The Effects of Diets Enriched in Monounsaturated Oleic Acid on the Management and Prevention of Obesity: a Systematic Review of Human Intervention Studies

Improvement of torularhodin production by Rhodotorula glutinis through the stimulation of physicochemical stress and application of the bioproduct as an additive in the food industry

Carotenoids are pigments responsible for the red-orange colorations in valuable food products, and they can be produced via biotechnological means through microorganisms. Beyond their role as natural colorants, some carotenoids offer significant health benefits due to their antioxidant properties, making them valuable nutritional additives in the food industry. However, obtaining these compounds from natural sources with high quantity and purity poses challenges which reduces its market share when produced through a biotechnological route. This study proposes utilizing nutritional and physical stress to enhance carotenoid production, specifically torularhodin, using the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis CCT-2186. A Design of Experiments approach identified malt extract as the most suitable nitrogen source for maximizing carotenoid production. Furthermore, introducing a surfactant (Tween 80) in the culture medium, and extending the cultivation time to 96 h, led to an increase in torularhodin production, reaching a notable 2.097 mg/mL (377,68% more when compared to the initial condition) under the best condition [(%w/v): dextrose (1), KH2PO4 (0.052), MgSO4.7H2O (0.052) and NH4NO3 (0.4), malt extract with a pH of 5.0/ 96 h/30 °C]. Lastly, to demonstrate the viability of utilizing the carotenoid extract as a food colorant, it was applied in edible gelatin. These findings highlight the critical role of nutritional, physical, and mechanical stresses in optimizing torularhodin production, particularly the conversion of γ-carotene to torularhodin by R. glutinis.

Chronic fat consumption affects metabolic aspects of murine physiology and influences ovarian follicle atresia

Saturated fat has been linked to cardiovascular diseases, leading to an increase in polyunsaturated fat consumption. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of three fat sources (coconut oil, lard and soybean oil) on metabolic and reproductive parameters in heterogenic mice. Female Swiss mice (5-6 weeks old; n = 9/group) were divided into four experimental groups: control (CC), coconut oil (CO), lard (LA), and soybean oil (SO), and were orally given 0.6 mL of the corresponding fat daily for 6 weeks to further investigate morphological, biochemical, and molecular parameters. SO females showed the highest glucose intolerance (P < 0.05), and all experimental groups were highly insulin resistant, with no statistical differences among them (P > 0.05). Moreover, all fat supplemented groups presented increased proportion in bile ducts, and CO and SO females presented higher LDL-cholesterol levels compared to CC (P < 0.05). Regarding reproductive parameters, estrous cycle alterations were observed mainly in the SO group, showing extended luteal phase duration (longer diestrus), and higher numbers of atretic follicles per area compared to the CC females (P < 0.05). Furthermore, higher proportion of active Casp-3 positive cells in the granulosa layers of preantral follicles were observed in the LA compared to the CO group (P < 0.05). The gene expression data revealed downregulation of Igf1r and Acvr1 in SO, upregulation of Igf1r in LA and Lhcgr in CO compared to CC females (P < 0.05). Thus, excessive fat intake may have deleterious effects on metabolism and reproductive function, but lard may be the least harmful source.

Analysis of Fatty Acid Profile, α-Tocopherol, Squalene and Cholesterol Content in Edible Parts and By-Products of South Pacific Wild Fishes

Fish are generally rich sources of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA, and although the edible part (fillet) has been analyzed in many species, less is known about the composition of fish by-products. The analysis of these materials allows them to be evaluated as raw sources of EPA and DHA, thus contributing to sustainable practices to produce healthy oils for human consumption. This work provides information on the fatty acid profiles, lipid quality indices and α-tocopherol, squalene and cholesterol contents in fillets, heads, bones and viscera of three fish species (anchovy, chub mackerel and Chilean jack mackerel). Samples were lyophilized and lipids were extracted using either the Folch or Hara and Radin methods. FA profiles were obtained by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection, and tocopherol, squalene and cholesterol analyses were performed by high performance liquid chromatography with UV-visible detection. The highest levels of EPA were found in anchovy fillet (18.9-20.6%) and bone (14.7%), while DHA was more abundant in anchovy fillet (16.9-22.0%) and Chilean jack mackerel fillet (15.4-16.6%) and bone (13.1-13.8%). α-Tocopherol, squalene and cholesterol contents ranged from 0.18 to 1.35 mg/100 g, 0.07 to 0.80 mg/100 g and 30.46 to 246.17 mg/100 g, respectively, in the different tissues analyzed from the three fish species.

Changes in olive oil consumption and long-term body weight changes in 3 United States prospective cohort studies

BACKGROUND

Olive oil intake is inversely associated with risk of cardiometabolic diseases. However, its energy density has raised concerns about weight gain.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the associations between long-term changes in olive oil consumption and changes in body weight in three prospective cohort studies.

METHODS

We examined data from 121,119 females and males from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS, 1990-2010), NHSII (1991-2015), and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS, 1990-2014), aged 65 y or younger and who were free from chronic disease at baseline. We assessed the associations between changes in olive oil intake within each 4-y interval and concurrent body weight changes using multivariable linear regression models. Results across the 3 cohorts were pooled using inverse-variance weights.

RESULTS

At baseline, the mean body mass index (BMI in kg/m2) was between 25.9 and 26.1 across the 3 cohorts. The mean weight change over each of the 4-y follow-up cycles was highest in the NHSII (1.8 kg; 95% CI [confidence interval]: -6.8, 11.3 kg), followed by the NHS (1.2 kg; 95% CI: -6.8, 9.1 kg), and lastly the health professionals follow-up study HPFS (0.9 kg; 95% CI: -5.4, 7.3 kg). After multivariable adjustment, each ½ tablespoon (7 g) serving per day increment in olive oil consumption was inversely associated with body weight (β coefficient: -0.09 kg, 95% CI: -0.11, -0.08 kg; P < 0.0001). In contrast, each 7 g serving per day increase in other types of added fat (vegetable oils, butter, and margarine) was positively associated with changes in body weight. Results were consistent in stratified analyses by age and BMI. In substitution analyses, replacing margarine, butter, and other vegetable oils with equal amounts of olive oil was associated with less weight gain.

CONCLUSIONS

A long-term increase in olive oil intake was inversely associated with body weight in middle-aged adults in the United States. Conversely, increased consumption of other added fats, such as butter and margarine, was positively associated with body weight.

BLOOD FATTY ACID PROFILES IN CHILEAN (PHOENICOPTERUS CHILENSIS) AND CARIBBEAN (PHOENICOPTERUS RUBER) FLAMINGOS IN MANAGED CARE

Flamingos in managed care are vulnerable to inflammatory states, including pododermatitis, trauma, and capture myopathy. Fatty acids are an important component of well-balanced nutrition and crucial to endogenous immune responses associated with these conditions, yet fatty acids have not been assessed in flamingos. This study reported complete whole blood circulating fatty acid profiles in two flamingo species in managed care receiving different diets. Whole blood from Chilean flamingos (Phoenicopterus chilensis) (n=16) and Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber) (n=17) was collected during routine exams and prepared on blood spot cards for complete fatty acid profile analysis in which 24 individual fatty acids, nine fatty acids groups, and four calculated parameters were quantifiable. Non-parametric statistical analysis compared profiles between species, and between sex of Chilean flamingos. The median ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids was 5.64. Chilean flamingos had significantly (P<0.05) higher percentages of 11 individual fatty acids, total polyunsaturated and highly unsaturated fatty acids, total omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4w6)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5w3) ratio, and total EPA + DHA, whereas Caribbean flamingos had significantly (P<0.05) higher percentages of eight individual fatty acids, and total saturated fatty acids. Male Chilean flamingos had significantly (P<0.05) higher percentages of AA, EPA, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids, whereas females had significantly (P<0.05) higher oleic acid (18:1w9), total monounsaturated fatty acids, and total omega-9 fatty acids. Differences reported are highly attributable to variability in diet, although differences in fatty acid synthesizing pathways and hormonal influences may also play a role. This novel fatty acid data set in healthy flamingos is a valuable reference for complete health evaluations in managed care settings. Further comparisons with controlled diets and inclusion of free-ranging animals may enhance clinical utility.

Emerging role of natural lipophagy modulators in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a seriously increasing liver disorder affecting nearly 32% of adults globally. Hepatic triglycerides (TG) accumulation is the hallmark of MASLD, which results from dysregulated lipid and fatty acid uptake, increased de novo lipogenesis (DNL), and decreased lipid removal. More recently, selective autophagy of lipid droplets (LDs), termed lipophagy, has emerged to be closely associated with disrupted hepatic lipid homeostasis. Recent studies have indicated that a series of natural products have shown promise as an alternative approach in attenuating MASLD via regulating lipophagy in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, lipophagy could be a new approach for natural products to be used to improve MASLD. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the interrelationship between dysregulated lipid metabolism, lipophagy, and MASLD pathogenesis. In addition, the role of some natural products as lipophagy modulators and their impact on MASLD will be discussed.

Oleic acid enhances proliferation and calcium mobilization of CD3/CD28 activated CD4+ T cells through incorporation into membrane lipids

Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) are crucial for T-cell effector functions, as they can affect the growth, differentiation, survival, and function of T cells. Nonetheless, the mechanisms by which UFA affects T-cell behavior are ill-defined. Therefore, we analyzed the processing of oleic acid, a prominent UFA abundantly present in blood, adipocytes, and the fat pads surrounding lymph nodes, in CD4+ T cells. We found that exogenous oleic acid increases proliferation and enhances the calcium flux response upon CD3/CD28 activation. By using a variety of techniques, we found that the incorporation of oleic acid into membrane lipids, rather than regulation of cellular metabolism or TCR expression, is essential for its effects on CD4+ T cells. These results provide novel insights into the mechanism through which exogenous oleic acid enhances CD4+ T-cell function.

Effects of a High Trans Fatty Acid Diet on Kidney-, Liver-, and Heart-Associated Diseases in a Rabbit Model

Trans fatty acids are specific unsaturated fats found in processed foods that undergo hydrogenation, leading to hepatic disorders such as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and conditions like CVD and CKD. The effects of different food samples containing trans fatty acids (elaidic and oleic acid) on the liver, heart, and kidney through antioxidant enzyme activity were investigated in animal models. Liver function tests (ALT, ALP, AST, and LDH), heart biomarker levels (CPK, TC, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides), and kidney biomarker levels (serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and serum uric acid) were examined in serum of rabbits and the histopathology of liver tissues. Results showed that these biomarkers were more elevated in the Mujahid Ghee group than in the normal control, oleic acid, and Kausar Ghee groups. The concentration of antioxidant markers such as peroxidase, glutathione, catalase, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and superoxide dismutase were lower in the Mujahid Ghee group. HPLC showed that Mujahid Ghee had the highest quantified value of elaidic acid among all selected samples. Overall, this study demonstrated that elaidic acid in its purest form aggravated MAFLD in rabbit livers and provoked CVK and CVD.

A novel mucoadhesive paliperidone-nanoemulsion developed using the ultrasonication method in the treatment of schizophrenia

Aim: To develop paliperidone mucoadhesive-nanoemulsion (PLP-NE) to enhance brain bioavailability. To evaluate comparative effects of PLP-NE and CS-PLP-NE in the treatment of schizophrenia, followed by a toxicity study of opt-NE. Material and methods: Oil: oleic acid, surfactant: Tween-80, and co-surfactant: Labrasol were chosen based on the solubility and maximum nanoemulsion area. The ultrasonication technique was applied with the aqueous micro titration method for the development of PLP-NE. The optimization of the method for the excellent PLP-NE was performed using a central composite design based on a five-factor and four-level. Oil (% v/v), S mix (v/v%), ultrasonication intensity in percentage, ultrasonication time in minutes, and temperature (°C) were optimized and used to the independent variables. Results: The parameters i.e., oil (5%), S mix (10%), ultrasonication time (5.0 min), ultrasonication intensity (25%), and temperature (38 °C) were optimized and used as independent and dependent variables for the development of novel PLP-NE. Based on experimental data, the dependent variables, i.e., globule size (53.90 ± 4.01 nm), % transmittance (92.56% ± 1.06%), PDI (0.218 ± 0.007), and zeta potential (-11.60 ± 0.031 mV), were determined. The smooth near about spherical shaped of PLP-NE globules with, refractive index i.e., 1.62 ± 0.021, viscosity: 39 ± 6 cp with the pH: 7.40 ± 0.089, and content of drug (97.98 ± 0.39%) for optimized-PLP-NE. The optimized PLP-NE with oleic acid, Tween-80, and Labrasol was used to improve brain bioavailability with good permeation via the intranasal route. CS-PLP-NE yielded good mucoadhesive property results compared to paliperidone-nanoemulsion, and PLP-S containing a 0.751 minutes retention time with their deuterated-IS (0.806 min) and m/z of 427.2/207.2 with IS (m/z: 431.2/211.2) for PLP and PLP-IS. A calibration curve was plotted with a linear range of 1-2000 ng mL-1 with inter- and intraday accuracy (97.03-99.31%) and precision (1.69-50.05%). The results of AUC(0-24) and C max for PLP were found to be highly significant (p < 0.001) as an improvement of brain bioavailability in rats via intranasal delivery of CS-PLP-NE. Furthermore, the locomotion test, social interaction, and forced swimming test (forced swimming, climbing, and immobility) of a mucoadhesive CS-PLP-NE (intranasally) provided highly significant results with the improvement of behavioral analysis when compared to the PLP-NE and PLP-S studies. Conclusion: CS-PLP-NE (i.n.) showed highly significant results, i.e., p < 0.001 for the improvement of bioavailability of the brain in the treatment of schizophrenia. Optimized-mucoadhesive-CS-based-PLP-NE is safe and shows no toxicity.

Mushroom oils: A review of their production, composition, and potential applications

This review delves into the world of mushroom oils, highlighting their production, composition, and versatile applications. Despite mushrooms' overall low lipid content, their fatty acid composition, rich in essential fatty acids like linoleic acid and oleic acid, proves nutritionally significant. Variations in fatty acid profiles across mushroom species and the prevalence of unsaturated fats contribute to their cardiovascular health benefits. The exploration extends to mushroom essential oils, revealing diverse volatile compounds through extraction methods like hydrodistillation and solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE). The identification of 1-octen-3-ol as a key contributor to the distinct "mushroom flavor" adds a nuanced perspective. The focus broadens to applications, encompassing culinary and industrial uses with techniques like cold pressing and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Mushroom oils, with their unique nutritional and flavor profiles, enhance gastronomic experiences. Non-food applications in cosmetics and biofuels underscore the oils' versatility. The nutritional composition, enriched with essential fatty acids, bioactive compositions, and trace elements, is explored for potential health benefits. Bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds and terpenes contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, positioning mushroom oils as nutritional powerhouses. In short, this concise review synthesizes the intricate world of mushroom oils, emphasizing their nutritional significance, extraction methodologies, and potential health benefits. The comprehensive overview underscores mushroom oils as a promising area for further exploration and utilization. The characteristics of mushroom biomass oil for the use in various industries are influenced by the mushroom species, chemical composition, biochemical synthesis of mushroom, and downstream processes including extraction, purification and characterization. Therefore, further research and exploration need to be done to achieve a circular bioeconomy with the integration of SDGs, waste reduction, and economic stimulation, to fully utilize the benefits of mushroom, a valuable gift of nature.

PPARα Agonism Enhances Immune Response to Radiotherapy While Dietary Oleic Acid Results in Counteraction

PURPOSE

Head and neck cancer (HNC) improvements are stagnant, even with advances in immunotherapy. Our previous clinical trial data show that altered fatty acid (FA) metabolism correlates with outcome. We hypothesized that pharmacologic and dietary modulation of FA catabolism will affect therapeutic efficacy.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

We performed in vivo and in vitro experiments using PPARα agonism with fenofibrate (FF) or high oleic acid diets (OAD) with radiotherapy, generating metabolomic, proteomic, stable isotope tracing, extracellular flux analysis, and flow-cytometric data to investigate these alterations.

RESULTS

FF improved antitumor efficacy of high dose per fraction radiotherapy in HNC murine models, whereas the OAD reversed this effect. FF-treated mice on the control diet had evidence of increased FA catabolism. Stable isotope tracing showed less glycolytic utilization by ex vivo CD8+ T cells. Improved efficacy correlated with intratumoral alterations in eicosanoid metabolism and downregulated mTOR and CD36.

CONCLUSIONS

Metabolic intervention with increased FA catabolism improves the efficacy of HNC therapy and enhances antitumoral immune response.

Microalgal-bacterial treatment of ice-cream wastewater to remove organic waste and harvest oil-rich biomass

The diversity of microalgae and bacteria allows them to form beneficial consortia for efficient wastewater treatment and nutrient recovery. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a new microalgal-bacterial combination in the treatment of ice cream wastewater for biomass harvest. The bacterium Novosphingobium sp. ICW1 was natively isolated from ice cream wastewater and the microalga Vischeria sp. WL1 was a terrestrial oil-producing strain of Eustigmatophyceae. The ice cream wastewater was diluted 4 folds for co-cultivation, which was relatively less inhibitory for the growth of Vischeria sp. WL1. Four initial algal-bacterial combinations (v:v) of 150:0 (single algal cultivation), 150:1, 150:2, and 150:4 were assessed. During 24 days of co-cultivation, algal pigmentation was dynamically changed, particularly at the algal-bacterial combination of 150:4. Algal growth (in terms of cell number) was slightly promoted during the late phase of co-cultivation at the combinations of 150:2 and 150:4, while in the former the cellular oil yield was obviously elevated. Treated by these algal-bacterial combinations, total carbon was reduced by 67.5 ~ 74.5% and chemical oxygen demand was reduced by 55.0 ~ 60.4%. Although single bacterial treatment was still effective for removing organic nutrients, the removal efficiency was obviously enhanced at the algal-bacterial combination of 150:4. In addition, the harvested oils contained 87.1 ~ 88.3% monounsaturated fatty acids. In general, this study enriches the biotechnological solutions for the sustainable treatment of organic matter-rich food wastewater.

Association between dietary fatty acids and urinary incontinence

Background

Dietary nutrient intake contributes to urination; however, the association between dietary nutrient intake, especially that of fat, and urinary incontinence (UI) is not well understood. The most common types of UI include stress UI (SUI) and urgency UI (UUI).

Objective

To investigate the potential effect(s) of dietary fat intake on UI and explore its mechanism of action in relation to body mass index (BMI).

Methods

A cross-sectional survey of data from 15,121 individuals (20-85 years of age) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2008), a random population-based sample, was performed. Data regarding dietary nutrient intake were collected through 24 h dietary recall interviews. UI and covariate data were collected through in-person interviews. UI was assessed according to the American Urological Association Symptom Index. The odds ratio (OR) for SUI and UUI were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The mediation effect was estimated using observational mediation analysis.

Results

Higher total fat intake was positively associated with increased odds for developing UI (OR 1.44 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-1.93]). Females who consumed more saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were more likely to develop SUI. BMI partially explained the association between total fat, SFA, MUFA, and PUFA and SUI; the proportions of the mediation effect of BMI were 14.7%, 13.0%, 18.7%, and 16.3%, respectively.

Conclusions

Results of this study emphasize the key role of dietary fat intake in the prevalence of UI. Higher fat intake was positively associated with UI and BMI partially mediated the effect of fat intake on SUI.

Monounsaturated fat-rich diet reduces body adiposity in women with obesity, but does not influence energy expenditure and substrate oxidation: a parallel randomized controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Obesity is an important and growing health problem whose treatment involves dietary changes. In this context, studying the role of macronutrients in weight loss is required in order to understand which strategies may be applied for weight loss. We aimed to evaluate the effects of diets rich in polyunsaturated (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) on resting energy expenditure (REE), substrate oxidation, and weight loss in women with obesity.

METHODS

Randomized, controlled, single blind, parallel-group clinical trial was conducted for 60 days. Participants (n = 32) were divided into three groups: G1= normocaloric PUFAs-rich diet (12% of total energy expenditure (TEE), 10% of n-6 and up to 2% of n-3); G2= normocaloric MUFAs-rich diet (15-20% TEE); and G3= maintenance of the usual diet. Anthropometric and metabolic variables (REE and substrate oxidation by indirect calorimetry) were evaluated.

RESULTS

G2 decreased body weight (-1.92 ± 1.99 kg, P = 0.02), body mass index (BMI) (-0.69 ± 0.70 kg/m2; P = 0.02), waist circumference (WC) (-1.91 ± 1.82 cm; P = 0.02), and body fat (-1.14 ± 1.53 kg; P = 0.04).

CONCLUSION

MUFAs-rich diet reduces body weight, BMI, body fat, and WC.

CLINICAL TRIALS

NCT02656940.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinical Trials: NCT02656940.

Biochemical Composition and Related Potential Nutritional and Health Properties of Sobrassada de Mallorca

'Sobrassada de Mallorca' is an EU PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) -qualified traditional food with important historical, social, and gastronomical relevance. However, its nutritional features are poorly characterized. Here, we studied 15 samples of Sobrassada de Mallorca (SM) and 9 samples of 'Sobrassada de Mallorca de Porc Negre' (SMBP), which are the two types of sobrassada that are PGI-protected. Their composition was assessed under the light of the EU Regulation 1924/2006 on nutrition and health claims (NHC) made on food. Results show the notably high energetic density (588 and 561 kcal/100 g for SM and SMBP, respectively) due to the notable fatty acid (FA) content and the relatively high proportion of unsaturated FAs (≈61% of total FAs) is also noted, mainly oleic acid (39.7 and 45.7%). Moreover, analyses showed that 100 g of both types of 'Sobrassada de Mallorca' present a 'significant' content (at least 15% of the established Nutrient Reference Values) of vitamins A (241 and 232 µg), E (2.67 and 2.67 mg), B3 (3.50 and 2.43 mg), B6 (0.27 and 0.35 mg), B12 (0.65 and 0.56 µg), phosphorus (271 and 186 mg), and selenium (17.3 and 16.2 µg) as defined by the EU standards and, in essence, their associated health benefits can be claimed for both SM and SMBP or foods containing them. In principle, SM and SMBP could be associated with various health claims (HC), including those related to energy-yielding metabolism, normal functioning of the immune system, and reduction of tiredness and fatigue.

A MUFA/carotenoid-rich oil ameliorated insulin resistance by improving inflammation and oxidative stress in obese rats

Obesity is associated with low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to insulin resistance and type II diabetes. Caryocar brasiliense pulp oil (pequi oil - PO) is rich in oleic acid and carotenoids and positively implicated in regulating inflammation and oxidative stress. This study investigated PO's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in a diet-induced obesity model. Male Wistar rats were allocated into three experimental groups: Control (CD), Western Diet (WD), and Western Diet, with 27% of lard switched by PO (WDP). Metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated after 12 weeks of diet protocols in liver and adipose tissue. WDP rats gained less body mass and epididymal fat, had less hepatic fat infiltration, and were more glucose-tolerant and insulin-sensitive than WD (p < 0.05). In the liver, the WDP group had the highest non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity, SOD and GPx activities, CAT, SOD II, and HSP72 expression compared to WD (p < 0.05). Adipose tissue IL-6 and TNF were reduced, and IL-10 was increased in WDP compared to WD (p < 0.05). Our data suggest that the partial replacement of lard by PO in a Western diet prevented visceral fat accumulation and contributed to reducing inflammation in adipose tissue and liver oxidative stress, improving obesity-related insulin resistance.

Mutations in the genes responsible for the synthesis of furan fatty acids resolve the light-induced off-odor in soybean oil

Soybean oil is the second most produced edible vegetable oil and is used for many edible and industrial materials. Unfortunately, it has the disadvantage of 'reversion flavor' under photooxidative conditions, which produces an off-odor and decreases the quality of edible oil. Reversion flavor and off-odor are caused by minor fatty acids in the triacylglycerol of soybean oil known as furan fatty acids, which produce 3-methyl-2,4-nonanedione (3-MND) upon photooxidation. As a solution to this problem, a reduction in furan fatty acids leads to a decrease in 3-MND, resulting in a reduction in the off-odor induced by light exposure. However, there are no reports on the genes related to the biosynthesis of furan fatty acids in soybean oil. In this study, four mutant lines showing low or no furan fatty acid levels in soybean seeds were isolated from a soybean mutant library. Positional cloning experiments and homology search analysis identified two genes responsible for furan fatty acid biosynthesis in soybean: Glyma.20G201400 and Glyma.04G054100. Ectopic expression of both genes produced furan fatty acids in transgenic soybean hairy roots. The structure of these genes is different from that of the furan fatty acid biosynthetic genes in photosynthetic bacteria. Homologs of these two group of genes are widely conserved in the plant kingdom. The purified oil from the furan fatty acid mutant lines had lower amounts of 3-MND and reduced off-odor after light exposure, compared with oil from the wild-type.

Eating behaviors and physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: Experiences of breast cancer patients on adjuvant hormonal therapy

Background/Aim. Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to a strict lockdown in Serbia, the population has experienced drastic lifestyle changes. Physical distancing, self-isolation, limited availability of essential food products, and the stress related to the availability of therapy during the pandemic particularly affected the lives of vulnerable groups, such as breast cancer (BrC) patients. The aim of this study was to examine the changes in eating behaviors and physical activity of postmenopausal BrC patients on adjuvant hormonal therapy under the COVID-19 lockdown conditions. Methods. This observational retrospective pre-post cohort study included 32 women treated with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) who responded to telephone interviews using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire aims to collect data on eating habits (intake of certain foods on a daily/weekly basis, as well as changes in the usual choice of food), intake of supplements, changes in weight, and physical activity before and during the lock-down. Results. The results showed that, due to problems in obtaining groceries, the patients cooked and consumed homemade sweets and fruit more often (47% of the respondents), while fewer (31%) consumed fresh fish. Nearly 41% of patients reported increased food intake, and 88% reported decreased physical activity, which led to an in-crease in body weight in as many as 47% of subjects. The intake of supplements was doubled. Conclusion. The COVID-19 lockdown with home confinement exacerbated health risks and affected dietary patterns and physical activity, which may have had a negative impact on the long-term health of BrC patients treated with AIs.

A lipidomic and metabolomic signature of a very low-carbohydrate high-fat diet and high-intensity interval training: an additional analysis of a randomized controlled clinical trial

INTRODUCTION

Regular physical activity and dietary variety are modifiable and influential factors of health outcomes. However, the cumulative effects of these behaviors are not well understood. Metabolomics may have a promising research potential to extend our knowledge and use it in the attempts to find a long-term and sustainable personalized approach in exercise and diet recommendations.

OBJECTIVE

The main aim was to investigate the effect of the 12 week very low carbohydrate high fat (VLCHF) diet and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on lipidomic and metabolomic profiles in individuals with overweight and obesity.

METHODS

The participants (N = 91) were randomly allocated to HIIT (N = 22), VLCHF (N = 25), VLCHF + HIIT (N = 25) or control (N = 19) groups for 12 weeks. Fasting plasma samples were collected before the intervention and after 4, 8 and 12 weeks. The samples were then subjected to untargeted lipidomic and metabolomic analyses using reversed phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

The VLCHF diet affected plasma lipids considerably while the effect of HIIT was unremarkable. Already after 4 weeks of intervention substantial changes of plasma lipids were found in both VLCHF diet groups. The changes persisted throughout the entire 12 weeks of the VLCHF diet. Specifically, acyl carnitines, plasmalogens, fatty acyl esters of hydroxy fatty acid, sphingomyelin, ceramides, cholesterol esters, fatty acids and 4-hydroxybutyric were identified as lipid families that increased in the VLCHF diet groups whereas lipid families of triglycerides and glycerophospholipids decreased. Additionally, metabolomic analysis showed a decrease of theobromine.

CONCLUSIONS

This study deciphers the specific responses to a VLCHF diet, HIIT and their combination by analysing untargeted lipidomic and metabolomic profile. VLCHF diet caused divergent changes of plasma lipids and other metabolites when compared to the exercise and control group which may contribute to a better understanding of metabolic changes and the appraisal of VLCHF diet benefits and harms.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER

NCT03934476, registered 1st May 2019 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03934476?term=NCT03934476&draw=2&rank=1 .

Effects of oleoylethanolamide supplementation on the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes and serum NRG4 levels in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

This study investigated the effects of oleoylethanolamide (OEA) supplementation on the expression levels of SIRT1, AMPK, PGC-1α, PPAR-γ, CEBP-α and CEBP-β genes and serum neuregulin 4 (NRG4) levels in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD).

METHODS

Sixty obese patients with NAFLD were equally allocated into either OEA or placebo group for 12 weeks. The mRNA expression levels of genes were determined using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Serum NRG4 level was also assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit.

RESULTS

At the endpoint, mRNA expression levels of SIRT1(p = 0.001), PGC-1α (p = 0.011) and AMPK (p = 0.019) were significantly higher in the OEA group compared to placebo group. However, no significant differences were observed in the expression levels of PPAR-γ, CEBP-α and CEBP-β between the two groups. Serum NRG4 levels significantly increased in the OEA group compared with the placebo group after controlling for confounders (p = 0.027). In the OEA group, significant relationships were found between percent of changes in the expression levels of the SIRT1, AMPK and PGC-1α as well as serum NRG4 level with percent of changes in some anthropometric measures. Moreover, in the intervention group, percent of changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was positively correlated with percent of changes in the expression levels of the SIRT1 and AMPK. While, percent of changes in triglyceride was inversely correlated with percent of changes in the expression levels of SIRT1.

CONCLUSION

OEA could beneficially affect expression levels of some lipid metabolism-related genes and serum NRG4 level. "REGISTERED UNDER IRANIAN REGISTRY OF CLINICAL TRIALS IDENTIFIER NO: IRCT20090609002017N32".

From waste to food and bioinsecticides: An innovative system integrating Tenebrio molitor bioconversion and pyrolysis bio-oil production

To achieve a waste-free clean production, the present study aimed to valorize an underused agroindustrial byproduct (rice bran) by mealworms bioconversion and produce bio-oil from pyrolysis of insect excreta (frass) as bioinsecticide. To reach the first goal, the suitability of rice bran (RB) versus standard diet, wheat bran (WB), was examined by determining feed conversion, growth performance, and nutritional profile of T. molitor larvae. RB diet was an appropriate feed substrate for breeding mealworms, as evidenced by their high survival rates, optimal feed conversion parameters, and its capability to support the growth and life cycle of this insect. Besides, RB did not affect soluble larval protein content but modified crude fat content and fatty acid profile. In order to address the second aim, egested frass from RB and WB were subjected to pyrolysis to obtain bio-oils. The main compound was acetic acid (≈37%) followed by 1,6-anhydro-β-d-glucopyranose (from 16 to 25%), as measured by GC-MS analysis. Nitrogen-containing chemicals accounted for ≈10%. Frass bio-oils could represent a novel source of bioinsecticides due to their bioeffectiveness in insect pests of economic importance (Plodia interpunctella and Tribolium castaneum) and medical interest (Culex pipiens pipiens). For P. interpunctella adults, frass bio-oils produced insecticidal activity by fumigant and contact exposure whereas for T. castaneum adults, just fumigant. By a miniaturized model that simulates semireal storage conditions, it was seen that, on T. castaneum, frass RB bio-oil generated higher repellent effect than frass WB. Finally, bio-oils proved to have larvicidal activity against Cx. p. pipiens.

A low-carb diet increases fecal short-chain fatty acids in feces of obese women following a weight-loss program: randomized feeding trial

To compare fecal level of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and some serum inflammatory markers between the low-carbohydrate (LCD) and the habitual (HD) diet, subjects were enrolled from our previous study on the effect of LCD vs. HD on gut microbiota in obese women following an energy-restricted diet. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) significantly increased in the HD group (p < 0.001). Adjusted for the baseline parameters, fecal level of butyric, propionic, and acetic acid were significantly different between the LCD and HD groups (p < 0.001, p = 0.02, and p < 0.001, respectively). Increase in serum insulin level correlated with decrease in fecal propionic acid by 5.3-folds (95% CI =  - 2.7,  - 0.15, p = 0.04). Increase in serum high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) correlated with decrease in the percentage of fecal butyric acid by 25% (p = 0.04). Serum fasting blood sugar (FBS) and insulin showed a significant effect on fecal acetic acid (p = 0.009 and p = 0.01, respectively). Elevated serum FBS and insulin correlated with increase in fecal acetic acid by 2.8 and 8.9-folds (95%CI = 0.34, 1.9 and 1.2, 9.2), respectively. The LCD increased fecal SCFAs and a significant correlation was seen between serum IL-6 and fecal propionic acid level. More studies are needed to reach a concise correlation. Trial registration number: The trial was registered in Iranian ClinicalTrials.gov IRCT20200929048876N3.

Effects of high oleic acid peanuts on mice's liver and adipose tissue metabolic parameters and gut microbiota composition

This study aimed to investigate the effects of two types of peanuts, regular Hanoch (HN) and a new high-oleic cultivar., Hanoch-Oleic (HO), on metabolic parameters and gut microbiota composition. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a normal diet (ND) or ND supplemented with HN (NDh) or HO (NDo). Following 18 weeks of diet regimen, the NDo group exhibited reduced body weight and peri-gonadal adipose-to-body weight ratio, paralleled to lesser food consumption. Although blood levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, free fatty acids, and liver enzyme levels did not differ between groups, decreased insulin sensitivity was found in the NDh group. Within adipose tissue, the expression of lipolytic and lipogenic enzymes was higher, while those related to lipid oxidation were lower in the NDh group compared to the NDo group. Additionally, HO peanuts consumption promoted the establishment of a healthy microbiota, with an enhanced abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Coprococcus genera. In conclusion, the inclusion of the HO peanut cultivar., rather than the conventional peanut cultivar., in a balanced diet was related to better metabolic outcomes and was linked to a favorable microbiota profile.

Diet and lifestyle impact the development and progression of Alzheimer's dementia

Dementia is a growing public health concern, with an estimated prevalence of 57 million adults worldwide. Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for 60-80% of the cases. Clinical trials testing potential drugs and neuroprotective agents have proven futile, and currently approved drugs only provide symptomatic benefits. Emerging epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that lifestyle changes, including diet and physical activity, offer an alternative therapeutic route for slowing and preventing cognitive decline and dementia. Age is the single most common risk factor for dementia, and it is associated with slowing cellular bioenergetics and metabolic processes. Therefore, a nutrient-rich diet is critical for optimal brain health. Furthermore, type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a risk factor for AD, and diets that reduce the risk of T2D may confer neuroprotection. Foods predominant in Mediterranean, MIND, and DASH diets, including fruits, leafy green vegetables, fish, nuts, and olive oil, may prevent or slow cognitive decline. The mechanisms by which these nutrients promote brain health, however, are not yet completely understood. Other dietary approaches and eating regimes, including ketogenic and intermittent fasting, are also emerging as beneficial for brain health. This review summarizes the pathophysiology, associated risk factors, and the potential neuroprotective pathways activated by several diets and eating regimes that have shown promising results in promoting brain health and preventing dementia.

In Vitro Characterization of Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antimutagenic Activities of the Green Microalga Ettlia pseudoalveolaris

Recently, green microalgae have gained importance due to their nutritional and bioactive compounds, which makes them some of the most promising and innovative functional foods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical profile and the in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimutagenic activity of an aqueous extract of the green microalga Ettlia pseudoalveolaris, obtained from the freshwater lakes of the Ecuadorian Highlands. Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) were used to determine the ability of the microalga to reduce the endothelial damage caused by hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, the eukaryotic system Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to evaluate the possible cytotoxic, mutagenic and antimutagenic effect of E. pseudoalveolaris. The extract showed a notable antioxidant capacity and a moderate antibacterial activity mostly due to the high content in polyphenolic compounds. It is likely that the antioxidant compounds present in the extract were also responsible for the observed reduction in endothelial damage of HMEC-1 cells. An antimutagenic effect through a direct antioxidant mechanism was also found. Based on the results of in vitro assays, E. pseudoalveolaris proved to be a good source of bioactive compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial and antimutagenic capacities making it a potential functional food.

Associations of specific dietary unsaturated fatty acids with risk of overweight/obesity: population-based cohort study

Background

The role of specific unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) in the development of overweight/obesity remains unclear in the general population. Here, we aimed to explore the associations of different types of unsaturated FAs with overweight/obesity risk among the Chinese population.

Methods

Eight thousand seven hundred forty-two subjects free of overweight/obesity at entry in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were followed up until 2015. Dietary unsaturated FAs were assessed by 3-day 24-h recalls with a weighing method in each wave. Cox regression models were used to obtain the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for overweight/obesity risk associated with unsaturated FAs.

Results

During a median follow-up of 7 years, 2,753 subjects (1,350 males and 1,403 females) developed overweight/obesity. Consuming more monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) was associated with a lower risk of overweight/obesity (highest vs. lowest quartile: HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.67-0.96; P-trend = 0.010). Similar inverse associations were observed for plant-MUFAs (HR_Q4vsQ1 0.83, 95% CI: 0.73-0.94; P-trend = 0.003) and animal-MUFAs (HR_Q4vsQ1 0.77, 95% CI: 0.64-0.94; P-trend = 0.004), total dietary oleic acid (OA) (HR_Q4vsQ1 0.66, 95% CI: 0.55-0.79; P-trend <0.001), plant-OA (HR_Q4vsQ1 0.73, 95% CI: 0.64-0.83; P-trend <0.001) and animal-OA (HR_Q4vsQ1 0.68, 95% CI: 0.55-0.84; P-trend <0.001). In addition, the intakes of n-3 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) (HR_Q4vsQ1 1.24, 95% CI: 1.09-1.42; P-trend = 0.017) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) (HR_Q4vsQ1 1.22, 95% CI: 1.07-1.39; P-trend = 0.039) but not marine n-3 PUFAs were positively linked to overweight/obesity risk. Consumption of n-6 PUFAs (HR_Q4vsQ1 1.13, 95% CI: 0.99-1.28; P-trend = 0.014) and linoleic acid (LA) (HR_Q4vsQ1 1.11, 95% CI: 0.98-1.26; P-trend = 0.020) had marginal and positive relationships with the incidence of overweight/obesity. N-6/n-3 PUFA ratio ranging from 5.7 to 12.6 was related to higher risk of overweight/obesity.

Conclusion

Higher dietary intake of MUFAs was associated with lower overweight/obesity risk, which was mainly driven by dietary OA from either plant or animal sources. Intakes of ALA, n-6 PUFAs and LA were related to higher risk of overweight/obesity. These results support consuming more MUFAs for maintaining a healthy body weight among the Chinese population.

Dietary fat intakes, lipid profiles, adiposity, inflammation, and glucose in women and men in the Framingham Offspring Cohort

Introduction: The role of dietary fat in the evolution of cardiometabolic disorders is highly controversial. As both dietary intake and the development of cardiometabolic risk differ by sex, we evaluated sex-specific differences in the associations between dietary fats (saturated and unsaturated) and four key cardiometabolic risk factors-lipid profiles, body fat, inflammation, and glucose regulation. Methods: We included 2391 women and men aged ≥30 years in the prospective Framingham Offspring Cohort. Weight-adjusted dietary fats (saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats, including omega-3 and omega-6) were derived from 3-day dietary records. Analysis of covariance was used to derive adjusted mean levels of all outcomes. Results: In both men and women, intakes of saturated and monounsaturated fats were inversely associated with TG:HDL ratio (p < 0.02 for both types of fat). In women, higher omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs were also inversely associated with TG:HDL (p < 0.05 for both), but for men, only omega-3 PUFAs were associated (p = 0.026). All types of dietary fat were beneficially associated with larger HDL particle sizes in both men and women, while only saturated and monounsaturated fats were associated with larger LDL particles in men. In addition, saturated and monounsaturated fats were associated with statistically significantly higher concentrations of HDL and lower concentrations of LDL and VLDL particles in both sexes, while polyunsaturated fat had favorable associations in women only. Saturated fat also had beneficial associations with three measures of body fat. For example, women with the highest (vs. lowest) saturated fat intake had a lower BMI (27.7 ± 0.25 vs. 26.2 ± 0.36 kg/m², p = 0.001); findings were similar in men (28.2 ± 0.25 vs. 27.1 ± 0.20, p = 0.002). Unsaturated fats had beneficial associations with body fat primarily in women. Finally, omega-3 PUFAs among women were inversely associated with interleukin-6 levels. There was no association between dietary fat intake and fasting glucose levels in either women or men. Discussion: In sum, we found no evidence of an adverse association between dietary fats and several surrogate markers of cardiometabolic health. This study suggests that different dietary fats may have divergent associations with cardiometabolic risk in women and men, perhaps owing to differences in food sources of the same dietary fats.

Mineral Content and Phytochemical Composition of Avocado var. Hass Grown Using Sustainable Agriculture Practices in Ecuador

Avocado demand has increased in recent years due to the nutraceutical properties that this fruit has and its positive impacts on human health; however, avocado production also requires sustainable alternatives to improve its cultivation. The objective of this study was to carry out characterization of the mineral content and phytochemical compounds in avocado fruit of the Hass variety grown using sustainable agricultural practices in Ecuador. Our results show an increase in fruit quality traits, such as firmness, and in the content of soluble solids, protein, fiber, fat, carotenoids, Ca, Mg, Zn and stearic acid in the pulp of the avocado Hass variety, as well as an initial trend of yield increase with the application of sustainable practices. Moreover, antioxidant activity was associated with polyphenol content. There were positive correlations of Mg with K and Ca, and of flavonoids with linolelaidic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Overall, our results indicate that avocado can be used as a functional and nutritional food due to its phytochemical composition and the mineral content of its pulp, which contributes to the promotion of its consumption and encourages healthy eating. In addition, the use of sustainable practices, such as fertigation and the application of microorganisms, is also promoted for growing avocado.

Arecaceae Seeds Constitute a Healthy Source of Fatty Acids and Phenolic Compounds

Seeds of most Arecaceae species are an underutilized raw material that can constitute a source of nutritionally relevant compounds. In this work, seeds of 24 Arecaceae taxa were analyzed for fatty acids (FAs) by GC-FID, for phenolics by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS, and for their antitumor activity against the HT-29 colorectal cancer cell line by the MTT assay. Lauric, oleic, and linoleic acids were the prominent FAs. Cocoseae species contained total FAs at 28.0-68.3 g/100 g seeds, and in other species total FAs were from 1.2 (Livistona saribus) to 9.9 g/100 g (Washingtonia robusta). Sabal domingensis, Chamaerops humilis, and Phoenix dactylifera var. Medjool had unsaturated/saturated FA ratios of 1.65, 1.33-1.78, and 1.31, respectively, and contained 7.4, 5.5-6.3, and 6.4 g FAs/100 g seeds, respectively. Thus, they could be used as raw materials for healthy oilseed production. Phenolics ranged between 39 (Livistona fulva) and 246 mg/100 g (Sabal palmetto), and of these, caffeic acid, catechin, dactylifric acid, and rutin had the highest values. (-)-Epicatechin was identified in most seed extracts by LC-MS. Hydroalcoholic extracts from five species showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on HT-20 cells growth at 72 h (GI₅₀ at 1533-1968 µg/mL). Overall, Arecaceae seeds could be considered as a cheap source of health-promoting compounds.

Oxidative stress and metabolic diseases: Relevance and therapeutic strategies

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a prominent cause of death worldwide, posing a threat to the global economy and public health. A mechanism that causes the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) is associated with metabolic abnormalities. Various processes are involved in oxidative stress (OS) of lipoprotein. Although the concept of the syndrome has been fiercely debated, this confluence of risk factors is associated with a higher chance of acquiring type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and atherosclerosis. Insulin resistance has been found to play a significant role in the progression of these metabolism-associated conditions. It causes lipid profile abnormalities, including greater sensitivity to lipid peroxidation, contributing to the increased prevalence of T2DM and atherosclerosis. This review aims to cover the most recent scientific developments in dietary OS, the consequence of metabolic disorders, and their most significant clinical manifestations (T2DM and atherosclerosis). It will also emphasize the effects of dietary approaches in alleviating OS in MS.

Free Linoleic Acid and Oleic Acid Reduce Fat Digestion and Absorption In Vivo as Potent Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors Derived from Sesame Meal

Pancreatic lipase catalyzes the cleavage of triacylglycerols at the oil–water interface, and is known as the dominant determiner of dietary fat digestion. Reducing dietary fat digestion and absorption by modulating the activity of pancreatic lipase has become a favorable strategy to tackle obesity. Orlistat is, at present, the only pancreatic lipase inhibitor approved for the treatment of obesity; however, an array of gastrointestinal adverse effects associated with orlistat limits its tolerability. As a safe alternative to orlistat, a number of natural product-derived compounds with varying degrees of pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity have been reported. We herein reported that bioactivity-guided fractionation of sesame meal led to the identification of free linoleic acid and oleic acid as potent inhibitors of porcine pancreatic lipase in vitro with an IC50 of 23.1 µg/mL (82.4 µM) and 11.7 µg/mL (41.4 µM), respectively. In rats, a single oral dose of the mixture of these fatty acids significantly suppressed the elevation of blood triacylglycerol level following fat intake. These results substantiate the role of free linoleic acid and oleic acid as a novel class of natural product-derived functional molecules that act as pancreatic lipase inhibitors, and their potential for healthy, routine-based weight management.

Oleic acid-related anti-inflammatory effects in force-stressed PdL fibroblasts are mediated by H3 lysine acetylation associated with altered IL10 expression

The initiation of a spatially and temporally limited inflammation is essential for tissue and bone remodelling by the periodontal ligament (PdL) located between teeth and alveolar bone. Nutritional components may cause alterations in the inflammatory response of PdL fibroblasts to mechanical stress such as those occurring during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Recently, we reported an attenuated pro-inflammatory response of human PdL fibroblasts (HPdLFs) to compressive forces when stimulated with oleic acid (OA), a monounsaturated fatty acid particularly prominent in the Mediterranean diet. Fatty acids could serve as alternative source of acetyl-CoA, thereby affecting epigenetic histone marks, such as histone 3 lysine acetylation (H3Kac) in a lipid metabolism-dependent manner. In this study, we aimed to investigate the extent to which OA exerts its anti-inflammatory effect in compressed HPdLFs via changes in H3Kac. Six-hour compressed HPdLFs showed increased H3Kac when cultured with OA. Inhibition of histone deacetylases resulted in a comparable IL10-increase as observed in compressed OA-cultures. In contrast, inhibition of histone acetyltransferases, particularly p300/CBP, in compressed HPdLFs exposed to OA normalized the inflammatory response to control levels. OA-dependent increased association of H3Kac to IL10 promoter regions in compressed HPdLFs further strengthened the assumption that OA exhibits its anti-inflammatory properties via modulation of this epigenetic mark. In conclusion, our study strongly suggests that nutritional components can directly affect PdL cells via changes in their epigenetic code. Since epigenetic inhibitors are already widely used clinically, they may hold promise for novel approaches for personalized orthodontic treatment that incorporates nutritional and metabolism-related changes.

Hydroethanolic Cyperus rotundus L. extract exhibits anti-obesity property and increases lifespan expectancy in Drosophila melanogaster fed a high-fat diet

Introduction: Cyperus rotundus L. is suspected of having anti-obesity properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-obesity property of hydroethanolic C. rotundus extract (HECE) using Drosophila as a model organism. Methods: In vitro inhibition of lipase activity by C. rotundus extract was investigated. The effects of C. rotundus extract on obesity-related characteristics, including body weight, triglyceride content, and lifespan extension were evaluated in Drosophila fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The effect of the extract on the reduction of oxidative stress associated with obesity was assessed in vivo using antioxidant assays in Drosophila. Results: HECE inhibited lipase activity in vitro with an IC50 of 128.24 ± 3.65 μg/mL. In vivo lipase inhibition experiments demonstrated that feeding Drosophila 10 mg/mL HECE or 2 μM orlistat lowered lipase activity by 21.51 (P < 0.05) and 42.86% (P < 0.01) and triglyceride levels by 20.67 (P < 0.05) and 28.39% (P < 0.01), respectively, compared to those of the untreated group. After 10 mg/mL HECE or 2 μM orlistat supplementation, an increase in the mean survival rate (10.54 (P < 0.05) and 13.90% (P < 0.01), respectively) and climbing ability (25.03 (P < 0.01) and 28.44% (P < 0.01), respectively) was observed compared to those of flies fed a HFD. The paraquat and H2O2 challenge tests revealed that flies fed HECE in a mixed HFD showed increased survival on flies fed a HFD. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the beneficial effects of dietary HECE supplementation on suppressing pancreatic lipase activity and lowering triglyceride levels and oxidative stress, leading to increased lifespan in Drosophila fed a HFD.

Effect of different dietary fats on inflammation and glucose intolerance in high fructose and high fat fed experimental animals

Objectives

Diet is the major modifiable risk factor for the onset of insulin resistance and its progression into diabetes. In the present study the effect of various dietary fats on inflammatory homeostasis and glucose tolerance is investigated in high fat and high fructose fed mice model.

Methods

C57/BL6J mice were divided into four groups and fed a casein-based diet containing high fructose (45%) and high fat (24%) (clarified butter oil [CBO]; safflower oil [SFFO] and lard oil [LO]) for 120 days; oral glucose tolerance (OGTT), plasma lipid profile and plasma & adipose tissue cytokines levels were compared with the control diet (10% groundnut oil and 59.5% starch) fed animals.

Results

The total cholesterol and triglycerides were higher in CBO and LO fed animals with glucose intolerance and increased body weights; liver and white adipose tissue weights were higher in CBO and LO fed animals respectively. CBO feeding increased the plasma (IFN-γ) and adipose tissue cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-6 & TNF-α). LO feeding increased plasma IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β and adipose tissue IL-6. SFFO feeding decreased body weight and tissue cytokines and increased plasma IFN-γ levels without causing impairment in the glucose tolerance.

Conclusions

Consumption of a high fructose and high fat diet which mimic the present-day dietary pattern resulted in altered inflammatory homeostasis and impairment in glucose tolerance in 24% CBO and LO fed animals. The deleterious effects of high fructose feeding were reversed in SFFO fed mice possibly due to the presence of oleic and linoleic acids.

Aloe vera and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is defined as prolonged hyperglycemia, which can harm the eyes, kidneys, and cardiovascular and neurological systems. Herbal agents and their derived supplements have been used for treatment of diabetes mellitus as a part of integrated complementary medicine for centuries. Numerous studies have considered Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f, Xanthorrhoeaceae, as an alternative medicine due to its abundant bioactive chemicals, such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, and enthrones, with therapeutical properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuro-protective, and anti-diabetic effects. Aloe vera has received considerable attention in traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases including diabetes mellitus. Numerous studies have investigated the effects of herbal agents on diabetes mellitus using a streptozotocin-induced diabetic model. Thereby, this article reviews the effects of Aloe vera prescription on streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus to provide a clear insight into the role of this medicinal plant in several biological functions, such as antioxidant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, and anti-hyperlipidemic in diabetic models.

Total Phenolic Levels, In Vitro Antioxidant Properties, and Fatty Acid Profile of Two Microalgae, Tetraselmis marina Strain IMA043 and Naviculoid Diatom Strain IMA053, Isolated from the North Adriatic Sea

This work studied the potential biotechnological applications of a naviculoid diatom (IMA053) and a green microalga (Tetraselmis marina IMA043) isolated from the North Adriatic Sea. Water, methanol, and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts were prepared from microalgae biomass and evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC) and in vitro antioxidant properties. Biomass was profiled for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) composition. The DCM extracts had the highest levels of total phenolics, with values of 40.58 and 86.14 mg GAE/g dry weight (DW in IMA053 and IMA043, respectively). The DCM extracts had a higher radical scavenging activity (RSA) than the water and methanol ones, especially those from IMA043, with RSAs of 99.65% toward 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt (ABTS) at 10 mg/mL, and of 103.43% against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) at 5 mg/mL. The DCM extract of IMA053 displayed relevant copper chelating properties (67.48% at 10 mg/mL), while the highest iron chelating activity was observed in the water extract of the same species (92.05% at 10 mg/mL). Both strains presented a high proportion of saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids. The results suggested that these microalgae could be further explored as sources of natural antioxidants for the pharmaceutical and food industry and as feedstock for biofuel production.

Assessment of Biochemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Algerian Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Seed Oil

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) trees are largely cultivated across the Algerian oases; they are principal sources of remuneration and the economic basis for residents of these areas. Date palm fruits are rich sources of essential nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibers, with many potential health benefits, yet there are few studies on the chemical composition and biological properties of date palm seed oil. In this study, we present an in-depth characterization of the biochemical composition and antioxidant properties of date palm seed oil (DPSO) produced in Algeria. DPSOs of eight Algerian cultivars, Arechti, Degla-Baida, Deglet-Nour, Ghars, Haloua, Itima, Mech-Degla, and Tentbouchet, were investigated to determine their biochemical compositions and antioxidant properties. The results highlight the potential of DPSO as an alternative food and a natural resource, thanks to several important compounds having high antioxidant capacity. In particular, fatty acids and triacylglycerol (TAGs) analyses showed that oleic (42.74–50.19%), lauric (18.40–22.2%), and myristic (8.83–10.17%) were the major fatty acids, while 1-myristoyl 2-oleoyl 3-linoleoyl glycerol, 1-linolenoyl 2-oleoyl 3-linoleoyl glycerol, 1-2-linolenoyl 3-linoleoyl glycerol, and 1-linolenoyl 2-myristoyl 3-linoleoyl glycerol were the major TAGs. Biophenols and tocopherols analyses revealed the presence of important compounds, such as catechin (22.04–24.92 mg/kg), vanillin (10.67–23.98 mg/kg), and α-tocopherol (443.59 mg/kg), at high remarkable levels. Therefore, a comparison with the literature data concerning other seed oils, including olive oil, confirms that DPSO can be considered a high-quality oil, from a biochemical and biological point of view.

Co-administration of oleic and docosahexaenoic acids enhances glucose uptake rather than lipolysis in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes cell culture

This study investigated the effect of different types of long-chain fatty acids and their combination on the triglyceride accumulation, glucose utilisation, and lipolysis in already obese adipocytes. 3T3-L1 MBX cells were first differentiated into mature adipocytes using adipogenic inducers (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, dexamethasone, indomethacin, insulin, and high glucose), then 100 µM 0.1% ethanol extracts of palmitic (PA), oleic (OA), or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were applied for nine days. Unsaturated fatty acids decreased the intracellular lipid accumulation while maintaining glucose utilisation levels. However, unlike OA, self-administration of DHA only intensified lipolysis by 25% vs induced untreated control (IC), which may have a direct detrimental impact on the whole body’s metabolic state. DHA applied in equal proportion with PA elevated triglyceride accumulation by 10% compared to IC, but applied with OA, enhanced glucose uptake without any significant changes in the lipogenic drive and the lipolytic rate, suggesting that this unsaturated fatty acids combination may offer a considerable advantage in amelioration of obesity-related disorders.

Oleic Acid and Succinic Acid Synergistically Mitigate Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Succinic acid (SA) and oleic acid (OA) are the primary hypoglycaemic agents in Desmodium canum, a plant traditionally employed for its potential health benefits. The synergy of the two organic acids exhibits potency in retarding blood glucose levels (BGL) in euglycaemic Sprague Dawley (S-D) rats following a single-dose administration. A cocktail of the two compounds is being investigated for its antidiabetic properties in fructose-fed streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Eighteen type 2 diabetic S-D rats were divided into 3 groups and treated for 28 d with either the cocktail (OA + SA, 800 mg/kg body weight [BW]), glibenclamide (10 mg/kg BW), or vehicle (10% polysorbate 20). Another 12 S-D rats served as euglycaemic animals and were divided into two groups, fed either the cocktail (OA + SA, 800 mg/kg BW) or vehicle. Changes in BW, blood pressure (BP), BGL, water and food consumption, serum insulin, serum glucagon and insulin resistance (IR) were monitored. Treatment with the cocktail showed no change in euglycaemic animals; however, there was a significant reduction in the BGL of diabetic treated animals when compared with diabetic control (14.48 ± 1.92 vs. 25.56 ± 1.38 mM; p=0.012). Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) and glucose/insulin (G/I) scores for IR indicated an improvement in insulin response in the diabetic treated animals. Additionally, there was a noticeable reduction in food and water consumption when compared with diabetic control animals, which was accompanied by a reduction in weight. Overall, the cocktail elicited antidiabetic properties and may serve an important therapeutic role as a nutritional supplement in type 2 diabetics.

Dietary lipids from body to brain

Dietary habits have drastically changed over the last decades in Western societies. The Western diet, rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA), trans fatty acids (TFA), omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) and cholesterol, is accepted as an important factor in the development of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes type 2. Alongside these diseases, nutrition is associated with the prevalence of brain disorders. Although clinical and epidemiological studies revealed that metabolic diseases and brain disorders might be related, the underlying pathology is multifactorial, making it hard to determine causal links. Neuroinflammation can be a result of unhealthy diets that may cause alterations in peripheral metabolism. Especially, dietary fatty acids are of interest, as they act as signalling molecules responsible for inflammatory processes. Diets rich in n-6 PUFA, SFA and TFA increase neuroinflammation, whereas diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), omega-3 (n-3) PUFA and sphingolipids (SL) can diminish neuroinflammation. Moreover, these pro- and anti-inflammatory diets might indirectly influence neuroinflammation via the adipose tissue, microbiome, intestine and vasculature. Here, we review the impact of nutrition on brain health. In particular, we will discuss the role of dietary lipids in signalling pathways directly applicable to inflammation and neuronal function.

A Comprehensive Review of Hass Avocado Clinical Trials, Observational Studies, and Biological Mechanisms

This first comprehensive review of fresh Hass avocados includes 19 clinical trials, five observational studies, and biological mechanisms. We identified four primary avocado health effects: (1) reducing cardiovascular disease risk in healthy overweight or obese adults with dyslipidemia by lowering non-HDL-C profiles, triglycerides, LDL oxidation, small atherogenic LDL particles and promoting postprandial vascular endothelial health for better peripheral blood flow; (2) lowering the risk of being overweight or obese, supporting weight loss, and reducing visceral fat tissue in overweight or obese women; (3) improving cognitive function in older normal-weight adults and in young to middle age overweight or obese adults especially in frontal cortex executive function; and (4) stimulating improved colonic microbiota health in overweight or obese adults by promoting healthier microflora and fecal metabolites. We also identified a unique combination of four Hass avocado nutritional features that appear to be primarily responsible for these health effects: (1) a 6 to 1 unsaturated (rich in oleic acid) to saturated fat ratio similar to olive oil; (2) a source of multifunctional prebiotic and viscous fiber; (3) a relatively low energy density of 1.6 kcal/g (79% of edible Hass avocado weight consists of water and fiber with a creamy, smooth texture); and (4) its oleic acid and water emulsion increases carotenoid absorption from low-fat fruits and vegetables (e.g., salsa or salad) when consumed with avocados. They are also a good source of micronutrients and polyphenols, and are very low in sodium and available carbohydrates supporting secondary health and wellness benefits. Hass avocado health effects are best demonstrated when consumed in a healthy dietary plan such as the Mediterranean diet. More extensive and longer clinical trials are needed to further enhance our understanding of the Hass avocado’s health effects.

The interactions between dietary fats intake and Caveolin 1 rs 3807992 polymorphism with fat distribution in overweight and obese women: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

It has been reported that dietary fats and genetic factors in individuals are associated with the pattern of fat distribution. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between dietary fats intake and Caveolin1 (CAV-1) rs 3807s992 polymorphism with fat distribution in overweight and obese women.

METHODS

A total of 221 participants were included in the current cross-sectional study. Body composition, biochemical parameters were evaluated by body composition analyzer and Pars Azmoon kits and genotypes determination was performed by PCR-RFLP, dietary fats were measured using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FAQ).

RESULTS

The frequency of GG, AA and AG genotypes were 53.1, 24.6, and 22.3%, respectively, and the mean intake of total dietary fat intake was 97.47 ± 36.87 g. There was positive significant interaction between total fat intake and AA genotype on visceral fat level (p = 0.001), trunk fat (p = 0.01) and waist circumference (p = 0.05), positive significant interaction between total fat intake and AG genotype on the waist to hip ratio (WHR) (p = 0.02) and visceral fat level (p = 0.05), positive borderline significant interaction between saturated fatty acid and AA genotype on the trunk fat (p = 0.06), and between trans-fatty acids and AG genotype on WHR (p = 0.04), visceral fat level (p = 0.01), and between monounsaturated fatty acid and AG genotype on WHR (p = 0.04), and a borderline interaction between polyunsaturated fatty acid and AA genotypes on visceral fat level (p = 0.06), negative significant interaction between AG genotypes and linolenic acid on WHR (p = 0.04), borderline significant interaction between ALA and AG genotype on WHR (p = 0.06).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings showed that CAV-1 rs 3807992 polymorphism and dietary fats were associated with fat distributions in individuals.

MUFAs in High-Fat Diets Protect against Obesity-Induced Bias of Hematopoietic Cell Lineages

SCOPE

The role of dietary fatty acids in the generation of bone marrow (BM) immune cells and their trafficking to extramedullary compartments in the obesity is not yet fully understood.

METHODS AND RESULTS

C57BL/6J mice are randomly assigned to isocaloric high-fat diets (HFDs) formulate with dietary fats rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) or MUFAs fortified with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids for 20 weeks, followed by profiling of the obese metabolic phenotype and immunophenotypic features of immune cells in blood, spleen, and BM. All HFDs induce an obese phenotype, but it becomes largely less disruptive after the HFDs are enriched in MUFAs, which also induce signs of granulopoiesis and an expansion of long-term hematopoietic stem and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells in BM. In contrast, a HFD enriched in SFAs disturbs the fitness of medullary lymphocytes and promotes monopoiesis in favor of pro-inflammatory activated subsets.

CONCLUSION

The reshaping of the fatty acid pools with MUFAs from the diet serves to manipulate the generation and trafficking of immune cells that are biased during obesity. These findings reveal a novel strategy by which dietary MUFAs may be instrumental in combating HFD-induced dysfunctional immune systems.