphingolipids conferring upon Stx2e a unique promiscuous recognition feature. Manifestations of edema disease are caused by systemic effects of Stx2e with no significant morphologic changes in enterocytes. Endothelial cell necrosis in the brain is an early event in the pathogenesis of ED caused by Stx2e-producing STEC strains. Further studies are needed to generate techniques and tools which allow to understand the circulation and ecology of STEC strains in pigs even in resistant animals for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes.
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32
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Binot C, Chouard CH. Neurodegenerative diseases, infectious pathologies and liquid crystals: Hypothesis of a common information vector involving a multidisciplinary approach. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2018; 174:540-554. [PMID: 29555421 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The existence of an information vector common to very different pathologies is the hypothesis of one of us, the argumentation and discussion of which we present here. It is a mesomorphic state of material called liquid crystal. The liquid-ordered (Lo) phase, made up of membrane rafts mediated by cholesterol, lies at the center of our concept. This mesophase is either preexistent and then modified by the pathogenic process, or initiated by the latter. The most notable disorders involved are Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Charcot and Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases, flu-like illnesses and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), although this list may well be extended to include other anisotropic, birefringent amyloid proteinopathies, which have properties compatible with those of liquid crystals. Incidentally, numerous conventional infectious pathologies can also induce a mesomorphic state in cell membranes. It has already been established that mesophases contain the chemical information transmitted from the intramolecular microscopic level, where covalent bonds are applied. Information is then transmitted at the intermolecular macroscopic level, where it is made up of informed, self-organized collections. Electrostatic interactions, coordination of metallic ions, van der Waals forces and donor-acceptor interactions of hydrogen bonding all come into play. These reactions are produced notably in the nanodomains enriched by cholesterol and sphingolipids. Lipids in the cell membrane are where the phase separations favoring elastic hydrodynamic instabilities conducive to the Lo phase take place. In addition, perturbations of the mesomorphic states of membrane rafts due, for example, to lipid dysfunction-even mild ones-with an intracerebral or generalized location could bring about a displacement of thermodynamic equilibrium favoring the initiation and progression of the pathologies under consideration here. Indeed, the most recent work has rendered our hypothesis highly probable. Moreover, our hypothesis is supported by medical and biological observations arising essentially from biophysics and widely documented in the literature. Thus, these facts expand the number of diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives that could be evoked and perhaps even demand exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Binot
- Bureau privé, rue de Terre-Neuve, 17410 Saint-Martin-de-Ré, France
| | - C-H Chouard
- Académie de médecine, 10, boulevard Flandrin, 75116 Paris, France.
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33
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The anti-tumor drug 2-hydroxyoleic acid (Minerval) stimulates signaling and retrograde transport. Oncotarget 2018; 7:86871-86888. [PMID: 27894086 PMCID: PMC5349960 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
2-hydroxyoleic acid (OHOA, Minerval®) is an example of a substance used for membrane lipid therapy, where the cellular membranes rather than specific proteins constitute the therapeutical target. OHOA is thought to mediate its anti-tumor effect by affecting the biophysical properties of membranes, which leads to altered recruitment and activation of amphitropic proteins, altered cellular signaling, and eventual cell death. Little is known about the initial signaling events upon treatment with OHOA, and whether the altered membrane properties would have any impact on the dynamic intracellular transport system. In the present study we demonstrate that treatment with OHOA led to a rapid release of intracellular calcium and activation of multiple signaling pathways in HeLa cells, including the PI3K-AKT1-MTOR pathway and several MAP kinases, in a process independent of the EGFR. By lipidomics we confirmed that OHOA was incorporated into several lipid classes. Concomitantly, OHOA potently increased retrograde transport of the plant toxin ricin from endosomes to the Golgi and further to the endoplasmic reticulum. The OHOA-stimulated ricin transport seemed to require several amphitropic proteins, including Src, phospholipase C, protein kinase C, and also Ca2+/calmodulin. Interestingly, OHOA induced a slight increase in endosomal localization of the retromer component VPS35. Thus, our data show that addition of a lipid known to alter membrane properties not only affects signaling, but also intracellular transport.
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Park JY, Jeong YJ, Park SK, Yoon SJ, Choi S, Jeong DG, Chung SW, Lee BJ, Kim JH, Tesh VL, Lee MS, Park YJ. Shiga Toxins Induce Apoptosis and ER Stress in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9100319. [PMID: 29027919 PMCID: PMC5666366 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) produced by Shiga toxin-producing bacteria Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and select serotypes of Escherichia coli are the most potent known virulence factors in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic colitis progressing to potentially fatal systemic complications such as acute renal failure, blindness and neurological abnormalities. Although numerous studies have defined apoptotic responses to Shiga toxin type 1 (Stx1) or Shiga toxin type 2 (Stx2) in a variety of cell types, the potential significance of Stx-induced apoptosis of photoreceptor and pigmented cells of the eye following intoxication is unknown. We explored the use of immortalized human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells as an in vitro model of Stx-induced retinal damage. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report that intoxication of RPE cells with Stxs activates both apoptotic cell death signaling and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Using live-cell imaging analysis, fluorescently labeled Stx1 or Stx2 were internalized and routed to the RPE cell endoplasmic reticulum. RPE cells were significantly sensitive to wild type Stxs by 72 h, while the cells survived challenge with enzymatically deficient mutant toxins (Stx1A− or Stx2A−). Upon exposure to purified Stxs, RPE cells showed activation of a caspase-dependent apoptotic program involving a reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm), increased activation of ER stress sensors IRE1, PERK and ATF6, and overexpression CHOP and DR5. Finally, we demonstrated that treatment of RPE cells with Stxs resulted in the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), suggesting that the ribotoxic stress response may be triggered. Collectively, these data support the involvement of Stx-induced apoptosis in ocular complications of intoxication. The evaluation of apoptotic responses to Stxs by cells isolated from multiple organs may reveal unique functional patterns of the cytotoxic actions of these toxins in the systemic complications that follow ingestion of toxin-producing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Park
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 127 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
| | - Yu-Jin Jeong
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158 Gwanjeo-ro, Daejeon 35365, South Korea.
| | - Sung-Kyun Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
| | - Sung-Jin Yoon
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
| | - Song Choi
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
| | - Su Wol Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Ulsan 44610, South Korea.
| | - Byung Joo Lee
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - Vernon L Tesh
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 127 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 127 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
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Simm R, Kvalvaag AS, van Deurs B, Lindbäck T, Sandvig K. Benzyl alcohol induces a reversible fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus and inhibits membrane trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network. Exp Cell Res 2017; 357:67-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Battistella C, Klok HA. Controlling and Monitoring Intracellular Delivery of Anticancer Polymer Nanomedicines. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Battistella
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques; Laboratoire des Polymères; Bâtiment MXD; Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques; Laboratoire des Polymères; Bâtiment MXD; Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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Bielaszewska M, Rüter C, Bauwens A, Greune L, Jarosch KA, Steil D, Zhang W, He X, Lloubes R, Fruth A, Kim KS, Schmidt MA, Dobrindt U, Mellmann A, Karch H. Host cell interactions of outer membrane vesicle-associated virulence factors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: Intracellular delivery, trafficking and mechanisms of cell injury. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006159. [PMID: 28158302 PMCID: PMC5310930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are important tools in bacterial virulence but their role in the pathogenesis of infections caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157, the leading cause of life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome, is poorly understood. Using proteomics, electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy, immunoblotting, and bioassays, we investigated OMVs secreted by EHEC O157 clinical isolates for virulence factors cargoes, interactions with pathogenetically relevant human cells, and mechanisms of cell injury. We demonstrate that O157 OMVs carry a cocktail of key virulence factors of EHEC O157 including Shiga toxin 2a (Stx2a), cytolethal distending toxin V (CdtV), EHEC hemolysin, and flagellin. The toxins are internalized by cells via dynamin-dependent endocytosis of OMVs and differentially separate from vesicles during intracellular trafficking. Stx2a and CdtV-B, the DNase-like CdtV subunit, separate from OMVs in early endosomes. Stx2a is trafficked, in association with its receptor globotriaosylceramide within detergent-resistant membranes, to the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum from where the catalytic Stx2a A1 fragment is translocated to the cytosol. CdtV-B is, after its retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum, translocated to the nucleus to reach DNA. CdtV-A and CdtV-C subunits remain OMV-associated and are sorted with OMVs to lysosomes. EHEC hemolysin separates from OMVs in lysosomes and targets mitochondria. The OMV-delivered CdtV-B causes cellular DNA damage, which activates DNA damage responses leading to G2 cell cycle arrest. The arrested cells ultimately die of apoptosis induced by Stx2a and CdtV via caspase-9 activation. By demonstrating that naturally secreted EHEC O157 OMVs carry and deliver into cells a cocktail of biologically active virulence factors, thereby causing cell death, and by performing first comprehensive analysis of intracellular trafficking of OMVs and OMV-delivered virulence factors, we provide new insights into the pathogenesis of EHEC O157 infections. Our data have implications for considering O157 OMVs as vaccine candidates. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157, the leading EHEC group causing diarrhea and the life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans, produce several virulence factors which play distinct roles in the pathogenesis of these diseases. However, the mechanisms of their secretion and host cell injury are poorly understood. We show here that EHEC O157 strains isolated from patients shed nanostructures termed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) which contain major EHEC O157 virulence factors including Shiga toxin 2a (Stx2a), cytolethal distending toxin V (CdtV), EHEC hemolysin, and flagellin. The OMVs are taken up by human intestinal epithelial and renal and brain microvascular endothelial cells, which are the major targets during EHEC O157 infections, and deliver the virulence factors intracellularly. Inside cells the virulence factors separate from OMVs and are transported via different pathways to their target compartments including the cytosol (Stx2a), nucleus (CdtV-B subunit), and mitochondria (EHEC hemolysin). Cells exposed to EHEC O157 OMVs develop G2 cell cycle arrest induced by CdtV-B-mediated DNA damage. This is followed by apoptotic cell death triggered by Stx2a and CdtV via caspase-9 activation. OMVs thus serve as novel tools of EHEC O157-mediated host injury and are quite likely involved in the pathogenesis of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Rüter
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Bauwens
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lilo Greune
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Steil
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wenlan Zhang
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Xiaohua He
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Roland Lloubes
- Laboratoire d'Ingenierie des Systemes Macromoleculaires UMR7255, CNRS-Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Angelika Fruth
- National Reference Center for Salmonella and Other Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Branch Wernigerode, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Kwang Sik Kim
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - M. Alexander Schmidt
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Müller SK, Wilhelm I, Schubert T, Zittlau K, Imberty A, Madl J, Eierhoff T, Thuenauer R, Römer W. Gb3-binding lectins as potential carriers for transcellular drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:141-153. [PMID: 27935765 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1266327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epithelial cell layers as well as endothelia forming the blood-brain barrier can drastically reduce the efficiency of drug targeting. Our goal was to investigate lectins recognizing the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) for their potential as carriers for transcytotic drug delivery. METHODS We utilized an in vitro model based on Madin-Darby canine kidney cells transfected with Gb3 synthase to characterize transcytosis of the Gb3-binding lectins LecA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the B-subunit of Shiga toxin (StxB). RESULTS Both lectins were rapidly transcytosed from the apical to the basolateral plasma membrane and vice versa. Whereas StxB proceeded on retrograde and transcytotic routes, LecA avoided retrograde transport. This differential trafficking could be explained by our observation that LecA and StxB segregated into different domains during endocytosis. Furthermore, inhibiting the small GTPase Rab11a, which organizes trafficking through apical recycling endosomes, blocked basolateral to apical transcytosis of both lectins. CONCLUSIONS Gb3-binding lectins are promising candidates for transcytotic drug delivery. Our findings highlight that LecA and StxB, which both bind Gb3 but exhibit dissimilar valence and molecular structures of their carbohydrate binding sites and can take divergent intracellular trafficking routes. This opens up the possibility of developing tailor-made glycosphingolipid-binding carrier lectins, which take optimized trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan K Müller
- a Faculty of Biology , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Isabel Wilhelm
- a Faculty of Biology , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,c Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine , Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Thomas Schubert
- a Faculty of Biology , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Katharina Zittlau
- a Faculty of Biology , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Anne Imberty
- d Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, UPR5301 , CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France
| | - Josef Madl
- a Faculty of Biology , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,c Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine , Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Thorsten Eierhoff
- a Faculty of Biology , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Roland Thuenauer
- a Faculty of Biology , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Winfried Römer
- a Faculty of Biology , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,c Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine , Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
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Adnan H, Zhang Z, Park HJ, Tailor C, Che C, Kamani M, Spitalny G, Binnington B, Lingwood C. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Targeted Subunit Toxins Provide a New Approach to Rescue Misfolded Mutant Proteins and Revert Cell Models of Genetic Diseases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166948. [PMID: 27935997 PMCID: PMC5147855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many germ line diseases stem from a relatively minor disturbance in mutant protein endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 3D assembly. Chaperones are recruited which, on failure to correct folding, sort the mutant for retrotranslocation and cytosolic proteasomal degradation (ER-associated degradation-ERAD), to initiate/exacerbate deficiency-disease symptoms. Several bacterial (and plant) subunit toxins, retrograde transport to the ER after initial cell surface receptor binding/internalization. The A subunit has evolved to mimic a misfolded protein and hijack the ERAD membrane translocon (dislocon), to effect cytosolic access and cytopathology. We show such toxins compete for ERAD to rescue endogenous misfolded proteins. Cholera toxin or verotoxin (Shiga toxin) containing genetically inactivated (± an N-terminal polyleucine tail) A subunit can, within 2–4 hrs, temporarily increase F508delCFTR protein, the major cystic fibrosis (CF) mutant (5-10x), F508delCFTR Golgi maturation (<10x), cell surface expression (20x) and chloride transport (2x) in F508del CFTR transfected cells and patient-derived F508delCFTR bronchiolar epithelia, without apparent cytopathology. These toxoids also increase glucocerobrosidase (GCC) in N370SGCC Gaucher Disease fibroblasts (3x), another ERAD–exacerbated misfiling disease. We identify a new, potentially benign approach to the treatment of certain genetic protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Adnan
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhenbo Zhang
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hyun-Joo Park
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chetankumar Tailor
- Division of Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clare Che
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mustafa Kamani
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Beth Binnington
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clifford Lingwood
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Sharma S, Skowronek A, Erdmann KS. The role of the Lowe syndrome protein OCRL in the endocytic pathway. Biol Chem 2016; 396:1293-300. [PMID: 26351914 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the inositol-5-phosphatase OCRL cause Lowe syndrome and Dent-II disease. Both are rare genetic disorders characterized by renal defects. Lowe syndrome is furthermore characterized by defects of the eye (congenital cataracts) and nervous system (mental disabilities, hypotonia). OCRL has been localised to various endocytic compartments suggesting impairments in the endocytic pathway as possible disease mechanism. Recent evidence strongly supports this view and shows essential roles of OCRL at clathrin coated pits, transport of cargo from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network as well as recycling of receptors from endosomes to the plasma membrane. In particular in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrates an important role of OCRL in recycling of megalin, a multi-ligand receptor crucial for reabsorption of nutrients in the proximal tubulus, a process severely impaired in Lowe syndrome patients. Thus defects in the endocytic pathway are likely to significantly contribute to the kidney phenotype in Lowe syndrome and Dent-II disease.
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Shiga Toxins as Multi-Functional Proteins: Induction of Host Cellular Stress Responses, Role in Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8030077. [PMID: 26999205 PMCID: PMC4810222 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) produced by Shiga toxin-producing bacteria Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and select serotypes of Escherichia coli are primary virulence factors in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic colitis progressing to potentially fatal systemic complications, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome and central nervous system abnormalities. Current therapeutic options to treat patients infected with toxin-producing bacteria are limited. The structures of Stxs, toxin-receptor binding, intracellular transport and the mode of action of the toxins have been well defined. However, in the last decade, numerous studies have demonstrated that in addition to being potent protein synthesis inhibitors, Stxs are also multifunctional proteins capable of activating multiple cell stress signaling pathways, which may result in apoptosis, autophagy or activation of the innate immune response. Here, we briefly present the current understanding of Stx-activated signaling pathways and provide a concise review of therapeutic applications to target tumors by engineering the toxins.
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Escherichia coli O104:H4 Pathogenesis: an Enteroaggregative E. coli/Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli Explosive Cocktail of High Virulence. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 2. [PMID: 26104460 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ehec-0008-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A major outbreak caused by Escherichia coli of serotype O104:H4 spread throughout Europe in 2011. This large outbreak was caused by an unusual strain that is most similar to enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) of serotype O104:H4. A significant difference, however, is the presence of a prophage encoding the Shiga toxin, which is characteristic of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) strains. This combination of genomic features, associating characteristics from both EAEC and EHEC, represents a new pathotype. The 2011 E. coli O104:H4 outbreak of hemorrhagic diarrhea in Germany is an example of the explosive cocktail of high virulence and resistance that can emerge in this species. A total of 46 deaths, 782 cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and 3,128 cases of acute gastroenteritis were attributed to this new clone of EAEC/EHEC. In addition, recent identification in France of similar O104:H4 clones exhibiting the same virulence factors suggests that the EHEC O104:H4 pathogen has become endemically established in Europe after the end of the outbreak. EAEC strains of serotype O104:H4 contain a large set of virulence-associated genes regulated by the AggR transcription factor. They include, among other factors, the pAA plasmid genes encoding the aggregative adherence fimbriae, which anchor the bacterium to the intestinal mucosa (stacked-brick adherence pattern on epithelial cells). Furthermore, sequencing studies showed that horizontal genetic exchange allowed for the emergence of the highly virulent Shiga toxin-producing EAEC O104:H4 strain that caused the German outbreak. This article discusses the role these virulence factors could have in EAEC/EHEC O104:H4 pathogenesis.
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Abstract
The Shiga toxins (Stxs), also known as Vero toxins and previously called Shiga-like toxins, are a family of potent protein synthesis inhibitors made by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and some serogroups of Escherichia coli that cause bloody diarrhea in humans. Stxs act as virulence factors for both S. dysenteriae and E. coli and contribute to the disease process initiated by those organisms both directly and indirectly. A handful of methods exist for toxin purification, and the toxins can now even be purchased commercially. However, the Stxs are now classified as select agents, and specific rules govern the distribution of both the toxin and clones of the toxin. Toxin delivery into the host in S. dysenteriae type 1 is most likely aided by the invasiveness of that organism. Although the Stxs are made and produced by bacteria, they do not appear to act against either their host organism or other bacteria under normal circumstances, most likely because the A subunit is secreted from the cytoplasm as soon as it is synthesized and because the holotoxin cannot enter intact bacterial cells. The effectiveness of antibiotic therapy in patients infected with Stx-producing E. coli (STEC) such as O157:H7 as well as the potential risks of such treatment are areas of controversy. Several studies indicate that the course of the diarrhea stage of the disease is unaltered by antibiotic treatment. Several groups anticipate that a therapy that targets the Stxs is an important component of trying to alleviate disease caused by Stx-producing bacteria.
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Tyler A, Johansson A, Karlsson T, Gudey SK, Brännström T, Grankvist K, Behnam-Motlagh P. Targeting glucosylceramide synthase induction of cell surface globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in acquired cisplatin-resistance of lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 336:23-32. [PMID: 26004871 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired resistance to cisplatin treatment is a caveat when treating patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Ceramide increases in response to chemotherapy, leading to proliferation arrest and apoptosis. However, a tumour stress activation of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) follows to eliminate ceramide by formation of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) such as globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), the functional receptor of verotoxin-1. Ceramide elimination enhances cell proliferation and apoptosis blockade, thus stimulating tumor progression. GSLs transactivate multidrug resistance 1/P-glycoprotein (MDR1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) expression which further prevents ceramide accumulation and stimulates drug efflux. We investigated the expression of Gb3, MDR1 and MRP1 in NSCLC and MPM cells with acquired cisplatin resistance, and if GCS activity or MDR1 pump inhibitors would reduce their expression and reverse cisplatin-resistance. METHODS Cell surface expression of Gb3, MDR1 and MRP1 and intracellular expression of MDR1 and MRP1 was analyzed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy on P31 MPM and H1299 NSCLC cells and subline cells with acquired cisplatin resistance. The effect of GCS inhibitor PPMP and MDR1 pump inhibitor cyclosporin A for 72h on expression and cisplatin cytotoxicity was tested. RESULTS The cisplatin-resistant cells expressed increased cell surface Gb3. Cell surface Gb3 expression of resistant cells was annihilated by PPMP whereas cyclosporin A decreased Gb3 and MDR1 expression in H1299 cells. No decrease of MDR1 by PPMP was noted in using flow cytometry, whereas a decrease of MDR1 in H1299 and H1299res was indicated with confocal microscopy. No certain co-localization of Gb3 and MDR1 was noted. PPMP, but not cyclosporin A, potentiated cisplatin cytotoxicity in all cells. CONCLUSIONS Cell surface Gb3 expression is a likely tumour biomarker for acquired cisplatin resistance of NSCLC and MPM cells. Tumour cell resistance to MDR1 inhibitors of cell surface MDR1 and Gb3 could explain the aggressiveness of NSCLC and MPM. Therapy with GCS activity inhibitors or toxin targeting of the Gb3 receptor may substantially reduce acquired cisplatin drug resistance of NSCLC and MPM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tyler
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umea, Sweden.
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umea, Sweden
| | - Terese Karlsson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, S-901 85 Umea, Sweden
| | - Shyam Kumar Gudey
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umea, Sweden
| | - Thomas Brännström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umea, Sweden
| | - Kjell Grankvist
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umea, Sweden
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Garcia-Castillo MD, Tran T, Bobard A, Renard HF, Rathjen SJ, Dransart E, Stechmann B, Lamaze C, Lord M, Cintrat JC, Enninga J, Tartour E, Johannes L. Retrograde transport is not required for cytosolic translocation of the B-subunit of Shiga toxin. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2373-87. [PMID: 25977475 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.169383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells have the remarkable capacity to transfer exogenous antigens to the cytosol for processing by proteasomes and subsequent presentation on major histocompatibility complex class-I (MHC-I) molecules, a process termed cross-presentation. This is the target of biomedical approaches that aim to trigger a therapeutic immune response. The receptor-binding B-subunit of Shiga toxin (STxB) has been developed as an antigen delivery tool for such immunotherapy applications. In this study, we have analyzed pathways and trafficking factors that are involved in this process. A covalent conjugate between STxB and saporin was generated to quantitatively sample the membrane translocation step to the cytosol in differentiated monocyte-derived THP-1 cells. We have found that retrograde trafficking to the Golgi complex was not required for STxB-saporin translocation to the cytosol or for STxB-dependent antigen cross-presentation. Depletion of endosomal Rab7 inhibited, and lowering membrane cholesterol levels favored STxB-saporin translocation. Interestingly, experiments with reducible and non-reducible linker-arm-STxB conjugates led to the conclusion that after translocation, STxB remains associated with the cytosolic membrane leaflet. In summary, we report new facets of the endosomal escape process bearing relevance to antigen cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Daniela Garcia-Castillo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France CNRS UMR3666, Paris 75005, France INSERM U1143, Paris 75005, France
| | - Thi Tran
- INSERM U970, PARCC Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Paris Cedex 15 75908, France
| | - Alexandre Bobard
- Dynamique des Interactions Hôte Pathogène, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex 15 75724, France
| | - Henri-François Renard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France CNRS UMR3666, Paris 75005, France INSERM U1143, Paris 75005, France
| | - Stefan J Rathjen
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France CNRS UMR3666, Paris 75005, France INSERM U1143, Paris 75005, France
| | - Estelle Dransart
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France CNRS UMR3666, Paris 75005, France INSERM U1143, Paris 75005, France
| | - Bahne Stechmann
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France CNRS UMR3666, Paris 75005, France INSERM U1143, Paris 75005, France
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- CNRS UMR3666, Paris 75005, France INSERM U1143, Paris 75005, France Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche, Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signaling Group, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France
| | - Mike Lord
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Jost Enninga
- Dynamique des Interactions Hôte Pathogène, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex 15 75724, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM U970, PARCC Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Paris Cedex 15 75908, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France CNRS UMR3666, Paris 75005, France INSERM U1143, Paris 75005, France
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46
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Ståhl AL, Arvidsson I, Johansson KE, Chromek M, Rebetz J, Loos S, Kristoffersson AC, Békássy ZD, Mörgelin M, Karpman D. A novel mechanism of bacterial toxin transfer within host blood cell-derived microvesicles. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004619. [PMID: 25719452 PMCID: PMC4342247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) is the main virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, which are non-invasive strains that can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), associated with renal failure and death. Although bacteremia does not occur, bacterial virulence factors gain access to the circulation and are thereafter presumed to cause target organ damage. Stx was previously shown to circulate bound to blood cells but the mechanism by which it would potentially transfer to target organ cells has not been elucidated. Here we show that blood cell-derived microvesicles, shed during HUS, contain Stx and are found within patient renal cortical cells. The finding was reproduced in mice infected with Stx-producing Escherichia coli exhibiting Stx-containing blood cell-derived microvesicles in the circulation that reached the kidney where they were transferred into glomerular and peritubular capillary endothelial cells and further through their basement membranes followed by podocytes and tubular epithelial cells, respectively. In vitro studies demonstrated that blood cell-derived microvesicles containing Stx undergo endocytosis in glomerular endothelial cells leading to cell death secondary to inhibited protein synthesis. This study demonstrates a novel virulence mechanism whereby bacterial toxin is transferred within host blood cell-derived microvesicles in which it may evade the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-lie Ståhl
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ida Arvidsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karl E. Johansson
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Milan Chromek
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Rebetz
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Loos
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Zivile D. Békássy
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias Mörgelin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Le Parc A, Honvo Houéto E, Pigat N, Chat S, Leonil J, Chanat E. The membrane-associated form of α(s1)-casein interacts with cholesterol-rich detergent-resistant microdomains. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115903. [PMID: 25549363 PMCID: PMC4280128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caseins, the main milk proteins, interact with colloidal calcium phosphate to form the casein micelle. The mesostructure of this supramolecular assembly markedly influences its nutritional and technological functionalities. However, its detailed molecular organization and the cellular mechanisms involved in its biogenesis have been only partially established. There is a growing body of evidence to support the concept that α(s1)-casein takes center stage in casein micelle building and transport in the secretory pathway of mammary epithelial cells. Here we have investigated the membrane-associated form of α(s1)-casein in rat mammary epithelial cells. Using metabolic labelling we show that α(s1)-casein becomes associated with membranes at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum, with no subsequent increase at the level of the Golgi apparatus. From morphological and biochemical data, it appears that caseins are in a tight relationship with membranes throughout the secretory pathway. On the other hand, we have observed that the membrane-associated form of α(s1)-casein co-purified with detergent-resistant membranes. It was poorly solubilised by Tween 20, partially insoluble in Lubrol WX, and substantially insoluble in Triton X-100. Finally, we found that cholesterol depletion results in the release of the membrane-associated form of α(s1)-casein. These experiments reveal that the insolubility of α(s1)-casein reflects its partial association with a cholesterol-rich detergent-resistant microdomain. We propose that the membrane-associated form of α(s1)-casein interacts with the lipid microdomain, or lipid raft, that forms within the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, for efficient forward transport and sorting in the secretory pathway of mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Le Parc
- UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edith Honvo Houéto
- UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Natascha Pigat
- UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sophie Chat
- UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Joëlle Leonil
- UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Chanat
- UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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Stimmer L, Dehay S, Nemati F, Massonnet G, Richon S, Decaudin D, Klijanienko J, Johannes L. Human breast cancer and lymph node metastases express Gb3 and can be targeted by STxB-vectorized chemotherapeutic compounds. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:916. [PMID: 25476116 PMCID: PMC4289340 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The B-subunit of Shiga toxin (STxB) specifically binds to the glycosphingolipid Gb3 that is highly expressed on a number of human tumors and has been shown to target tumor cells in mouse models and ex vivo on primary colon carcinoma specimen. METHODS Using a novel ex vivo STxB labeling (ESL) method we studied Gb3 expression in cytological specimens of primary human breast tumors from 107 patients, and in synchronous lymph node metastases from 20 patients. Fluorescent STxB was incubated with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens, and Gb3 expression was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, 11 patient-derived human breast cancer xenografts (HBCx) were evaluated for expression of Gb3 by ESL and FACS. In addition, the biodistribution of fluorescent STxB conjugate was studied after intravenous injection in a Gb3 positive HBCx model. RESULTS Gb3 expression was detected in 62 of 107 patients (57.9%), mainly in epithelial tumor cells. Gb3 positivity correlated with estrogen receptor expression (p≤0.01), whereas absence of Gb3 expression in primary tumors was correlated with the presence of lymph node metastases (p≤0.03). 65% of lymph node metastases were Gb3 positive and in 40% of tested patients, we observed a statistically significant increase of metastatic Gb3 expression (p≤0.04). Using concordant ESL and flow cytometry analysis, 6 out of 11 HBCx samples were scored positive. Intravenous injections of fluorescent STxB into HBC xenografted mice showed preferential STxB accumulation in epithelial cells and cells with endothelial morphology of the tumor. CONCLUSION The enhanced expression of Gb3 in primary breast carcinomas and its lymph node metastases indicate that the development of STxB-based therapeutic strategies is of interest in this pathology. Gb3 expressing HBCx can be used as a model for preclinical studies with STxB conjugates. Finally, the ESL technique on FNA represents a rapid and cost effective method for the stratification of patients in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ludger Johannes
- Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, UMR3666 CNRS - U1143 INSERM, Institut Curie-Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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49
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Bergan J, Skotland T, Lingelem ABD, Simm R, Spilsberg B, Lindbäck T, Sylvänne T, Simolin H, Ekroos K, Sandvig K. The ether lipid precursor hexadecylglycerol protects against Shiga toxins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4285-300. [PMID: 24740796 PMCID: PMC11113769 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli bacteria cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. Currently, only supportive treatment is available for diagnosed patients. We show here that 24-h pretreatment with an ether lipid precursor, the alkylglycerol sn-1-O-hexadecylglycerol (HG), protects HEp-2 cells against Shiga toxin and Shiga toxin 2. Also the endothelial cell lines HMEC-1 and HBMEC are protected against Shiga toxins after HG pretreatment. In contrast, the corresponding acylglycerol, DL-α-palmitin, has no effect on Shiga toxicity. Although HG treatment provides a strong protection (~30 times higher IC₅₀) against Shiga toxin, only a moderate reduction in toxin binding was observed, suggesting that retrograde transport of the toxin from the plasma membrane to the cytosol is perturbed. Furthermore, endocytosis of Shiga toxin and retrograde sorting from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus remain intact, but transport from the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum is inhibited by HG treatment. As previously described, HG reduces the total level of all quantified glycosphingolipids to 50-70% of control, including the Shiga toxin receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), in HEp-2 cells. In accordance with this, we find that interfering with Gb3 biosynthesis by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Gb3 synthase for 24 h causes a similar cytotoxic protection and only a moderate reduction in toxin binding (to 70% of control cells). Alkylglycerols, including HG, have been administered to humans for investigation of therapeutic roles in disorders where ether lipid biosynthesis is deficient, as well as in cancer therapy. Further studies may reveal if HG can also have a therapeutic potential in Shiga toxin-producing E. coli infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bergan
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Skotland
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Berit Dyve Lingelem
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Roger Simm
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Spilsberg
- Section of Bacteriology-Food and GMO, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Toril Lindbäck
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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50
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Hagel C, Krasemann S, Löffler J, Püschel K, Magnus T, Glatzel M. Upregulation of Shiga toxin receptor CD77/Gb3 and interleukin-1β expression in the brain of EHEC patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome and neurologic symptoms. Brain Pathol 2014; 25:146-56. [PMID: 24989888 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2011, a large outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infections occurred in northern Germany, which mainly affected adults. Out of 3842 patients, 104 experienced a complicated course comprising hemolytic uremic syndrome and neurological complications, including cognitive impairment, aphasia, seizures and coma. T2 hyperintensities on magnet resonance imaging (MRI) bilateral in the thalami and in the dorsal pons were found suggestive of a metabolic toxic effect. Five of the 104 patients died because of toxic heart failure. In the present study, the post-mortem neuropathological findings of the five EHEC patients are described. Histological investigation of 13 brain regions (frontal, temporal, occipital cortex, corpora mammillaria, thalamus, frontal operculum, corona radiata, gyrus angularis, pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellar vermis and cerebellar hemisphere) showed no thrombosis, ischemic changes or fresh infarctions. Further, no changes were found in electron microscopy. In comparison with five age-matched controls, slightly increased activation of microglia and a higher neuronal expression of interleukin-1β and of Shiga toxin receptor CD77/globotriaosylceramide 3 was observed. The findings were confirmed by Western blot analyses. It is suggested that CD77/globotriaosylceramide upregulation may be a consequence to Shiga toxin exposure, whereas increased interleukin-1β expression may point to activation of inflammatory cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hagel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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