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Kaushik N, Jaiswal A, Bhartiya P, Choi EH, Kaushik NK. TFCP2 as a therapeutic nexus: unveiling molecular signatures in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024:10.1007/s10555-024-10175-w. [PMID: 38451384 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10175-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes comprise most of the complex genomic landscape associated with cancer, with a minimal number of genes exhibiting dual-context-dependent functions. The transcription factor cellular promoter 2 (TFCP2), a pivotal transcription factor encoded by the alpha globin transcription factor CP2 gene, is a constituent of the TFCP2/grainyhead family of transcription factors. While grainyhead members have been extensively studied for their crucial roles in developmental processes, embryogenesis, and multiple cancers, the TFCP2 subfamily has been relatively less explored. The molecular mechanisms underlying TFCP2's involvement in carcinogenesis are still unclear even though it is a desirable target for cancer treatment and a therapeutic marker. This comprehensive literature review summarizes the molecular functions of TFCP2, emphasizing its involvement in cancer pathophysiology, particularly in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. It highlights TFCP2's critical function as a regulatory target and explores its potential as a prognostic marker for survival and inflammation in carcinomas. Its ambiguous association with carcinomas underlines the urgent need for an in-depth understanding to facilitate the development of more efficacious targeted therapeutic modality and diagnostic tools. This study aims to elucidate the multifaceted effects of TFCP2 regulation, through a comprehensive integration of the existing knowledge in cancer therapeutics. Furthermore, the clinical relevance and the inherent challenges encountered in investigating its intricate role in cancer pathogenesis have been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, 18323, Korea
| | - Apurva Jaiswal
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Pradeep Bhartiya
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, 18323, Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea.
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea.
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Xie D, Song C, Qin T, Zhai Z, Cai J, Dai J, Sun T, Xu Y. Moschus ameliorates glutamate-induced cellular damage by regulating autophagy and apoptosis pathway. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18586. [PMID: 37903904 PMCID: PMC10616123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45878-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, causes short-term memory and cognition declines. It is estimated that one in three elderly people die from AD or other dementias. Chinese herbal medicine as a potential drug for treating AD has gained growing interest from many researchers. Moschus, a rare and valuable traditional Chinese animal medicine, was originally documented in Shennong Ben Cao Jing and recognized for its properties of reviving consciousness/resuscitation. Additionally, Moschus has the efficacy of "regulation of menstruation with blood activation, relief of swelling and pain" and is used for treating unconsciousness, stroke, coma, and cerebrovascular diseases. However, it is uncertain whether Moschus has any protective effect on AD patients. We explored whether Moschus could protect glutamate (Glu)-induced PC12 cells from cellular injury and preliminarily explored their related action mechanisms. The chemical compounds of Moschus were analyzed and identified by GC-MS. The Glu-induced differentiated PC12 cell model was thought to be the common AD cellular model. The study aims to preliminarily investigate the intervention effect of Moschus on Glu-induced PC12 cell damage as well as their related action mechanisms. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cell apoptosis, autophagic vacuoles, autolysosomes or autophagosomes, proteins related to apoptosis, and the proteins related to autophagy were examined and analyzed. Seventeen active compounds of the Moschus sample were identified based on GC-MS analysis. In comparison to the control group, Glu stimulation increased cell viability loss, LDH release, mitochondrial damage, loss of MMP, apoptosis rate, and the number of cells containing autophagic vacuoles, and autolysosomes or autophagosomes, while these results were decreased after the pretreatment with Moschus and 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Furthermore, Glu stimulation significantly increased cleaved caspase-3, Beclin1, and LC3II protein expression, and reduced B-cell lymphoma 2/BAX ratio and p62 protein expression, but these results were reversed after pretreatment of Moschus and 3-MA. Moschus has protective activity in Glu-induced PC12 cell injury, and the potential mechanism might involve the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis. Our study may promote research on Moschus in the field of neurodegenerative diseases, and Moschus may be considered as a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Caiyou Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhenwei Zhai
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jie Cai
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jingyi Dai
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Ying Xu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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Son SH, Kim MY, Lim YS, Jin HC, Shin JH, Yi JK, Choi S, Park MA, Chae JH, Kang HC, Lee YJ, Uversky VN, Kim CG. SUMOylation-mediated PSME3-20 S proteasomal degradation of transcription factor CP2c is crucial for cell cycle progression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd4969. [PMID: 36706181 PMCID: PMC9882985 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add4969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor CP2c (also known as TFCP2, α-CP2, LSF, and LBP-1c) is involved in diverse ubiquitous and tissue/stage-specific cellular processes and in human malignancies such as cancer. Despite its importance, many fundamental regulatory mechanisms of CP2c are still unclear. Here, we uncover an unprecedented mechanism of CP2c degradation via a previously unidentified SUMO1/PSME3/20S proteasome pathway and its biological meaning. CP2c is SUMOylated in a SUMO1-dependent way, and SUMOylated CP2c is degraded through the ubiquitin-independent PSME3 (also known as REGγ or PA28)/20S proteasome system. SUMOylated PSME3 could also interact with CP2c to degrade CP2c via the 20S proteasomal pathway. Moreover, precisely timed degradation of CP2c via the SUMO1/PSME3/20S proteasome axis is required for accurate progression of the cell cycle. Therefore, we reveal a unique SUMO1-mediated uncanonical 20S proteasome degradation mechanism via the SUMO1/PSME3 axis involving mutual SUMO-SIM interaction of CP2c and PSME3, providing previously unidentified mechanistic insights into the roles of dynamic degradation of CP2c in cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Han Son
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Young Su Lim
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Hyeon Cheol Jin
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - June Ho Shin
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jae Kyu Yi
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Choi
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Mi Ae Park
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Chae
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ho Chul Kang
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Young Jin Lee
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Chul Geun Kim
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- CGK Biopharma Co. Ltd., Seoul 04763, Korea
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Yunes SA, Willoughby JLS, Kwan JH, Biagi JM, Pokharel N, Chin HG, York EA, Su KC, George K, Shah JV, Emili A, Schaus SE, Hansen U. Factor quinolinone inhibitors disrupt spindles and multiple LSF (TFCP2)-protein interactions in mitosis, including with microtubule-associated proteins. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268857. [PMID: 35704642 PMCID: PMC9200292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor quinolinone inhibitors (FQIs), a first-in-class set of small molecule inhibitors targeted to the transcription factor LSF (TFCP2), exhibit promising cancer chemotherapeutic properties. FQI1, the initial lead compound identified, unexpectedly induced a concentration-dependent delay in mitotic progression. Here, we show that FQI1 can rapidly and reversibly lead to mitotic arrest, even when added directly to mitotic cells, implying that FQI1-mediated mitotic defects are not transcriptionally based. Furthermore, treatment with FQIs resulted in a striking, concentration-dependent diminishment of spindle microtubules, accompanied by a concentration-dependent increase in multi-aster formation. Aberrant γ-tubulin localization was also observed. These phenotypes suggest that perturbation of spindle microtubules is the primary event leading to the mitotic delays upon FQI1 treatment. Previously, FQIs were shown to specifically inhibit not only LSF DNA-binding activity, which requires LSF oligomerization to tetramers, but also other specific LSF-protein interactions. Other transcription factors participate in mitosis through non-transcriptional means, and we recently reported that LSF directly binds α-tubulin and is present in purified cellular tubulin preparations. Consistent with a microtubule role for LSF, here we show that LSF enhanced the rate of tubulin polymerization in vitro, and FQI1 inhibited such polymerization. To probe whether the FQI1-mediated spindle abnormalities could result from inhibition of mitotic LSF-protein interactions, mass spectrometry was performed using as bait an inducible, tagged form of LSF that is biotinylated by endogenous enzymes. The global proteomics analysis yielded expected associations for a transcription factor, notably with RNA processing machinery, but also to nontranscriptional components. In particular, and consistent with spindle disruption due to FQI treatment, mitotic, FQI1-sensitive interactions were identified between the biotinylated LSF and microtubule-associated proteins that regulate spindle assembly, positioning, and dynamics, as well as centrosome-associated proteins. Probing the mitotic LSF interactome using small molecule inhibitors therefore supported a non-transcriptional role for LSF in mediating progression through mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Yunes
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. S. Willoughby
- Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julian H. Kwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica M. Biagi
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Niranjana Pokharel
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hang Gyeong Chin
- Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emily A. York
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kuan-Chung Su
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kelly George
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jagesh V. Shah
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew Emili
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Schaus
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ulla Hansen
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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5
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Willoughby JLS, George K, Roberto MP, Chin HG, Stoiber P, Shin H, Pedamallu CS, Schaus SE, Fitzgerald K, Shah J, Hansen U. Targeting the oncogene LSF with either the small molecule inhibitor FQI1 or siRNA causes mitotic delays with unaligned chromosomes, resulting in cell death or senescence. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:552. [PMID: 32539694 PMCID: PMC7296649 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oncogene LSF (encoded by TFCP2) has been proposed as a novel therapeutic target for multiple cancers. LSF overexpression in patient tumors correlates with poor prognosis in particular for both hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer. The limited treatment outcomes for these diseases and disappointing clinical results, in particular, for hepatocellular carcinoma in molecularly targeted therapies targeting cellular receptors and kinases, underscore the need for molecularly targeting novel mechanisms. LSF small molecule inhibitors, Factor Quinolinone Inhibitors (FQIs), have exhibited robust anti-tumor activity in multiple pre-clinical models, with no observable toxicity. METHODS To understand how the LSF inhibitors impact cancer cell proliferation, we characterized the cellular phenotypes that result from loss of LSF activity. Cell proliferation and cell cycle progression were analyzed, using HeLa cells as a model cancer cell line responsive to FQI1. Cell cycle progression was studied either by time lapse microscopy or by bulk synchronization of cell populations to ensure accuracy in interpretation of the outcomes. In order to test for biological specificity of targeting LSF by FQI1, results were compared after treatment with either FQI1 or siRNA targeting LSF. RESULTS Highly similar cellular phenotypes are observed upon treatments with FQI1 and siRNA targeting LSF. Along with similar effects on two cellular biomarkers, inhibition of LSF activity by either mechanism induced a strong delay or arrest prior to metaphase as cells progressed through mitosis, with condensed, but unaligned, chromosomes. This mitotic disruption in both cases resulted in improper cellular division leading to multiple outcomes: multi-nucleation, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. CONCLUSIONS These data strongly support that cellular phenotypes observed upon FQI1 treatment are due specifically to the loss of LSF activity. Specific inhibition of LSF by either small molecules or siRNA results in severe mitotic defects, leading to cell death or senescence - consequences that are desirable in combating cancer. Taken together, these findings confirm that LSF is a promising target for cancer treatment. Furthermore, this study provides further support for developing FQIs or other LSF inhibitory strategies as treatment for LSF-related cancers with high unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L S Willoughby
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kelly George
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mark P Roberto
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hang Gyeong Chin
- MCBB Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,New England BioLabs, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
| | - Patrick Stoiber
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,MCBB Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hyunjin Shin
- Data Science Institute, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Scott E Schaus
- Center for Molecular Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Jagesh Shah
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ulla Hansen
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,MCBB Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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6
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Janikowska G, Kurzeja E, Janikowski M, Strzałka-Mrozik B, Pyka-Pająk A, Janikowski T. The Effect of Cyclosporine A on Dermal Fibroblast Cell - Transcriptomic Analysis of Inflammatory Response Pathway. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1213-1223. [PMID: 32297577 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200416103928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first immunosuppressive drug - cyclosporine A (CsA) has many unquestioned merits in maintaining organ transplants in patients, as well as, in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases, also associated with cutaneous manifestations. The main task of this drug is to suppress the inflammatory response at the sites of action, which is not well known. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of CsA in therapeutic concentration on the expression of genes associated with the inflammatory response pathway in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF; CC-2511), and this study attempted to determine the mechanism of its action. METHODS The cytotoxicity MTT test was performed. The expression of the inflammatory response pathway genes was determined using HG-U133A_2.0 oligonucleotide microarrays. Statistical analysis was performed by GeneSpring 13.0 software using the PL-Grid platform. RESULTS Among the 5,300 mRNA, only 573 were changed significantly in response to CsA compared to the control fibroblasts (P≤0.05). CsA inhibited the expression of most genes associated with the inflammatory response in NHDFs. There were only 19 genes with a fold change (FC) lower than -2.0, among which EGR1, FOS, PBK, CDK1 and TOP2A had the lowest expression, as did CXCL2 which can directly impact inflammation. Furthermore, ZNF451 was strongly induced, and COL1A1, COL3A1, IL33, TNFRSFs were weakly up-regulated (FC lower than 2.0). CONCLUSION The CsA in therapeutic concentration influences the genes linked to the inflammatory response (in the transcriptional level) in human dermal fibroblasts. The findings suggest that the potential mechanism of CsA action in this concentration and on these genes can be associated with a profibrotic and proapoptotic, and genotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Janikowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurzeja
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Janikowski
- Student Scientific Club at the Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Alina Pyka-Pająk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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7
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Zhao Y, Kaushik N, Kang JH, Kaushik NK, Son SH, Uddin N, Kim MJ, Kim CG, Lee SJ. A Feedback Loop Comprising EGF/TGFα Sustains TFCP2-Mediated Breast Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2217-2229. [PMID: 32193292 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are two fundamental characteristics of metastasis that are controlled by diverse regulatory factors, including transcription factors. Compared with other subtypes of breast cancer, basal-type or triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has high frequencies of tumor relapse. However, the role of alpha-globin transcription factor CP2 (TFCP2) has not been reported as an oncogenic driver in those breast cancers. Here, we show that TFCP2 is a potent factor essential for EMT, stemness, and metastasis in breast cancer. TFCP2 directly bound promoters of EGF and TGFα to regulate their expression and stimulate autocrine signaling via EGFR. These findings indicate that TFCP2 is a new antimetastatic target and reveal a novel regulatory mechanism in which a positive feedback loop comprising EGF/TGFα and AKT can control malignant breast cancer progression. SIGNIFICANCE: TFCP2 is a new antimetastatic target that controls TNBC progression via a positive feedback loop between EGF/TGFα and the AKT signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeok Kang
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Han Son
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nizam Uddin
- Center for Cell Analysis & Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul Geun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
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8
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Chin HG, Esteve PO, Ruse C, Lee J, Schaus SE, Pradhan S, Hansen U. The microtubule-associated histone methyltransferase SET8, facilitated by transcription factor LSF, methylates α-tubulin. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4748-4759. [PMID: 32111740 PMCID: PMC7135998 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal structures critical for mitosis, cell motility, and protein and organelle transport and are a validated target for anticancer drugs. However, how tubulins are regulated and recruited to support these distinct cellular processes is incompletely understood. Posttranslational modifications of tubulins are proposed to regulate microtubule function and dynamics. Although many of these modifications have been investigated, only one prior study reports tubulin methylation and an enzyme responsible for this methylation. Here we used in vitro radiolabeling, MS, and immunoblotting approaches to monitor protein methylation and immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and pulldown approaches to measure protein–protein interactions. We demonstrate that N-lysine methyltransferase 5A (KMT5A or SET8/PR-Set7), which methylates lysine 20 in histone H4, bound α-tubulin and methylated it at a specific lysine residue, Lys311. Furthermore, late SV40 factor (LSF)/CP2, a known transcription factor, bound both α-tubulin and SET8 and enhanced SET8-mediated α-tubulin methylation in vitro. In addition, we found that the ability of LSF to facilitate this methylation is countered by factor quinolinone inhibitor 1 (FQI1), a specific small-molecule inhibitor of LSF. These findings suggest the general model that microtubule-associated proteins, including transcription factors, recruit or stimulate protein-modifying enzymes to target tubulins. Moreover, our results point to dual functions for SET8 and LSF not only in chromatin regulation but also in cytoskeletal modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Gyeong Chin
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938.,MCBB Graduate Program, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | | | | | - Jiyoung Lee
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, South Korea
| | - Scott E Schaus
- Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | | | - Ulla Hansen
- MCBB Graduate Program, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 .,Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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9
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Ming Q, Roske Y, Schuetz A, Walentin K, Ibraimi I, Schmidt-Ott KM, Heinemann U. Structural basis of gene regulation by the Grainyhead/CP2 transcription factor family. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:2082-2095. [PMID: 29309642 PMCID: PMC5829564 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grainyhead (Grh)/CP2 transcription factors are highly conserved in multicellular organisms as key regulators of epithelial differentiation, organ development and skin barrier formation. In addition, they have been implicated as being tumor suppressors in a variety of human cancers. Despite their physiological importance, little is known about their structure and DNA binding mode. Here, we report the first structural study of mammalian Grh/CP2 factors. Crystal structures of the DNA-binding domains of grainyhead-like (Grhl) 1 and Grhl2 reveal a closely similar conformation with immunoglobulin-like core. Both share a common fold with the tumor suppressor p53, but differ in important structural features. The Grhl1 DNA-binding domain binds duplex DNA containing the consensus recognition element in a dimeric arrangement, supporting parsimonious target-sequence selection through two conserved arginine residues. We elucidate the molecular basis of a cancer-related mutation in Grhl1 involving one of these arginines, which completely abrogates DNA binding in biochemical assays and transcriptional activation of a reporter gene in a human cell line. Thus, our studies establish the structural basis of DNA target-site recognition by Grh transcription factors and reveal how tumor-associated mutations inactivate Grhl proteins. They may serve as points of departure for the structure-based development of Grh/CP2 inhibitors for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Ming
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvette Roske
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Schuetz
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Helmholtz Protein Sample Production Facility, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Walentin
- Molecular and Translational Kidney Research, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ibraim Ibraimi
- Molecular and Translational Kidney Research, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai M Schmidt-Ott
- Molecular and Translational Kidney Research, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Charité Medical University, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Heinemann
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Helmholtz Protein Sample Production Facility, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Rhabdomyosarcoma with FUS re-arrangement: additional case in support of a novel subtype. Pathology 2018; 51:116-120. [PMID: 30477883 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Dashti NK, Wehrs RN, Thomas BC, Nair A, Davila J, Buckner JC, Martinez AP, Sukov WR, Halling KC, Howe BM, Folpe AL. Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma of bone with FUS-TFCP2 fusion: confirmation of a very recently described rhabdomyosarcoma subtype. Histopathology 2018; 73:514-520. [PMID: 29758589 DOI: 10.1111/his.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Rhabdomyosarcomas of bone are extremely rare, with fewer than 10 reported cases. A very rare subtype of spindle cell/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma harbouring a FUS-TFCP2 fusion and involving both soft tissue and bone locations has been reported very recently. We report only the fourth case of this unusual, clinically aggressive rhabdomyosarcoma. MATERIAL AND RESULTS A previously well 72-year-old male presented with a destructive lesion of the mandible. Morphological and immunohistochemical study of a needle biopsy and the subsequent resection showed a spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma. RNA-seq, RT-PCR and FISH confirmed the presence of the FUS-TFCP2 fusion. CONCLUSIONS Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcomas carrying the FUS-TFCP2 fusion are very rare rhabdomyosarcoma variants with osseous predilection. The classification and differential diagnosis of this unusual molecular variant of spindle cell/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshi K Dashti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca N Wehrs
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brittany C Thomas
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Asha Nair
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jaime Davila
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jan C Buckner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anthony P Martinez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - William R Sukov
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kevin C Halling
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Andrew L Folpe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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12
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Lan X, Field MS, Stover PJ. Cell cycle regulation of folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 10:e1426. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca New York
| | - Martha S. Field
- Division of Nutritional Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca New York
| | - Patrick J. Stover
- Division of Nutritional Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca New York
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13
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Kim JS, Son SH, Kim MY, Choi D, Jang IS, Paik SS, Chae JH, Uversky VN, Kim CG. Diagnostic and prognostic relevance of CP2c and YY1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:24389-24400. [PMID: 28412749 PMCID: PMC5421856 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated an oncogenic role of the transcription factor (TF) CP2c in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on a strong correlation between CP2c expression, tumor grade, and aggressiveness. We recently found that CP2c directly interacts with another TF, YY1, which is also overexpressed in multiple cancers, including HCC. To evaluate if these proteins are co-regulated in carcinogenesis, we analyzed the expression of CP2c and YY1 in HCC (n = 136) tissues and examined the correlation between their expression and clinicopathological characteristics of HCC. Receiver operating characteristic analysis exhibited the validity of CP2c and nuclear YY1 expression as a diagnostic factor in HCC tissues. High expression of CP2c was significantly correlated with patient age, and higher histological grade, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, and small and large vessel invasion in HCC tissues, whereas high expression of nuclear YY1 was significantly associated with higher AJCC stage and small vessel invasion. In univariate and multivariate analyses, high expression of CP2c was significantly correlated with disease free survival (DFS), indicating that CP2c expression is an independent prognostic factor for DFS in HCC patients. Patients with high expression of both CP2c and nuclear YY1 usually had a shorter median survival time and worse DFS prognosis than other patients, suggesting that combined detection of CP2c and nuclear YY1 is a useful prognostic marker in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sook Kim
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.,Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Seung Han Son
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - DongHo Choi
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ik-Soon Jang
- Division of Bioconvergence, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Korea
| | - Seung Sam Paik
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Chae
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Chul Geun Kim
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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14
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Zhang J, Geng Y, Guo F, Zhang F, Liu M, Song L, Ma Y, Li D, Zhang Y, Xu H, Yang H. Screening and identification of critical transcription factors involved in the protection of cardiomyocytes against hydrogen peroxide-induced damage by Yixin-shu. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13867. [PMID: 29066842 PMCID: PMC5655617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress initiates harmful cellular responses, such as DNA damage and protein denaturation, triggering a series of cardiovascular disorders. Systematic investigations of the transcription factors (TFs) involved in oxidative stress can help reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms and facilitate the discovery of effective therapeutic targets in related diseases. In this study, an integrated strategy which integrated RNA-seq-based transcriptomics techniques and a newly developed concatenated tandem array of consensus TF response elements (catTFREs)-based proteomics approach and then combined with a network pharmacology analysis, was developed and this integrated strategy was used to investigate critical TFs in the protection of Yixin-shu (YXS), a standardized medical product used for ischaemic heart disease, against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced damage in cardiomyocytes. Importantly, YXS initiated biological process such as anti-apoptosis and DNA repair to protect cardiomyocytes from H2O2-induced damage. By using the integrated strategy, DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase (Apex1), pre B-cell leukemia transcription factor 3 (Pbx3), and five other TFs with their functions involved in anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis and DNA repair were identified. This study offers a new understanding of the mechanism underlying YXS-mediated protection against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes and reveals novel targets for oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ya Geng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Fangbo Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Mingwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuexiang Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Defeng Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Haiyu Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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15
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Gu YJ, Li HD, Zhao L, Zhao S, He WB, Rui L, Su C, Zheng HC, Su RJ. GRP78 confers the resistance to 5-FU by activating the c-Src/LSF/TS axis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:33658-74. [PMID: 26378040 PMCID: PMC4741793 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
5-FU is a common first-line chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. However the development of acquired resistance to 5-FU confines its clinical usages. Although this phenomenon has been the subject of intense investigation, the exact mechanism of acquired resistance to 5-FU remains elusive. Here, we report that over-expression of GRP78 contributes to acquired resistance to 5-FU in HCC by up-regulating the c-Src/LSF/TS axis. Moreover, we found that the resistance to 5-FU conferred by GRP78 is mediated by its ATPase domain. The ATPase domain differentially increased the expression of LSF, TS and promoted the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt. We further identified that GRP78 interacts physically with c-Src through its ATPase domain and promotes the phosphorylation of c-Src, which in turn increases the expression of LSF in the nucleus. Together, GRP78 confers the resistance to 5-FU by up-regulating the c-Src/LSF/TS axis via its ATPase domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-jiao Gu
- Pathology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hong-dan Li
- Central Laboratory, Liaoning Medical College, Jinzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Liaoning Medical College, Jinzhou, China
| | - Song Zhao
- Pharmacy Department, Liaoning Medical College, Jinzhou, China
| | - Wu-bin He
- Pathology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College, Jinzhou, China
| | - Li Rui
- Pathology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College, Jinzhou, China
| | - Chang Su
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Liaoning Medical College, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hua-chuan Zheng
- Cancer Research Center, Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury of Liaoning Province and Laboratory Animal Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College, Jinzhou, China
| | - Rong-jian Su
- Central Laboratory, Liaoning Medical College, Jinzhou, China
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16
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Kim JS, Chae JH, Cheon YP, Kim CG. Reciprocal localization of transcription factors YY1 and CP2c in spermatogonial stem cells and their putative roles during spermatogenesis. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:685-692. [PMID: 27612612 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining stemness and permitting differentiation mediated by combinations of transcription factors (TFs) are key aspects of mammalian spermatogenesis. It has been established that yin yang 1 (YY1), a target factor of mammalian polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and a regulator of stemness, is involved in the stable maintenance of prophase stage spermatocytes. Recently, we have demonstrated that the TF CP2c partners with YY1 in some cells to antagonistically regulate the other protein's function. To date, the functional roles of YY1 and CP2c in spermatogonial stem cells and their derived germ cells remain unclear. Here, we investigated the expression of YY1 and CP2c in mouse gonocytes and germ cells using tissue immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analyses. At E14.5, both YY1 and CP2c were stained in gonocytes and Sertoli cells in testicular cords, showing different proportion and density of immunoreactivity. However, in adult testes, YY1 was localized in the nuclei of spermatogonial stem cells and spermatocytes, but not in spermatozoa. It was also detected in spermatogonia and spermatids in a stage-specific manner during spermatogenic cycle. CP2c could be detected mostly in the cytoplasm of spermatocytes but not at all in spermatogonial stem cells, indicating mutually exclusive expression of CP2c and YY1. Interestingly, however, CP2c was stained in the cytoplasm and nucleus of spermatogonia at elongation and release stages, and co-localized with YY1 in the nucleus at grouping, maturation, and releasing stages. Neither YY1 nor CP2c was expressed in spermatozoa. Our data indicate that YY1 strongly localizes in the spermatogonial stem cells and co-localizes heterogeneously with CP2c to permit spermatogenesis, and also suggest that YY1 is essential for stemness of spermatogonial stem cells (SCs) whereas CP2c is critical for the commitment of spermatogonia and during the progression of spermatogonia to spermatids. This evaluation expands our understanding of the molecular mechanism of spermatogonia formation as well as spermatogenesis in general.
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17
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Rajasekaran D, Siddiq A, Willoughby JLS, Biagi JM, Christadore LM, Yunes SA, Gredler R, Jariwala N, Robertson CL, Akiel MA, Shen XN, Subler MA, Windle JJ, Schaus SE, Fisher PB, Hansen U, Sarkar D. Small molecule inhibitors of Late SV40 Factor (LSF) abrogate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): Evaluation using an endogenous HCC model. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26266-77. [PMID: 26313006 PMCID: PMC4694900 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal malignancy with high mortality and poor prognosis. Oncogenic transcription factor Late SV40 Factor (LSF) plays an important role in promoting HCC. A small molecule inhibitor of LSF, Factor Quinolinone Inhibitor 1 (FQI1), significantly inhibited human HCC xenografts in nude mice without harming normal cells. Here we evaluated the efficacy of FQI1 and another inhibitor, FQI2, in inhibiting endogenous hepatocarcinogenesis. HCC was induced in a transgenic mouse with hepatocyte-specific overexpression of c-myc (Alb/c-myc) by injecting N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) followed by FQI1 or FQI2 treatment after tumor development. LSF inhibitors markedly decreased tumor burden in Alb/c-myc mice with a corresponding decrease in proliferation and angiogenesis. Interestingly, in vitro treatment of human HCC cells with LSF inhibitors resulted in mitotic arrest with an accompanying increase in CyclinB1. Inhibition of CyclinB1 induction by Cycloheximide or CDK1 activity by Roscovitine significantly prevented FQI-induced mitotic arrest. A significant induction of apoptosis was also observed upon treatment with FQI. These effects of LSF inhibition, mitotic arrest and induction of apoptosis by FQI1s provide multiple avenues by which these inhibitors eliminate HCC cells. LSF inhibitors might be highly potent and effective therapeutics for HCC either alone or in combination with currently existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraja Rajasekaran
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Ayesha Siddiq
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jennifer L S Willoughby
- Department of Biology, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development at Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jessica M Biagi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development at Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lisa M Christadore
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development at Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sarah A Yunes
- Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rachel Gredler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Nidhi Jariwala
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Chadia L Robertson
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Maaged A Akiel
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Xue-Ning Shen
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Mark A Subler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jolene J Windle
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Scott E Schaus
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development at Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Ulla Hansen
- Department of Biology, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development at Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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18
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Xu X, Liu Z, Zhou L, Xie H, Cheng J, Ling Q, Wang J, Guo H, Wei X, Zheng S. Characterization of genome-wide TFCP2 targets in hepatocellular carcinoma: implication of targets FN1 and TJP1 in metastasis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:6. [PMID: 25609232 PMCID: PMC4311423 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Transcription factor CP2 (TFCP2) is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and correlated with the progression of the disease. Here we report the use of an integrated systems biology approach to identify genome-wide scale map of TFCP2 targets as well as the molecular function and pathways regulated by TFCP2 in HCC. Methods We combined Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) on chip along with gene expression microarrays to study global transcriptional regulation of TFCP2 in HCC. The biological functions, molecular pathways, and networks associated with TFCP2 were identified using computational approaches. Validation of selected target gene expression and direct binding of TFCP2 to promoters were performed by ChIP -PCR and promoter reporter. Results TFCP2 fostered a highly aggressive and metastatic phenotype in different HCC cells. Transcriptome analysis showed that alteration of TFCP2 in HCC cells led to change of genes in biological functions involved in cancer, cellular growth and proliferation, angiogenesis, cell movement and attachment. Pathways related to cell movement and cancer progression were also enriched. A quest for TFCP2-regulated factors contributing to metastasis, by integration of transcriptome and ChIP on chip assay, identified fibronectin 1 (FN1) and tight junction protein 1 (TJP1) as targets of TFCP2, and as key mediators of HCC metastasis. Promoter reporter identified the TFCP2-responsive region, and located the motifs of TFCP2-binding sites in the FN1 promoter, which then was confirmed by ChIP-PCR. We further showed that FN1 inhibition blocks the TFCP2-induced increase in HCC cell aggression, and that overexpression of TFCP2 can rescue the effects of FN1 inhibition. Knock down of TJP1 could also rescue, at least in part, the aggressive effect of TFCP2 knockdown in HCC cells. Conclusions The identification of global targets, molecular pathways and networks associated with TFCP2, together with the discovery of the effect of TFCP2 on FN1 and TJP1 that are involved in metastasis, adds to our understanding of the mechanisms that determine a highly aggressive and metastatic phenotype in hepatocarcinogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-015-0121-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 QingChun Road, HangZhou, China.
| | - Zhikun Liu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 QingChun Road, HangZhou, China.
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, HangZhou, China.
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, HangZhou, China.
| | - Jun Cheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 QingChun Road, HangZhou, China.
| | - Qi Ling
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 QingChun Road, HangZhou, China.
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, HangZhou, China.
| | - Haijun Guo
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 QingChun Road, HangZhou, China.
| | - Xuyong Wei
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, HangZhou, China.
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 QingChun Road, HangZhou, China.
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19
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly virulent malignancy with diverse etiology. Identification of a common mediator of aggressive progression of HCC would be extremely beneficial not only for diagnostic/prognostic purposes but also for developing targeted therapies. AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC gene is amplified in human HCC patients, and overexpression of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC has been identified in a high percentage of both hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus positive HCC cases, suggesting its key role in regulating hepatocarcinogenesis. Important insights into the molecular mechanisms mediating oncogenic properties of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC, especially regulating chemoresistance, angiogenesis, and metastasis, have been obtained from studies using HCC model. Additionally, analysis of HCC model has facilitated the identification of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC downstream genes and interacting proteins, thereby unraveling novel players regulating HCC development and progression leading to the development of novel interventional strategies. Characterization of a hepatocyte-specific AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC transgenic mouse (Alb/AEG-1) has revealed novel aspects of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC function in in vivo contexts. Combination of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC inhibition and chemotherapy has documented significant efficacy in abrogating human HCC xenografts in nude mice indicating the need for developing effective AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC inhibition strategies to obtain objective response and survival benefits in terminal HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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20
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Broniarczyk JK, Warowicka A, Kwaśniewska A, Wohuń-Cholewa M, Kwaśniewski W, Goździcka-Józefiak A. Expression of TSG101 protein and LSF transcription factor in HPV-positive cervical cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2014; 7:1409-1413. [PMID: 24765146 PMCID: PMC3997686 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated a decreased expression of tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) in cervical cancer cells. To identify the mechanism responsible for TSG101 downregulation during cervical cancer development, we analyzed the TSG101 promoter using cis-element cluster finder software. One of the transcription factors whose binding site was detected in the TSG101 promoter was late SV40 factor (LSF). The aim of this study was to analyze the TSG101 protein and LSF expression levels during cervical cancer development. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed a previously observed decreased expression of TSG101, whereas quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry analysis revealed high expression of LSF in cervical, precancer and cancer cells compared with human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative non-cancer samples. High expression of LSF in cervical cancer HPV-positive cells suggests that this protein may be important in the regulation of TSG101 expression, as well as in cervical carcinogenesis. The role of LSF as a mediator in cervical cancer development must be confirmed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicja Warowicka
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Anna Kwaśniewska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-081, Poland
| | - Maria Wohuń-Cholewa
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Medical Science, Poznan 60-806, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kwaśniewski
- First Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-081, Poland
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21
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Scoparone exerts anti-tumor activity against DU145 prostate cancer cells via inhibition of STAT3 activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80391. [PMID: 24260381 PMCID: PMC3829856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Scoparone, a natural compound isolated from Artemisia capillaris, has been used in Chinese herbal medicine to treat neonatal jaundice. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) contributes to the growth and survival of many human tumors. This study was undertaken to investigate the anti-tumor activity of scoparone against DU145 prostate cancer cells and to determine whether its effects are mediated by inhibition of STAT3 activity. Scoparone inhibited proliferation of DU145 cells via cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Transient transfection assays showed that scoparone repressed both constitutive and IL-6-induced transcriptional activity of STAT3. Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR analyses demonstrated that scoparone suppressed the transcription of STAT3 target genes such as cyclin D1, c-Myc, survivin, Bcl-2, and Socs3. Consistent with this, scoparone decreased phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of STAT3, but did not reduce phosphorylation of janus kinase 2 (JAK2) or Src, the major upstream kinases responsible for STAT3 activation. Moreover, transcriptional activity of a constitutively active mutant of STAT3 (STAT3C) was inhibited by scoparone, but not by AG490, a JAK2 inhibitor. Furthermore, scoparone treatment suppressed anchorage-independent growth in soft agar and tumor growth of DU145 xenografts in nude mice, concomitant with a reduction in STAT3 phosphorylation. Computational modeling suggested that scoparone might bind the SH2 domain of STAT3. Our findings suggest that scoparone elicits an anti-tumor effect against DU145 prostate cancer cells in part through inhibition of STAT3 activity.
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Corlu A, Loyer P. Regulation of the g1/s transition in hepatocytes: involvement of the cyclin-dependent kinase cdk1 in the DNA replication. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:689324. [PMID: 23091735 PMCID: PMC3471441 DOI: 10.1155/2012/689324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A singular feature of adult differentiated hepatocytes is their capacity to proliferate allowing liver regeneration. This review emphasizes the literature published over the last 20 years that established the most important pathways regulating the hepatocyte cell cycle. Our article also aimed at illustrating that many discoveries in this field benefited from the combined use of in vivo models of liver regeneration and in vitro models of primary cultures of human and rodent hepatocytes. Using these models, our laboratory has contributed to decipher the different steps of the progression into the G1 phase and the commitment to S phase of proliferating hepatocytes. We identified the mitogen dependent restriction point located at the two-thirds of the G1 phase and the concomitant expression and activation of both Cdk1 and Cdk2 at the G1/S transition. Furthermore, we demonstrated that these two Cdks contribute to the DNA replication. Finally, we provided strong evidences that Cdk1 expression and activation is correlated to extracellular matrix degradation upon stimulation by the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα leading to the identification of a new signaling pathway regulating Cdk1 expression at the G1/S transition. It also further confirms the well-orchestrated regulation of liver regeneration via multiple extracellular signals and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Corlu
- Inserm UMR S 991, Foie Métabolismes et Cancer, Université de Rennes 1, Hôpital Pontchaillou, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Pascal Loyer
- Inserm UMR S 991, Foie Métabolismes et Cancer, Université de Rennes 1, Hôpital Pontchaillou, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France
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23
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Santhekadur PK, Rajasekaran D, Siddiq A, Gredler R, Chen D, Schaus SE, Hansen U, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. The transcription factor LSF: a novel oncogene for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:269-285. [PMID: 22679558 PMCID: PMC3365805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor LSF (Late SV40 Factor), also known as TFCP2, belongs to the LSF/CP2 family related to Grainyhead family of proteins and is involved in many biological events, including regulation of cellular and viral promoters, cell cycle, DNA synthesis, cell survival and Alzheimer's disease. Our recent studies establish an oncogenic role of LSF in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). LSF overexpression is detected in human HCC cell lines and in more than 90% cases of human HCC patients, compared to normal hepatocytes and liver, and its expression level showed significant correlation with the stages and grades of the disease. Forced overexpression of LSF in less aggressive HCC cells resulted in highly aggressive, angiogenic and multi-organ metastatic tumors in nude mice. Conversely, inhibition of LSF significantly abrogated growth and metastasis of highly aggressive HCC cells in nude mice. Microarray studies revealed that as a transcription factor LSF modulated specific genes regulating invasion, angiogenesis, chemoresistance and senescence. LSF transcriptionally regulates thymidylate synthase (TS) gene, thus contributing to cell cycle regulation and chemoresistance. Our studies identify a network of proteins, including osteopontin (OPN), Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), c-Met and complement factor H (CFH), that are directly regulated by LSF and play important role in LSF-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. A high throughput screening identified small molecule inhibitors of LSF DNA binding and the prototype of these molecules, Factor Quinolinone inhibitor 1 (FQI1), profoundly inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in human HCC cells without exerting harmful effects to normal immortal human hepatocytes and primary mouse hepatocytes. In nude mice xenograft studies, FQI1 markedly inhibited growth of human HCC xenografts as well as angiogenesis without exerting any toxicity. These studies establish a key role of LSF in hepatocarcinogenesis and usher in a novel therapeutic avenue for HCC, an invariably fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna K Santhekadur
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Devaraja Rajasekaran
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Ayesha Siddiq
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Rachel Gredler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Pathology,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Scott E Schaus
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development at Boston University (CMLDBU)Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ulla Hansen
- Department of Biology, Boston UniversityBoston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Pathology,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
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Antiproliferative small-molecule inhibitors of transcription factor LSF reveal oncogene addiction to LSF in hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:4503-8. [PMID: 22396589 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1121601109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. Despite the prevalence of HCC, there is no effective, systemic treatment. The transcription factor LSF is a promising protein target for chemotherapy; it is highly expressed in HCC patient samples and cell lines, and promotes oncogenesis in rodent xenograft models of HCC. Here, we identify small molecules that effectively inhibit LSF cellular activity. The lead compound, factor quinolinone inhibitor 1 (FQI1), inhibits LSF DNA-binding activity both in vitro, as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and in cells, as determined by ChIP. Consistent with such inhibition, FQI1 eliminates transcriptional stimulation of LSF-dependent reporter constructs. FQI1 also exhibits antiproliferative activity in multiple cell lines. In LSF-overexpressing cells, including HCC cells, cell death is rapidly induced; however, primary or immortalized hepatocytes are unaffected by treatment with FQI1. The highly concordant structure-activity relationship of a panel of 23 quinolinones strongly suggests that the growth inhibitory activity is due to a single biological target or family. Coupled with the striking agreement between the concentrations required for antiproliferative activity (GI(50)s) and for inhibition of LSF transactivation (IC(50)s), we conclude that LSF is the specific biological target of FQIs. Based on these in vitro results, we tested the efficacy of FQI1 in inhibiting HCC tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. As a single agent, tumor growth was dramatically inhibited with no observable general tissue cytotoxicity. These findings support the further development of LSF inhibitors for cancer chemotherapy.
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25
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Yoo BK, Gredler R, Chen D, Santhekadur PK, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. c-Met activation through a novel pathway involving osteopontin mediates oncogenesis by the transcription factor LSF. J Hepatol 2011; 55:1317-24. [PMID: 21703197 PMCID: PMC3183108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) would facilitate development of targeted and effective therapies for this fatal disease. We recently demonstrated that the cellular transcription factor Late SV40 Factor (LSF) is overexpressed in more than 90% of human HCC cases, compared to the normal liver, and plays a seminal role in hepatocarcinogenesis. LSF transcriptionally upregulates osteopontin (OPN) that plays a significant role in mediating the oncogenic function of LSF. The present study aims at a better understanding of LSF function by analyzing the signaling pathway modulated by LSF. METHODS Phospho-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) array was performed to identify which receptor tyrosine kinases are activated by LSF. Immunohistochemical analysis using tissue microarray was performed to establish correlation among LSF, OPN, and phospho-c-Met levels in HCC patients. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis was performed to check OPN-induced CD44 and c-Met interaction. Inhibition studies using chemicals and siRNAs were performed in vitro and in vivo using nude mice xenograft models to establish the importance of c-Met activation in mediating LSF function. RESULTS Secreted OPN, induced by LSF, activates c-Met via a potential interaction between OPN and its cell surface receptor CD44. A significant correlation was observed among LSF, OPN, and activated c-Met levels in HCC patients. Chemical or genetic inhibition of c-Met resulted in profound abrogation of LSF-mediated tumorigenesis and metastasis in nude mice xenograft studies. CONCLUSIONS The present findings elucidate a novel pathway of c-Met activation during hepatocarcinogenesis and support the rationale of using c-Met inhibitors as potential HCC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Kwon Yoo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Rachel Gredler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Prasanna K. Santhekadur
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Fan RH, Li J, Wu N, Chen PS. Late SV40 factor: A key mediator of Notch signaling in human hepatocarcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:3420-30. [PMID: 21876634 PMCID: PMC3160568 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i29.3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between late SV40 factor (LSF) and Notch signaling in the development and progress of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: Liver cancer tissue specimens from 25 patients were analyzed for Notch-1 and LSF expression by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between expression and the biological effects of Notch-1 and LSF were analyzed using genetic and pharmacological strategies in HCC cell lines and human normal cell lines, including hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and human embryonic kidney epithelial cells (HEK).
RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry showed that both Notch-1 and LSF were significantly upregulated in HCC samples (76%, 19/25, P < 0.0001 and 84%, 21/25, P < 0.0001, respectively) compared with non-cancer samples. Activation of Notch-1 by exogenous transfection of Notch1 intracellular domain increased LSF expression in HSC and HEK cells to levels similar to those seen in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, blocking Notch-1 activation with a γ-secretase inhibitor, DAPT, downregulated LSF expression in HepG2 cells. Additionally, a biological behavior assay showed that forced overexpression of LSF promoted HepG2 cell proliferation and invasion.
CONCLUSION: LSF is a key mediator of the Notch signaling pathway, suggesting that it might be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC.
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Yoo BK, Emdad L, Lee SG, Su ZZ, Santhekadur P, Chen D, Gredler R, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1): A multifunctional regulator of normal and abnormal physiology. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:1-8. [PMID: 21256156 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its initial identification and cloning in 2002, Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 (AEG-1), also known as metadherin (MTDH), 3D3 and LYsine-RIch CEACAM1 co-isolated (LYRIC), has emerged as an important oncogene that is overexpressed in all cancers analyzed so far. Examination of a large cohort of patient samples representing diverse cancer indications has revealed progressive increase in AEG-1 expression with stages and grades of the disease and an inverse relationship between AEG-1 expression level and patient prognosis. AEG-1 functions as a bona fide oncogene by promoting transformation. In addition, it plays a significant role in invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and chemoresistance, all important hallmarks of an aggressive cancer. AEG-1 is also implicated in diverse physiological and pathological processes, such as development, inflammation, neurodegeneration, migraine and Huntington's disease. AEG-1 is a highly basic protein with a transmembrane domain and multiple nuclear localization signals and it is present in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus and endoplasmic reticulum. In each location, AEG-1 interacts with specific proteins thereby modulating diverse intracellular processes the combination of which contributes to its pleiotrophic properties. The present review provides a snapshot of the current literature along with future perspectives on this unique molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Kwon Yoo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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28
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Yoo BK, Emdad L, Lee SG, Su ZZ, Santhekadur P, Chen D, Gredler R, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1): A multifunctional regulator of normal and abnormal physiology. Pharmacol Ther 2011. [PMID: 21256156 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharm-thera.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since its initial identification and cloning in 2002, Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 (AEG-1), also known as metadherin (MTDH), 3D3 and LYsine-RIch CEACAM1 co-isolated (LYRIC), has emerged as an important oncogene that is overexpressed in all cancers analyzed so far. Examination of a large cohort of patient samples representing diverse cancer indications has revealed progressive increase in AEG-1 expression with stages and grades of the disease and an inverse relationship between AEG-1 expression level and patient prognosis. AEG-1 functions as a bona fide oncogene by promoting transformation. In addition, it plays a significant role in invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and chemoresistance, all important hallmarks of an aggressive cancer. AEG-1 is also implicated in diverse physiological and pathological processes, such as development, inflammation, neurodegeneration, migraine and Huntington's disease. AEG-1 is a highly basic protein with a transmembrane domain and multiple nuclear localization signals and it is present in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus and endoplasmic reticulum. In each location, AEG-1 interacts with specific proteins thereby modulating diverse intracellular processes the combination of which contributes to its pleiotrophic properties. The present review provides a snapshot of the current literature along with future perspectives on this unique molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Kwon Yoo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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29
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Schmitz JC, Chu E. Effect of small interfering RNA 3'-end overhangs on chemosensitivity to thymidylate synthase inhibitors. SILENCE 2011; 2:1. [PMID: 21247442 PMCID: PMC3035029 DOI: 10.1186/1758-907x-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are double-stranded RNAs that effectively inhibit expression of its complimentary target mRNA. Standard siRNAs contain two nucleotide overhangs on their 3' end. While these overhangs are usually comprised of deoxythymidines (dT), it has been shown that any nucleotide can be used on the 3' end without affecting RNAi silencing. Results It was recently shown that extension of the 3' end to five or eight dT molecules allows siRNAs to be effectively complexed with linear polyethylenimine (PEI), leading to enhanced cellular uptake and intracellular release. Here, we provide further evidence that only extended or 'sticky' siRNAs complexed with PEI result in significant target knockdown. However, when investigating the potential effects of these extended siRNAs on growth of human colon cancer RKO cells, we observed a dose-dependent reversal of cytotoxicity of a thymidylate synthase-targeted siRNA. In contrast, siRNAs with uridine overhangs maintained their growth inhibitory effects. We further demonstrated that dT-containing siRNAs prevented the cytotoxic effects of thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitor compounds, such as ZD1694 and 5'-fluoro-deoxyuridine, while having no deleterious effect on cisplatin toxicity. We show that this rescue effect results from the rapid degradation of the siRNA. Conclusions Given that TS is an important enzyme for cell growth and proliferation and that its expression is controlled by multiple pathways, the rescue of its growth inhibitory effects may have unintended consequences. As siRNAs are being developed as therapeutic molecules, it will be important to avoid such off-target effects due to dT release. Hence, siRNAs should contain only uridine residues in their 3'-end overhangs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Schmitz
- VACT Healthcare System, VACT Cancer Center, West Haven, CT, USA.
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30
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Saxena UH, Owens L, Graham JR, Cooper GM, Hansen U. Prolyl isomerase Pin1 regulates transcription factor LSF (TFCP2) by facilitating dephosphorylation at two serine-proline motifs. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:31139-47. [PMID: 20682773 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.078808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor LSF is essential for cell cycle progression, being required for activating expression of the thymidylate synthase (Tyms) gene at the G1/S transition. We previously established that phosphorylation of LSF in early G1 at Ser-291 and Ser-309 inhibits its transcriptional activity and that dephosphorylation later in G1 is required for its reactivation. Here we reveal the role of prolyl cis-trans isomerase Pin1 in activating LSF, by facilitating dephosphorylation at both Ser-291 and Ser-309. We demonstrate that Pin1 binds LSF both in vitro and in vivo. Using coimmunoprecipitation assays, we identify three SP/TP motifs in LSF (at residues Ser-291, Ser-309, and Thr-329) that are required and sufficient for association with Pin1. Co-expression of Pin1 enhances LSF transactivation potential in reporter assays. The Pin1-dependent enhancement of LSF activity requires residue Thr-329 in LSF, requires both the WW and PPiase domains of Pin1, and correlates with hypophosphorylation of LSF at Ser-291 and Ser-309. These findings support a model in which the binding of Pin1 at the Thr-329-Pro-330 motif in LSF permits isomerization by Pin1 of the peptide bonds at the nearby phosphorylated SP motifs (Ser-291 and Ser-309) to the trans configuration, thereby facilitating their dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsav H Saxena
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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31
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Yoo BK, Emdad L, Gredler R, Fuller C, Dumur CI, Jones KH, Jackson-Cook C, Su ZZ, Chen D, Saxena UH, Hansen U, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. Transcription factor Late SV40 Factor (LSF) functions as an oncogene in hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8357-62. [PMID: 20404171 PMCID: PMC2889542 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000374107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive cancer with no currently available effective treatment. Understanding of the molecular mechanism of HCC development and progression is imperative for developing novel, effective, and targeted therapies for this lethal disease. In this article, we document that the cellular transcription factor Late SV40 Factor (LSF) plays an important role in HCC pathogenesis. LSF protein was significantly overexpressed in human HCC cells compared to normal hepatocytes. In 109 HCC patients, LSF protein was overexpressed in >90% cases, compared to normal liver, and LSF expression level showed significant correlation with the stages and grades of the disease. Forced overexpression of LSF in less aggressive HCC cells resulted in highly aggressive, angiogenic, and multiorgan metastatic tumors in nude mice. Conversely, inhibition of LSF significantly abrogated growth and metastasis of highly aggressive HCC cells in nude mice. Microarray studies revealed that as a transcription factor, LSF modulated specific genes regulating invasion, angiogenesis, chemoresistance, and senescence. The expression of osteopontin (OPN), a gene regulating every step in tumor progression and metastasis, was robustly up-regulated by LSF. It was documented that LSF transcriptionally up-regulates OPN, and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that OPN plays an important role in mediating the oncogenic functions of LSF. Together, these data establish a regulatory role of LSF in cancer, particularly HCC pathogenesis, and validate LSF as a viable target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Colleen Jackson-Cook
- Departments of Human and Molecular Genetics and
- Pathology
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | | | | | | | - Ulla Hansen
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Departments of Human and Molecular Genetics and
- Virginia Commonwealth University Institute of Molecular Medicine, and
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Departments of Human and Molecular Genetics and
- Pathology
- Virginia Commonwealth University Institute of Molecular Medicine, and
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
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Traylor-Knowles N, Hansen U, Dubuc TQ, Martindale MQ, Kaufman L, Finnerty JR. The evolutionary diversification of LSF and Grainyhead transcription factors preceded the radiation of basal animal lineages. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:101. [PMID: 20398424 PMCID: PMC2873413 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription factors of the LSF/Grainyhead (GRH) family are characterized by the possession of a distinctive DNA-binding domain that bears no clear relationship to other known DNA-binding domains, with the possible exception of the p53 core domain. In triploblastic animals, the LSF and GRH subfamilies have diverged extensively with respect to their biological roles, general expression patterns, and mechanism of DNA binding. For example, Grainyhead (GRH) homologs are expressed primarily in the epidermis, and they appear to play an ancient role in maintaining the epidermal barrier. By contrast, LSF homologs are more widely expressed, and they regulate general cellular functions such as cell cycle progression and survival in addition to cell-lineage specific gene expression. Results To illuminate the early evolution of this family and reconstruct the functional divergence of LSF and GRH, we compared homologs from 18 phylogenetically diverse taxa, including four basal animals (Nematostella vectensis, Vallicula multiformis, Trichoplax adhaerens, and Amphimedon queenslandica), a choanoflagellate (Monosiga brevicollis) and several fungi. Phylogenetic and bioinformatic analyses of these sequences indicate that (1) the LSF/GRH gene family originated prior to the animal-fungal divergence, and (2) the functional diversification of the LSF and GRH subfamilies occurred prior to the divergence between sponges and eumetazoans. Aspects of the domain architecture of LSF/GRH proteins are well conserved between fungi, choanoflagellates, and metazoans, though within the Metazoa, the LSF and GRH families are clearly distinct. We failed to identify a convincing LSF/GRH homolog in the sequenced genomes of the algae Volvox carteri and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii or the amoebozoan Dictyostelium purpureum. Interestingly, the ancestral GRH locus has become split into two separate loci in the sea anemone Nematostella, with one locus encoding a DNA binding domain and the other locus encoding the dimerization domain. Conclusions In metazoans, LSF and GRH proteins play a number of roles that are essential to achieving and maintaining multicellularity. It is now clear that this protein family already existed in the unicellular ancestor of animals, choanoflagellates, and fungi. However, the diversification of distinct LSF and GRH subfamilies appears to be a metazoan invention. Given the conserved role of GRH in maintaining epithelial integrity in vertebrates, insects, and nematodes, it is noteworthy that the evolutionary origin of Grh appears roughly coincident with the evolutionary origin of the epithelium.
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Hansen U, Owens L, Saxena UH. Transcription factors LSF and E2Fs: tandem cyclists driving G0 to S? Cell Cycle 2009; 8:2146-51. [PMID: 19556876 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.14.9089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle progression in mammalian cells from G(1) into S phase requires sensing and integration of multiple inputs, in order to determine whether to continue to cellular DNA replication and subsequently, to cell division. Passage to S requires transition through the restriction point, which at a molecular level consists of a bistable switch involving E2Fs and pRb family members. At the G(1)/S boundary, a number of genes essential for DNA replication and cell cycle progression are upregulated, promoting entry into S phase. Although the activating E2Fs are the most extensively characterized transcription factors driving G(1)/S expression, LSF is also a transcription factor essential for stimulating G(1)/S gene expression. A critical LSF target gene at this stage, Tyms, encodes thymidylate synthetase. In investigating how LSF is activated in a cell cycle-dependent manner, we recently identified a novel time delay mechanism for regulating its activity during G(1) progression, which is apparently independent of the E2F/pRb axis. This involves inhibition of LSF in early G(1) by two major proliferative signaling pathways: ERK and cyclin C/CDK, followed by gradual dephosphorylation during mid- to late-G(1). Whether LSF and E2F act independently or in concert to promote G(1)/S progression remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Hansen
- Department of Biology and Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Abstract
Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) is overexpressed in >90% of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and plays a significant role in mediating aggressive progression of HCC. AEG-1 is known to augment invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis, and we now demonstrate that AEG-1 directly contributes to another important hallmark of aggressive cancers, that is, resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). AEG-1 augments expression of the transcription factor LSF that regulates the expression of thymidylate synthase (TS), a target of 5-FU. In addition, AEG-1 enhances the expression of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) that catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step in the catabolism of 5-FU. siRNA-mediated inhibition of AEG-1, LSF, or DPYD significantly increased the sensitivity of HCC cells to 5-FU in vitro and a lentivirus delivering AEG-1 siRNA in combination with 5-FU markedly inhibited growth of HCC cells xenotransplanted in athymic nude mice when compared to either agent alone. The present studies highlight 2 previously unidentified genes, AEG-1 and LSF, contributing to chemoresistance. Inhibition of AEG-1 might be exploited as a therapeutic strategy along with 5-FU-based combinatorial chemotherapy for HCC, a highly fatal cancer with currently very limited therapeutic options.
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Repetny KJ, Zhong X, Holodick NE, Rothstein TL, Hansen U. Binding of LBP-1a to specific immunoglobulin switch regions in vivo correlates with specific repression of class switch recombination. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1387-94. [PMID: 19384868 PMCID: PMC3407417 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Upon stimulation of mature B cells, class switch recombination (CSR) can alter the specific immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region that is expressed. In a tissue culture cell line, we previously demonstrated that inhibition of late SV40 factor (LSF) family members enhanced IgM to IgA CSR. Here, isotype specificity of CSR regulation by LSF family members is addressed in primary mouse splenic B cells. First, we demonstrate that leader-binding protein-1a (LBP-1a) is the prevalent family member in B lymphocytes. Second, we demonstrate by ChIP that LBP-1a binds genomic sequences around mouse switch (S) regions in an isotype-specific manner, in accordance with computational predictions: binding is observed to Smu and Salpha, but not to the tested Sgamma1, regions. Importantly, binding of LBP-1a is tightly regulated, with occupancy at genomic S regions dramatically decreasing following LPS stimulation. Finally, the consequence of DNA-binding by LBP-1a is determined using bone marrow chimeric mice in which LSF/LBP-1 activity is inhibited in hematopoietic lineages. Upon in vitro stimulation of such primary B cells, CSR occurs with a higher efficiency to IgA, but not to IgG1. These results are supportive of a model whereby LBP-1a represses CSR in an isotype-specific manner via direct interaction with S regions involved in the recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuemei Zhong
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA
| | - Nichol E. Holodick
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA
| | | | - Ulla Hansen
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston MA
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36
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Yoo BK, Emdad L, Su ZZ, Villanueva A, Chiang DY, Mukhopadhyay ND, Mills AS, Waxman S, Fisher RA, Llovet JM, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 regulates hepatocellular carcinoma development and progression. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:465-77. [PMID: 19221438 PMCID: PMC2648696 DOI: 10.1172/jci36460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive vascular cancer characterized by diverse etiology, activation of multiple signal transduction pathways, and various gene mutations. Here, we have determined a specific role for astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG1) in HCC pathogenesis. Expression of AEG1 was extremely low in human hepatocytes, but its levels were significantly increased in human HCC. Stable overexpression of AEG1 converted nontumorigenic human HCC cells into highly aggressive vascular tumors, and inhibition of AEG1 abrogated tumorigenesis by aggressive HCC cells in a xenograft model of nude mice. In human HCC, AEG1 overexpression was associated with elevated copy numbers. Microarray analysis revealed that AEG1 modulated the expression of genes associated with invasion, metastasis, chemoresistance, angiogenesis, and senescence. AEG1 also was found to activate Wnt/beta-catenin signaling via ERK42/44 activation and upregulated lymphoid-enhancing factor 1/T cell factor 1 (LEF1/TCF1), the ultimate executor of the Wnt pathway, important for HCC progression. Inhibition studies further demonstrated that activation of Wnt signaling played a key role in mediating AEG1 function. AEG1 also activated the NF-kappaB pathway, which may play a role in the chronic inflammatory changes preceding HCC development. These data indicate that AEG1 plays a central role in regulating diverse aspects of HCC pathogenesis. Targeted inhibition of AEG1 might lead to the shutdown of key elemental characteristics of HCC and could lead to an effective therapeutic strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Kwon Yoo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, HCC Translational Research Lab, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Biostatistics and
Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Molecular Medicine and
Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, HCC Translational Research Lab, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Biostatistics and
Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Molecular Medicine and
Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Zao-zhong Su
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, HCC Translational Research Lab, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Biostatistics and
Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Molecular Medicine and
Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, HCC Translational Research Lab, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Biostatistics and
Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Molecular Medicine and
Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Derek Y. Chiang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, HCC Translational Research Lab, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Biostatistics and
Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Molecular Medicine and
Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Nitai D. Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, HCC Translational Research Lab, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Biostatistics and
Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Molecular Medicine and
Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Alan Scott Mills
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, HCC Translational Research Lab, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Biostatistics and
Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Molecular Medicine and
Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Samuel Waxman
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, HCC Translational Research Lab, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Biostatistics and
Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Molecular Medicine and
Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert A. Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, HCC Translational Research Lab, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Biostatistics and
Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Molecular Medicine and
Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Josep M. Llovet
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, HCC Translational Research Lab, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Biostatistics and
Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Molecular Medicine and
Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, HCC Translational Research Lab, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Biostatistics and
Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Molecular Medicine and
Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, HCC Translational Research Lab, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Biostatistics and
Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Molecular Medicine and
Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Phosphorylation by cyclin C/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 following mitogenic stimulation of murine fibroblasts inhibits transcriptional activity of LSF during G1 progression. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:2335-45. [PMID: 19237534 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00687-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor LSF is required for progression from quiescence through the cell cycle, regulating thymidylate synthase (Tyms) expression at the G(1)/S boundary. Given the constant level of LSF protein from G(0) through S, we investigated whether LSF is regulated by phosphorylation in G(1). In vitro, LSF is phosphorylated by cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), cyclin C/CDK2, and cyclin C/CDK3, predominantly on S309. Phosphorylation of LSF on S309 is maximal 1 to 2 h after mitogenic stimulation of quiescent mouse fibroblasts. This phosphorylation is mediated by cyclin C-dependent kinases, as shown by coimmunoprecipitation of LSF and cyclin C in early G(1) and by abrogation of LSF S309 phosphorylation upon suppression of cyclin C with short interfering RNA. Although mouse fibroblasts lack functional CDK3 (the partner of cyclin C in early G(1) in human cells), CDK2 compensates for this absence. By transient transfection assays, phosphorylation at S309, mediated by cyclin C overexpression, inhibits LSF transactivation. Moreover, overexpression of cyclin C and CDK3 inhibits induction of endogenous Tyms expression at the G(1)/S transition. These results identify LSF as only the second known target (in addition to pRb) of cyclin C/CDK activity during progression from quiescence to early G(1). Unexpectedly, this phosphorylation prevents induction of LSF target genes until late G(1).
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38
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Hu Z, Hu B, Collins JF. Prediction of synergistic transcription factors by function conservation. Genome Biol 2008; 8:R257. [PMID: 18053230 PMCID: PMC2246259 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-12-r257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A new strategy is proposed for identifying synergistic transcription factors by function conservation, leading to the identification of 51 homotypic transcription-factor combinations. Background Previous methods employed for the identification of synergistic transcription factors (TFs) are based on either TF enrichment from co-regulated genes or phylogenetic footprinting. Despite the success of these methods, both have limitations. Results We propose a new strategy to identify synergistic TFs by function conservation. Rather than aligning the regulatory sequences from orthologous genes and then identifying conserved TF binding sites (TFBSs) in the alignment, we developed computational approaches to implement the novel strategy. These methods include combinatorial TFBS enrichment utilizing distance constraints followed by enrichment of overlapping orthologous genes from human and mouse, whose regulatory sequences contain the enriched TFBS combinations. Subsequently, integration of function conservation from both TFBS and overlapping orthologous genes was achieved by correlation analyses. These techniques have been used for genome-wide promoter analyses, which have led to the identification of 51 homotypic TF combinations; the validity of these approaches has been exemplified by both known TF-TF interactions and function coherence analyses. We further provide computational evidence that our novel methods were able to identify synergistic TFs to a much greater extent than phylogenetic footprinting. Conclusion Function conservation based on the concordance of combinatorial TFBS enrichment along with enrichment of overlapping orthologous genes has been proven to be a successful means for the identification of synergistic TFs. This approach avoids the limitations of phylogenetic footprinting as it does not depend upon sequence alignment. It utilizes existing gene annotation data, such as those available in GO, thus providing an alternative method for functional TF discovery and annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihua Hu
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Department of Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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Abstract
Tetrahydrofolate (THF) polyglutamates are a family of cofactors that carry and chemically activate one-carbon units for biosynthesis. THF-mediated one-carbon metabolism is a metabolic network of interdependent biosynthetic pathways that is compartmentalized in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nucleus. One-carbon metabolism in the cytoplasm is required for the synthesis of purines and thymidylate and the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. One-carbon metabolism in the mitochondria is required for the synthesis of formylated methionyl-tRNA; the catabolism of choline, purines, and histidine; and the interconversion of serine and glycine. Mitochondria are also the primary source of one-carbon units for cytoplasmic metabolism. Increasing evidence indicates that folate-dependent de novo thymidylate biosynthesis occurs in the nucleus of certain cell types. Disruption of folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism is associated with many pathologies and developmental anomalies, yet the biochemical mechanisms and causal metabolic pathways responsible for the initiation and/or progression of folate-associated pathologies have yet to be established. This chapter focuses on our current understanding of mammalian folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism, its cellular compartmentation, and knowledge gaps that limit our understanding of one-carbon metabolism and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Fox
- Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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40
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Kapadia F, Johnson LF. Introduction of an initiator element in the mouse thymidylate synthase promoter alters S phase regulation but has no effect on promoter bidirectionality. J Cell Biochem 2006; 97:599-608. [PMID: 16215980 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The promoter of the mouse thymidylate synthase (TS) gene lacks a TATAA box and an initiator element, is bidirectional and initiates transcription at multiple start sites across broad initiation windows upstream and downstream of the 30 nt essential promoter region. The TS promoter also plays an essential role in the post-transcription regulation of TS gene expression during the G(1)-S phase transition. The goal of this study was to determine if the addition of a TATAA box or an initiator element would have a significant effect on start-site pattern, promoter bidirectionality and S phase regulation of the TS gene. A TATAA box and/or an initiator element were inserted downstream of the TS essential promoter region, and the modified promoters were used to drive expression of indicator genes. The engineered genes were transfected into cultured mammalian cells, and the effects of the mutations were determined. Addition of the TATAA box and especially the initiator element had a significant effect on the transcription start site pattern, indicating that the elements were functional. Unexpectedly, addition of one or both of these elements had no effect on promoter bidirectionality. However, inclusion of the initiator element led to a significant reduction in S phase regulation of TS mRNA levels, indicating that changes in promoter architecture can perturb normal S phase regulation of TS gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fehmida Kapadia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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41
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Nilsson T, Malkiewicz K, Gabrielsson M, Folkesson R, Winblad B, Benedikz E. Antibody-bound amyloid precursor protein upregulates ornithine decarboxylase expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:1294-9. [PMID: 16469300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by extracellular accumulation of the Abeta peptide, derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). The function of APP as a cell surface receptor was examined by ligand-mimicking using an antibody against the APP extracellular domain. Alterations in gene expression evoked by antibody-bound APP were analysed using human pathway-finder gene arrays and the largest change in expression levels was found for ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). These results were confirmed by Western blotting which showed even higher upregulation on the protein level. APP knockdown by RNAi verified that upregulation of ODC was APP-mediated. This APP signalling event did not require gamma-secretase cleavage, as it was independent of the presence of presenilin-1 or -2. The induced ODC expression was rapid and biphasic, resembling growth-factor stimulated signalling events. This study shows that antibody-bound APP leads to altered gene expression that may be relevant to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Nilsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Neurotec, Section of Experimental Geriatrics, Novum floor 5, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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42
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Breous E, Wenzel A, Loos U. Promoter cloning and characterisation of the transcriptional regulation of the human thyrostimulin A2 subunit. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 245:169-80. [PMID: 16376481 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The novel heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone thyrostimulin consists of two unique subunits, A2 and B5. To understand its yet unknown transcriptional regulation, we characterised the 3.1-kb immediate 5'-flanking region of the human A2 gene localised on chromosome 11q13. In transient transfection assays this sequence exhibited promoter activity, which could be confined to nucleotides -506 to -347 relative to the ATG start codon. Interestingly, this minimal promoter appeared to be non-tissue-specific. Deletional, mutational and gel shift analyses revealed regulatory elements that are essential for the regulation of the A2 gene expression. Another noteworthy feature of this gene is the presence of silencer elements upstream and downstream of the promoter. To surmise, our results provide an initial step toward a detailed analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms of the human thyrostimulin gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Breous
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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43
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Kang HC, Chae JH, Lee YH, Park MA, Shin JH, Kim SH, Ye SK, Cho YS, Fiering S, Kim CG. Erythroid cell-specific alpha-globin gene regulation by the CP2 transcription factor family. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:6005-20. [PMID: 15988015 PMCID: PMC1168829 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.14.6005-6020.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that ubiquitously expressed CP2c exerts potent erythroid-specific transactivation of alpha-globin through an unknown mechanism. This mechanism is reported here to involve specific CP2 splice variants and protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1). We identify a novel murine splice isoform of CP2, CP2b, which is identical to CP2a except that it has an additional 36 amino acids encoded by an extra exon. CP2b has an erythroid cell-specific transcriptional activation domain, which requires the extra exon and can form heteromeric complexes with other CP2 isoforms, but lacks the DNA binding activity found in CP2a and CP2c. Transcriptional activation of alpha-globin occurred following dimerization between CP2b and CP2c in erythroid K562 and MEL cells, but this dimerization did not activate the alpha-globin promoter in nonerythroid 293T cells, indicating that an additional erythroid factor is missing in 293T cells. PIAS1 was confirmed as a CP2 binding protein by the yeast two-hybrid screen, and expression of CP2b, CP2c, and PIAS1 in 293T cell induced alpha-globin promoter activation. These results show that ubiquitously expressed CP2b exerts potent erythroid cell-specific alpha-globin gene expression by complexing with CP2c and PIAS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Chul Kang
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Haengdang 17, Sungdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
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44
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Ylisastigui L, Kaur R, Johnson H, Volker J, He G, Hansen U, Margolis D. Mitogen-activated protein kinases regulate LSF occupancy at the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter. J Virol 2005; 79:5952-62. [PMID: 15857981 PMCID: PMC1091734 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.10.5952-5962.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) establishes a persistent, nonproductive state within a small population of memory CD4(+) cells. The transcription factor LSF binds to sequences within the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) initiation region and recruits a second factor, YY1, to the LTR. These factors then cooperatively recruit histone deacetylase 1 to the LTR, resulting in inhibition of transcription. This appears to be one mechanism contributing to HIV persistence within resting CD4(+) T cells. We sought to further detail LSF binding to the HIV-1 LTR and factors that regulate LSF occupancy. We find that LSF binds the LTR as a tetramer and that binding is regulated by phosphorylation mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). In vitro, phosphorylation of LSF by Erk decreases binding to the LTR, while binding is increased by p38 phosphorylation. LSF occupancy at LTR chromatin is increased by the p38 agonist anisomycin and decreased by specific p38 inhibition. p38 inhibition also results in increased acetylation of histone H4 at the LTR nucleosome adjacent to the LSF binding site. p38 inhibition also blocked the ability of YY1 to inhibit activation of the integrated HIV promoter. Finally, HIV was recovered from the resting CD4(+) T cells of aviremic, HIV-infected donors upon treatment of these cells with specific inhibitor of p38. These data suggest that the MAPK pathway regulates LSF binding to the LTR and thereby one aspect of the regulation of HIV expression. This mechanism could be exploited as a novel therapeutic target to disrupt latent HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loyda Ylisastigui
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Y9-206a, Dallas, TX 75390-9113, USA
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Veljkovic J, Hansen U. Lineage-specific and ubiquitous biological roles of the mammalian transcription factor LSF. Gene 2005; 343:23-40. [PMID: 15563829 PMCID: PMC3402097 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Revised: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation in mammalian cells is driven by a complex interplay of multiple transcription factors that respond to signals from either external or internal stimuli. A single transcription factor can control expression of distinct sets of target genes, dependent on its state of post-translational modifications, interacting partner proteins, and the chromatin environment of the cellular genome. Furthermore, many transcription factors can act as either transcriptional repressors or activators, depending on promoter and cellular contexts [Alvarez, M., Rhodes, S.J., Bidwell, J.P., 2003. Context-dependent transcription: all politics is local. Gene 313, 43-57]. Even in this light, the versatility of LSF (Late SV40 Factor) is remarkable. A hallmark of LSF is its unusual DNA binding domain, as evidenced both by lack of homology to any other established DNA-binding domains and by its DNA recognition sequence. Although a dimer in solution, LSF requires additional multimerization with itself or partner proteins in order to interact with DNA. Transcriptionally, LSF can function as an activator or a repressor. It is a direct target of an increasing number of signal transduction pathways. Biologically, LSF plays roles in cell cycle progression and cell survival, as well as in cell lineage-specific functions, shown most strikingly to date in hematopoietic lineages. This review discusses how the unique aspects of LSF DNA-binding activity may make it particularly susceptible to regulation by signal transduction pathways and may relate to its distinct biological roles. We present current progress in elucidation of both tissue-specific and more universal cellular roles of LSF. Finally, we discuss suggestive data linking LSF to signaling by the amyloid precursor protein and to Alzheimer's disease, as well as to the regulation of latency of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulla Hansen
- Corresponding author: Dept. Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215; Tel.: (617) 353-8730; fax: (617) 353-8484;
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Kang HC, Chung BM, Chae JH, Yang SI, Kim CG, Kim CG. Identification and characterization of four novel peptide motifs that recognize distinct regions of the transcription factor CP2. FEBS J 2005; 272:1265-77. [PMID: 15720400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although ubiquitously expressed, the transcriptional factor CP2 also exhibits some tissue- or stage-specific activation toward certain genes such as globin in red blood cells and interleukin-4 in T helper cells. Because this specificity may be achieved by interaction with other proteins, we screened a peptide display library and identified four consensus motifs in numerous CP2-binding peptides: HXPR, PHL, ASR and PXHXH. Protein-database searching revealed that RE-1 silencing factor (REST), Yin-Yang1 (YY1) and five other proteins have one or two of these CP2-binding motifs. Glutathione S-transferase pull-down and coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that two HXPR motif-containing proteins REST and YY1 indeed were able to bind CP2. Importantly, this binding to CP2 was almost abolished when a double amino acid substitution was made on the HXPR sequence of REST and YY1 proteins. The suppressing effect of YY1 on CP2's transcriptional activity was lost by this point mutation on the HXPR sequence of YY1 and reduced by an HXPR-containing peptide, further supporting the interaction between CP2 and YY1 via the HXPR sequence. Mapping the sites on CP2 for interaction with the four distinct CP2-binding motifs revealed at least three different regions on CP2. This suggests that CP2 recognizes several distinct binding motifs by virtue of employing different regions, thus being able to interact with and regulate many cellular partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Chul Kang
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Korea
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Acloque H, Mey A, Birot AM, Gruffat H, Pain B, Samarut J. Transcription factor cCP2 controls gene expression in chicken embryonic stem cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:2259-71. [PMID: 15107494 PMCID: PMC407827 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Revised: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
cENS-1/cERNI genes have been shown to be expressed very early during chicken embryonic development and as well as in pluripotent chicken embryonic stem (CES) cells. We have previously identified a promoter region, which is specifically active in CES cells compared to differentiated cells. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms which regulate the cENS-1/cERNI promoter, we analyzed the cis-acting elements of this promoter in CES and differentiated cells. We identified a short sequence, named the B region, 5'-CAAG TCCAGG CAAG-3', that exhibits a strong enhancer activity in CES and differentiated cells. Mutation of the B region in the whole cENS-1 promoter strongly decreases the promoter activity in CES cells, suggesting that this region is essential for activating the promoter. The B region is similar to the previously described response element for the transcription factor CP2 and we show by supershift experiments that a protein complex containing CP2 is bound to this B response element. All these results identify a nuclear factor belonging to the CP2 transcription factor family that is crucial for the activation of the cENS-1/cERNI promoter. The pattern of expression of cCP2 in early chicken embryo before gastrulation is very similar to that of cENS-1/cERNI which strongly suggests that cCP2 also plays an essential role in gene expression early in embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Acloque
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, CNRS-INRA UMR5161, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Bernstein H, Payne CM, Kunke K, Crowley-Weber CL, Waltmire CN, Dvorakova K, Holubec H, Bernstein C, Vaillancourt RR, Raynes DA, Guerriero V, Garewal H. A proteomic study of resistance to deoxycholate-induced apoptosis. Carcinogenesis 2004; 25:681-92. [PMID: 14729586 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgh072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of apoptosis resistance appears to be an important factor in colon carcinogenesis. To gain an understanding of the molecular pathways altered during the development of apoptosis resistance, we selected three cell lines for resistance to induction of apoptosis by deoxycholate, an important etiologic agent in colon cancer. We then evaluated gene expression levels for 825 proteins in these resistant lines, compared with a parallel control line not subject to selection. Eighty-two proteins were identified as either over-expressed or under-expressed in at least two of the resistant lines, compared with the control. Thirty-five of the 82 proteins (43%) proved to have a known role in apoptosis. Of these 35 proteins, 21 were over-expressed and 14 were under-expressed. Of those that were over-expressed 18 of 21 (86%) are anti-apoptotic in some circumstances, of those that were under-expressed 11 of 14 (79%) are pro-apoptotic in some circumstances. This finding suggests that apoptosis resistance during selection among cultured cells, and possibly in the colon during progression to cancer, may arise by constitutive over-expression of multiple anti-apoptotic proteins and under-expression of multiple pro-apoptotic proteins. The major functional groups in which altered expression levels were found are post-translational modification (19 proteins), cell structure (cytoskeleton, microtubule, actin, etc.) (17 proteins), regulatory processes (11 proteins) and DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint mechanisms (10 proteins). Our findings, overall, bear on mechanisms by which apoptosis resistance arises during progression to colon cancer and suggest potential targets for cancer treatment. In addition, assays of normal-appearing mucosa of colon cancer patients, for over- or under-expression of genes found to be altered in our resistant cell lines, may allow identification of early biomarkers of colon cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris Bernstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Caretti G, Salsi V, Vecchi C, Imbriano C, Mantovani R. Dynamic recruitment of NF-Y and histone acetyltransferases on cell-cycle promoters. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:30435-40. [PMID: 12771133 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304606200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of transcription during the cell-cycle is under the control of E2 factors (E2Fs), often in cooperation with nuclear factor Y (NF-Y), a histone-like CCAAT-binding trimer. NF-Y is paradigmatic of a constitutive, ubiquitous factor that pre-sets the promoter architecture for other regulatory proteins to access it. We analyzed the recruitment of NF-Y, E2F1/4/6, histone acetyltransferases, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1/3/4 to several cell-cycle promoters by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in serum-starved and restimulated NIH3T3 cells. NF-Y binding is not constitutive but timely regulated in all promoters tested, being displaced when promoters are repressed. p300 association correlates with activation, and it is never found in the absence of NF-Y, whereas PCAF/hGCN5 is often found before NF-Y association. E2F4 and E2F6, together with HDACs, are bound to repressed promoters, including the G2/M Cyclin B2. As expected, an inverse relationship between HDACs association and histones H3/H4 acetylation is observed. Blocking cells in G1 with the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitor R-roscovitine confirms that NF-Y is bound to G1/S but not to G2/M promoters in G1. These data indicate that following the release of E2Fs/HDACs, a hierarchy of PCAF-NF-Y-p300 interactions and H3-H4 acetylations are required for activation of cell-cycle promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Caretti
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Modena e Reggio, Via Campi 213/d, 41100 Modena, Italy
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Venkatesan K, McManus HR, Mello CC, Smith TF, Hansen U. Functional conservation between members of an ancient duplicated transcription factor family, LSF/Grainyhead. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:4304-16. [PMID: 12888489 PMCID: PMC169928 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The LSF/Grainyhead transcription factor family is involved in many important biological processes, including cell cycle, cell growth and development. In order to investigate the evolutionary conservation of these biological roles, we have characterized two new family members in Caenorhabditis elegans and Xenopus laevis. The C.elegans member, Ce-GRH-1, groups with the Grainyhead subfamily, while the X.laevis member, Xl-LSF, groups with the LSF subfamily. Ce-GRH-1 binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner identical to that of Drosophila melanogaster Grainyhead. In addition, Ce-GRH-1 binds to sequences upstream of the C.elegans gene encoding aromatic L-amino-acid decarboxylase and genes involved in post-embryonic development, mab-5 and dbl-1. All three C.elegans genes are homologs of D.melanogaster Grainyhead-regulated genes. RNA-mediated interference of Ce-grh-1 results in embryonic lethality in worms, accompanied by soft, defective cuticles. These phenotypes are strikingly similar to those observed previously in D.melanogaster grainyhead mutants, suggesting conservation of the developmental role of these family members over the course of evolution. Our phylogenetic analysis of the expanded LSF/GRH family (including other previously unrecognized proteins/ESTs) suggests that the structural and functional dichotomy of this family dates back more than 700 million years, i.e. to the time when the first multicellular organisms are thought to have arisen.
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