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Si F, Song S, Yu R, Li Z, Wei W, Wu C. Coronavirus accessory protein ORF3 biology and its contribution to viral behavior and pathogenesis. iScience 2023; 26:106280. [PMID: 36945252 PMCID: PMC9972675 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is classified in the genus Alphacoronavirus, family Coronaviridae that encodes the only accessory protein, ORF3 protein. However, how ORF3 contributes to viral pathogenicity, adaptability, and replication is obscure. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and identify gaps in many aspects of ORF3 protein in PEDV, with emphasis on its unique biological features, including membrane topology, Golgi retention mechanism, potential intrinsic disordered property, functional motifs, protein glycosylation, and codon usage phenotypes related to genetic evolution and gene expression. In addition, we propose intriguing questions related to ORF3 protein that we hope to stimulate further studies and encourage collaboration among virologists worldwide to provide constructive knowledge about the unique characteristics and biological functions of ORF3 protein, by which their potential role in clarifying viral behavior and pathogenesis can be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Si
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Song
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Ruisong Yu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Wenqiang Wei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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2
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Interplay between liver and blood stages of Plasmodium infection dictates malaria severity via γδ T cells and IL-17-promoted stress erythropoiesis. Immunity 2023; 56:592-605.e8. [PMID: 36804959 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium replicates within the liver prior to reaching the bloodstream and infecting red blood cells. Because clinical manifestations of malaria only arise during the blood stage of infection, a perception exists that liver infection does not impact disease pathology. By developing a murine model where the liver and blood stages of infection are uncoupled, we showed that the integration of signals from both stages dictated mortality outcomes. This dichotomy relied on liver stage-dependent activation of Vγ4+ γδ T cells. Subsequent blood stage parasite loads dictated their cytokine profiles, where low parasite loads preferentially expanded IL-17-producing γδ T cells. IL-17 drove extra-medullary erythropoiesis and concomitant reticulocytosis, which protected mice from lethal experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Adoptive transfer of erythroid precursors could rescue mice from ECM. Modeling of γδ T cell dynamics suggests that this protective mechanism may be key for the establishment of naturally acquired malaria immunity among frequently exposed individuals.
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3
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Boehme L, Roels J, Taghon T. Development of γδ T cells in the thymus - A human perspective. Semin Immunol 2022; 61-64:101662. [PMID: 36374779 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are increasingly emerging as crucial immune regulators that can take on innate and adaptive roles in the defence against pathogens. Although they arise within the thymus from the same hematopoietic precursors as conventional αβ T cells, the development of γδ T cells is less well understood. In this review, we focus on summarising the current state of knowledge about the cellular and molecular processes involved in the generation of γδ T cells in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Boehme
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juliette Roels
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Taghon
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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4
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Pankow A, Sun XH. The divergence between T cell and innate lymphoid cell fates controlled by E and Id proteins. Front Immunol 2022; 13:960444. [PMID: 36032069 PMCID: PMC9399370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.960444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells develop in the thymus from lymphoid primed multipotent progenitors or common lymphoid progenitors into αβ and γδ subsets. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, E proteins, play pivotal roles at multiple stages from T cell commitment to maturation. Inhibitors of E proteins, Id2 and Id3, also regulate T cell development while promoting ILC differentiation. Recent findings suggest that the thymus can also produce innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). In this review, we present current findings that suggest the balance between E and Id proteins is likely to be critical for controlling the bifurcation of T cell and ILC fates at early stages of T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Pankow
- Program in Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Xiao-Hong Sun
- Program in Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Hong Sun,
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5
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Garcillán B, Fuentes P, Marin AV, Megino RF, Chacon-Arguedas D, Mazariegos MS, Jiménez-Reinoso A, Muñoz-Ruiz M, Laborda RG, Cárdenas PP, Fernández-Malavé E, Toribio ML, Regueiro JR. CD3G or CD3D Knockdown in Mature, but Not Immature, T Lymphocytes Similarly Cripples the Human TCRαβ Complex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:608490. [PMID: 34249896 PMCID: PMC8268008 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.608490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) is composed of a variable heterodimer (TCRαβ) and three invariant dimers (CD3γε, CD3δε, and ζζ/CD2472). The role of each invariant chain in the stepwise interactions among TCR chains along the assembly is still not fully understood. Despite the high sequence homology between CD3γ and CD3δ, the clinical consequences of the corresponding immunodeficiencies (ID) in humans are very different (mild and severe, respectively), and mouse models do not recapitulate findings in human ID. To try to understand such disparities, we stably knocked down (KD) CD3D or CD3G expression in the human Jurkat T-cell line and analyzed comparatively their impact on TCRαβ assembly, transport, and surface expression. The results indicated that TCR ensembles were less stable and CD3ε levels were lower when CD3γ, rather than CD3δ, was scarce. However, both defective TCR ensembles were strongly retained in the ER, lacked ζζ/CD2472, and barely reached the T-cell surface (<11% of normal controls) in any of the CD3 KD cells. This is in sharp contrast to human CD3γ ID, whose mature T cells express higher levels of surface TCR (>30% vs. normal controls). CD3 KD of human T-cell progenitors followed by mouse fetal thymus organ cultures showed high plasticity in emerging immature polyclonal T lymphocytes that allowed for the expression of significant TCR levels which may then signal for survival in CD3γ, but not in CD3δ deficiency, and explain the immunological and clinical disparities of such ID cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcillán
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fuentes
- Interaction with the Environment Program, Immune System Development and Function Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana V Marin
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca F Megino
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Chacon-Arguedas
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina S Mazariegos
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anaïs Jiménez-Reinoso
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Muñoz-Ruiz
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel G Laborda
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula P Cárdenas
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Edgar Fernández-Malavé
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria L Toribio
- Interaction with the Environment Program, Immune System Development and Function Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - José R Regueiro
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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6
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Lee HW, Chung YS, Kim TJ. Heterogeneity of Human γδ T Cells and Their Role in Cancer Immunity. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e5. [PMID: 32158593 PMCID: PMC7049581 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The γδ T cells are unconventional lymphocytes that function in both innate and adaptive immune responses against various intracellular and infectious stresses. The γδ T cells can be exploited as cancer-killing effector cells since γδ TCRs recognize MHC-like molecules and growth factor receptors that are upregulated in cancer cells, and γδ T cells can differentiate into cytotoxic effector cells. However, γδ T cells may also promote tumor progression by secreting IL-17 or other cytokines. Therefore, it is essential to understand how the differentiation and homeostasis of γδ T cells are regulated and whether distinct γδ T cell subsets have different functions. Human γδ T cells are classified into Vδ2 and non-Vδ2 γδ T cells. The majority of Vδ2 γδ T cells are Vγ9δ2 T cells that recognize pyrophosphorylated isoprenoids generated by the dysregulated mevalonate pathway. In contrast, Vδ1 T cells expand from initially diverse TCR repertoire in patients with infectious diseases and cancers. The ligands of Vδ1 T cells are diverse and include the growth factor receptors such as endothelial protein C receptor. Both Vδ1 and Vδ2 γδ T cells are implicated to have immunotherapeutic potentials for cancers, but the detailed elucidation of the distinct characteristics of 2 populations will be required to enhance the immunotherapeutic potential of γδ T cells. Here, we summarize recent progress regarding cancer immunology of human γδ T cells, including their development, heterogeneity, and plasticity, the putative mechanisms underlying ligand recognition and activation, and their dual effects on tumor progression in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Lee
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yun Shin Chung
- Department of Immunology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
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7
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Dunne PJ, Maher CO, Freeley M, Dunne K, Petrasca A, Orikiiriza J, Dunne MR, Reidy D, O'Dea S, Loy A, Woo J, Long A, Rogers TR, Mulcahy F, Doherty DG. CD3ε Expression Defines Functionally Distinct Subsets of Vδ1 T Cells in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:940. [PMID: 29770136 PMCID: PMC5940748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human γδ T cells expressing the Vδ1 T cell receptor (TCR) recognize self and microbial antigens and stress-inducible molecules in a major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted manner and are an important source of innate interleukin (IL)-17. Vδ1 T cells are expanded in the circulation and intestines of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In this study, we show that patients with HIV have elevated frequencies, but not absolute numbers, of circulating Vδ1 T cells compared to control subjects. This increase was most striking in the patients with Candida albicans co-infection. Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we identify two populations of Vδ1 T cells, based on low and high expression of the ε chain of the CD3 protein complex responsible for transducing TCR-mediated signals (denoted CD3εlo and CD3εhi Vδ1 T cells). Both Vδ1 T cell populations expressed the CD3 ζ-chain, also used for TCR signaling. Using lines of Vδ1 T cells generated from healthy donors, we show that CD3ε can be transiently downregulated by activation but that its expression is restored over time in culture in the presence of exogenous IL-2. Compared to CD3εhi Vδ1 T cells, CD3εlo Vδ1 T cells more frequently expressed terminally differentiated phenotypes and the negative regulator of T cell activation, programmed death-1 (PD-1), but not lymphocyte-activation gene 3, and upon stimulation in vitro, only the CD3εhi subset of Vδ1 T cells, produced IL-17. Thus, while HIV can infect and kill IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells, Vδ1 T cells are another source of IL-17, but many of them exist in a state of exhaustion, mediated either by the induction of PD-1 or by downregulation of CD3ε expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pádraic J Dunne
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christina O Maher
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Freeley
- Discipline of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katie Dunne
- Discipline of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreea Petrasca
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Judy Orikiiriza
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Margaret R Dunne
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derval Reidy
- Genitourinary Infectious Diseases Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan O'Dea
- Genitourinary Infectious Diseases Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aisling Loy
- Genitourinary Infectious Diseases Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jim Woo
- Genitourinary Infectious Diseases Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aideen Long
- Discipline of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas R Rogers
- Discipline of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Mulcahy
- Genitourinary Infectious Diseases Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek G Doherty
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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8
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Gong Q, Wang C, Zhang W, Iqbal J, Hu Y, Greiner TC, Cornish A, Kim JH, Rabadan R, Abate F, Wang X, Inghirami GG, McKeithan TW, Chan WC. Assessment of T-cell receptor repertoire and clonal expansion in peripheral T-cell lymphoma using RNA-seq data. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11301. [PMID: 28900149 PMCID: PMC5595876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell clonality of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is routinely evaluated with a PCR-based method using genomic DNA. However, there are limitations with this approach. The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of RNA-seq for assessing T-cell clonality and T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoire of the neoplastic T-cells in 108 PTCL samples. TCR transcripts, including complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) sequences, were assessed. In normal T cells, the CDR3 sequences were extremely diverse, without any clonotype representing more than 2% of the overall TCR population. Dominant clones could be identified in 65 out of 76 PTCL cases (86%) with adequate TCR transcript expression. In monoclonal cases, the dominant clone varied between 11% and 99% of TCRβ transcripts. No unique Vα or Vβ usage was observed. Small T-cell clones were often observed in T- and NK-cell tumors in a percentage higher than observed in reactive conditions. γ chain expression was very low in tumors expressing TCRαβ, but its expression level was high and clonality was detected in a TCRγδ expressing tumor. NK cell lymphoma (NKCL) did not express significant levels of TCR Vβ or Vγ genes. RNA-seq is a useful tool for detecting and characterizing clonal TCR rearrangements in PTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gong
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, 91010, CA, United States
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, 91010, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Javeed Iqbal
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Timothy C Greiner
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Adam Cornish
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jo-Heon Kim
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, 91010, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Francesco Abate
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Giorgio G Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Timothy W McKeithan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, 91010, CA, United States
| | - Wing C Chan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, 91010, CA, United States.
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9
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Bettini ML, Chou PC, Guy CS, Lee T, Vignali KM, Vignali DAA. Cutting Edge: CD3 ITAM Diversity Is Required for Optimal TCR Signaling and Thymocyte Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1555-1560. [PMID: 28733484 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For the αβ or γδTCR chains to integrate extracellular stimuli into the appropriate intracellular cellular response, they must use the 10 ITAMs found within the CD3 subunits (CD3γε, CD3δε, and ζζ) of the TCR signaling complex. However, it remains unclear whether each specific ITAM sequence of the individual subunit (γεδζ) is required for thymocyte development or whether any particular CD3 ITAM motif is sufficient. In this article, we show that mice utilizing a single ITAM sequence (γ, ε, δ, ζa, ζb, or ζc) at each of the 10 ITAM locations exhibit a substantial reduction in thymic cellularity and limited CD4-CD8- (double-negative) to CD4+CD8+ (double-positive) maturation because of low TCR expression and signaling. Together, the data suggest that ITAM sequence diversity is required for optimal TCR signal transduction and subsequent T cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Bettini
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; .,Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Po-Chein Chou
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Clifford S Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Thomas Lee
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
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10
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TCR signal strength controls thymic differentiation of discrete proinflammatory γδ T cell subsets. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:721-727. [PMID: 27043412 PMCID: PMC4875770 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The murine thymus produces discrete γδ T cell subsets making either interferon-γ (IFN--γ) or interleukin 17 (IL-17), but the role of the TCR in this developmental process remains controversial. Here we show that mice haploinsufficient for both Cd3g and Cd3d (CD3DH, for CD3 double haploinsufficient) have reduced TCR expression and signaling strength selectively on γδ T cells. CD3DH mice had normal numbers and phenotype of αβ thymocyte subsets but impaired differentiation of fetal Vγ6+ (but not Vγ4+) IL-17-producing γδ T cells and a marked depletion of IFN-γ-producing CD122+ NK1.1+ γδ T cells throughout ontogeny. Adult CD3DH mice showed reduced peripheral IFN-γ+ γδ T cells and were resistant to experimental cerebral malaria. Thus, TCR signal strength within specific thymic developmental windows is a major determinant of the generation of proinflammatory γδ T cell subsets and their impact on pathophysiology.
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11
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Lauritsen JPH, Boding L, Buus TB, Kongsbak M, Levring TB, Rode AKO, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C. Fine-tuning of T-cell development by the CD3γ di-leucine-based TCR-sorting motif. Int Immunol 2015; 27:393-404. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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12
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Human congenital T-cell receptor disorders. LYMPHOSIGN JOURNAL-THE JOURNAL OF INHERITED IMMUNE DISORDERS 2015. [DOI: 10.14785/lpsn-2014-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficiencies of most T-cell receptor (TCR) components (TCRID) have been reported in almost 40 patients worldwide who have also, at times, shown signs of autoimmunity. We updated their clinical, immunological, and molecular features with an emphasis on practical diagnosis, as the range of the disorder grows in complexity with new partial defects. Cellular and animal models are also reviewed and in some cases reveal their limitations for predicting TCRID immunopathology.
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13
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Garcillán B, Marin AVM, Jiménez-Reinoso A, Briones AC, Muñoz-Ruiz M, García-León MJ, Gil J, Allende LM, Martínez-Naves E, Toribio ML, Regueiro JR. γδ T Lymphocytes in the Diagnosis of Human T Cell Receptor Immunodeficiencies. Front Immunol 2015; 6:20. [PMID: 25688246 PMCID: PMC4310324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcillán
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana V M Marin
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - Anaïs Jiménez-Reinoso
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - Alejandro C Briones
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - Miguel Muñoz-Ruiz
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - María J García-León
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma , Madrid , Spain
| | - Juana Gil
- Division of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario, Gregorio Marañón and Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - Luis M Allende
- Division of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre and Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Naves
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - María L Toribio
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma , Madrid , Spain
| | - José R Regueiro
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
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14
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Brazin KN, Mallis RJ, Li C, Keskin DB, Arthanari H, Gao Y, Wu SL, Karger BL, Wagner G, Reinherz EL. Constitutively oxidized CXXC motifs within the CD3 heterodimeric ectodomains of the T cell receptor complex enforce the conformation of juxtaposed segments. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18880-92. [PMID: 24849600 PMCID: PMC4081929 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.574996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD3ϵγ and CD3ϵδ heterodimers along with the CD3ζζ homodimer are the signaling components of the T cell receptor (TCR). These invariant dimers are non-covalently associated on the T cell plasma membrane with a clone-specific (i.e. clonotypic) αβ heterodimer that binds its cognate ligand, a complex between a particular antigenic peptide, and an MHC molecule (pMHC). These four TCR dimers exist in a 1:1:1:1 stoichiometry. At the junction between the extracellular and transmembrane domains of each mammalian CD3ϵ, CD3γ, and CD3δ subunit is a highly conserved CXXC motif previously found to be important for thymocyte and T cell activation. The redox state of each CXXC motif is presently unknown. Here we show using LC-MS and a biotin switch assay that these CXXC segments are constitutively oxidized on resting and activated T cells, consistent with their measured reduction potential. NMR chemical shift perturbation experiments comparing a native oxidized CD3δ CXXC-containing segment with that of a mutant SXXS-containing CD3δ segment in LPPG (1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (sodium salt)) micelles show extensive chemical shift differences in residues within the membrane-proximal motif as well as throughout the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains as a result of the elimination of the native disulfide. Likewise, direct comparison of the native CD3δ segment in oxidizing and reducing conditions reveals numerous spectral differences. The oxidized CXXC maintains the structure within the membrane-proximal stalk region as well as that of its contiguous transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain, inclusive of the ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) involved in signaling. These results suggest that preservation of the CD3 CXXC oxidized state may be essential for TCR mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine N Brazin
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Departments of Medicine and
| | - Robert J Mallis
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and
| | - Chen Li
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Derin B Keskin
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and
| | - Haribabu Arthanari
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and
| | - Yuanwei Gao
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Shiaw-Lin Wu
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Barry L Karger
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Gerhard Wagner
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and
| | - Ellis L Reinherz
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Departments of Medicine and
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15
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Borroto A, Abia D, Alarcón B. Crammed signaling motifs in the T-cell receptor. Immunol Lett 2014; 161:113-7. [PMID: 24877875 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is long known to contain multiple signaling subunits (CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ɛ and CD3ζ), their role in signal transduction is still not well understood. The presence of at least one immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in each CD3 subunit has led to the idea that the multiplication of such elements essentially serves to amplify signals. However, the evolutionary conservation of non-ITAM sequences suggests that each CD3 subunit is likely to have specific non-redundant roles at some stage of development or in mature T cell function. The CD3ɛ subunit is paradigmatic because in a relatively short cytoplasmic sequence (∼55 amino acids) it contains several docking sites for proteins involved in intracellular trafficking and signaling, proteins whose relevance in T cell activation is slowly starting to be revealed. In this review we will summarize our current knowledge on the signaling effectors that bind directly to the TCR and we will propose a hierarchy in their response to TCR triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Borroto
- TCR Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Abia
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- TCR Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Hagenbeek TJ, Wu X, Choy L, Sanchez-Irizarry C, Seshagiri S, Stinson J, Siebel CW, Spits H. Murine Pten−/− T-ALL requires non-redundant PI3K/mTOR and DLL4/Notch1 signals for maintenance and γc/TCR signals for thymic exit. Cancer Lett 2014; 346:237-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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LAPTM5 promotes lysosomal degradation of intracellular CD3ζ but not of cell surface CD3ζ. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:527-34. [PMID: 24638062 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal protein LAPTM5 has been shown to negatively regulate cell surface T cell receptor (TCR) expression and T-cell activation by promoting CD3ζ degradation in lysosomes, but the mechanism remains largely unknown. Here we show that LAPTM5 promotes lysosomal translocation of intracellular CD3ζ but not of the cell surface CD3ζ associated with the mature TCR complex. Kinetic analysis of the subcellular localization of the newly synthesized CD3ζ suggests that LAPTM5 targets CD3ζ in the Golgi apparatus and promotes its lysosomal translocation. Consistently, a Golgi-localizing mutant CD3ζ can be transported to and degraded in the lysosome by LAPTM5. A CD3ζ YF mutant in which all six tyrosine residues in the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif are mutated to phenylalanines is degraded as efficiently as is wild type CD3ζ, further suggesting that TCR signaling-triggered tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3ζ is dispensable for LAPTM5-mediated degradation. Previously, Src-like adapter protein (SLAP) and E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl have been shown to mediate the ubiquitination of CD3ζ in the internalized TCR complex and its subsequent lysosomal degradation. We show that LAPTM5 and SLAP/c-Cbl function in distinct genetic pathways to negatively regulate TCR expression. Collectively, these results suggest that CD3ζ can be degraded by two pathways: SLAP/c-Cbl, which targets internalized cell surface CD3ζ dependent on TCR signaling, and LAPTM5, which targets intracellular CD3ζ independent of TCR signaling.
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18
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Berry R, Headey SJ, Call MJ, McCluskey J, Tregaskes CA, Kaufman J, Koh R, Scanlon MJ, Call ME, Rossjohn J. Structure of the chicken CD3εδ/γ heterodimer and its assembly with the αβT cell receptor. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8240-51. [PMID: 24488493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.544965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the αβT cell receptor (TCR) signaling complex is composed of a TCRαβ heterodimer that is noncovalently coupled to three dimeric signaling molecules, CD3εδ, CD3εγ, and CD3ζζ. The nature of the TCR signaling complex and subunit arrangement in different species remains unclear however. Here we present a structural and biochemical analysis of the more primitive ancestral form of the TCR signaling complex found in chickens. In contrast to mammals, chickens do not express separate CD3δ and CD3γ chains but instead encode a single hybrid chain, termed CD3δ/γ, that is capable of pairing with CD3ε. The NMR structure of the chicken CD3εδ/γ heterodimer revealed a unique dimer interface that results in a heterodimer with considerable deviation from the distinct side-by-side architecture found in human and murine CD3εδ and CD3εγ. The chicken CD3εδ/γ heterodimer also contains a unique molecular surface, with the vast majority of surface-exposed, nonconserved residues being clustered to a single face of the heterodimer. Using an in vitro biochemical assay, we demonstrate that CD3εδ/γ can assemble with both chicken TCRα and TCRβ via conserved polar transmembrane sites. Moreover, analogous to the human TCR signaling complex, the presence of two copies of CD3εδ/γ is required for ζζ assembly. These data provide insight into the evolution of this critical receptor signaling apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Berry
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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19
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Tokgoz H, Caliskan U, Keles S, Reisli I, Guiu IS, Morgan NV. Variable presentation of primary immune deficiency: two cases with CD3 gamma deficiency presenting with only autoimmunity. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013; 24:257-62. [PMID: 23590417 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD3 chain expression defects including CD3 gamma, epsilon, delta, and zeta chain subunits, are autosomal recessive inherited severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID). The phenotype is usually T-B+NK+ SCID with lymphopenia where the clinical findings may be mild (CD3γ) or severe (CD3δ, ε, ζ) owing to the underlying molecular defect. There is limited information about the disease in literature. METHODS Here, we present two siblings from non-consanguineous family with autoimmunity including Evans syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, nephrotic syndrome, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis and with no previous history of infections. To define the molecular basis of the disease, we performed linkage analysis around the CD3 receptor cluster and found consistent linkage to this region. RESULTS The patient one displayed low TCRαβ expression, low IgG, low IgA, low IgM, low CD3, low CD4, low CD8. The patient two also displayed low TCRαβ expression and low anti-HBs titer. We went onto identify a homozygous splicing mutation (IVS2-1G>C) in the two affected individuals in the CD3γ gene. DISCUSSION To date, only four cases have been reported with CD3γ deficiency. Occasionally, the patients present with only autoimmunity including autoimmune hemolytic anemia, vitiligo, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and autoimmune enteropathy. However, Evans syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, and nephrotic syndrome have not been reported in previous cases. We believe that our cases will contribute to the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Tokgoz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
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20
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Cevik SI, Keskin N, Belkaya S, Ozlu MI, Deniz E, Tazebay UH, Erman B. CD81 interacts with the T cell receptor to suppress signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50396. [PMID: 23226274 PMCID: PMC3511562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CD81 (TAPA-1) is a ubiquitously expressed tetraspanin protein identified as a component of the B lymphocyte receptor (BCR) and as a receptor for the Hepatitis C Virus. In an effort to identify trans-membrane proteins that interact with the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR), we performed a membrane yeast two hybrid screen and identified CD81 as an interactor of the CD3delta subunit of the TCR. We found that in the absence of CD81, in thymocytes from knockout mice, TCR engagement resulted in stronger signals. These results were recapitulated in T cell lines that express low levels of CD81 through shRNA mediated silencing. Increased signaling did not result from alterations in the levels of TCR on the surface of T lymphocytes. Although CD81 is not essential for normal T lymphocyte development, it plays an important role in regulating TCR and possibly pre-TCR signal transduction by controlling the strength of signaling. CD81 dependent alterations in thymocyte signaling are evident in increased CD5 expression on CD81 deficient double positive (DP) thymocytes. We conclude that CD81 interacts with the T cell receptor to suppress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safak Isil Cevik
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nazli Keskin
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center- SUNUM, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serkan Belkaya
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meral Ilcim Ozlu
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Deniz
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center- SUNUM, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Uygar Halis Tazebay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Batu Erman
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center- SUNUM, Istanbul, Turkey
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21
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Reiné J, Busto EM, Muñoz-Ruiz M, Rossi NE, Rodríguez-Fernández JL, Martínez-Naves E, Regueiro JR, Recio MJ. CD3γ-independent pathways in TCR-mediated signaling in mature T and iNKT lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:62-6. [PMID: 21764047 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Antigen recognition by T-lymphocytes through the T-cell antigen receptor, TCR-CD3, is a central event in the initiation of an immune response. CD3 proteins may have redundant as well as specific contributions to the intracellular propagation of TCR-mediated signals. However, to date, the relative role that each CD3 chain plays in signaling is controversial. In order to examine the roles of CD3γ chain in TCR signaling, we analyzed proximal and distal signaling events in human CD3γ(-/-) primary and Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS)-transformed T cells. Following TCR-CD3 engagement, certain early TCR signaling pathways (ZAP-70, ERK, p38 and mTORC2 phosphorylation, and actin polymerization) were comparable with control HVS-transformed T cells. However, other signaling pathways were affected, such TCRζ phosphorylation, indicating that the CD3γ chain contributes to improve TCR signaling efficiency and survival. On the other hand, CD3γ(-/-) primary invariant NKT cells (iNKT cells) showed a normal expansion in response to alpha-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) and TCRVβ11(bright) iNKT cells were preferentially selected in this in vitro culture system, perhaps as a consequence of selective events in the thymus. Our results collectively indicate that a TCR lacking CD3γ can propagate a number of signals through the remaining invariant chains, likely the homologous CD3δ chain, which replaces it at the mutant TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Reiné
- Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Kim ST, Touma M, Takeuchi K, Sun ZYJ, Dave VP, Kappes DJ, Wagner G, Reinherz EL. Distinctive CD3 heterodimeric ectodomain topologies maximize antigen-triggered activation of alpha beta T cell receptors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 185:2951-9. [PMID: 20660709 PMCID: PMC2936104 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The alphabeta TCR has recently been suggested to function as an anisotropic mechanosensor during immune surveillance, converting mechanical energy into a biochemical signal upon specific peptide/MHC ligation of the alphabeta clonotype. The heterodimeric CD3epsilongamma and CD3epsilondelta subunits, each composed of two Ig-like ectodomains, form unique side-to-side hydrophobic interfaces involving their paired G-strands, rigid connectors to their respective transmembrane segments. Those dimers are laterally disposed relative to the alphabeta heterodimer within the TCR complex. In this paper, using structure-guided mutational analysis, we investigate the functional consequences of a striking asymmetry in CD3gamma and CD3delta G-strand geometries impacting ectodomain shape. The uniquely kinked conformation of the CD3gamma G-strand is crucial for maximizing Ag-triggered TCR activation and surface TCR assembly/expression, offering a geometry to accommodate juxtaposition of CD3gamma and TCR beta ectodomains and foster quaternary change that cannot be replaced by the isologous CD3delta subunit's extracellular region. TCRbeta and CD3 subunit protein sequence analyses among Gnathostomata species show that the Cbeta FG loop and CD3gamma subunit coevolved, consistent with this notion. Furthermore, restoration of T cell activation and development in CD3gamma(-/-) mouse T lineage cells by interspecies replacement can be rationalized from structural insights on the topology of chimeric mouse/human CD3epsilondelta dimers. Most importantly, our findings imply that CD3gamma and CD3delta evolved from a common precursor gene to optimize peptide/MHC-triggered alphabeta TCR activation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/physiology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Sheep
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Taek Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Maki Touma
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Koh Takeuchi
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Zhen-Yu J. Sun
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Vibhuti P. Dave
- Lymphocyte Development Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dietmar J. Kappes
- Blood Cell Development and Cancer Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Gerhard Wagner
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ellis L. Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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23
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Boding L, Nielsen MW, Bonefeld CM, von Essen MR, Nielsen BL, Lauritsen JPH, Hansen AK, Nielsen MM, Kongsbak M, Rubin M, Vennegaard MT, Ødum N, Geisler C. Polymorphisms of the T cell receptor CD3δ and CD3ɛ chains affect anti-CD3 antibody binding and T cell activation. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:2450-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Signal transduction by the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) is initiated by phosphorylation of conserved motifs (ITAMs) contained within the cytoplasmic domains of the invariant subunits. TCR complexes contain a total of 10 ITAMs and this unusual configuration has prompted studies of the role of specific ITAMs, or of ITAM multiplicity, in regulating TCR-directed developmental and effector responses. Here, we summarize data generated during the past two decades and discuss how these findings have in some cases resolved, and in others complicated, outstanding questions relating to the function of TCR ITAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Love
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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Laird RM, Hayes SM. Dynamics of CD3γɛ and CD3δɛ dimer expression during murine T cell development. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:582-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Kim ST, Takeuchi K, Sun ZYJ, Touma M, Castro CE, Fahmy A, Lang MJ, Wagner G, Reinherz EL. The alphabeta T cell receptor is an anisotropic mechanosensor. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:31028-37. [PMID: 19755427 PMCID: PMC2781503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.052712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymus-derived lymphocytes protect mammalian hosts against virus- or cancer-related cellular alterations through immune surveillance, eliminating diseased cells. In this process, T cell receptors (TCRs) mediate both recognition and T cell activation via their dimeric alphabeta, CD3 epsilon gamma, CD3 epsilon delta, and CD3 zeta zeta subunits using an unknown structural mechanism. Here, site-specific binding topology of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and dynamic TCR quaternary change provide key clues. Agonist mAbs footprint to the membrane distal CD3 epsilon lobe that they approach diagonally, adjacent to the lever-like C beta FG loop that facilitates antigen (pMHC)-triggered activation. In contrast, a non-agonist mAb binds to the cleft between CD3 epsilon and CD3 gamma in a perpendicular mode and is stimulatory only subsequent to an external tangential but not a normal force ( approximately 50 piconewtons) applied via optical tweezers. Specific pMHC but not irrelevant pMHC activates a T cell upon application of a similar force. These findings suggest that the TCR is an anisotropic mechanosensor, converting mechanical energy into a biochemical signal upon specific pMHC ligation during immune surveillance. Activating anti-CD3 mAbs mimic this force via their intrinsic binding mode. A common TCR quaternary change rather than conformational alterations can better facilitate structural signal initiation, given the vast array of TCRs and their specific pMHC ligands.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Cell Line
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Conformation
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Taek Kim
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and
- Departments of Medicine and
| | - Koh Takeuchi
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
| | - Zhen-Yu J. Sun
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
| | - Maki Touma
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and
- Departments of Medicine and
| | | | - Amr Fahmy
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
| | - Matthew J. Lang
- the Departments of Mechanical Engineering and
- **Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Gerhard Wagner
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
| | - Ellis L. Reinherz
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and
- Departments of Medicine and
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27
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28
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Abstract
The series of events leading to T-cell activation following antigen recognition has been extensively investigated. Although the exact mechanisms of ligand binding and transmission of this extracellular interaction into a productive intracellular signaling sequence remains incomplete, it has been known for many years that the immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motifs (ITAMs) of the T-cell receptor (TCR):CD3 complex are required for initiation of this signaling cascade because of the recruitment and activation of multiple protein tyrosine kinases, signaling intermediates, and adapter molecules. It however remains unclear why the TCR:CD3 complex requires 10 ITAMs, while many other ITAM-containing immune receptors, such as Fc receptors (FcRs) and the B cell receptor (BCR), contain far fewer ITAMs. We have recently demonstrated that various parameters of T cell development and activation are influenced by the number, as well as location and type, of ITAMs within the TCR:CD3 complex and hence propose that the TCR is capable of 'scalable signaling' that facilitates the initiation and orchestration of diverse T-cell functions. While many of the underlying mechanisms remain hypothetical, this review intends to amalgamate what we have learned from conventional biochemical analyses regarding initiation and diversification of T-cell signaling, with more recent evidence from molecular and fluorescent microscopic analyses, to propose a broader purpose for the TCR:CD3 ITAMs. Rather than simply signal initiation, individual ITAMs may also be responsible for the differential recruitment of signaling and regulatory molecules which ultimately affects T-cell development, activation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford S Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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29
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Brodeur JF, Li S, Martins MDS, Larose L, Dave VP. Critical and Multiple Roles for the CD3ε Intracytoplasmic Tail in Double Negative to Double Positive Thymocyte Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4844-53. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Bonefeld CM, Haks M, Nielsen B, von Essen M, Boding L, Hansen AK, Larsen JM, Odum N, Krimpenfort P, Kruisbeek A, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR, Geisler C. TCR down-regulation controls virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7786-99. [PMID: 19017968 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The CD3gamma di-leucine-based motif plays a central role in TCR down-regulation. However, little is understood about the role of the CD3gamma di-leucine-based motif in physiological T cell responses. In this study, we show that the expansion in numbers of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells is impaired in mice with a mutated CD3gamma di-leucine-based motif. The CD3gamma mutation did not impair early TCR signaling, nor did it compromise recruitment or proliferation of virus-specific T cells, but it increased the apoptosis rate of the activated T cells by increasing down-regulation of the antiapoptotic molecule Bcl-2. This resulted in a 2-fold reduction in the clonal expansion of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells during the acute phase of vesicular stomatitis virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections. These results identify an important role of CD3gamma-mediated TCR down-regulation in virus-specific CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Menné Bonefeld
- Department of International Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Rossi NE, Reine J, Pineda-Lezamit M, Pulgar M, Meza NW, Swamy M, Risueno R, Schamel WWA, Bonay P, Fernandez-Malave E, Regueiro JR. Differential antibody binding to the surface TCR{middle dot}CD3 complex of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes is conserved in mammals and associated with differential glycosylation. Int Immunol 2008; 20:1247-58. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Shang N, Sun XF, Hu W, Wang YP, Guo QL. Molecular cloning and characterization of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) TCRgamma and CD3gamma/delta chains. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 24:412-425. [PMID: 18272397 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Partial cDNA sequences of TCRgamma and CD3gamma/delta were isolated from the thymus of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) by the method of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). Subsequently the full length cDNAs of carp TCRgamma and CD3gamma/delta were obtained by means of 3' RACE and 5' RACE, respectively. The full length of carp TCRgamma chain is 1368bp and encodes 326 amino acids including a signal peptide region of 19 amino acids and a transmembrane region of 23 amino acids at the C-terminal region from aa 291 to 313. The V region of carp TCRgamma contains 109 amino acids, the core motif FGXG in J segment was also found in carp TCRgamma. The C region of carp TCRgamma contains the characteristic CX6PX6WX45C motif. The CP region of carp TCR Cgamma contains 37 amino acids. The full length of carp CD3gamma/delta is 790bp and encodes 175 amino acids including a signal peptide region of 17 amino acids and a transmembrane region of 23 amino acids from aa 93 to 115. Similar to other known CD3gamma/deltas, four cysteine residues in the extracellular domain and an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif ITAM (YxxL/Ix6-8YxxL/I) in the intracellular domain are also included in carp CD3gamma/delta. Differing from other known CD3gamma/deltas, carp CD3gamma/delta lacks the CXXCXE motif in the extracellular domain. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of TCRgamma gene was mainly in the thymus and gill of 6-month carp, but in 18-month carp, TCRgamma gene was detected in all the examined tissues. The expression of CD3gamma/delta gene was detected in all examined tissues of 6 and 18-month carp; among them, the highest expression level was in the thymus of 6-month carp. In situ hybridization showed that CD3gamma/delta-expressing cells were widely distributed in the head kidney, spleen and kidney of carp, whereas in the thymus, they were densely distributed in the lymphoid outer zone and scattered in the epithelioid inner zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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33
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Siegers GM, Swamy M, Fernández-Malavé E, Minguet S, Rathmann S, Guardo AC, Pérez-Flores V, Regueiro JR, Alarcón B, Fisch P, Schamel WWA. Different composition of the human and the mouse gammadelta T cell receptor explains different phenotypes of CD3gamma and CD3delta immunodeficiencies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2537-44. [PMID: 17923503 PMCID: PMC2118495 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The γδ T cell receptor for antigen (TCR) comprises the clonotypic TCRγδ, the CD3 (CD3γε and/or CD3δε), and the ζζ dimers. γδ T cells do not develop in CD3γ-deficient mice, whereas human patients lacking CD3γ have abundant peripheral blood γδ T cells expressing high γδ TCR levels. In an attempt to identify the molecular basis for these discordant phenotypes, we determined the stoichiometries of mouse and human γδ TCRs using blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and anti-TCR–specific antibodies. The γδ TCR isolated in digitonin from primary and cultured human γδ T cells includes CD3δ, with a TCRγδCD3ε2δγζ2 stoichiometry. In CD3γ-deficient patients, this may allow substitution of CD3γ by the CD3δ chain and thereby support γδ T cell development. In contrast, the mouse γδ TCR does not incorporate CD3δ and has a TCRγδCD3ε2γ2ζ2 stoichiometry. CD3γ-deficient mice exhibit a block in γδ T cell development. A human, but not a mouse, CD3δ transgene rescues γδ T cell development in mice lacking both mouse CD3δ and CD3γ chains. This suggests important structural and/or functional differences between human and mouse CD3δ chains during γδ T cell development. Collectively, our results indicate that the different γδ T cell phenotypes between CD3γ-deficient humans and mice can be explained by differences in their γδ TCR composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M Siegers
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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Akl H, Badran B, Dobirta G, Manfouo-Foutsop G, Moschitta M, Merimi M, Burny A, Martiat P, Willard-Gallo KE. Progressive loss of CD3 expression after HTLV-I infection results from chromatin remodeling affecting all the CD3 genes and persists despite early viral genes silencing. Virol J 2007; 4:85. [PMID: 17822534 PMCID: PMC2042505 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HTLV-I infected CD4+ T-cells lines usually progress towards a CD3- or CD3low phenotype. In this paper, we studied expression, kinetics, chromatin remodeling of the CD3 gene at different time-points post HTLV-I infection. Results The onset of this phenomenon coincided with a decrease of CD3γ followed by the subsequent progressive reduction in CD3δ, then CD3ε and CD3ζ mRNA. Transient transfection experiments showed that the CD3γ promoter was still active in CD3- HTLV-I infected cells demonstrating that adequate amounts of the required transcription factors were available. We next looked at whether epigenetic mechanisms could be responsible for this progressive decrease in CD3 expression using DNase I hypersensitivity (DHS) experiments examining the CD3γ and CD3δ promoters and the CD3δ enhancer. In uninfected and cells immediately post-infection all three DHS sites were open, then the CD3γ promoter became non accessible, and this was followed by a sequential closure of all the DHS sites corresponding to all three transcriptional control regions. Furthermore, a continuous decrease of in vivo bound transcription initiation factors to the CD3γ promoter was observed after silencing of the viral genome. Coincidently, cells with a lower expression of CD3 grew more rapidly. Conclusion We conclude that HTLV-I infection initiates a process leading to a complete loss of CD3 membrane expression by an epigenetic mechanism which continues along time, despite an early silencing of the viral genome. Whether CD3 progressive loss is an epiphenomenon or a causal event in the process of eventual malignant transformation remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidar Akl
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 121, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bassam Badran
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 121, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gratiela Dobirta
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 121, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Germain Manfouo-Foutsop
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 127, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Moschitta
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 121, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Makram Merimi
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 121, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arsène Burny
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 121, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Martiat
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 121, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karen E Willard-Gallo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 127, Boulevard de waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
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35
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Le Deist F, de Saint Basile G, Rieux-Laucat F, Hivroz C, Fischer A. [Expression anomalies of the CD3-TCR complex expression and immunodeficiencies]. Med Sci (Paris) 2007; 23:161-6. [PMID: 17291425 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2007232161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of immunodeficiencies contributes to a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms of immune function. The T cell receptor is a heterodimer (alpha/beta or gamma/delta) associated with four transmembrane units of the CD3 complex (gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta). We herein summarize the immunodeficiency states resulting from defects in genes encoding the CD3 complex. Such analysis highlights the respective role of each of these chains in T lymphocyte development and underscores differences between T lymphocyte development in man and mouse. Currently, there is a growing body of knowledge on immunodeficiencies specifically involving the four chains of the CD3, namely gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta. Thus, we can compare the phenotypes observed in these patients with those seen in mice knockout for these genes. The main differences observed involve the respective roles of the CD3gamma chain as well as the CD3delta, whose functions seem to be reciprocal between the two species. Indeed, in the mouse, knockout of CD3delta allows some degree of T lymphocyte differentiation since mature CD4 and CD8 as well as TCRgammadelta T lymphocytes are observed in the periphery. In contrast, deleterious mutation of the CD3delta encoding gene in the human leads to a severe combined immunodeficiency characterised by the complete absence of mature T cell subpopulations including TCRalpha/beta and TCRgamma/delta. Reciprocally, in the human, mutation of the CD3gamma encoding gene leads to a moderate immunodeficiency which contrasts with the complete block of T cell differentiation observed in mice knockout for this gene. This article brings into focus the knowledge gained through studies of immunodeficiency mouse models with the pathophysiological state observed in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Le Deist
- Département de microbiologie et d'immunologie, Université de Montréal, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175, chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal (Québec), H3T 1C5 Canada.
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36
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Riera-Sans L, Behrens A. Regulation of alphabeta/gammadelta T cell development by the activator protein 1 transcription factor c-Jun. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5690-700. [PMID: 17442952 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
c-Jun is a member of the AP-1 family of transcription factors, the activity of which is strongly augmented by TCR signaling. To elucidate the functions of c-Jun in mouse thymic lymphopoiesis, we conditionally inactivated c-Jun specifically during early T cell development. The loss of c-Jun resulted in enhanced generation of gammadelta T cells, whereas alphabeta T cell development was partially arrested at the double-negative 3 stage. The increased generation of gammadelta T cells by loss of c-Jun was cell autonomous, because in a competitive reconstitution experiment the knockout-derived cells produced more gammadelta T cells than did the control cells. C-jun-deficient immature T cells failed to efficiently repress transcription of IL-7Ralpha, resulting in augmented IL-7Ralpha mRNA and surface levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed binding of c-Jun to AP-1 binding sites present in the IL-7Ralpha promoter, indicating direct transcriptional regulation. Thus, c-Jun controls the transcription of IL-7Ralpha and is a novel regulator of the alphabeta/gammadelta T cell development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Integrases/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Riera-Sans
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research, Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
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37
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Roberts JL, Lauritsen JPH, Cooney M, Parrott RE, Sajaroff EO, Win CM, Keller MD, Carpenter JH, Carabana J, Krangel MS, Sarzotti M, Zhong XP, Wiest DL, Buckley RH. T-B+NK+ severe combined immunodeficiency caused by complete deficiency of the CD3zeta subunit of the T-cell antigen receptor complex. Blood 2007; 109:3198-206. [PMID: 17170122 PMCID: PMC1852234 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-043166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CD3zeta is a subunit of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) complex required for its assembly and surface expression that also plays an important role in TCR-mediated signal transduction. We report here a patient with T(-)B(+)NK(+) severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) who was homozygous for a single C insertion following nucleotide 411 in exon 7 of the CD3zeta gene. The few T cells present contained no detectable CD3zeta protein, expressed low levels of cell surface CD3epsilon, and were nonfunctional. CD4(+)CD8(-)CD3epsilon(low), CD4(-)CD8(+)CD3epsilon(low), and CD4(-)CD8(-)CD3epsilon(low) cells were detected in the periphery, and the patient also exhibited an unusual population of CD56(-)CD16(+) NK cells with diminished cytolytic activity. Additional studies demonstrated that retrovirally transduced patient mutant CD3zeta cDNA failed to rescue assembly of nascent complete TCR complexes or surface TCR expression in CD3zeta-deficient MA5.8 murine T-cell hybridoma cells. Nascent transduced mutant CD3zeta protein was also not detected in metabolically labeled MA5.8 cells, suggesting that it was unstable and rapidly degraded. Taken together, these findings provide the first demonstration that complete CD3zeta deficiency in humans can cause SCID by preventing normal TCR assembly and surface expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Abstract
Since the discovery of gammadelta T cells two decades ago, considerable effort has been made to understand their developmental program, their antigen specificity, and their contribution to the immune response. In this review, we focus on what is known about gammadelta T-cell development and on the advances that have been made in determining which genes are required. In addition, we compare the genetic requirements for alphabeta and gammadelta T-cell development with the hope of gaining a better picture of the signaling pathways that govern the development of gammadelta lineage cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor
- Humans
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Hayes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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39
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Touma M, Sun ZYJ, Clayton LK, Marissen WE, Kruisbeek AM, Wagner G, Reinherz EL. Importance of the CD3γ Ectodomain Terminal β-Strand and Membrane Proximal Stalk in Thymic Development and Receptor Assembly. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3668-79. [PMID: 17339464 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD3epsilongamma and CD3epsilondelta are noncovalent heterodimers; each consists of Ig-like extracellular domains associated side-to-side via paired terminal beta-strands that are linked to individual subunit membrane proximal stalk segments. CD3epsilon, CD3gamma, and CD3delta stalks contain the RxCxxCxE motif. To investigate the functional importance of a CD3 stalk and terminal beta-strand, we created a CD3gamma double mutant CD3gamma(C82S/C85S) and a CD3gamma beta-strand triple mutant CD3gamma(Q76S/Y78A/Y79A) for use in retroviral transduction of lymphoid progenitors for comparison with CD3gammawt. Although both mutant CD3gamma molecules reduced association with CD3epsilon in CD3epsilongamma heterodimers, CD3gamma(Q76S/Y78A/Y79A) abrogated surface TCR expression whereas CD3gamma(C82S/C85S) did not. Furthermore, CD3gamma(C82S/C85S) rescued thymic development in CD3gamma(-/-) fetal thymic organ culture. However, the numbers of double-positive and single-positive thymocytes after CD3gamma(C82S/C85S) transduction were significantly reduced despite surface pre-TCR and TCR expression comparable to that of CD3gamma(-/-) thymocytes transduced in fetal thymic organ culture with a retrovirus harboring CD3gammawt cDNA. Furthermore, double-negative thymocyte development was perturbed with attenuated double-negative 3/double-negative 4 maturation and altered surface-expressed CD3epsilongamma, as evidenced by the loss of reactivity with CD3gamma N terminus-specific antisera. Single histidine substitution of either CD3gamma stalk cysteine failed to restore CD3epsilongamma association and conformation in transient COS-7 cell transfection studies. Thus, CD3gamma(C82) and CD3gamma(C85) residues likely are either reduced or form a tight intrachain disulfide loop rather than contribute to a metal coordination site in conjunction with CD3epsilon(C80) and CD3epsilon(C83). The implications of these results for CD3epsilongamma and TCR structure and signaling function are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Touma
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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40
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Recio MJ, Moreno-Pelayo MA, Kiliç SS, Guardo AC, Sanal O, Allende LM, Pérez-Flores V, Mencía A, Modamio-Høybjør S, Seoane E, Regueiro JR. Differential Biological Role of CD3 Chains Revealed by Human Immunodeficiencies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2556-64. [PMID: 17277165 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The biological role in vivo of the homologous CD3gamma and delta invariant chains within the human TCR/CD3 complex is a matter of debate, as murine models do not recapitulate human immunodeficiencies. We have characterized, in a Turkish family, two new patients with complete CD3gamma deficiency and SCID symptoms and compared them with three CD3gamma-deficient individuals belonging to two families from Turkey and Spain. All tested patients shared similar immunological features such as a partial TCR/CD3 expression defect, mild alphabeta and gammadelta T lymphocytopenia, poor in vitro proliferative responses to Ags and mitogens at diagnosis, and very low TCR rearrangement excision circles and CD45RA(+) alphabeta T cells. However, intrafamilial and interfamilial clinical variability was observed in patients carrying the same CD3G mutations. Two reached the second or third decade in healthy conditions, whereas the other three showed lethal SCID features with enteropathy early in life. In contrast, all reported human complete CD3delta (or CD3epsilon) deficiencies are in infants with life-threatening SCID and very severe alphabeta and gammadelta T lymphocytopenia. Thus, the peripheral T lymphocyte pool was comparatively well preserved in human CD3gamma deficiencies despite poor thymus output or clinical outcome. We propose a CD3delta >> CD3gamma hierarchy for the relative impact of their absence on the signaling for T cell production in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Child
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/genetics
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/immunology
- Lymphopenia/genetics
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mutation
- Pedigree
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/genetics
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/immunology
- Spain
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Turkey
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Recio
- Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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41
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Babbe H, Chester N, Leder P, Reizis B. The Bloom's syndrome helicase is critical for development and function of the alphabeta T-cell lineage. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:1947-59. [PMID: 17210642 PMCID: PMC1820471 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01402-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bloom's syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by increased incidence of cancer and an immunodeficiency of unknown origin. The BLM gene mutated in Bloom's syndrome encodes a DNA helicase involved in the maintenance of genomic integrity. To explore the role of BLM in the immune system, we ablated murine Blm in the T-cell lineage. In the absence of Blm, thymocytes were severely reduced in numbers and displayed a developmental block at the beta-selection checkpoint that was partially p53 dependent. Blm-deficient thymocytes rearranged their T-cell receptor (TCR) beta genes normally yet failed to survive and proliferate in response to pre-TCR signaling. Furthermore, peripheral T cells were reduced in numbers, manifested defective homeostatic and TCR-induced proliferation, and produced extensive chromosomal damage. Finally, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses were impaired upon antigen challenge. Thus, by ensuring genomic stability, Blm serves a vital role for development, maintenance, and function of T lymphocytes, suggesting a basis for the immune deficiency in Bloom's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Babbe
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University Medical Center, 701 W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA.
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42
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Lauritsen JPH, Haks MC, Lefebvre JM, Kappes DJ, Wiest DL. Recent insights into the signals that control alphabeta/gammadelta-lineage fate. Immunol Rev 2006; 209:176-90. [PMID: 16448543 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During thymopoiesis, two major types of mature T cells are generated that can be distinguished by the clonotypic subunits contained within their T-cell receptor (TCR) complexes: alphabeta T cells and gammadelta T cells. Although there is no consensus as to the exact developmental stage where alphabeta and gammadelta T-cell lineages diverge, gammadelta T cells and precursors to the alphabeta T-cell lineage (bearing the pre-TCR) are thought to be derived from a common CD4- CD8- double-negative precursor. The role of the TCR in alphabeta/gammadelta lineage commitment has been controversial, in particular whether different TCR isotypes intrinsically favor adoption of the corresponding lineage. Recent evidence supports a signal strength model of lineage commitment, whereby stronger signals promote gammadelta development and weaker signals promote adoption of the alphabeta fate, irrespective of the TCR isotype from which the signals originate. Moreover, differences in the amplitude of activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase- mitogen-activated protein kinase-early growth response pathway appear to play a critical role. These findings will be placed in context of previous analyses in an effort to more precisely define the signals that control T-lineage fate during thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Peter H Lauritsen
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Division of Basic Sciences, Immunobiology Working Group, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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43
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Fernández-Malavé E, Wang N, Pulgar M, Schamel WWA, Alarcón B, Terhorst C. Overlapping functions of human CD3delta and mouse CD3gamma in alphabeta T-cell development revealed in a humanized CD3gamma-mouse. Blood 2006; 108:3420-7. [PMID: 16888097 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-010850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans lacking the CD3gamma subunit of the pre-TCR and TCR complexes exhibit a mild alphabeta T lymphopenia, but have normal T cells. By contrast, CD3gamma-deficient mice are almost devoid of mature alphabeta T cells due to an early block of intrathymic development at the CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative (DN) stage. This suggests that in humans but not in mice, the highly related CD3delta chain replaces CD3gamma during alphabeta T-cell development. To determine whether human CD3delta (hCD3delta) functions in a similar manner in the mouse in the absence of CD3gamma, we introduced an hCD3delta transgene in mice that were deficient for both CD3delta and CD3gamma, in which thymocyte development is completely arrested at the DN stage. Expression of hCD3delta efficiently supported pre-TCR-mediated progression from the DN to the CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) stage. However, alphabetaTCR-mediated positive and negative thymocyte selection was less efficient than in wild-type mice, which correlated with a marked attenuation of TCR-mediated signaling. Of note, murine CD3gamma-deficient TCR complexes that had incorporated hCD3delta displayed abnormalities in structural stability resembling those of T cells from CD3gamma-deficient humans. Taken together, these data demonstrate that CD3delta and CD3gamma play a different role in humans and mice in pre-TCR and TCR function during alphabeta T-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Fernández-Malavé
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Thomassen EAJ, Dekking EHA, Thompson A, Franken KL, Sanal O, Abrahams JP, van Tol MJD, Koning F. The Impact of Single Amino Acid Substitutions in CD3γ on the CD3ϵγ Interaction and T-Cell Receptor–CD3 Complex Formation. Hum Immunol 2006; 67:579-88. [PMID: 16916653 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The human T-cell receptor-CD3 complex consists of at least eight polypeptide chains; CD3gamma- and delta-dimers associate with the disulfide linked alphabeta- and zetazeta-dimers to form a functional receptor complex. The exact structure of this complex is still unknown. We now have examined the interaction between CD3gamma and CD3 in human T-cells. For this purpose, we have generated site-directed mutants of CD3gamma that were introduced in human T-cells defective in CD3gamma expression. Cell-surface and intracellular expression of the introduced CD3gamma chains was determined, as was the association with CD3delta, CD3, and the T-cell receptor. Although the introduction of wild type CD3gamma and CD3gamma (78Y-F) fully restored T-cell receptor assembly and expression, the introduction of CD3gamma (82C-S), CD3gamma (85C-S), and CD3gamma (76Q-E) all resulted in an impaired association between CD3gamma and CD3 and a lack of cell-surface expressed CD3gamma. Finally, the introduction of CD3gamma (76Q-L) and CD3gamma (78Y-A) restored the expression of TCR-CD3deltagammazeta2 complexes, although the association between CD3gamma and CD3 was impaired. These results indicate that several amino acids in CD3gamma are essential for an optimal association between CD3gamma and CD3 and the assembly of a cell-surface expressed TCR-CD3deltagammazeta2 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A J Thomassen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review describes advances in understanding the role of the CD3 delta subunit in human T-cell development as deduced from a recently described human immunodeficiency. The review also compares CD3 delta deficiency with other human CD3 subunit deficiencies and with corresponding animal models. RECENT FINDINGS In describing CD3 delta deficiency in humans this review shows that patients with profound T-cell depletion, who present at 2-3 months with severe viral infection, lack CD3 delta as a result of a mutation in the extracellular domain of this gene. The genetic aberration was discovered by comparing patients' and normal thymocytes, using mass gene screening with the microarray technique. In humans the absence of CD3 delta results in a complete arrest in thymocyte development at the stage of double negative to double positive transition and the development of gamma delta T-cell receptor-positive T cells is also impaired. SUMMARY Unlike patients with CD3 gamma or CD3 epsilon deficiency who have a milder condition, patients with CD3 delta deficiency present with severe lethal susceptibility to infections during early infancy. As expected, this profound immunodeficiency was cured with an allogenic bone marrow transplantation. In contrast to murine CD3 (-/) delta, which retains a normal gamma delta T-cell receptor-positive T-cell population and only partly affects the developmental transition of double positive to single positive thymocytes, CD3 delta in humans appears to be more critically required for the development of both alpha beta and gamma delta T-cell receptor-positive T-cell lineages. The studies also show for the first time that comparing relevant patients' with normal tissue using microarray technology can aid in the discovery of the genetic basis of inherited disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim M Roifman
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, and Program of Infection, Immunity, Injury and Repair, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.
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Touma M, Chang HC, Sasada T, Handley M, Clayton LK, Reinherz EL. The TCR C beta FG loop regulates alpha beta T cell development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6812-23. [PMID: 16709841 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The TCRbeta chain constant domain contains an unusually elongated, solvent-exposed FG loop. This structural element forms one component of an alphabeta TCR cavity against which CD3epsilongamma may abut to facilitate Ag-specific signaling. Consistent with this notion, in the present study we show that N15alphabeta TCR transfectants expressing a FG loop-deleted chain (betaDeltaFG) stimulate less tyrosine protein phosphorylation than those bearing a wild-type beta-chain (betawt) upon TCR cross-linking. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation studies suggest a weakened association between the CD3epsilongamma heterodimer and the beta-chain in TCR complexes containing the betaDeltaFG variant. To further investigate the biologic role of the Cbeta FG loop in development, we competitively reconstituted the thymus of Ly5 congenic or RAG-2-/- mice using bone marrow cells from betawt or betaDeltaFG transgenic C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Both betawt and betaDeltaFG precursor cells generate thymocytes representative of all maturational stages. However, betaDeltaFG-expressing thymocytes dominate during subsequent development, resulting in an excess of betaDeltaFG-expressing peripheral T cells with reduced proliferative and cytokine production abilities upon TCR stimulation. Collectively, our results show that the unique Cbeta FG loop appendage primarily controls alphabeta T cell development through selection processes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/deficiency
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Sequence Deletion
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Touma
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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47
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Suetake H, Saha NR, Araki K, Akatsu K, Kikuchi K, Suzuki Y. Lymphocyte surface marker genes in fugu. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2006; 1:102-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2005] [Revised: 07/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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48
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Hayes SM, Love PE. Stoichiometry of the murine gammadelta T cell receptor. J Exp Med 2006; 203:47-52. [PMID: 16418397 PMCID: PMC2118071 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20051886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor for antigen (TCR) complex is organized into two functional domains: the antigen-binding clonotypic heterodimer and the signal-transducing invariant CD3 and TCRzeta chains. In most vertebrates, there are two different clonotypic heterodimers (TCRalphabeta and TCRgammadelta) that define the alphabeta and gammadelta T cell lineages, respectively. alphabeta- and gammadeltaTCRs also differ in their invariant chain subunit composition, in that alphabetaTCRs contain CD3gammaepsilon and CD3deltaepsilon dimers, whereas gammadeltaTCRs contain only CD3gammaepsilon dimers. This difference in subunit composition of the alphabeta- and gammadeltaTCRs raises the question of whether the stoichiometries of these receptor complexes are different. As the stoichiometry of the murine gammadeltaTCR has not been previously investigated, we used two quantitative immunofluorescent approaches to determine the valency of TCRgammadelta heterodimers and CD3gammaepsilon dimers in surface murine gammadeltaTCR complexes. Our results support a model of murine gammadeltaTCR stoichiometry in which there are two CD3gammaepsilon dimers for every TCRgammadelta heterodimer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Hayes
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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49
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The molecular characterization of inherited T-cell immunodeficiencies has contributed to delineating key factors in human T-cell development. This review reports on the recent description of deleterious mutations in the genes encoding CD3 subunits expressed at the T-lymphocyte membrane in association with the T-cell receptor. RECENT FINDINGS Homozygous mutations in CD3D and CD3E genes lead to a complete block in T-cell development and thus to an early-onset severe combined immunodeficiency phenotype. Thymic studies have shown that the defect in T-cell development occurs at the transition between 'double-negative' and 'double-positive' thymocytes. These results contrast with the partial T-cell immunodeficiency caused by a deficiency in CD3G. SUMMARY Two new severe combined immunodeficiency conditions have been reported as a consequence of either CD3D or CD3E deficiency. The distinct phenotype of CD3G deficiency sheds light on the differential roles of CD3 subunits in T-lymphocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Fischer
- Department of Pediatric Immuno-Hematology and Inserm Unit 429, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France.
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50
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Abstract
A plethora of genes involved in murine B and T cell development have been identified, and developmental pathways within the primary lymphoid tissues have been well delineated. The generation of a functional, but non-self reacting lymphocyte repertoire results from the completion of several checkpoints during lymphocyte development and competition for survival factors in the periphery. Improved knowledge of these developmental checkpoints and homeostatic mechanisms is critical for understanding human immunodeficiency, leukaemia/lymphoma and autoimmunity, which are conditions where checkpoints and homeostasis are likely to be deregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Miosge
- Immunogenomics Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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