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Plotkin SA, Offit P. Efficacy of Rotavirus Vaccines. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024; 43:518-519. [PMID: 38506514 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Offit
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Okumoto A, Nomura Y, Okuda S, Shikano M. Issues with infectious disease vaccine introduction into routine vaccination in Japan, and considerations for accelerating the process. Vaccine 2024; 42:987-994. [PMID: 38199920 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Routine vaccinations help prevent the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases; however, it can take up to ten years from vaccine approval to introduction into routine vaccination schedules in Japan. Here, we investigate the information required to introduce an approved vaccine into routine vaccination schedules and the reasons why it takes so long. Based on the published data of the Immunization and Vaccine Committee of the Health Science Council, we set out to explore ways to facilitate discussion on this topic. The following issues were identified as discussion points: disease burden, efficacy and safety, and cost-effectiveness. Until now, epidemiological information has been used to evaluate the efficacy of vaccines, and also to evaluate the safety in the presence of notable adverse reactions. However, in some cases, it took a long time to obtain epidemiological information regarding the frequency of rare but serious adverse reactions and the need for a booster dose. Given the risk of spreading infectious diseases due to delays in decision-making, vaccines may have to be introduced into routine vaccination schedules based on the results of clinical trials that can be obtained in a relatively short period. In contrast, epidemiological information is necessary to evaluate the disease burden, frequency of adverse reactions, and the necessity of booster doses. Therefore, developing an epidemiological information collection system is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Okumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601 Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Nomura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Okuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Shikano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601 Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601 Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Lee BR, Harrison CJ, Hassan F, Sasidharan A, Moffatt ME, Weltmer K, Payne DC, Wikswo ME, Parashar U, Selvarangan R. A Comparison of Pathogen Detection and Risk Factors among Symptomatic Children with Gastroenteritis Compared with Asymptomatic Children in the Post-rotavirus Vaccine Era. J Pediatr 2023; 261:113551. [PMID: 37315778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe demographics, pathogen distribution/seasonality, and risk factors in children seeking care for acute gastroenteritis (AGE) at a midwestern US emergency department during 5 postrotavirus vaccine years (2011-2016), and further, to compare the same data with matched healthy controls (HC). STUDY DESIGN AGE and HC participants <11 years old enrolled in the New Vaccine Surveillance Network study between December 2011 to June 2016 were included. AGE was defined as ≥3 diarrhea episodes or ≥1 vomiting episode. Each HC's age was similar to an AGE participant's age. Pathogens were analyzed for seasonality effects. Participant risk factors for AGE illness and pathogen detections were compared between HC and a matched subset of AGE cases. RESULTS One or more organisms was detected in 1159 of 2503 children (46.3%) with AGE compared with 99 of 537 HC (17.3%). Norovirus was detected most frequently among AGE (n = 568 [22.7%]) and second-most frequently in HC (n = 39 [6.8%]). Rotavirus was the second most frequently detected pathogen among AGE (n = 196 [7.8%]). Children with AGE were significantly more likely to have reported a sick contact compared with HC, both outside the home (15.6% vs 1.4%; P < .001) and inside the home (18.6% vs 2.1%; P < .001). Daycare attendance was higher among children with AGE (41.4%) compared with HC (29.5%; P < .001). The Clostridium difficile detection rate was slightly higher among HC (7.0%) than AGE (5.3%). CONCLUSIONS Norovirus was the most prevalent pathogen among children with AGE. Norovirus was detected in some HC, suggesting potential asymptomatic shedding among HC. The proportion of AGE participants with a sick contact was approximately 10 times greater than that of HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Lee
- Children's Mercy Kansas City and University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO.
| | - Christopher J Harrison
- Children's Mercy Kansas City and University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
| | - Ferdaus Hassan
- Children's Mercy Kansas City and University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
| | - Anjana Sasidharan
- Children's Mercy Kansas City and University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
| | - Mary E Moffatt
- Children's Mercy Kansas City and University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
| | - Kirsten Weltmer
- Children's Mercy Kansas City and University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
| | - Daniel C Payne
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mary E Wikswo
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Umesh Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rangaraj Selvarangan
- Children's Mercy Kansas City and University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
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Ma W, Wei Z, Guo J, Lu L, Li J, Cai J, Wang X, Chang H, Huang Z, Guo X, Zhu Q, Xu J, Zeng M. Effectiveness of Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccine in Shanghai, China: A Test-Negative Design Study. J Pediatr 2023; 259:113461. [PMID: 37172809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate vaccine effectiveness (VE) of a live oral pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq, RV5) among young children in Shanghai, China, via a test-negative design study. STUDY DESIGN We consecutively recruited children visiting a tertiary children's hospital for acute diarrhea from November 2021 to February 2022. Information on clinical data and rotavirus vaccination was collected. Fresh fecal samples were obtained for rotavirus detection and genotyping. To evaluate VE of RV5 against rotavirus gastroenteritis among young children, unconditional logistic regression models were conducted to compare ORs for vaccination between rotavirus-positive cases and test-negative controls. RESULTS A total of 390 eligible children with acute diarrhea were enrolled, including 45 (11.54%) rotavirus-positive cases and 345 (88.46%) test-negative controls. After excluding 4 cases (8.89%) and 55 controls (15.94%) who had received the Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine, 41 cases (12.39%) and 290 controls (87.61%) were included for the evaluation of RV5 VE. After adjustment for potential confounders, the 3-dose RV5 vaccination showed 85% (95% CI, 50%-95%) VE against mild to moderate rotavirus gastroenteritis among children aged 14 weeks to ≤4 years and 97% (95% CI, 83%-100%) VE among children aged 14 weeks to ≤2 years with genotypes G8P8, G9P8, and G2P4 represented 78.95%, 18.42%, and 2.63% of circulation strains, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A 3-dose vaccination of RV5 is highly protective against rotavirus gastroenteritis among young children in Shanghai. The G8P8 genotype prevailled in Shanghai after RV5 introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Ma
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wei
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayin Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiehao Cai
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangshi Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailing Chang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoying Huang
- Institute of Immunization, Shanghai Municipal Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Guo
- Institute of Immunization, Shanghai Municipal Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Qirong Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Kozawa K, Higashimoto Y, Kawamura Y, Miura H, Negishi T, Hattori F, Ihira M, Komoto S, Taniguchi K, Yoshikawa T. Rotavirus genotypes and clinical outcome of natural infection based on vaccination status in the post-vaccine era. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2037983. [PMID: 35240934 PMCID: PMC9009920 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2037983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is a leading cause of gastroenteritis in children. In Japan, Rotarix (RV1; GlaxoSmithKline), which is a monovalent vaccine derived from human RV (G1P[8]), has been introduced since November 2011, and RotaTeq (RV5; MSD) which is an pentavalent, human-bovine mono-reassortant vaccine (G1, G2, G3, G4, and P1A[8]), has been introduced since July 2012. Long-term follow-up on vaccine efficacy and RV genotypical change should be carried out in order to control RV infection. The RV gastroenteritis (RVGE) outbreak occurred during the 2018/2019 season in Aichi prefecture, Japan. Therefore, the molecular epidemiology of RV among three different groups of RVGE, which were outpatients who received RV1, those who received RV5, and those without vaccination, was explored. Clinical features of RVGE patients were compared among the three patient groups. Children less than 15 years of age with gastroenteritis who visited any of seven pediatric practices between January and June 2019 were enrolled in the study. G, P, and E genotypes were determined by direct sequencing of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction products amplified from stool samples. Among 110 patients, there were 27, 28, and 55 in the RV1-vaccinated, RV5-vaccinated, and unvaccinated groups, respectively. The most frequent genotype was G8P[8] (92/110 patients, 83.6%). Genotype distributions did not significantly differ among the three patient groups (P = .125). Mean Vesikari score was significantly lower among RV1-vaccinated (7.1) and RV5-vaccinated patients (6.4) than among unvaccinated patients (10.2) (P < .001). Even in RVGE patients treated in an outpatient clinic, RV vaccine reduced the severity of the disease in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yuki Higashimoto
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Takumi Negishi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujita Health University Hospital, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hattori
- Department of Pediatrics, Kariya Toyota General Hospital, Kariya, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihira
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Koki Taniguchi
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
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Rotavirus Strain Trends in United States, 2009–2016: Results from the National Rotavirus Strain Surveillance System (NRSSS). Viruses 2022; 14:v14081775. [PMID: 36016397 PMCID: PMC9414880 DOI: 10.3390/v14081775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the introduction of vaccines, group A rotaviruses (RVA) were the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. The National Rotavirus Strain Surveillance System (NRSSS) was established in 1996 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to perform passive RVA surveillance in the USA. We report the distribution of RVA genotypes collected through NRSSS during the 2009–2016 RVA seasons and retrospectively examine the genotypes detected through the NRSSS since 1996. During the 2009–2016 RVA seasons, 2134 RVA-positive fecal specimens were sent to the CDC for analysis of the VP7 and VP4 genes by RT-PCR genotyping assays and sequencing. During 2009–2011, RVA genotype G3P[8] dominated, while G12P[8] was the dominant genotype during 2012–2016. Vaccine strains were detected in 1.7% of specimens and uncommon/unusual strains, including equine-like G3P[8] strains, were found in 1.9%. Phylogenetic analyses showed limited VP7 and VP4 sequence variation within the common genotypes with 1–3 alleles/lineages identified per genotype. A review of 20 years of NRSSS surveillance showed two changes in genotype dominance, from G1P[8] to G3P[8] and then G3P[8] to G12P[8]. A better understanding of the long-term effects of vaccine use on epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of circulating RVA strains requires continued surveillance.
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Meki CD, Ncube EJ, Voyi K. Community-level interventions for mitigating the risk of waterborne diarrheal diseases: a systematic review. Syst Rev 2022; 11:73. [PMID: 35436979 PMCID: PMC9016942 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-022-01947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waterborne diarrhea diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. These diseases can be mitigated by implementing various interventions. We reviewed the literature to identify available interventions to mitigate the risk of waterborne diarrheal diseases. METHODS We conducted a systematic database review of CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane library, Scopus, African Index Medicus (AIM), and LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature). Our search was limited to articles published between 2009 and 2020. We conducted the review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement checklist. The identified studies were qualitatively synthesized. RESULTS Our initial search returned 28 773 articles of which 56 studies met the inclusion criteria. The included studies reported interventions, including vaccines for rotavirus disease (monovalent, pentavalent, and Lanzhou lamb vaccine); enhanced water filtration for preventing cryptosporidiosis, Vi polysaccharide for typhoid; cholera 2-dose vaccines, water supply, water treatment and safe storage, household disinfection, and hygiene promotion for controlling cholera outbreaks. CONCLUSION We retrieved few studies on interventions against waterborne diarrheal diseases in low-income countries. Interventions must be specific to each type of waterborne diarrheal disease to be effective. Stakeholders must ensure collaboration in providing and implementing multiple interventions for the best outcomes. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020190411 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisala D Meki
- University of Zambia, School of Public Health, University of Zambia, P O. BOX 50110, Lusaka, Zambia. .,School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Esper J Ncube
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Rand Water, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kuku Voyi
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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8
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Ballard SB, Requena D, Mayta H, Sanchez GJ, Oyola-Lozada MG, Colquechagua Aliaga FD, Cabrera L, Vittet Mondonedo MD, Taquiri C, Tilley CAPTDH, Simons CDRMP, Meza RA, Bern C, Saito M, Figueroa-Quintanilla DA, Gilman RH. Enteropathogen Changes After Rotavirus Vaccine Scale-up. Pediatrics 2022; 149:183843. [PMID: 34918158 PMCID: PMC9647525 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-049884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To inform next steps in pediatric diarrhea burden reduction by understanding the shifting enteropathogen landscape after rotavirus vaccine implementation. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of 1788 medically attended children younger than 5 years, with and without gastroenteritis, after universal rotavirus vaccine implementation in Peru. We tested case and control stools for 5 viruses, 19 bacteria, and parasites; calculated coinfection-adjusted attributable fractions (AFs) to determine pathogen-specific burdens; and evaluated pathogen-specific gastroenteritis severity using Clark and Vesikari scales. RESULTS Six pathogens were independently positively associated with gastroenteritis: norovirus genogroup II (GII) (AF 29.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 28.0-32.3), rotavirus (AF 8.9, 95% CI: 6.8-9.7), sapovirus (AF 6.3, 95% CI: 4.3-7.4), astrovirus (AF 2.8, 95% CI: 0.0-4.0); enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat stable and/or heat labile and heat stable (AF 2.4, 95% CI: 0.6-3.1), and Shigella spp. (AF 2.0, 95% CI: 0.4-2.2). Among typeable rotavirus cases, we most frequently identified partially heterotypic strain G12P[8] (54 of 81, 67%). Mean severity was significantly higher for norovirus GII-positive cases relative to norovirus GII-negative cases (Vesikari [12.7 vs 11.8; P < .001] and Clark [11.7 vs 11.4; P = .016]), and cases in the 6- to 12-month age range relative to cases in other age groups (Vesikari [12.7 vs 12.0; P = .0002] and Clark [12.0 vs 11.4; P = .0016]). CONCLUSIONS Norovirus is well recognized as the leading cause of pediatric gastroenteritis in settings with universal rotavirus vaccination. However, sapovirus is often overlooked. Both norovirus and sapovirus contribute significantly to the severe pediatric disease burden in this setting. Decision-makers should consider multivalent vaccine acquisition strategies to target multiple caliciviruses in similar countries after successful rotavirus vaccine implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Blythe Ballard
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland,Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru,Address correspondence to Sarah-Blythe Ballard, MD, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N Wolfe St, Room W5515, Baltimore, MD 21205. E-mail:
| | - David Requena
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Holger Mayta
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru,Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
| | - Gerardo J. Sanchez
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria G. Oyola-Lozada
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Macarena D. Vittet Mondonedo
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carmen Taquiri
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - CAPT Drake H. Tilley
- Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru,Fleet Surgical Team SEVEN, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Caryn Bern
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru,Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Robert H. Gilman
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland,Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molcular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru,Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
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9
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus causes 215,000 deaths from severe childhood diarrhea annually. Concerns exist that a monovalent vaccine (RV1) and a pentavalent vaccine (RV5) may be less effective against rotavirus strains not contained in the vaccines. We estimated the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of RV1 and RV5 against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by vaccine (homotypic) and nonvaccine (partially and fully heterotypic) strains. METHODS After conducting a systematic review, we meta-analyzed 31 case-control studies (N = 27,293) conducted between 2006 and 2020 using a random-effects regression model. RESULTS In high-income countries, RV1 VE was 10% lower against partially heterotypic (P = 0.04) and fully heterotypic (P = 0.10) compared with homotypic strains (homotypic VE: 90% [95% confidence intervals (CI): 82-94]; partially heterotypic VE: 79% [95% CI: 71-85]; fully heterotypic VE: 80% [95% CI: 65-88]). In middle-income countries, RV1 VE was 14-16% lower against partially heterotypic (P = 0.06) and fully heterotypic (P = 0.04) compared with homotypic strains (homotypic VE: 81% [95% CI: 69-88]; partially heterotypic VE: 67% [95% CI: 54-76]; fully heterotypic VE: 65% [95% CI: 51-75]). Strain-specific RV5 VE differences were less pronounced, and primarily derived from high-income countries. Limited data were available from low-income countries. CONCLUSIONS Vaccine effectiveness of RV1 and RV5 was somewhat lower against nonvaccine than vaccine strains. Ongoing surveillance is important to continue long-term monitoring for strain replacement, particularly in low-income settings where data are limited.
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10
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Abstract
Rotavirus is a major cause of severe pediatric diarrhea worldwide. In 2006, two live, oral rotavirus vaccines, Rotarix and RotaTeq, were licensed for use in infants and were rapidly adopted in many high- and middle-income settings where efficacy had been demonstrated in clinical trials. Following completion of additional successful trials in low-income settings, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended rotavirus vaccination for all infants globally in 2009. In 2018, two new rotavirus vaccines, Rotasiil and Rotavac, were prequalified by WHO, further expanding global availability. As of March 2021, rotavirus vaccines have been introduced nationally in 106 countries. Since introduction, rotavirus vaccines have demonstrated effectiveness against severe disease and mortality, even among age groups not eligible for vaccination. Cross-genotypic protection has also been demonstrated, and the favorable benefit-risk profile of these vaccines continues to be confirmed via post-marketing surveillance. Ongoing research seeks to better understand reasons for the lower effectiveness observed in lower-resource settings, and to use these findings to optimize vaccine strategies worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Burke
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Tate
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Umesh D Parashar
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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11
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Burke RM, Groom HC, Naleway AL, Katz EM, Salas B, Mattison CP, Donald J, Tsaknaridis L, Biggs C, Bowen MD, Tate JE, Parashar UD, Schmidt M, Hall AJ. Rotavirus Vaccine Is Effective Against Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Resulting in Outpatient Care: Results From the Medically Attended Acute Gastroenteritis (MAAGE) Study. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:2000-2005. [PMID: 32322882 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is a common cause of severe pediatric acute gastroenteritis. Two vaccines are licensed in the United States and have demonstrated high effectiveness against moderate to severe disease. However, fewer data are available on rotavirus vaccine effectiveness (VE) against milder disease. METHODS We leveraged active surveillance data from Kaiser Permanente Northwest to calculate rotavirus VE against medically attended rotavirus illness among age-eligible children. We utilized a test-negative case-control design and applied 4 distinct case definitions based on reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test results. VE was calculated as 100 × (1 - odds ratio), and models were adjusted for age group. RESULTS The VE analysis population comprised 842 children, 799 (95%) of whom had mild disease requiring at most a clinic visit and 698 (83%) of whom were fully vaccinated against rotavirus. Age-adjusted VE was 70% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37-86%) against disease defined solely by qRT-PCR results, 72% (95% CI, 31-89%) against disease as defined by qRT-PCR with a quantification cycle (C q ) value <27, 73% (95% CI, 32-90%) against disease that was qRT-PCR positive but EIA negative, and 62% (95% CI, -20-88%) against disease defined solely by EIA. Results were similar when restricting to disease resulting in at most an ambulatory clinic or emergency department visit. CONCLUSIONS These results support the effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in protecting US children from mild to moderate and severe disease. Our findings are also useful to show the effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination against qRT-PCR-defined illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Burke
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Holly C Groom
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Allison L Naleway
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Eric M Katz
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Cherokee Nation Assurance, Contracting Agency to the Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Bianca Salas
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Claire P Mattison
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Judy Donald
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | - Michael D Bowen
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Tate
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Umesh D Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark Schmidt
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Aron J Hall
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Lee YS, Kim DH, Ha DJ, Kwon YS. Comparison of the Demographics and Ratio of Rotavirus-Associated Benign Convulsions with Mild Gastroenteritis to Rotavirus Gastroenteritis before and after Rotavirus Vaccination over a Period of 20 Years. ANNALS OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.26815/acn.2020.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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13
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Kim DH, Ha DJ, Lee YS, Chun MJ, Kwon YS. Benign Convulsions with Mild Rotavirus and Norovirus Gastroenteritis: Nationwide Data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in South Korea. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8040263. [PMID: 33808239 PMCID: PMC8065692 DOI: 10.3390/children8040263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There have been no large-scale studies on the epidemiology of benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (CwG) since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine in South Korea in 2007. This study aimed to analyze the trends in rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) and rotavirus-associated CwG (RaCwG) after rotavirus vaccination. Further, we aimed to analyze changes in norovirus gastroenteritis (NVGE) and norovirus-associated CwG (NaCwG) using nationwide data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. Between 2007 and 2019, this study analyzed children aged <6 years who were diagnosed with RVGE, NVGE, RaCwG and NaCwG. The changes in the prevalence of each disease and the ratio of CwG to enteritis were analyzed and the effects of age, sex and season were also analyzed. RVGE, RaCwG, NVGE and NaCwG were diagnosed in 273,898, 4246, 35,593 and 337 patients, respectively. The prevalence of RVGE was on a decreasing trend every year, but the prevalence of NaCwG and NVGE was on an increasing trend. There was a significant annual increase in the ratio of CwG to enteritis in both viruses. In order to control the prevalence of RaCwG, measures other than the rotavirus vaccine are required and measures to prevent norovirus are necessary.
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14
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Wang Y, Li J, Dai P, Liu P, Zhu F. Effectiveness of the oral human attenuated pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq™) postlicensure: a meta-analysis-2006-2020. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:437-448. [PMID: 33709863 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1902808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus (RV), which causes RV-associated gastroenteritis (RVGE), has accounted for considerable morbidity. We aimed to assess the effectiveness (VE) of the oral pentavalent RV vaccine (RotaTeq™) in real-world settings in children and infants with gastroenteritis. METHODS We performed a systematic search for peer-reviewed studies published between 1 January 2006 and 1 May 2020 and a meta-analysis to calculate the VE of RotaTeq™ vaccine. The primary outcome was the pooled three-dose vaccine VE. Stratified analysis of the vaccine VEs was performed according to dosages, study design, population age, socioeconomic status (SES), introduction condition, control group types, outcomes of RV disease, and RV strains. RESULTS After screening 2359 unique records, 28 studies were included and meta-analyzed. The overall VE estimate was 84% (95% confidence interval [CI], 80-87%). Stratified analyses revealed a nonnegligible impact of factors such as study design and SES. Other factors did not show great impart to VE with no significant differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS RotaTeq™ is effective against RV infection, especially in high-income countries. Adopting suitable study methods and expansion of RV surveillance in low-income regions is crucial to assess VE in real-life settings and provide feasible vaccine regimens to improve vaccine VE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Wang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Pinyuan Dai
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei Liu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
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15
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Rivero-Calle I, Gómez-Rial J, Bont L, Gessner BD, Kohn M, Dagan R, Payne DC, Bruni L, Pollard AJ, García-Sastre A, Faustman DL, Osterhaus A, Butler R, Giménez Sánchez F, Álvarez F, Kaforou M, Bello X, Martinón-Torres F. TIPICO X: report of the 10th interactive infectious disease workshop on infectious diseases and vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:759-772. [PMID: 32755474 PMCID: PMC7996078 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1788301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
TIPICO is an expert meeting and workshop that aims to provide the most recent evidence in the field of infectious diseases and vaccination. The 10th Interactive Infectious Disease TIPICO workshop took place in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, on November 21-22, 2019. Cutting-edge advances in vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, rotavirus, human papillomavirus, Neisseria meningitidis, influenza virus, and Salmonella Typhi were discussed. Furthermore, heterologous vaccine effects were updated, including the use of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine as potential treatment for type 1 diabetes. Finally, the workshop also included presentations and discussion on emergent virus and zoonoses, vaccine resilience, building and sustaining confidence in vaccination, approaches to vaccine decision-making, pros and cons of compulsory vaccination, the latest advances in decoding infectious diseases by RNA gene signatures, and the application of big data approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rivero-Calle
- Translational Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario De Santiago De Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria De Santiago, Universidad De Santiago De Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Gómez-Rial
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria De Santiago, Universidad De Santiago De Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Louis Bont
- Wilhelmina’s Children’s Hospital University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Melvin Kohn
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Medical Affairs, Global Medical and Scientific Affairs, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Ron Dagan
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Daniel C. Payne
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laia Bruni
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO) - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccines Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Denise L. Faustman
- The Immunobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Albert Osterhaus
- Artemis One Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Research Center Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robb Butler
- WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Myrsini Kaforou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xabier Bello
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria De Santiago, Universidad De Santiago De Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Translational Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario De Santiago De Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria De Santiago, Universidad De Santiago De Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
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16
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Epidemiology of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis and Rotavirus-Associated Benign Convulsions with Mild Gastroenteritis after the Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccines in South Korea: Nationwide Data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228374. [PMID: 33198275 PMCID: PMC7698222 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Using nationwide data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment service, we assessed the impact of rotavirus vaccines, introduced in South Korea, in 2007, on changes in the prevalence of factors (age, sex, and geographic location) associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) and rotavirus-associated benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (RaCwG). We analyzed health records of children younger than 3 years who visited clinical facilities and were diagnosed with RVGE or RaCwG between 2007 and 2019. The annual mid-year population (MYP) was obtained from the Korean Statistical Information Service. The annual prevalence of RVGE, RaCwG and associated factors were statistically analyzed. Overall, 219,686, and 4032, children were confirmed to have RVGE and RaCwG, respectively. Although the annual prevalence of RVGE decreased significantly, that of RaCwG did not. The annual ratio of RaCwG to RVGE was significantly high. Compared to the prevalence of RVGE, the prevalence of RaCwG was significantly lower in rural areas. The age of RaCwG patients was significantly lower than that of the MYP and that of RVGE patients. The decrease in the number of RaCwG patients after rotavirus vaccination was not as pronounced as the decrease in the number of RVGE patients.
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17
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Skansberg A, Sauer M, Tan M, Santosham M, Jennings MC. Product review of the rotavirus vaccines ROTASIIL, ROTAVAC, and Rotavin-M1. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 17:1223-1234. [PMID: 33121329 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1804245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis and death due to diarrhea among children under 5, causing over 180,000 under-5 deaths annually. Safe, effective rotavirus vaccines have been available for over a decade and are used in over 98 countries. In addition to the globally available, WHO-prequalified ROTARIX (GSK) and RotaTeq (Merck), several new rotavirus vaccines have attained national licensure - ROTAVAC (Bharat Biotech) and ROTASIIL (Serum Institute of India), licensed and manufactured in India and now WHO-prequalified, and Rotavin-M1 (PolyVac), licensed and manufactured in Vietnam. In this review, we summarize the available clinical trial and post-introduction evidence for these three new orally administered rotavirus vaccines. All three vaccines have demonstrated safety and efficacy against rotavirus diarrhea, although publicly available preclinical data are limited in some cases. This expanding product landscape presents a range of options to optimize immunization programs, and new presentations of each vaccine are currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Skansberg
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Molly Sauer
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marissa Tan
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mathuram Santosham
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary Carol Jennings
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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18
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Middleton BF, Danchin M, Quinn H, Ralph AP, Pingault N, Jones M, Estcourt M, Snelling T. Retrospective Case-Control Study of 2017 G2P[4] Rotavirus Epidemic in Rural and Remote Australia. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100790. [PMID: 32993048 PMCID: PMC7601783 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A widespread G2P[4] rotavirus epidemic in rural and remote Australia provided an opportunity to evaluate the performance of Rotarix and RotaTeq rotavirus vaccines, ten years after their incorporation into Australia’s National Immunisation Program. Methods: We conducted a retrospective case-control analysis. Vaccine-eligible children with laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infection were identified from jurisdictional notifiable infectious disease databases and individually matched to controls from the national immunisation register, based on date of birth, Aboriginal status and location of residence. Results: 171 cases met the inclusion criteria; most were Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander (80%) and the median age was 19 months. Of these cases, 65% and 25% were fully or partially vaccinated, compared to 71% and 21% of controls. Evidence that cases were less likely than controls to have received a rotavirus vaccine dose was weak, OR 0.79 (95% CI, 0.46–1.34). On pre-specified subgroup analysis, there was some evidence of protection among children <12 months (OR 0.48 [95% CI, 0.22–1.02]), and among fully vs. partially vaccinated children (OR 0.65 [95% CI, 0.42–1.01]). Conclusion: Despite the known effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination, a protective effect of either rotavirus vaccine during a G2P[4] outbreak in these settings among predominantly Aboriginal children was weak, highlighting the ongoing need for a more effective rotavirus vaccine and public health strategies to better protect Aboriginal children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca F. Middleton
- Global and Tropical Health, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin 0810, Australia; (A.P.R.); (T.S.)
- Division of Women, Children and Youth, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin 0810, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-4-0209-3321
| | - Margie Danchin
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia;
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia
- Department of General Medicine, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Helen Quinn
- The National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia;
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, Australia
| | - Anna P. Ralph
- Global and Tropical Health, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin 0810, Australia; (A.P.R.); (T.S.)
- Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin 0810, Australia
| | - Nevada Pingault
- Department of Health Western Australia, Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Perth 6004, Australia;
| | - Mark Jones
- Health and Clinical Analytics, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (M.J.); (M.E.)
| | - Marie Estcourt
- Health and Clinical Analytics, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (M.J.); (M.E.)
| | - Tom Snelling
- Global and Tropical Health, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin 0810, Australia; (A.P.R.); (T.S.)
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccine and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia
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19
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Real-world effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines, 2006-19: a literature review and meta-analysis. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2020; 8:e1195-e1202. [PMID: 32827481 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since licensure in 2006, rotavirus vaccines have been introduced in more than 100 countries. The efficacy of rotavirus vaccines is variable in settings with different child mortality levels. We did an updated review of the published literature to assess the real-world effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines in a range of settings. METHODS In this literature review and meta-analysis, we included observational, post-licensure studies of rotavirus vaccines, published from Jan 1, 2006, to Dec 31, 2019, in English, with laboratory-confirmed rotavirus as the endpoint. In addition to product-specific results for Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) or RotaTeq (Merck, West Point, PA, USA), we included Rotarix and RotaTeq mixed series, and non-product-specific vaccine effectiveness estimates from countries where Rotarix and RotaTeq are both available. Studies of other infant rotavirus vaccines were excluded because little or no post-licensure data were available. We fitted random-effects regression models to estimate vaccine effectiveness among children younger than 12 months and aged 12-23 months. On the basis of 2017 UNICEF mortality estimates for children younger than 5 years, countries were stratified as having low (lowest quartile), medium (second quartile), or high mortality (third and fourth quartiles). FINDINGS We identified and screened 1703 articles, of which 60 studies from 32 countries were included. 31 studies were from countries with low child mortality, eight were from medium-mortality countries, and 21 were from high-mortality countries. Rotarix vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed rotavirus among children younger than 12 months old was 86% (95% CI 81-90) in low-mortality countries, 77% (66-85) in medium-mortality countries, and 63% (54-70) in high-mortality countries. Rotarix vaccine effectiveness among children aged 12-23 months was 86% (81-90) in low-mortality countries, 54% (23-73) in medium-mortality countries, and 58% (38-72) in high-mortality countries. RotaTeq vaccine effectiveness among children younger than 12 months was 86% (76-92) in low-mortality countries and 66% (51-76) in high-mortality countries. RotaTeq vaccine effectiveness among children aged 12-23 months was 84% (79-89) in low-mortality countries. There was no substantial heterogeneity (I2 range: 0-36%). Median vaccine effectiveness in low-mortality countries was similar for Rotarix (83%; IQR 78-91), RotaTeq (85%; 81-92), mixed series (86%; 70-91), and non-product-specific (89%; 75-91) vaccination. INTERPRETATION Rotavirus vaccines were effective in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea, with higher performance in countries with lower child mortality. FUNDING None.
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20
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Overview of the Development, Impacts, and Challenges of Live-Attenuated Oral Rotavirus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030341. [PMID: 32604982 PMCID: PMC7565912 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness are paramount to vaccine development. Following the isolation of rotavirus particles in 1969 and its evidence as an aetiology of severe dehydrating diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide, the quest to find not only an acceptable and reliable but cost-effective vaccine has continued until now. Four live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines (LAORoVs) (Rotarix®, RotaTeq®, Rotavac®, and RotaSIIL®) have been developed and licensed to be used against all forms of rotavirus-associated infection. The efficacy of these vaccines is more obvious in the high-income countries (HIC) compared with the low- to middle-income countries (LMICs); however, the impact is far exceeding in the low-income countries (LICs). Despite the rotavirus vaccine efficacy and effectiveness, more than 90 countries (mostly Asia, America, and Europe) are yet to implement any of these vaccines. Implementation of these vaccines has continued to suffer a setback in these countries due to the vaccine cost, policy, discharging of strategic preventive measures, and infrastructures. This review reappraises the impacts and effectiveness of the current live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines from many representative countries of the globe. It examines the problems associated with the low efficacy of these vaccines and the way forward. Lastly, forefront efforts put forward to develop initial procedures for oral rotavirus vaccines were examined and re-connected to today vaccines.
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21
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Ianiro G, Micolano R, Di Bartolo I, Scavia G, Monini M. Group A rotavirus surveillance before vaccine introduction in Italy, September 2014 to August 2017. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 30994104 PMCID: PMC6470368 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.15.1800418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young children, causing ca 250,000 deaths worldwide, mainly in low-income countries. Two proteins, VP7 (glycoprotein, G genotype) and VP4 (protease-sensitive protein, P genotype), are the basis for the binary RVA nomenclature. Although 36 G types and 51 P types are presently known, most RVA infections in humans worldwide are related to five G/P combinations: G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8]. Aim This study aimed to characterise the RVA strains circulating in Italy in the pre-vaccination era, to define the trends of circulation of genotypes in the Italian paediatric population. Methods Between September 2014 and August 2017, after routine screening in hospital by commercial antigen detection kit, 2,202 rotavirus-positive samples were collected in Italy from children hospitalised with AGE; the viruses were genotyped following standard European protocols. Results This 3-year study revealed an overall predominance of the G12P[8] genotype (544 of 2,202 cases; 24.70%), followed by G9P[8] (535/2,202; 24.30%), G1P[8] (459/2,202; 20.84%) and G4P[8] (371/2,202; 16.85%). G2P[4] and G3P[8] genotypes were detected at low rates (3.32% and 3.09%, respectively). Mixed infections accounted for 6.49% of cases (143/2,202), uncommon RVA strains for 0.41% of cases (9/2,202). Conclusions The emergence of G12P[8] rotavirus in Italy, as in other countries, marks this genotype as the sixth most common human genotype. Continuous surveillance of RVA strains and monitoring of circulating genotypes are important for a better understanding of rotavirus evolution and genotype distribution, particularly regarding strains that may emerge from reassortment events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ianiro
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Micolano
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Scavia
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Monini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Pindyck T, Hall AJ, Tate JE, Cardemil CV, Kambhampati AK, Wikswo ME, Payne DC, Grytdal S, Boom JA, Englund JA, Klein EJ, Halasa N, Selvarangan R, Staat MA, Weinberg GA, Beenhouwer DO, Brown ST, Holodniy M, Lucero-Obusan C, Marconi VC, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Parashar U. Validation of Acute Gastroenteritis-related International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification Codes in Pediatric and Adult US Populations. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 70:2423-2427. [PMID: 31626687 PMCID: PMC7390357 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
International Classification of Diseases diagnostic codes are used to estimate acute gastroenteritis (AGE) disease burden. We validated AGE-related codes in pediatric and adult populations using 2 multiregional active surveillance platforms. The sensitivity of AGE codes was similar (54% and 58%) in both populations and increased with addition of vomiting-specific codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Pindyck
- Epidemic Intelligence Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aron J Hall
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Tate
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cristina V Cardemil
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anita K Kambhampati
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- IHRC, Inc, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary E Wikswo
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel C Payne
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott Grytdal
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Natasha Halasa
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Mary Allen Staat
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Weinberg
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David O Beenhouwer
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sheldon T Brown
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark Holodniy
- Public Health Surveillance and Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Cynthia Lucero-Obusan
- Public Health Surveillance and Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Vince C Marconi
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maria C Rodriguez-Barradas
- Infectious Diseases Section, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Infectious Diseases Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Umesh Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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23
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Efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of a trivalent live human-lamb reassortant rotavirus vaccine (LLR3) in healthy Chinese infants: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Vaccine 2020; 38:7393-7400. [PMID: 32451212 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial was conducted in healthy Chinese infants to assess the efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of a novel trivalent live human-lamb reassortant rotavirus vaccine (LLR3) against rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE). METHODS Healthy children aged 6-13 weeks were enrolled and randomized (1:1) to either 3 oral doses of LLR3 or placebo according to a 0, 1, 2 month schedule. The objectives were to evaluate vaccine efficacy (VE) against RVGE of any-severity, severe RVGE (sRVGE) and inpatient caused by rotavirus serotypes contained in the vaccine and not contained in the vaccine after the third dose. Immunogenicity was also assayed in a subgroup. All adverse events (AEs) were collected from 30 min after each dose for immediate reaction, even to the entire study period, including the serious AEs (SAEs) and intussusception. RESULTS VE against RVGE of any-severity, sRVGE and inpatient caused by any serotype was 56.6% (95% CI: 50.7, 61.8), 70.3% (95% CI: 60.6, 77.6) and 74.0% (95% CI: 57.5, 84.1) respectively. VE against RVGE of any-severity, sRVGE caused by serotypes not contained in vaccine were 54.2% (95% CI: 47.5, 60.1) and 70.4% (95% CI: 60.4, 77.9). The rate of seroconversion and four-fold increase of rotavirus serotype G2-, G3-, and G4-specific IgA is 60.8%, 58.0%, and 60.6% in vaccine group, which was higher than 21.35%, 22.7%, and 23.1% in placebo group (p < 0.0001 for G2, G3, G4), as well as the Geometric Mean Titer (GMT). Through the entire trial, 65.91% and 67.79% of participants reported at least one AE, and 0.02% and 0.02% reported SAEs in the vaccine and placebo groups, respectively. Two intussusception cases were reported both in vaccine and placebo group. CONCLUSIONS In Chinese infants, LLR3 provided a substantial protection against RVGE of any-severity, sRVGE and inpatient caused by any serotype, and showed well immunogenicity and safety.
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Freedman SB, Xie J, Nettel-Aguirre A, Pang XL, Chui L, Williamson-Urquhart S, Schnadower D, Schuh S, Sherman PM, Lee BE, Gouin S, Farion KJ, Poonai N, Hurley KF, Qiu Y, Ghandi B, Lloyd C, Finkelstein Y. A randomized trial evaluating virus-specific effects of a combination probiotic in children with acute gastroenteritis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2533. [PMID: 32439860 PMCID: PMC7242434 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteritis accounts for nearly 500,000 deaths in children younger than 5 years annually. Although probiotics have been touted as having the potential to expedite diarrhea resolution, recent clinical trials question their effectiveness. A potential explanation is a shift in pathogens following the introduction of a rotavirus vaccine. Here, we report the results of a multi-center, double-blind trial of 816 children with acute gastroenteritis who completed follow-up and provided multiple stool specimens. Participants were randomized to receive a probiotic containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus helveticus or placebo. We report no virus-specific beneficial effects attributable to the probiotic, either in reducing clinical symptoms or viral nucleic acid clearance from stool specimens collected up to 28 days following enrollment. We provide pathophysiological and microbiologic evidence to support the clinical findings and conclude that our data do not support routine probiotic administration to children with acute gastroenteritis, regardless of the infecting virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Freedman
- Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation Professor in Child Health and Wellness, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada.
| | - Jianling Xie
- Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation Professor in Child Health and Wellness, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Alberto Nettel-Aguirre
- Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation Professor in Child Health and Wellness, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Xiao-Li Pang
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Linda Chui
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Sarah Williamson-Urquhart
- Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation Professor in Child Health and Wellness, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - David Schnadower
- University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, UCA 45229, USA
| | - Suzanne Schuh
- University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Philip M Sherman
- University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Bonita E Lee
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Serge Gouin
- Université de Montréal, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Ken J Farion
- University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Naveen Poonai
- University of Western Ontario, 800 Commissioners Road E, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Katrina F Hurley
- Dalhousie University, 5980 University Avenue, PO Box 9700, Halifax, NS, B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Qiu
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Binal Ghandi
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Colin Lloyd
- University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Yaron Finkelstein
- University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
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Wikswo ME, Parashar UD, Lopman B, Selvarangan R, Harrison CJ, Azimi PH, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Englund JA, Klein EJ, Staat MA, McNeal MM, Halasa N, Chappell J, Weinberg GA, Szilagyi PG, Esona MD, Bowen MD, Payne DC. Evidence for Household Transmission of Rotavirus in the United States, 2011-2016. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020; 9:181-187. [PMID: 30753568 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children and is highly transmissible. In this study, we assessed the presence of AGE in household contacts (HHCs) of pediatric patients with laboratory-confirmed rotavirus. METHODS Between December 2011 and June 2016, children aged 14 days to 11 years with AGE were enrolled at 1 of 7 hospitals or emergency departments as part of the New Vaccine Surveillance Network. Parental interviews, medical and vaccination records, and stool specimens were collected at enrollment. Stool was tested for rotavirus by an enzyme immunoassay and confirmed by real-time or conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay or repeated enzyme immunoassay. Follow-up telephone interviews were conducted to assess AGE in HHCs the week after the enrolled child's illness. A mixed-effects multivariate model was used to calculate odds ratios. RESULTS Overall, 829 rotavirus-positive subjects and 8858 rotavirus-negative subjects were enrolled. Households of rotavirus-positive subjects were more likely to report AGE illness in ≥1 HHC than were rotavirus-negative households (35% vs 20%, respectively; P < .0001). A total of 466 (16%) HHCs of rotavirus-positive subjects reported AGE illness. Of the 466 ill HHCs, 107 (23%) sought healthcare; 6 (6%) of these encounters resulted in hospitalization. HHCs who were <5 years old (odds ratio, 2.2 [P = .004]) were more likely to report AGE illness than those in other age groups. In addition, 144 households reported out-of-pocket expenses (median, $20; range, $2-$640) necessary to care for an ill HHC. CONCLUSIONS Rotavirus-associated AGE in children can lead to significant disease burden in HHCs, especially in children aged <5 years. Prevention of pediatric rotavirus illness, notably through vaccination, can prevent additional illnesses in HHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Wikswo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Benjamin Lopman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Parvin H Azimi
- Children's Hospital Research Center, Oakland, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Natasha Halasa
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James Chappell
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Mathew D Esona
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael D Bowen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel C Payne
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Cantelli CP, Velloso AJ, Assis RMSD, Barros JJ, Mello FCDA, Cunha DCD, Brasil P, Nordgren J, Svensson L, Miagostovich MP, Leite JPG, Moraes MTBD. Rotavirus A shedding and HBGA host genetic susceptibility in a birth community-cohort, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2014-2018. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6965. [PMID: 32332841 PMCID: PMC7181595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have investigated whether the human histo-blood group antigen (HBGAs) could affect the effectiveness of the oral rotavirus vaccines, suggesting secretor positive individuals develop a more robust response. We investigated the Rotavirus A (RVA) shedding in association with the host susceptibility profile in children from a birth community-cohort in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2014 to 2018. A total of 132 children were followed-up between 0 to 11-month-old, stool samples were collected before/after the 1st/2nd RV1 vaccination doses and saliva samples were collected during the study. RVA shedding was screened by RT-qPCR and G/P genotypes determined by multiplex RT-PCR and/or Sanger nucleotide sequencing. The sequencing indicated an F167L amino acid change in the RV1 VP8* P[8] in 20.5% of shedding follow-ups and these mutant subpopulations were quantified by pyrosequencing. The HBGA/secretor status was determined and 80.3% of the children were secretors. Twenty-one FUT2 gene SNPs were identified and two new mutations were observed. The mutant F167L RV1 VP8* P[8] was detected significantly more in Le (a+b+) secretors (90.5%) compared to non-secretors and even to secretors Le (a-b+) (9.5%). The study highlights the probable association between RV1 shedding and HBGAs as a marker for evaluating vaccine strain host susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Pacheco Cantelli
- Immunobiological Technology Institute/Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Alvaro Jorge Velloso
- Immunobiological Technology Institute/Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosane Maria Santos de Assis
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Júnior Barros
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Denise Cotrim da Cunha
- Sérgio Arouca National School of Public Health, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Brasil
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - José Paulo Gagliardi Leite
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Terezinha Baroni de Moraes
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Continuing rotavirus circulation in children and adults despite high coverage rotavirus vaccination in Finland. J Infect 2020; 80:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Chua H, Feng S, Lewnard JA, Sullivan SG, Blyth CC, Lipsitch M, Cowling BJ. The Use of Test-negative Controls to Monitor Vaccine Effectiveness: A Systematic Review of Methodology. Epidemiology 2020; 31:43-64. [PMID: 31609860 PMCID: PMC6888869 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The test-negative design is an increasingly popular approach for estimating vaccine effectiveness (VE) due to its efficiency. This review aims to examine published test-negative design studies of VE and to explore similarities and differences in methodological choices for different diseases and vaccines. METHODS We conducted a systematic search on PubMed, Web of Science, and Medline, for studies reporting the effectiveness of any vaccines using a test-negative design. We screened titles and abstracts and reviewed full texts to identify relevant articles. We created a standardized form for each included article to extract information on the pathogen of interest, vaccine(s) being evaluated, study setting, clinical case definition, choices of cases and controls, and statistical approaches used to estimate VE. RESULTS We identified a total of 348 articles, including studies on VE against influenza virus (n = 253), rotavirus (n = 48), pneumococcus (n = 24), and nine other pathogens. Clinical case definitions used to enroll patients were similar by pathogens of interest but the sets of symptoms that defined them varied substantially. Controls could be those testing negative for the pathogen of interest, those testing positive for nonvaccine type of the pathogen of interest, or a subset of those testing positive for alternative pathogens. Most studies controlled for age, calendar time, and comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS Our review highlights similarities and differences in the application of the test-negative design that deserve further examination. If vaccination reduces disease severity in breakthrough infections, particular care must be taken in interpreting vaccine effectiveness estimates from test-negative design studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Chua
- From the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Shuo Feng
- From the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Joseph A Lewnard
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Sheena G Sullivan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Doherty Department, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- From the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Payne DC, Englund JA, Weinberg GA, Halasa NB, Boom JA, Staat MA, Selvarangan R, Azimi PH, Klein EJ, Szilagyi PG, Chappell J, Sahni LC, McNeal M, Harrison CJ, Moffatt ME, Johnston SH, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Esona MD, Tate JE, Curns AT, Wikswo ME, Sulemana I, Bowen MD, Parashar UD. Association of Rotavirus Vaccination With Inpatient and Emergency Department Visits Among Children Seeking Care for Acute Gastroenteritis, 2010-2016. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1912242. [PMID: 31560386 PMCID: PMC6777243 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Rotavirus vaccines have been recommended for universal US infant immunization for more than 10 years, and understanding their effectiveness is key to the continued success of the US rotavirus vaccine immunization program. OBJECTIVE To assess the association of RotaTeq (RV5) and Rotarix (RV1) with inpatient and emergency department (ED) visits for rotavirus infection. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This case-control vaccine effectiveness study was performed at inpatient and ED clinical settings in 7 US pediatric medical institutions from November 1, 2009, through June 30, 2016. Children younger than 5 years seeking medical care for acute gastroenteritis were enrolled. Clinical and epidemiologic data, vaccination verification, and results of stool sample tests for laboratory-confirmed rotavirus were collected. Data were analyzed from November 1, 2009, through June 30, 2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Rotavirus vaccine effectiveness for preventing rotavirus-associated inpatient and ED visits over time for each licensed vaccine, stratified by clinical severity and age. RESULTS Among the 10 813 children included (5927 boys [54.8%] and 4886 girls [45.2%]; median [range] age, 21 [8-59] months), RV5 and RV1 analyses found that compared with controls, rotavirus-positive cases were more often white (RV5, 535 [62.2%] vs 3310 [57.7%]; RV1, 163 [43.1%] vs 864 [35.1%]), privately insured (RV5, 620 [72.1%] vs 4388 [76.5%]; RV1, 305 [80.7%] vs 2140 [87.0%]), and older (median [range] age for RV5, 26 [8-59] months vs 21 [8-59] months; median [range] age for RV1, 22 [8-59] months vs 19 [8-59] months) but did not differ by sex. Among 1193 rotavirus-positive cases and 9620 rotavirus-negative controls, at least 1 dose of any rotavirus vaccine was 82% (95% CI, 77%-86%) protective against rotavirus-associated inpatient visits and 75% (95% CI, 71%-79%) protective against rotavirus-associated ED visits. No statistically significant difference during this 7-year period was observed for either rotavirus vaccine. Vaccine effectiveness against inpatient and ED visits was 81% (95% CI, 78%-84%) for RV5 (3 doses) and 78% (95% CI, 72%-82%) for RV1 (2 doses) among the study population. A mixed course of both vaccines provided 86% (95% CI, 74%-93%) protection. Rotavirus patients who were not vaccinated had severe infections 4 times more often than those who were vaccinated (74 of 426 [17.4%] vs 28 of 605 [4.6%]; P < .001), and any dose of rotavirus vaccine was 65% (95% CI, 56%-73%) effective against mild infections, 81% (95% CI, 76%-84%) against moderate infections, and 91% (95% CI, 85%-95%) against severe infections. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Evidence from this large postlicensure study of rotavirus vaccine performance in the United States from 2010 to 2016 suggests that RV5 and RV1 rotavirus vaccines continue to perform well, particularly in preventing inpatient visits and severe infections and among younger children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Payne
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Janet A. Englund
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Geoffrey A. Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Natasha B. Halasa
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Julie A. Boom
- Immunization Project, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mary Allen Staat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rangaraj Selvarangan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Parvin H. Azimi
- Department of Infectious Disease, UCSF (University of California, San Francisco) Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, Oakland
| | - Eileen J. Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter G. Szilagyi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles)
| | - James Chappell
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Leila C. Sahni
- Immunization Project, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston
| | - Monica McNeal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christopher J. Harrison
- Department of Infectious Disease, UCSF (University of California, San Francisco) Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, Oakland
| | - Mary E. Moffatt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri
| | | | - Slavica Mijatovic-Rustempasic
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mathew D. Esona
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jacqueline E. Tate
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aaron T. Curns
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mary E. Wikswo
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Iddrisu Sulemana
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael D. Bowen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Umesh D. Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines in an Australian population: A case-control study. Vaccine 2019; 37:6048-6053. [PMID: 31473003 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two rotavirus vaccines (RV1 and RV5) were included in the publicly funded National Immunisation Program in Australia from July 2007. The programme in Western Australia initially provided RV1 (at ages 2 and 4 months) and then switched to RV5 (at ages 2, 4 and 6 months) from July 2009. This retrospective case-control study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine against laboratory confirmed and notified cases of rotavirus infection among children aged <5 years. METHODS Case-subjects were identified as vaccine-eligible children (born from 1 May 2007) who were notified as having rotavirus infection during the period 2009-2011. The control group was vaccine-eligible children notified as having Campylobacter or Salmonella infection during the same period. Individual rotavirus immunisation status was ascertained from a population-based immunisation register. Full-dose and partial-dose vaccine effectiveness (VE) were calculated for both vaccines using the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of vaccination for cases versus controls (VE = (1 - OR)*100%). RESULTS Overall, 282 cases and 883 controls were included. The adjusted VE for a full course of either rotavirus vaccine was 72% (95% CI: 56-82) and 71% (95% CI: 50-84) for partial vaccination (one dose of RV1 or one/two doses of RV5). The VE for a complete 3-dose course of RV5 was 82% (95% CI: 59-92) and for a full 2-dose course of RV1 was 73% (95% CI: 55-83). CONCLUSIONS RV1 and RV5 were both effective in preventing laboratory confirmed and notified rotavirus infections among children aged <5 years. Even incomplete courses of vaccination conferred good protection.
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Fathima P, Gidding HF, Snelling TL, McIntyre PB, Blyth CC, Sheridan S, Liu B, de Klerk N, Moore HC. Timeliness and factors associated with rotavirus vaccine uptake among Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children: A record linkage cohort study. Vaccine 2019; 37:5835-5843. [PMID: 31443995 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rotavirus vaccines (RV), included in Australia's National Immunisation Program from mid-July 2007, are unique in strict time limits for administration. Here, we report on timeliness of RV uptake, compare cumulative RV coverage to age 12 months with DTPa, and assess factors associated with receipt of RV among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. METHODS Birth records for 681,456 children born in two Australian states in 2007-2012 were probabilistically linked to national immunisation records. We assessed on-time coverage (defined as receipt of vaccine dose between 4 days prior to scheduled date and the recommended upper limit) for RV and compared this to diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTPa) vaccine. Logistic regression modelling was used to assess independent determinants of receipt of RV. RESULTS Compared to non-Aboriginal infants, on-time RV coverage was lower for all doses among Aboriginal infants. Post the upper age limit of RV dose2, DTPa dose2 coverage increased by 9-16% to ≥90%, whereas RV coverage remained around 77% (Aboriginal) and 85% (non-Aboriginal). Compared to first-born children, the adjusted odds of receiving ≥1 RV dose if born to a mother with ≥3 previous births was 0.30 (95%CI: 0.27-0.34) among Aboriginal, and 0.53 (95%CI: 0.51-0.55) among non-Aboriginal children. Prematurity (<33 weeks), low birthweight (<1500 g), maternal age <20 years, maternal smoking during pregnancy and living in a disadvantaged area were independently associated with decreased vaccine uptake. CONCLUSIONS Aboriginal children are at greater risk of rotavirus disease than non-Aboriginal children and delayed vaccine receipt is substantially higher. Although specific programs targeting groups at risk of delayed vaccination might improve RV coverage, relaxation of upper age restrictions is most readily implementable, and its overall risk-benefit should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Fathima
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Heather F Gidding
- Clinical and Population Perinatal Health Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; The University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Thomas L Snelling
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Peter B McIntyre
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Sarah Sheridan
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Bette Liu
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Nicholas de Klerk
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Hannah C Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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Martinón-Torres F, Bosch X, Rappuoli R, Ladhani S, Redondo E, Vesikari T, García-Sastre A, Rivero-Calle I, Gómez-Rial J, Salas A, Martín C, Finn A, Butler R. TIPICO IX: report of the 9 th interactive infectious disease workshop on infectious diseases and vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2405-2415. [PMID: 31158041 PMCID: PMC6816368 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1609823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ninth Interactive Infectious Disease workshop TIPICO was held on November 22–23, 2018, in Santiago de Compostela, Spain. This 2-day academic experience addressed current and topical issues in the field of infectious diseases and vaccination. Summary findings of the meeting include: cervical cancer elimination will be possible in the future, thanks to the implementation of global vaccination action plans in combination with appropriate screening interventions. The introduction of appropriate immunization programs is key to maintain the success of current effective vaccines such as those against meningococcal disease or rotavirus infection. Additionally, reduced dose schedules might improve the efficiency of some vaccines (i.e., PCV13). New vaccines to improve current preventive alternatives are under development (e.g., against tuberculosis or influenza virus), while others to protect against infectious diseases with no current available vaccines (e.g., enterovirus, parechovirus and flaviviruses) need to be developed. Vaccinomics will be fundamental in this process, while infectomics will allow the application of precision medicine. Further research is also required to understand the impact of heterologous vaccine effects. Finally, vaccination requires education at all levels (individuals, community, healthcare professionals) to ensure its success by helping to overcome major barriers such as vaccine hesitancy and false contraindications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Martinón-Torres
- Translational Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain.,Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Xavier Bosch
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme (e-oncología), Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Spain.,Cancer Prevention and Palliative Care Program, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- R&D Centre, GlaxoSmithKline , Siena , Italy.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Shamez Ladhani
- Immunisation Department, Public Health England , London , UK
| | - Esther Redondo
- International Vaccination Center of Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,Grupo de Actividades Preventivas y Salud Pública SEMERGEN , Madrid , Spain
| | - Timo Vesikari
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - Irene Rivero-Calle
- Translational Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain.,Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - José Gómez-Rial
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Antonio Salas
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain.,Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, of the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS) , Galicia , Spain
| | - Carlos Martín
- Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain.,CIBER of Respiratory Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Adam Finn
- Bristol Children's Vaccine Centre, Schools of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
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Civra A, Altomare A, Francese R, Donalisio M, Aldini G, Lembo D. Colostrum from cows immunized with a veterinary vaccine against bovine rotavirus displays enhanced in vitro anti-human rotavirus activity. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4857-4869. [PMID: 30981494 PMCID: PMC7127701 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human rotaviruses represent a major cause of severe diarrheal disease in infants and young children. The limited impact of oral vaccines on global estimates of rotavirus mortality and the suboptimal use of oral rehydration justify the need for alternative prophylactic and therapeutic strategies, especially for immunocompromised hosts. The protective effects of colostrum-the first milk produced during the initial 24 to 48 h after parturition-are well documented in the literature. In particular, the ingestion of hyperimmune bovine colostrum has been proposed as an alternative preventive approach against human rotavirus gastroenteritis. Although the immunization of pregnant cows with human rotavirus boosts the release of specific immunoglobulin G in bovine colostrum, it raises regulatory and safety issues. In this study, we demonstrated that the conventional bovine rotavirus vaccine is sufficient to enhance the anti-human rotavirus protective efficacy of bovine colostrum, thus providing a conservative approach to produce hyperimmune bovine colostrum, making it exploitable as a functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Altomare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Rachele Francese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
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Timing of Rotavirus Vaccine Doses and Severe Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Among Vaccinated Infants in Low- and Middle-income Countries. Epidemiology 2019; 29:867-875. [PMID: 30074540 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altering rotavirus vaccine schedules may improve vaccine performance in low- and middle-income countries. We analyzed data from clinical trials of the monovalent (RV1) and pentavalent (RV5) rotavirus vaccines in low- and middle-income countries to understand the association between vaccine dose timing and severe rotavirus gastroenteritis incidence. METHODS We assessed the association between variations in rotavirus vaccine administration schedules and severe rotavirus gastroenteritis risk. We used the complement of the Kaplan-Meier survival estimator to estimate risk differences for different schedules. To adjust risk differences (RDs) for confounding, we calibrated estimates in the vaccinated arm using estimates from the placebo arm. RESULTS There were 3,114 and 7,341 children included from the RV1 and RV5 trials, respectively. The 18-month adjusted severe rotavirus gastroenteritis risk was 4.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1, 7.1) higher for those receiving their first RV5 dose at <6 versus ≥6 weeks. For RV1, there was a 4.0% (95% CI = 0.0, 8.2) increase in 12-month adjusted risk for a 4- versus 6-week interval between doses. Further analysis revealed those receiving their first RV5 dose at 3-4 and 5-7 weeks had 2.9% (95% CI = 0.8, 5.3) and 1.3% (95% CI = -0.3, 3.0), respectively, higher risk compared with those at 9-12 weeks. Those receiving their first dose at 8 weeks had the lowest risk (RD: -2.6% [95% CI = -5.4, -0.1]) compared with those at 9-12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS A modest delay in rotavirus vaccination start and increase in interval between doses may be associated with lower severe rotavirus gastroenteritis risk in low- and middle-income countries.
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Almalki SSR. Circulating rotavirus G and P strains post rotavirus vaccination in Eastern Mediterranean Region. Saudi Med J 2018; 39:755-766. [PMID: 30106412 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2018.8.21394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect changes in circulating strains of rotavirus in the Eastern Mediterranean Region post rotavirus immunization drive. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library and specific database website (Nutrition and Food Sciences) for relevant articles. Our search included websites of a number of relevant organizations in addition to gray literature search. Of the 2198 articles found, we included only 35 studies after excluding irrelevant, ineligible, duplicated, and very low-quality papers. RESULTS Thirty pre-vaccination studies reported frequent rotavirus strains among children below 5 years of age. G1P[8] has been identified as the most dominant type prior to vaccination in Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries. Five post-vaccination studies conducted in 3 countries (Saudi Arabia, Morocco, and Yemen) illustrated that G1P[8] is the most prevalent strain in Saudi Arabia, and the incidence of G2P[4] has increased from 21.6% to 33.3%. In Yemen, G1P[4] is the most prevalent strain (87.5%), followed by G9P[8] (57%) and G1P[8] (18.5%). Furthermore, in Yemen, G9P[8] were the most prevalent strains accounting to 57% and 14% in G9P[4], post vaccination. Finally, in Morocco, G1P[8] was not reported 3 years post vaccination; however, incidence of G9P[8] was reported at 67% and G2P[4] at 33%. CONCLUSIONS Rotavirus circulating strain prevalence in EMR countries has changed post vaccination, and G9P[8], G2P[4], and G9P[4] have become more dominant. Proportion of rotavirus strains in these countries after vaccination has significantly reduced. There is an increase in circulating strain G2P[4] in the post-vaccination period, which needs further monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaia S R Almalki
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al Baha University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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36
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Weinberg GA. Outbreak Epidemiology: One of Many New Frontiers of Norovirus Biology. J Infect Dis 2018; 219:1349-1352. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York
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Willame C, Vonk Noordegraaf-Schouten M, Gvozdenović E, Kochems K, Oordt-Speets A, Praet N, van Hoorn R, Rosillon D. Effectiveness of the Oral Human Attenuated Rotavirus Vaccine: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis-2006-2016. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy292. [PMID: 30539038 PMCID: PMC6284461 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus accounts for considerable morbidity in young children. We aimed to assess the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the oral rotavirus vaccine Rotarix, as measured by laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infection after referral to hospital and/or emergency departments in children aged <5 years with gastroenteritis. Methods We performed a systematic search for peer-reviewed studies conducted in real-life settings published between 2006 and 2016 and a meta-analysis to calculate the overall Rotarix VE, which was further discriminated through stratified analyses. Results The overall VE estimate was 69% (95% confidence interval [CI], 62% to 75%); stratified analyses revealed a non-negligible impact of factors such as study design and socioeconomic status. Depending on the control group, VE ranged from 63% (95% CI, 52% to 72%) to 81% (95% CI, 69% to 88%) for unmatched and matched rotavirus test–negative controls. VE varied with socioeconomic status: 81% (95% CI, 74% to 86%) in high-income countries, 54% (95% CI, 39% to 65%) in upper-middle-income countries, and 63% (95% CI, 50% to 72%) in lower-middle-income countries. Age, rotavirus strain, and disease severity were also shown to impact VE, but to a lesser extent. Conclusions This meta-analysis of real-world studies showed that Rotarix is effective in helping to prevent hospitalizations and/or emergency department visits due to rotavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katrin Kochems
- Pallas Health Research and Consultancy, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rosa van Hoorn
- Pallas Health Research and Consultancy, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Tilmanne A, Lepage P, Vandenberg O, Martiny D, Hallin M, Quach C. Rotavirus: the guard dies, but it does not surrender. Infect Dis (Lond) 2018; 51:67-70. [PMID: 30371131 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2018.1508885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Tilmanne
- a Division of Infection Prevention and Control , Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola , Brussels , Belgium.,b Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , CHU Sainte Justine , Montreal , Canada
| | - P Lepage
- a Division of Infection Prevention and Control , Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola , Brussels , Belgium
| | - O Vandenberg
- c Innovation and Business Development Unit , Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles - Universitair Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB), Pole Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels , Belgium.,d Centre for Environmental Health and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , CHU Saint-Pierre , Brussels , Belgium.,e National Reference Centre for Campylobacter, CHU Saint-Pierre , Brussels , Belgium
| | - D Martiny
- e National Reference Centre for Campylobacter, CHU Saint-Pierre , Brussels , Belgium.,f Department of Microbiology , Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles - Universitair Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB) , Brussels , Belgium.,g Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie , Université de Mons , Mons , Belgium
| | - M Hallin
- f Department of Microbiology , Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles - Universitair Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB) , Brussels , Belgium
| | - C Quach
- b Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , CHU Sainte Justine , Montreal , Canada.,h Department of Microbiology , Infectious Disease and Immunology, Université de Montréal , Montreal , Canada
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Abebe A, Getahun M, Mapaseka SL, Beyene B, Assefa E, Teshome B, Tefera M, Kebede F, Habtamu A, Haile-Mariam T, Jeffrey Mphahlele M, Teshager F, Ademe A, Teka T, Weldegebriel GG, Mwenda JM. Impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction and genotypic characteristics of rotavirus strains in children less than 5 years of age with gastroenteritis in Ethiopia: 2011-2016. Vaccine 2018; 36:7043-7047. [PMID: 30301641 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A monovalent rotavirus vaccine was introduced in the Ethiopian Expanded Program on Immunization from November 2013. We compared impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on rotavirus associated acute diarrhea hospitalizations and genotypic characteristics of rotavirus strains pre-and post-vaccine introduction. METHODS Sentinel surveillance for diarrhea among children <5 years of age was conducted at 3 hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from 2011 to 2017. Stool specimens were collected from enrolled children and tested using an antigen capture enzyme immunoassay. Rotavirus positive samples (156 from pre- and 141 from post-vaccination periods) were further characterized by rotavirus genotyping methods to identify the predominant G and P types circulating during the surveillance era. RESULTS A total of 788 children were enrolled during the pre- (July 2011-June 2013) and 815 children during the post-vaccination (July 2014-June 2017) periods. The proportion of diarrhea hospitalizations due to rotavirus among children <5 years of age declined by 17% from 24% (188/788) in the pre-vaccine period and to 20% (161/185) in post-vaccine introduction era. Similarly, a reduction of 18% in proportion of diarrhea hospitalizations due to rotavirus in children <12 months of age in the post (27%) vs pre-vaccine (33%) periods was observed. Seasonal peaks of rotavirus declined following rotavirus vaccine introduction. The most prevalent circulating strains were G12P[8] in 2011 (36%) and in 2012 (27%), G2P[4] (35%) in 2013, G9P[8] (19%) in 2014, G3P[6] and G2P[4] (19% each) in 2015, and G3P[8] (29%) in 2016. DISCUSSION Following rotavirus vaccine introduction in Ethiopia, a reduction in rotavirus associated hospitalizations was seen in all age groups with the greatest burden in children <12 months of age. A wide variety of rotavirus strains circulated in the pre- and post-vaccine introduction periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almaz Abebe
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Seheri L Mapaseka
- SAMRC Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Berhane Beyene
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Essete Assefa
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Birke Teshome
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Tefera
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Abebe Habtamu
- Black Lion Hospital, AAU Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - M Jeffrey Mphahlele
- SAMRC Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Telahun Teka
- Yekatit 12 Hospital, AAU Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Jason M Mwenda
- WHO Regional Office for Africa (WHO/AFRO), Brazzaville, People's Republic of Congo
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Ledent E, Arlegui H, Buyse H, Basile P, Karkada N, Praet N, Nachbaur G. Benefit Versus Risk Assessment of Rotavirus Vaccination in France: A Simulation and Modeling Analysis. BioDrugs 2018; 32:139-152. [PMID: 29589230 PMCID: PMC5878204 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-018-0273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Two vaccines against rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) in young children, Rotarix and RotaTeq, have been available in Europe since 2006. Vaccination against rotaviruses significantly reduces the burden of RVGE, but it is also associated with a very small increased risk of intussusception. In a benefit–risk analysis, the prevented RVGE burden is weighed against the possible excess of intussusception. Purpose The aim was to compare the estimated benefits and risks of Rotarix vaccination in France. Methods We estimated the benefits (vaccine-preventable RVGE hospitalizations and deaths) and risks (vaccine-caused intussusception hospitalizations and deaths) following two doses of Rotarix in a birth cohort of 791,183 followed for 3–5 years in France. We used data from peer-reviewed clinical and epidemiological studies or publications, and government statistics. Results Within the total number of French children below 5 years of age, we estimate vaccination could prevent a median 11,132 [95% credible interval (CI) 7842–14,408] RVGE hospitalizations and 7.43 (95% CI 3.27–14.68) RVGE deaths. At the same time, vaccination could cause an average of 6.86 (95% CI 2.25–38.37) intussusception hospitalizations and 0.0099 (95% CI 0.0024–0.060) intussusception deaths in the entire French birth cohort of infants below 1 year of age. Therefore, for every intussusception hospitalization and every intussusception death caused by vaccination, 1624 (95% CI 240–5243) RVGE hospitalizations and 743 (95% CI 93–3723) RVGE deaths are prevented, respectively, by vaccination. Conclusions The vaccine-prevented RVGE hospitalizations and deaths (benefit) greatly outweigh the excess potentially vaccination-related cases of intussusception (risk), indicating a favorable benefit–risk balance for Rotarix in France. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40259-018-0273-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugo Arlegui
- Clinical Research, NPI and Academic Alliances, Laboratoire GSK, Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Hubert Buyse
- Clinical Safety and Pharmacovigilance, GSK, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Peter Basile
- Clinical Safety and Pharmacovigilance, GSK, Wavre, Belgium
| | | | - Nicolas Praet
- Clinical Research and Development, GSK, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Nachbaur
- Pharmaco-Epidemiology and Health Outcomes Research, Laboratoire GSK, Rueil-Malmaison, France
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41
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Doll MK, Quach C, Buckeridge DL. Evaluation of the Impact of a Rotavirus Vaccine Program on Pediatric Acute Gastroenteritis Hospitalizations: Estimating the Overall Effect Attributable to the Program as a Whole and as a Per-Unit Change in Rotavirus Vaccine Coverage. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:2029-2037. [PMID: 29757352 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimation of the overall effect of a vaccine program is essential, but the effect is typically estimated for a whole program. We estimated the overall effect of the Quebec rotavirus vaccine program, launched in November 2011, and the effect for each 10% increase in rotavirus vaccine coverage on pediatric hospitalizations for all-cause acute gastroenteritis. We implemented negative binomial regressions adjusted for seasonality, long-term trends, and infection dynamics, to estimate the effect of the vaccine program as: 1) a dichotomous variable, representing program presence/absence, and linear term to account for changes in trend in the period after the program began; and 2) a continuous variable, representing rotavirus vaccine coverage. Using exposure 1, the vaccine program was associated with a 51.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 28.5, 66.7) relative decline in adjusted weekly hospitalization rates for all-cause acute gastroenteritis as of December 28, 2014. Using exposure 2, a 10% increase in rotavirus ≥1-dose coverage was associated with a 7.1% (95% CI: 3.5, 10.5) relative decline in adjusted weekly rates, with maximum coverage of 87.0% associated with a 47.2% (95% CI: 26.9, 61.9) relative decline. Estimation of the overall effect attributable to a change in vaccine coverage might be a useful addition to standard measurement of the overall effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Doll
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Quach
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Infection Control and Prevention Unit, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David L Buckeridge
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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42
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Schmidt MA, Groom HC, Naleway AL, Biggs C, Salas SB, Shioda K, Marsh Z, Donald JL, Hall AJ. A model for rapid, active surveillance for medically-attended acute gastroenteritis within an integrated health care delivery system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201805. [PMID: 30075030 PMCID: PMC6075775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study presents a novel methodology for estimating all-age, population-based incidence rates of norovirus and other pathogens that contribute to acute gastroenteritis in the United States using an integrated healthcare delivery system as a surveillance platform. Methods All cases of medically attended acute gastroenteritis within the delivery system were identified from April 1, 2014 through September 30, 2016. A sample of these eligible patients were selected to participate in two phone-based surveys and to self-collect a stool sample for laboratory testing. To ascertain household transmission patterns, information on household members with acute gastroenteritis was gathered from participants, and symptomatic household members were contacted to participate in a survey and provide stool sample as well. Results 54% of individuals who met enrollment criteria agreed to participate, and 76% of those individuals returned a stool sample. Among household members, 85% of eligible individuals agreed to participate, and 68% of those returned a stool sample. Participant demographics were similar to those of the eligible population, although minority racial/ethnic groups were somewhat underrepresented in the final sample. Conclusions This study demonstrates the feasibility of conducting acute infectious disease research within an integrated health care delivery system. The surveillance, sampling, recruitment, and data collection methods described here are broadly applicable to conduct baseline and epidemiological assessments, as well as for other research requiring representative samples of stool specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Schmidt
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Holly C. Groom
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Allison L. Naleway
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Christianne Biggs
- Oregon State Public Health Laboratory, Public Health Division, Oregon Health Authority, Hillsboro, Oregon, United States of America
| | - S. Bianca Salas
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kayoko Shioda
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zachary Marsh
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Judy L. Donald
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Aron J. Hall
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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43
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Lopman B, Dahl R, Shah M, Parashar UD. Timing of Birth as an Emergent Risk Factor for Rotavirus Hospitalization and Vaccine Performance in the Postvaccination Era in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1745-1751. [PMID: 29546358 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus vaccines were introduced in the United States in 2006, and in the years since they have fundamentally altered the seasonality of rotavirus infection and have shifted disease outbreaks from annual epidemics to biennial epidemics. We investigated whether season and year of birth have emerged as risk factors for rotavirus or have affected vaccine performance. We constructed a retrospective birth cohort of US children under age 5 years using the 2001-2014 MarketScan database (Truven Health Analytics, Chicago, Illinois). We evaluated the associations of season of birth, even/odd year of birth, and interactions with vaccination. We fitted Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the hazard of rotavirus hospitalization according to calendar year of birth and season of birth assessed for interaction with vaccination. After the introduction of rotavirus vaccine, we observed monotonically decreasing rates of rotavirus hospitalization for each subsequent birth cohort but a biennial incidence pattern by calendar year. In the postvaccine period, children born in odd calendar years had a higher hazard of rotavirus hospitalization than those born in even years. Children born in winter had the highest hazard of hospitalization but also had greater vaccine effectiveness than children born in spring, summer, or fall. With the emergence of a strong biennial pattern of disease following vaccine introduction, the timing of a child's birth has become a risk factor for rotavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lopman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rebecca Dahl
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Minesh Shah
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Umesh D Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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44
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Pindyck T, Tate JE, Parashar UD. A decade of experience with rotavirus vaccination in the United States – vaccine uptake, effectiveness, and impact. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:593-606. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1489724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Talia Pindyck
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Tate
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Umesh D Parashar
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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45
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Effect of thermal and high-pressure treatments on the antirotaviral activity of human milk fractions. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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46
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Jonesteller CL, Burnett E, Yen C, Tate JE, Parashar UD. Effectiveness of Rotavirus Vaccination: A Systematic Review of the First Decade of Global Postlicensure Data, 2006-2016. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 65:840-850. [PMID: 28444323 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two rotavirus vaccines, Rotarix (RV1) and RotaTeq (RV5), were licensed for global use in 2006. A systematic review of 48 peer- reviewed articles with postlicensure data from 24 countries showed a median RV1 vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 84%, 75%, and 57% in countries with low, medium, and high child mortality, respectively, and RV5 VE of 90% and 45% in countries with low and high child mortality, respectively. A partial vaccine series provided considerable protection, but not to the same level as a full series. VE tended to decline in the second year of life, particularly in medium- and high-mortality settings, and tended to be greater against more severe rotavirus disease. Postlicensure data from countries across geographic regions and with different child mortality levels demonstrate that under routine use, both RV1 and RV5 are effective against rotavirus disease, supporting the World Health Organization recommendation that all countries introduce rotavirus vaccine into their national immunization program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleanor Burnett
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Catherine Yen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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47
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Diez-Valcarce M, Castro CJ, Marine RL, Halasa N, Mayta H, Saito M, Tsaknaridis L, Pan CY, Bucardo F, Becker-Dreps S, Lopez MR, Magaña LC, Ng TFF, Vinjé J. Genetic diversity of human sapovirus across the Americas. J Clin Virol 2018; 104:65-72. [PMID: 29753103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sapoviruses are responsible for sporadic and epidemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Sapovirus typing protocols have a success rate as low as 43% and relatively few complete sapovirus genome sequences are available to improve current typing protocols. OBJECTIVE/STUDY DESIGN To increase the number of complete sapovirus genomes to better understand the molecular epidemiology of human sapovirus and to improve the success rate of current sapovirus typing methods, we used deep metagenomics shotgun sequencing to obtain the complete genomes of 68 sapovirus samples from four different countries across the Americas (Guatemala, Nicaragua, Peru and the US). RESULTS VP1 genotyping showed that all sapovirus sequences could be grouped in the four established genogroups (GI (n = 13), GII (n = 30), GIV (n = 23), GV (n = 2)) that infect humans. They include the near-complete genome of a GI.6 virus and a recently reported novel GII.8 virus. Sequences of the complete RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene could be grouped into three major genetic clusters or polymerase (P) types (GI.P, GII.P and GV.P) with all GIV viruses harboring a GII polymerase. One (GII.P-GII.4) of the new 68 sequences was a recombinant virus with the hotspot between the NS7 and VP1 regions. CONCLUSIONS Analyses of this expanded database of near-complete sapovirus sequences showed several mismatches in the genotyping primers, suggesting opportunities to revisit and update current sapovirus typing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachel L Marine
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Holger Mayta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Virology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Chao-Yang Pan
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Filemon Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Leon, Leon, Nicaragua
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Family Medicine and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Terry Fei Fan Ng
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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48
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Antirotaviral activity of bovine milk components: Extending the list of inhibitory proteins and seeking a better understanding of their neutralization mechanism. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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49
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Syed YY, Lyseng-Williamson KA. Pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq®) in the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis: a profile of its use in the EU. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40267-018-0497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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50
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Quaye O, Roy S, Rungsrisuriyachai K, Esona MD, Xu Z, Tam KI, Banegas DJC, Rey-Benito G, Bowen MD. Characterisation of a rare, reassortant human G10P[14] rotavirus strain detected in Honduras. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:9-16. [PMID: 29211103 PMCID: PMC5719537 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although first detected in animals, the rare rotavirus strain G10P[14] has
been sporadically detected in humans in Slovenia, Thailand, United Kingdom
and Australia among other countries. Earlier studies suggest that the
strains found in humans resulted from interspecies transmission and
reassortment between human and bovine rotavirus strains. OBJECTIVES In this study, a G10P[14] rotavirus genotype detected in a human stool sample
in Honduras during the 2010-2011 rotavirus season, from an unvaccinated
30-month old boy who reported at the hospital with severe diarrhea and
vomiting, was characterised to determine the possible evolutionary origin of
the rare strain. METHODS For the sample detected as G10P[14], 10% suspension was prepared and used for
RNA extraction and sequence independent amplification. The amplicons were
sequenced by next-generation sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq 150 paired
end method. The sequence reads were analysed using CLC Genomics Workbench
6.0 and phylogenetic trees were constructed using PhyML version 3.0. FINDINGS The next generation sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the 11-segmented
genome of the G10P[14] strain allowed classification as
G10-P[14]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H3. Six of the genes (VP1, VP2, VP3, VP6,
NSP2 and NSP4) were DS-1-like. NSP1 and NSP5 were AU-1-like and NSP3 was T6,
which suggests that multiple reassortment events occurred in the evolution
of the strain. The phylogenetic analyses and genetic distance calculations
showed that the VP7, VP4, VP6, VP1, VP3, NSP1, NSP3 and NSP4 genes clustered
predominantly with bovine strains. NSP2 and VP2 genes were most closely
related to simian and human strains, respectively, and NSP5 was most closely
related to a rhesus strain. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The genetic characterisation of the G10P[14] strain from Honduras suggests
that its genome resulted from multiple reassortment events which were
possibly mediated through interspecies transmissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osbourne Quaye
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,University of Ghana, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sunando Roy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kunchala Rungsrisuriyachai
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mathew D Esona
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ziqian Xu
- China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ka Ian Tam
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Michael D Bowen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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