1
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Palande S, Kaste JAM, Roberts MD, Segura Abá K, Claucherty C, Dacon J, Doko R, Jayakody TB, Jeffery HR, Kelly N, Manousidaki A, Parks HM, Roggenkamp EM, Schumacher AM, Yang J, Percival S, Pardo J, Husbands AY, Krishnan A, Montgomery BL, Munch E, Thompson AM, Rougon-Cardoso A, Chitwood DH, VanBuren R. Topological data analysis reveals a core gene expression backbone that defines form and function across flowering plants. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002397. [PMID: 38051702 PMCID: PMC10723737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since they emerged approximately 125 million years ago, flowering plants have evolved to dominate the terrestrial landscape and survive in the most inhospitable environments on earth. At their core, these adaptations have been shaped by changes in numerous, interconnected pathways and genes that collectively give rise to emergent biological phenomena. Linking gene expression to morphological outcomes remains a grand challenge in biology, and new approaches are needed to begin to address this gap. Here, we implemented topological data analysis (TDA) to summarize the high dimensionality and noisiness of gene expression data using lens functions that delineate plant tissue and stress responses. Using this framework, we created a topological representation of the shape of gene expression across plant evolution, development, and environment for the phylogenetically diverse flowering plants. The TDA-based Mapper graphs form a well-defined gradient of tissues from leaves to seeds, or from healthy to stressed samples, depending on the lens function. This suggests that there are distinct and conserved expression patterns across angiosperms that delineate different tissue types or responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Genes that correlate with the tissue lens function are enriched in central processes such as photosynthetic, growth and development, housekeeping, or stress responses. Together, our results highlight the power of TDA for analyzing complex biological data and reveal a core expression backbone that defines plant form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Palande
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. M. Kaste
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Miles D. Roberts
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kenia Segura Abá
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Carly Claucherty
- Department of Plant, Soil & Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jamell Dacon
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rei Doko
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thilani B. Jayakody
- Department of Plant, Soil & Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hannah R. Jeffery
- Department of Plant, Soil & Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nathan Kelly
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andriana Manousidaki
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hannah M. Parks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Roggenkamp
- Department of Plant, Soil & Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ally M. Schumacher
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sarah Percival
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Pardo
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Aman Y. Husbands
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Arjun Krishnan
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Beronda L Montgomery
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Munch
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Addie M. Thompson
- Department of Plant, Soil & Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Rougon-Cardoso
- Laboratory of Agrigenomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, ENES-León, León, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional Plantecc, ENES-León, León, Mexico
| | - Daniel H. Chitwood
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert VanBuren
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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Chen JJ, Wang W, Qin WQ, Men SZ, Li HL, Mitsuda N, Ohme-Takagi M, Wu AM. Transcription factors KNAT3 and KNAT4 are essential for integument and ovule formation in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:463-478. [PMID: 36342216 PMCID: PMC9806662 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Integuments form important protective cell layers surrounding the developing ovules in gymno- and angiosperms. Although several genes have been shown to influence the development of integuments, the transcriptional regulatory mechanism is still poorly understood. In this work, we report that the Class II KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX II) transcription factors KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEBOX GENE 3 (KNAT3) and KNAT4 regulate integument development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). KNAT3 and KNAT4 were co-expressed in inflorescences and especially in young developing ovules. The loss-of-function double mutant knat3 knat4 showed an infertility phenotype, in which both inner and outer integuments of the ovule are arrested at an early stage and form an amorphous structure as in the bell1 (bel1) mutant. The expression of chimeric KNAT3- and KNAT4-EAR motif repression domain (SRDX repressors) resulted in severe seed abortion. Protein-protein interaction assays demonstrated that KNAT3 and KNAT4 interact with each other and also with INNER NO OUTER (INO), a key transcription factor required for the outer integument formation. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression of genes related with integument development is influenced in the knat3 knat4 mutant. The knat3 knat4 mutant also had a lower indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content, and some auxin signaling pathway genes were downregulated. Moreover, transactivation analysis indicated that KNAT3/4 and INO activate the auxin signaling gene IAA INDUCIBLE 14 (IAA14). Taken together, our study identified KNAT3 and KNAT4 as key factors in integument development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
| | - Wen-Qi Qin
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Men
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hui-Ling Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Yu SX, Jiang YT, Lin WH. Ovule initiation: the essential step controlling offspring number in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1469-1486. [PMID: 35713236 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Seed is the offspring of angiosperms. Plants produce large numbers of seeds to ensure effective reproduction and survival in varying environments. Ovule is a fundamentally important organ and is the precursor of the seed. In Arabidopsis and other plants characterized by multi-ovulate ovaries, ovule initiation determines the maximal ovule number, thus greatly affecting seed number per fruit and seed yield. Investigating the regulatory mechanism of ovule initiation has both scientific and economic significance. However, the genetic and molecular basis underlying ovule initiation remains unclear due to technological limitations. Very recently, rules governing the multiple ovules initiation from one placenta have been identified, the individual functions and crosstalk of phytohormones in regulating ovule initiation have been further characterized, and new regulators of ovule boundary are reported, therefore expanding the understanding of this field. In this review, we present an overview of current knowledge in ovule initiation and summarize the significance of ovule initiation in regulating the number of plant offspring, as well as raise insights for the future study in this field that provide potential routes for the improvement of crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xia Yu
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yu-Tong Jiang
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wen-Hui Lin
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Qadir M, Wang X, Shah SRU, Zhou XR, Shi J, Wang H. Molecular Network for Regulation of Ovule Number in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312965. [PMID: 34884791 PMCID: PMC8657818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In seed-bearing plants, the ovule ("small egg") is the organ within the gynoecium that develops into a seed after fertilization. The gynoecium located in the inner compartment of the flower turns into a fruit. The number of ovules in the ovary determines the upper limit or the potential of seed number per fruit in plants, greatly affecting the final seed yield. Ovule number is an important adaptive characteristic for plant evolution and an agronomic trait for crop improvement. Therefore, understanding the mechanism and pathways of ovule number regulation becomes a significant research aspect in plant science. This review summarizes the ovule number regulators and their regulatory mechanisms and pathways. Specially, an integrated molecular network for ovule number regulation is constructed, in which phytohormones played a central role, followed by transcription factors, enzymes, other protein and micro-RNA. Of them, AUX, BR and CK are positive regulator of ovule number, whereas GA acts negatively on it. Interestingly, many ovule number regulators have conserved functions across several plant taxa, which should be the targets of genetic improvement via breeding or gene editing. Many ovule number regulators identified to date are involved in the diverse biological process, such as ovule primordia formation, ovule initiation, patterning, and morphogenesis. The relations between ovule number and related characteristics/traits especially of gynoecium/fruit size, ovule fertility, and final seed number, as well as upcoming research questions, are also discussed. In summary, this review provides a general overview of the present finding in ovule number regulation, which represents a more comprehensive and in-depth cognition on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muslim Qadir
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chines Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (M.Q.); (X.W.)
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Lasbela University of Agriculture Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS), Lasbela 74200, Pakistan;
| | - Xinfa Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chines Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (M.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Syed Rehmat Ullah Shah
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Lasbela University of Agriculture Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS), Lasbela 74200, Pakistan;
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xue-Rong Zhou
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Agriculture Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Jiaqin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chines Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (M.Q.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chines Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (M.Q.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (H.W.)
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5
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Luo Y, Shi DQ, Jia PF, Bao Y, Li HJ, Yang WC. Nucleolar histone deacetylases HDT1, HDT2 and HDT3 regulate plant reproductive development. J Genet Genomics 2021; 49:30-39. [PMID: 34699991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nucleolus is a membrane-less organelle where ribosomes are assembled and rRNAs transcribed and processed. The assembled ribosomes composed of ribosomal proteins and rRNAs synthesize proteins for cell survival. In plants, the loss of nucleolar ribosomal proteins often causes gametophytically or embryonically lethality. The amount of rRNAs are under stringent regulation according to demand and partially switched off by epigenetic modifications. However, the molecular mechanism for the selective activation or silencing is still unclear, and the transcriptional coordination of rRNAs and ribosomal proteins is also unknown. Here we report the critical role of three Arabidopsis nucleolar protein HDT1, HDT2 and HDT3 in fertility and transcription of rDNAs and rRNA processing-related genes through histone acetylation. This study highlights the important roles of transcriptional repression of ribosome biogenesis-related genes for plant reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong-Qiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng-Fei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hong-Ju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Cai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Cucinotta M, Di Marzo M, Guazzotti A, de Folter S, Kater MM, Colombo L. Gynoecium size and ovule number are interconnected traits that impact seed yield. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2479-2489. [PMID: 32067041 PMCID: PMC7210752 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms form the largest group of land plants and display an astonishing diversity of floral structures. The development of flowers greatly contributed to the evolutionary success of the angiosperms as they guarantee efficient reproduction with the help of either biotic or abiotic vectors. The female reproductive part of the flower is the gynoecium (also called pistil). Ovules arise from meristematic tissue within the gynoecium. Upon fertilization, these ovules develop into seeds while the gynoecium turns into a fruit. Gene regulatory networks involving transcription factors and hormonal communication regulate ovule primordium initiation, spacing on the placenta, and development. Ovule number and gynoecium size are usually correlated and several genetic factors that impact these traits have been identified. Understanding and fine-tuning the gene regulatory networks influencing ovule number and pistil length open up strategies for crop yield improvement, which is pivotal in light of a rapidly growing world population. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge of the genes and hormones involved in determining ovule number and gynoecium size. We propose a model for the gene regulatory network that guides the developmental processes that determine seed yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Cucinotta
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Di Marzo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Guazzotti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-Leon, CP 36824 Irapuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Martin M Kater
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
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7
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Coen O, Magnani E. Seed coat thickness in the evolution of angiosperms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2509-2518. [PMID: 29730767 PMCID: PMC6003975 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The seed habit represents a remarkable evolutionary advance in plant sexual reproduction. Since the Paleozoic, seeds carry a seed coat that protects, nourishes and facilitates the dispersal of the fertilization product(s). The seed coat architecture evolved to adapt to different environments and reproductive strategies in part by modifying its thickness. Here, we review the great natural diversity observed in seed coat thickness among angiosperms and its molecular regulation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Coen
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
- Ecole Doctorale 567 Sciences du Végétal, University Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, bat 360, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Enrico Magnani
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026, Versailles Cedex, France.
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8
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Lora J, Hormaza JI, Herrero M. Transition from two to one integument in Prunus species: expression pattern of INNER NO OUTER (INO), ABERRANT TESTA SHAPE (ATS) and ETTIN (ETT). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:584-95. [PMID: 25991552 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
While gymnosperm ovules have one integument, in most angiosperms two integuments surround the ovules. Unitegmic ovules have arisen independently several times during the evolution of angiosperms, but the ultimate genetic cause of the presence of a single integument remains elusive. We compared species of the genus Prunus that have different numbers of integuments: bitegmic species, such as Prunus armeniaca (apricot) and Prunus persica (peach), and unitegmic species, such as Prunus incisa, analyzing the expression pattern of genes that are involved in integument development in Arabidopsis thaliana: INNER NO OUTER (INO), ABERRANT TESTA SHAPE (ATS) and ETTIN (ETT). Bitegmic and unitegmic species showed similar INO expression patterns, indicative of the conservation of an outer integument. However, expression of ETT, which occurs in the boundary of the outer and inner integuments, was altered in unitegmic ovules, which showed lack of ETT expression. These results strongly suggest that the presence of a single integument could be attributable to the amalgamation of two integuments and support the role of ETT in the fusion of the outer and inner integuments in unitegmic ovules, a situation that could be widespread in other unitegmic species of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lora
- Department of Pomology, Estación Experimental Aula Dei, CSIC, Apdo. 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José I Hormaza
- Department of Subtropical Fruit Crops, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Maria Herrero
- Department of Pomology, Estación Experimental Aula Dei, CSIC, Apdo. 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
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9
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Cucinotta M, Colombo L, Roig-Villanova I. Ovule development, a new model for lateral organ formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:117. [PMID: 24723934 PMCID: PMC3973900 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In spermatophytes the ovules upon fertilization give rise to the seeds. It is essential to understand the mechanisms that control ovule number and development as they ultimately determine the final number of seeds and, thereby, the yield in crop plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ovules arise laterally from a meristematic tissue within the carpel referred to as placenta. For a correct determination of the number of ovules, a precise establishment of the positions where ovule primordia emerge is needed, and a tight definition of the boundaries between ovules is therefore also required. In the last decades, few factors have been identified to be involved in the determination of ovule number. Recently, plant hormones have also been revealed as fundamental players in the control of the initiation of ovule formation. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about both the molecular and hormonal mechanisms that control ovule formation in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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10
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Jiang WB, Lin WH. Brassinosteroid functions in Arabidopsis seed development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:25928. [PMID: 24270689 PMCID: PMC4091071 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Seed development of flowering plant is a complicated process controlled by a signal network. Double fertilization generates 2 zygotic products (embryo and endosperm). Embryo gives rise to a daughter plant while endosperm provides nutrients for embryo during embryogenesis and germination. Seed coat differentiates from maternally derived integument and encloses embryo and endosperm. Seed size/mass and number comprise final seed yield, and seed shape also contributes to seed development and weight. Seed size is coordinated by communication among endosperm, embryo, and integument. Seed number determination is more complex to investigate and shows differences between monocot and eudicot. Total seed number depends on sillique number and seed number per sillique in Arabidopsis. Seed comes from fertilized ovule, hence the ovule number per flower determines the maximal seed number per sillique. Early studies reported that engineering BR levels increased the yield of ovule and seed; however the molecular mechanism of BR regulation in seed development still remained unclear. Our recent studies demonstrated that BR regulated seed size, shape, and number by transcriptionally modulating specific seed developmental pathways. This review summarizes roles of BR in Arabidopsis seed development and gives clues for future application of BR in agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
| | - Wen-Hui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
- Correspondence to: Wen-Hui Lin,
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11
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Huang HY, Jiang WB, Hu YW, Wu P, Zhu JY, Liang WQ, Wang ZY, Lin WH. BR signal influences Arabidopsis ovule and seed number through regulating related genes expression by BZR1. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:456-69. [PMID: 22914576 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ovule and seed developments are crucial processes during plant growth, which are affected by different signaling pathways. In this paper, we demonstrate that the brassinosteroid (BR) signal is involved in ovule initiation and development. Ovule and seed numbers are significantly different when comparing BR-related mutants to wild-type controls. Detailed observation indicates that BR regulates the expression level of genes related to ovule development, including HLL, ANT, and AP2, either directly by targeting the promoter sequences or indirectly via regulation by BR-induced transcription factor BZR1. Also, Western blot demonstrates that the dephosphorylation level of BZR1 is consistent with ovule and seed number. The intragenic bzr1-1D suppressors bzs247 and bzs248 have much fewer ovules and seeds than bzr1-1D, which are similar to wild-type, suggesting that the phenotype can be rescued. The molecular and genetic experiments confirm that BZR1 and AP2 probably affect Arabidopsis ovule number determination antagonistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ya Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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12
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Lieber D, Lora J, Schrempp S, Lenhard M, Laux T. Arabidopsis WIH1 and WIH2 genes act in the transition from somatic to reproductive cell fate. Curr Biol 2011; 21:1009-17. [PMID: 21658947 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike animals, higher plants do not establish a germ line in embryo development but form haploid germ cells from diploid somatic cells late in their life cycle. However, despite its prime importance, little is known about how this transition is regulated. RESULTS Here, we show that the WUSCHEL (WUS) gene, initially identified as a stem cell regulator in the shoot meristem, is required for megasporogenesis and thus ultimately for the formation of female generative cells. WUS functions in this process by indirectly activating the expression of the WINDHOSE1 (WIH1) and WIH2 genes that encode small peptides found in plants and fungi, but not in animals. WIH genes function together with the tetraspanin-type protein TORNADO2 (TRN2)/EKEKO in promoting megasporogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Together, our studies identify a pathway promoting germ cell formation from somatic precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lieber
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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13
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Endress PK. Angiosperm ovules: diversity, development, evolution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1465-89. [PMID: 21606056 PMCID: PMC3108811 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovules as developmental precursors of seeds are organs of central importance in angiosperm flowers and can be traced back in evolution to the earliest seed plants. Angiosperm ovules are diverse in their position in the ovary, nucellus thickness, number and thickness of integuments, degree and direction of curvature, and histological differentiations. There is a large body of literature on this diversity, and various views on its evolution have been proposed over the course of time. Most recently evo-devo studies have been concentrated on molecular developmental genetics in ovules of model plants. SCOPE The present review provides a synthetic treatment of several aspects of the sporophytic part of ovule diversity, development and evolution, based on extensive research on the vast original literature and on experience from my own comparative studies in a broad range of angiosperm clades. CONCLUSIONS In angiosperms the presence of an outer integument appears to be instrumental for ovule curvature, as indicated from studies on ovule diversity through the major clades of angiosperms, molecular developmental genetics in model species, abnormal ovules in a broad range of angiosperms, and comparison with gymnosperms with curved ovules. Lobation of integuments is not an atavism indicating evolution from telomes, but simply a morphogenetic constraint from the necessity of closure of the micropyle. Ovule shape is partly dependent on locule architecture, which is especially indicated by the occurrence of orthotropous ovules. Some ovule features are even more conservative than earlier assumed and thus of special interest in angiosperm macrosystematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Endress
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Sicard A, Lenhard M. The selfing syndrome: a model for studying the genetic and evolutionary basis of morphological adaptation in plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1433-43. [PMID: 21303786 PMCID: PMC3108801 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In angiosperm evolution, autogamously selfing lineages have been derived from outbreeding ancestors multiple times, and this transition is regarded as one of the most common evolutionary tendencies in flowering plants. In most cases, it is accompanied by a characteristic set of morphological and functional changes to the flowers, together termed the selfing syndrome. Two major areas that have changed during evolution of the selfing syndrome are sex allocation to male vs. female function and flower morphology, in particular flower (mainly petal) size and the distance between anthers and stigma. SCOPE A rich body of theoretical, taxonomic, ecological and genetic studies have addressed the evolutionary modification of these two trait complexes during or after the transition to selfing. Here, we review our current knowledge about the genetics and evolution of the selfing syndrome. CONCLUSIONS We argue that because of its frequent parallel evolution, the selfing syndrome represents an ideal model for addressing basic questions about morphological evolution and adaptation in flowering plants, but that realizing this potential will require the molecular identification of more of the causal genes underlying relevant trait variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Cross talk between the sporophyte and the megagametophyte during ovule development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 24:113-21. [PMID: 21298290 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-011-0162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In seed plant ovules, the diploid maternal sporophytic generation embeds and sustains the haploid generation (the female gametophyte); thus, two independent generations coexist in a single organ. Many independent studies on Arabidopsis ovule mutants suggest that embryo sac development requires highly synchronized morphogenesis of the maternal sporophyte surrounding the gametophyte, since megagametogenesis is severely perturbed in most of the known sporophytic ovule development mutants. Which are the messenger molecules involved in the haploid-diploid dialogue? And furthermore, is this one way communication or is a feedback cross talk? In this review, we discuss genetic and molecular evidences supporting the presence of a cross talk between the two generations, starting from the first studies regarding ovule development and ending to the recently sporophytic identified genes whose expression is strictly controlled by the haploid gametophytic generation. We will mainly focus on Arabidopsis studies since it is the species more widely studied for this aspect. Furthermore, possible candidate molecules involved in the diploid-haploid generations dialogue will be presented and discussed.
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16
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Carbonell-Bejerano P, Urbez C, Carbonell J, Granell A, Perez-Amador MA. A fertilization-independent developmental program triggers partial fruit development and senescence processes in pistils of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:163-72. [PMID: 20625003 PMCID: PMC2938164 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.160044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The pistil is the specialized plant organ that enables appropriate pollination and ovule fertilization, after which it undergoes growth and differentiation to become a fruit. However, in most species, if ovules are not fertilized around anthesis the pistil irreversibly loses its growth capacity. We used physiological, molecular, and transcriptomic tools to characterize the post-anthesis development of the unfertilized Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) pistil. Surprisingly, developmental processes that have been previously described in developing Arabidopsis fruits, such as the collapse of the adaxial epidermis, differentiation of a sclerenchyma layer in the adaxial subepidermis and the dehiscence zone, and valve dehiscence, were also observed in the unfertilized pistil. We determined that senescence is first established in the transmitting tract, stigma, and ovules immediately after anthesis, and that the timing of senescence in the stigma and ovules correlates with the loss of fruit-set responsiveness of the pistil to pollen and the hormone gibberellin (GA), respectively. Moreover, we showed that mutants with altered ovule development have impaired fruit-set response to the GA gibberellic acid, which further indicates that the presence of viable ovules is required for fruit-set responsiveness to GAs in the unfertilized pistil. Our data suggest that a fertilization-independent developmental program controls many of the processes during post-anthesis development, both in unfertilized pistils and seeded fruits, and point to a key role of the ovule in the capacity of pistils to undergo fruit set in response to GA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Miguel A. Perez-Amador
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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17
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Alvarez-Buylla ER, Benítez M, Corvera-Poiré A, Chaos Cador Á, de Folter S, Gamboa de Buen A, Garay-Arroyo A, García-Ponce B, Jaimes-Miranda F, Pérez-Ruiz RV, Piñeyro-Nelson A, Sánchez-Corrales YE. Flower development. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2010; 8:e0127. [PMID: 22303253 PMCID: PMC3244948 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are the most complex structures of plants. Studies of Arabidopsis thaliana, which has typical eudicot flowers, have been fundamental in advancing the structural and molecular understanding of flower development. The main processes and stages of Arabidopsis flower development are summarized to provide a framework in which to interpret the detailed molecular genetic studies of genes assigned functions during flower development and is extended to recent genomics studies uncovering the key regulatory modules involved. Computational models have been used to study the concerted action and dynamics of the gene regulatory module that underlies patterning of the Arabidopsis inflorescence meristem and specification of the primordial cell types during early stages of flower development. This includes the gene combinations that specify sepal, petal, stamen and carpel identity, and genes that interact with them. As a dynamic gene regulatory network this module has been shown to converge to stable multigenic profiles that depend upon the overall network topology and are thus robust, which can explain the canalization of flower organ determination and the overall conservation of the basic flower plan among eudicots. Comparative and evolutionary approaches derived from Arabidopsis studies pave the way to studying the molecular basis of diverse floral morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R. Alvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Mariana Benítez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Adriana Corvera-Poiré
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Álvaro Chaos Cador
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Alicia Gamboa de Buen
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Jaimes-Miranda
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto V. Pérez-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Alma Piñeyro-Nelson
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Yara E. Sánchez-Corrales
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
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Brown RH, Nickrent DL, Gasser CS. Expression of ovule and integument-associated genes in reduced ovules of Santalales. Evol Dev 2010; 12:231-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2010.00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Delgado-Benarroch L, Weiss J, Egea-Cortines M. Floral organ size control: interplay between organ identity, developmental compartments and compensation mechanisms. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:814-7. [PMID: 19847102 PMCID: PMC2802805 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.9.9394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Growth of lateral organs is a complex mechanism that starts with formation of lateral primordia. Basal developmental programs like polarity, organ identity and environmental cues influence the final organ size achieved via coordinated cell division and expansion. Recent evidence shows that the precise balance between these two processes, known as compensation mechanisms, seems to be influenced by the identity of the organ. Furthermore, studies of mutants affected in floral organ size suggest the existence of developmental compartments within different floral whorls that show distinct compensation behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Delgado-Benarroch
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Genética, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Plaza del Hospital, Cartagena, Spain
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20
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Gallagher TL, Gasser CS. Independence and interaction of regions of the INNER NO OUTER protein in growth control during ovule development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:306-15. [PMID: 18326791 PMCID: PMC2330322 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.114603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The outer integument of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ovule develops asymmetrically, with growth and cell division occurring primarily along the region of the ovule facing the base of the gynoecium (gynobasal). This process is altered in the mutants inner no outer (ino) and superman (sup), which lead to absent or symmetrical growth of the outer integument, respectively. INO encodes a member of the YABBY family of putative transcription factors, and its expression is restricted to the gynobasal side of developing ovules via negative regulation by the transcription factor SUP. Other YABBY proteins (e.g. CRABS CLAW [CRC] and YABBY3 [YAB3]) can substitute for INO in promotion of integument growth, but do not respond to SUP regulation. In contrast, YAB5 fails to promote integument growth. To separately investigate the growth-promotive effects of INO and its inhibition by SUP, domain swaps between INO and YAB3, YAB5, or CRC were assembled. The ability of chimeric YABBY proteins to respond to SUP restriction showed a quantitative response proportional to the amount of INO protein and was more dependent on C-terminal regions of INO. A different response was seen when examining growth promotion where the number and identity of regions of INO in chimeric YABBY proteins were not the primary influence on promotion of outer integument growth. Instead, promotion of growth required a coordination of features along the entire length of the INO protein, suggesting that intramolecular interactions between regions of INO may coordinately facilitate the intermolecular interactions necessary to promote formation of the outer integument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Gallagher
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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21
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Truernit E, Haseloff J. Arabidopsis thaliana outer ovule integument morphogenesis: ectopic expression of KNAT1 reveals a compensation mechanism. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 8:35. [PMID: 18410683 PMCID: PMC2330050 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-8-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Arabidopsis outer ovule integument is a simple two-cell layered structure that grows around the developing embryo and develops into the outer layer of the seed coat. As one of the functions of the seed coat is the protection of the plant embryo, the outer ovule integument is an example for a plant organ whose morphogenesis has to be precisely regulated. RESULTS To better characterise outer ovule integument morphogenesis, we have isolated some marker lines that show GFP expression in this organ. We have used those lines to identify distinct cell types in the outer integument and to demonstrate similarities between leaves and the outer integument. Using confocal microscopy, we showed that cell sizes and shapes differ between the two cell layers of the outer integument. Expression of KNAT1 in the integuments leads to extra cell divisions specifically in the outer layer of the outer integument. This is being compensated for by a decrease of cell volume in this layer, thus showing that mechanisms exist to control proper ovule integument morphogenesis. CONCLUSION The Arabidopsis outer ovule integument can be used as a good model system to study the basic principles of plant organ morphogenesis. This work provides new insights into its development and opens new possibilities for the identification of factors involved in the regulation of cell division and elongation during plant organ growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Truernit
- University of Cambridge, Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
- INRA, Centre de Versailles, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Route de St-Cyr, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Jim Haseloff
- University of Cambridge, Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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22
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Wang H, Liu Y, Bruffett K, Lee J, Hause G, Walker JC, Zhang S. Haplo-insufficiency of MPK3 in MPK6 mutant background uncovers a novel function of these two MAPKs in Arabidopsis ovule development. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:602-13. [PMID: 18364464 PMCID: PMC2329925 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.058032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The plant life cycle includes diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic generations. Female gametophytes (embryo sacs) in higher plants are embedded in specialized sporophytic structures (ovules). Here, we report that two closely related mitogen-activated protein kinases in Arabidopsis thaliana, MPK3 and MPK6, share a novel function in ovule development: in the MPK6 mutant background, MPK3 is haplo-insufficient, giving female sterility when heterozygous. By contrast, in the MPK3 mutant background, MPK6 does not show haplo-insufficiency. Using wounding treatment, we discovered gene dosage-dependent activation of MPK3 and MPK6. In addition, MPK6 activation is enhanced when MPK3 is null, which may help explain why mpk3(-/-) mpk6(+/-) plants are fertile. Genetic analysis revealed that the female sterility of mpk3(+/-) mpk6(-/-) plants is a sporophytic effect. In mpk3(+/-) mpk6(-/-) mutant plants, megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis are normal and the female gametophyte identity is correctly established. Further analysis demonstrates that the mpk3(+/-) mpk6(-/-) ovules have abnormal integument development with arrested cell divisions at later stages. The mutant integuments fail to accommodate the developing embryo sac, resulting in the embryo sacs being physically restricted and female reproductive failure. Our results highlight an essential function of MPK3 and MPK6 in promoting cell division in the integument specifically during ovule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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23
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Hill TA, Broadhvest J, Kuzoff RK, Gasser CS. Arabidopsis SHORT INTEGUMENTS 2 is a mitochondrial DAR GTPase. Genetics 2006; 174:707-18. [PMID: 16849600 PMCID: PMC1602101 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.060657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis short integuments 2-1 (sin2-1) mutant produces ovules with short integuments due to early cessation of cell division in these structures. SIN2 was isolated and encodes a putative GTPase sharing features found in the novel DAR GTPase family. DAR proteins share a signature DAR motif and a unique arrangement of the four conserved GTPase G motifs. We found that DAR GTPases are present in all examined prokaryotes and eukaryotes and that they have diversified into four paralogous lineages in higher eukaryotes. Eukaryotic members of the SIN2 clade of DAR GTPases have been found to localize to mitochondria and are related to eubacterial proteins that facilitate essential steps in biogenesis of the large ribosomal subunit. We propose a similar role for SIN2 in mitochondria. A sin2 insertional allele has ovule effects similar to sin2-1, but more pronounced pleiotropic effects on vegetative and floral development. The diverse developmental effects of the mitochondrial SIN2 GTPase support a mitochondrial role in the regulation of multiple developmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Hill
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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24
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Gegas VC, Doonan JH. Expression of cell cycle genes in shoot apical meristems. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 60:947-61. [PMID: 16724263 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-006-0011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews cell proliferation in the shoot apical meristem. The morphology and function of the meristem depends on the positional control of cell growth and division. The review describes the historical framework of research in this area and then discusses the regulatory pathways that might link developmental controls to the core cell cycle machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis C Gegas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK
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25
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McAbee JM, Kuzoff RK, Gasser CS. Mechanisms of derived unitegmy among Impatiens species. THE PLANT CELL 2005; 17:1674-84. [PMID: 15849275 PMCID: PMC1143069 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.104.029207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Revised: 03/20/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Morphological transitions associated with ovule diversification provide unique opportunities for studies of developmental evolution. Here, we investigate the underlying mechanisms of one such transition, reduction in integument number, which has occurred several times among diverse angiosperms. In particular, reduction in integument number occurred early in the history of the asterids, a large clade comprising approximately one-third of all flowering plants. Unlike the vast majority of other eudicots, nearly all asterids have a single integument, with the only exceptions in the Ericales, a sister group to the other asterids. Impatiens, a genus of the Ericales, includes species with one integument, two integuments, or an apparently intermediate bifid integument. A comparison of the development of representative Impatiens species and analysis of the expression patterns of putative orthologs of the Arabidopsis thaliana ovule development gene INNER NO OUTER (INO) has enabled us to propose a mechanism responsible for morphological transitions between integument types in this group. We attribute transitions between each of the three integument morphologies to congenital fusion via a combination of variation in the location of subdermal growth beneath primordia and the merging of primordia. Evidence of multiple transitions in integument morphology among Impatiens species suggests that control of underlying developmental programs is relatively plastic and that changes in a small number of genes may have been responsible for the transitions. Our expression data also indicate that the role of INO in the outgrowth and abaxial-adaxial polarity of the outer integument has been conserved between two divergent angiosperms, the rosid Arabidopsis and the asterid Impatiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Messmer McAbee
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Meister RJ, Oldenhof H, Bowman JL, Gasser CS. Multiple protein regions contribute to differential activities of YABBY proteins in reproductive development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 137:651-62. [PMID: 15665244 PMCID: PMC1065365 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.055368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Revised: 12/03/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Members of the YABBY family of putative transcription factors participate in abaxial-adaxial identity determination in lateral organs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Two YABBY genes specifically expressed in reproductive structures, CRABS CLAW (CRC) and INNER NO OUTER (INO), have additional activities, with CRC promoting nectary development and carpel fusion, and INO responding to spatial regulation by SUPERMAN during ovule development. All YABBY coding regions, except YABBY5, were able to restore outer integument growth in ino-1 mutants when expressed from the INO promoter (PRO(INO)). However, INO was the only YABBY family member that responded correctly to SUPERMAN to maintain the wild-type gynoapical-gynobasal asymmetry of the outer integument. By contrast, INO, FILAMENTOUS FLOWER, and YABBY3 failed to complement crc-1 when expressed from PRO(CRC). Roles of individual regions of CRC and INO in these effects were assessed using chimeric proteins with PRO(INO) and PRO(CRC) and the relatively constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus PRO(35S). Regions of CRC were found to contribute additively to CRC-specific functions in nectary and carpel formation, with a nearly direct relationship between the amount of CRC included and the degree of complementation of crc-1. When combined with INO sequences, the central and carboxyl-terminal regions of CRC were individually sufficient to overcome inhibitory effects of SUPERMAN within the outer integument. Reproductive phenotypes resulting from constitutive expression were dependent on the nature of the central region with some contributions from the amino terminus. Thus, the YABBY family members have both unique and common functional capacities, and residues involved in differential activities are distributed throughout the protein sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Meister
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology , University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Park SO, Zheng Z, Oppenheimer DG, Hauser BA. The PRETTY FEW SEEDS2 gene encodes an Arabidopsis homeodomain protein that regulates ovule development. Development 2005; 132:841-9. [PMID: 15659481 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The PRETTY FEW SEEDS2 gene encodes a homeodomain protein that regulates ovule development. In peptide alignments spanning the homeodomain and the WOX domain, PFS2 shared 95% amino acid identity with the PRESSED FLOWER and WUSCHEL proteins. In the pfs2-1 allele, the integuments display morphological abnormalities and 95% of the embryo sacs fail to develop properly, which results in reduced fecundity. PFS2 transcripts were most abundant in developing ovules, which accounts for the ovule phenotype in pfs2 mutants. In addition, PFS2 transcripts were present in developing primordia and differentiating organs, but, interestingly, they were absent during cell maturation. Ectopic PFS2 expression interfered with differentiation of primordia from meristems. For most plants, this resulted in fasciated stems, altered phyllotaxy, a cessation of primordia differentiation, or a combination of these. In the plants that made ovules, ectopic PFS2 expression blocked megaspore mother cell differentiation and often impeded polarized growth of the outer integument. PFS2 activity altered AGAMOUS expression, which accounts for some of the gain- and loss-of-function phenotypes. Based on analyses presented here, PFS2 affects either ovule patterning or differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ok Park
- Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8526, USA
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Meister RJ, Williams LA, Monfared MM, Gallagher TL, Kraft EA, Nelson CG, Gasser CS. Definition and interactions of a positive regulatory element of the Arabidopsis INNER NO OUTER promoter. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 37:426-38. [PMID: 14731261 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
INNER NO OUTER (INO) expression is limited to the abaxial cell layer of the incipient and developing outer integument in Arabidopsis ovules. Using deletion analysis of the previously defined INO promoter (P-INO), at least three distinct regions that contribute to the endogenous INO expression pattern were identified. One such positive element, designated POS9, which comprises at least three distinct subelements, was found to include sufficient information to duplicate the INO expression pattern when four or more copies were used in conjunction with a heterologous minimal promoter. While known regulators of INO, including INO, SUPERMAN, BELL1, and AINTEGUMENTA, did not detectably interact with POS9 in yeast one-hybrid assays, two groups of proteins that interact specifically with POS9 were identified in one-hybrid library screens. Members of one group include C2H2 zinc finger motifs. Members of the second group contain a novel, conserved DNA-binding region and were designated the BASIC PENTACYSTEINE (BPC) proteins on the basis of conserved features of this region. The BPC proteins are nuclear localized and specifically bind in vitro to GA dinucleotide repeats located within POS9. The widespread expression patterns of the BPCs and the large number of GA repeat potential target sequences in the Arabidopsis genome indicate that BPC proteins may affect expression of genes involved in a variety of plant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Meister
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra J Skinner
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Genetics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Himanen K, Reuzeau C, Beeckman T, Melzer S, Grandjean O, Corben L, Inze D. The Arabidopsis locus RCB mediates upstream regulation of mitotic gene expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 133:1862-1872. [PMID: 14681535 PMCID: PMC300739 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.027128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2003] [Revised: 06/25/2003] [Accepted: 09/09/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of cell cycle regulatory genes, such as B-type cyclins, is tightly linked with the mitotic activity in the meristems. To study the regulation of a B-type cyclin gene, a targeted genetic approach was undertaken. An Arabidopsis line containing a fusion construct between the CYCB1;1 promoter and a bacterial beta-glucuronidase marker gene (uidA) was used in ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis. The mutants were screened for altered CYCB1;1::uidA expression patterns. In a reduced CYCB1;1 expression mutant (rcb), the CYCB1;1::uidA expression was severely affected, being excluded from the shoot and root apical meristems and leaf primordia and shifted to cells associated with root cap and stomata. In addition to the overall reduction of the endogenous CYCB1;1 transcript levels, other G2-to-M phase-specific genes were also down-regulated by the mutation. In the mutant plants, the inflorescence stem growth was reduced, indicating low meristem activity. Based on the altered CYCB1;1::uidA expression patterns in rcb root meristem, a model is proposed for RCB that mediates the tissue specificity of CYCB1;1 promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Himanen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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Skinner DJ, Baker SC, Meister RJ, Broadhvest J, Schneitz K, Gasser CS. The Arabidopsis HUELLENLOS gene, which is essential for normal ovule development, encodes a mitochondrial ribosomal protein. THE PLANT CELL 2001. [PMID: 11752383 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.13.12.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The HUELLENLOS (HLL) gene participates in patterning and growth of the Arabidopsis ovule. We have isolated the HLL gene and shown that it encodes a protein homologous to the L14 proteins of eubacterial ribosomes. The Arabidopsis genome also includes a highly similar gene, HUELLENLOS PARALOG (HLP), and genes for both cytosolic (L23) and chloroplast ribosome L14 proteins. Phylogenetic analysis shows that HLL and HLP differ significantly from these other two classes of such proteins. HLL and HLP fusions to green fluorescent protein were localized to mitochondria. Ectopic expression of HLP complemented the hll mutant, indicating that HLP and HLL share redundant functions. We conclude that HLL and HLP encode L14 subunits of mitochondrial ribosomes. HLL mRNA was at significantly higher levels than HLP mRNA in pistils, with the opposite pattern in leaves. This differential expression can explain the confinement of effects of hll mutations to gynoecia and ovules. Our elucidation of the nature of HLL shows that metabolic defects can have specific effects on developmental patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Skinner
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Skinner DJ, Baker SC, Meister RJ, Broadhvest J, Schneitz K, Gasser CS. The Arabidopsis HUELLENLOS gene, which is essential for normal ovule development, encodes a mitochondrial ribosomal protein. THE PLANT CELL 2001; 13:2719-30. [PMID: 11752383 PMCID: PMC139484 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2001] [Accepted: 09/17/2001] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The HUELLENLOS (HLL) gene participates in patterning and growth of the Arabidopsis ovule. We have isolated the HLL gene and shown that it encodes a protein homologous to the L14 proteins of eubacterial ribosomes. The Arabidopsis genome also includes a highly similar gene, HUELLENLOS PARALOG (HLP), and genes for both cytosolic (L23) and chloroplast ribosome L14 proteins. Phylogenetic analysis shows that HLL and HLP differ significantly from these other two classes of such proteins. HLL and HLP fusions to green fluorescent protein were localized to mitochondria. Ectopic expression of HLP complemented the hll mutant, indicating that HLP and HLL share redundant functions. We conclude that HLL and HLP encode L14 subunits of mitochondrial ribosomes. HLL mRNA was at significantly higher levels than HLP mRNA in pistils, with the opposite pattern in leaves. This differential expression can explain the confinement of effects of hll mutations to gynoecia and ovules. Our elucidation of the nature of HLL shows that metabolic defects can have specific effects on developmental patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Skinner
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Abstract
Plant cell division occurs mainly in developing tissues and appears to be highly regulated in both space and time. Recently, genetic and molecular analyses have been able to dissect the function of cell proliferation in the processes of growth and development. Mutant studies have shown that plants have a compensatory mechanism whereby increased cell expansion can partially cover for defects in proliferation. Ectopic expression of developmental and cell-cycle regulators has indicated how growth rate is controlled at the molecular level in meristems and lateral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Doonan
- John Innes Centre, Colney, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK.
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