1
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Chen YM, Wu JL, Lin WH. Common Spontaneous Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions in 70 Pet Rodents and Negative MMTV Detection in Mammary Tumors. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1469. [PMID: 38791685 PMCID: PMC11117349 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Compared to the number of studies on the neoplasms of laboratory rodents, fewer studies have focused on spontaneous neoplasms in pet rodents. Notably, the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is associated with mammary tumors in rodents. In this study, 77 tumors and tumor-like lesions of biopsy samples were collected from 70 pet rodents, including hamsters (n = 47), guinea pigs (n = 16), unknown species (n = 4), rats (n = 2), and a gerbil. Fifty tumors were collected from 47 hamsters, in which the most common tumors were mammary tumors (13/50), followed by fibrosarcoma (9/50), mast cell tumors (4/50), and squamous cell carcinoma (4/50). The collected subtypes of mammary tumors in hamsters included tubular carcinoma (n = 5), tubular adenoma (n = 4), carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma (n = 1), simple tubular carcinoma (n = 1), adenosquamous carcinoma (n = 1), and tubulopapillary adenoma (n = 1). In addition, twenty tumors were collected from guinea pigs, in which the most common tumor was lipoma (6/20), followed by adenocarcinoma of the mammary gland (4/20), trichofolliculoma (2/20), and collagenous hamartomas (2/20). In guinea pigs, the subtypes of mammary gland tumors were tubular carcinoma (n = 2), tubular and solid carcinoma (n = 1), and tubulopapillary carcinoma (n = 1). In 20 cases of mammary tumors, MMTV was not detected, implicating no evidence of MMTV infection in mammary oncogenesis in pet rodents in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Mei Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County 912301, Taiwan (W.-H.L.)
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2
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Beilinson HA, Sevilleja A, Spring J, Benavides F, Beilinson V, Neokosmidis N, Golovkina T. A single dominant locus restricts retrovirus replication in YBR/Ei mice. J Virol 2023; 97:e0068523. [PMID: 37578238 PMCID: PMC10506465 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00685-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential responses to viral infections are influenced by the genetic makeup of the host. Studies of resistance to retroviruses in human populations are complicated due to the inability to conduct proof-of-principle studies. Inbred mouse lines, which have a range of susceptible phenotypes to retroviruses, are an ideal tool to identify and characterize mechanisms of resistance and define their genetic underpinnings. YBR/Ei mice become infected with Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus, a mucosally transmitted murine retrovirus, but eliminate the virus from their pedigrees. Virus elimination correlates with a lack of virus-specific neonatal oral tolerance, which is a major mechanism for blocking the anti-virus response in susceptible mice. Virus control is unrelated to virus-neutralizing antibodies, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and NK T cells, which are the best characterized mechanisms of resistance to retroviruses. We identified a single, dominant locus that controls the resistance mechanism, which we provisionally named attenuation of virus titers (Avt) and mapped to the distal region of chromosome 18. IMPORTANCE Elucidation of the mechanism that mediates resistance to retroviruses is of fundamental importance to human health, as it will ultimately lead to knowledge of the genetic differences among individuals in susceptibility to microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen A. Beilinson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amanda Sevilleja
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jessica Spring
- Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fernando Benavides
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vera Beilinson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Tatyana Golovkina
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and System Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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3
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Materniak-Kornas M, Kubiś P, Sell B, Pougialis G, Löchelt M, Kuźmak J. An Outbred Calf Model for Determining Innate Immune Sensing and Evolutionary Trajectories of a Cell Culture-Adapted Bovine Foamy Virus Variant. Viruses 2023; 15:1772. [PMID: 37632114 PMCID: PMC10458543 DOI: 10.3390/v15081772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine foamy virus (BFVbta) displays a very high degree of cell-associated replication which is unprecedented even among the other known foamy viruses. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that it can in fact adapt in vitro to high-titer (HT) cell-free transmission due to genetic changes acquired during repeated rounds of cell-free BFVbta passages in immortalized bovine MDBK cells. Molecular clones obtained from the HT BFVbta Riems cell-free variant (HT BFVbta Riems) have been thoroughly characterized in MDBK cell cultures However, during recent years, it has become increasingly clear that the source of the host cells used for virus growth and functional studies of virus replication and virus-cell interactions plays a paramount role. Established cell lines, mostly derived from tumors, but occasionally experimentally immortalized and transformed, frequently display aberrant features relating, for example. to growth, metabolism, and genetics. Even state-of-the-art organoid cultures of primary cells cannot replicate the conditions in an authentic host, especially those concerning cell diversity and the role of innate and adaptive immunity. Therefore, to determine the overall replication characteristics of the cloned wt and HT BFVbta Riems variant, we conducted a small-scale animal pilot study. The replication of the original wt BFVbta Riems isolate, as well as that of its HT variant, were analyzed. Both BFVbta variants established infection in calves, with proviruses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and induced Gag-specific antibodies. In addition, a related pattern in the host innate immune reaction was detected in the peripheral blood leukocytes of the BFV-infected calves. Surprisingly, an analysis of the Gag sequence two weeks post-inoculation revealed that the HT BFVbta variant showed a very high level of genetic reversion to the wild type (parental BFVbta genotype).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Materniak-Kornas
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (P.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Piotr Kubiś
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (P.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Bartosz Sell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Georgios Pougialis
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (G.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Martin Löchelt
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (G.P.); (M.L.)
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (P.K.); (J.K.)
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Lekshmy M, Dhanya CR, Smrithi JS, Sindhurani JA, Vandanamthadathil JJ, Veettil JT, Anila L, Lathakumari VS, Nayar AM, Madhavan M. Peptide Vaccines as Therapeutic and Prophylactic Agents for Female-Specific Cancers: The Current Landscape. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1054. [PMID: 37513965 PMCID: PMC10383774 DOI: 10.3390/ph16071054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast and gynecologic cancers are significant global threats to women's health and those living with the disease require lifelong physical, financial, and social support from their families, healthcare providers, and society as a whole. Cancer vaccines offer a promising means of inducing long-lasting immune response against the disease. Among various types of cancer vaccines available, peptide vaccines offer an effective strategy to elicit specific anti-tumor immune responses. Peptide vaccines have been developed based on tumor associated antigens (TAAs) and tumor specific neoantigens which can also be of viral origin. Molecular alterations in HER2 and non-HER2 genes are established to be involved in the pathogenesis of female-specific cancers and hence were exploited for the development of peptide vaccines against these diseases, most of which are in the latter stages of clinical trials. However, prophylactic vaccines for viral induced cancers, especially those against Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection are well established. This review discusses therapeutic and prophylactic approaches for various types of female-specific cancers such as breast cancer and gynecologic cancers with special emphasis on peptide vaccines. We also present a pipeline for the design and evaluation of a multiepitope peptide vaccine that can be active against female-specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Lekshmy
- Department of Botany and Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College, Thumba, Thiruvananthapuram 695586, Kerala, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leelamma Anila
- Department of Biochemistry, NSS College, Nilamel, Kollam 691535, Kerala, India
| | - Vishnu Sasidharan Lathakumari
- Department of Biochemistry and Industrial Microbiology, Sree Narayana College for Women, Kollam 691001, Kerala, India
| | - Adhira M Nayar
- Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi College, Thiruvananthapuram 695004, Kerala, India
| | - Maya Madhavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
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Kemeter LM, Birzer A, Heym S, Thoma-Kress AK. Milk Transmission of Mammalian Retroviruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1777. [PMID: 37512949 PMCID: PMC10386362 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of viruses from one host to another typically occurs through horizontal or vertical pathways. The horizontal pathways include transmission amongst individuals, usually through bodily fluids or excretions, while vertical transmission transpires from mother to their offspring, either during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. While there are more than 200 human pathogenic viruses to date, only a small number of them are known to be transmitted via breast milk, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the latter two belonging to the family Retroviridae. Breast milk transmission is a common characteristic among mammalian retroviruses, but there is a lack of reports summarizing our knowledge regarding this route of transmission of mammalian retroviruses. Here, we provide an overview of the transmission of mammalian exogenous retroviruses with a focus on Orthoretrovirinae, and we highlight whether they have been described or suspected to be transmitted through breast milk, covering various species. We also elaborate on the production and composition of breast milk and discuss potential entry sites of exogenous mammalian retroviruses during oral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Kemeter
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Birzer
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heym
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea K Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Parisi F, Fonti N, Millanta F, Freer G, Pistello M, Poli A. Exploring the link between viruses and cancer in companion animals: a comprehensive and comparative analysis. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:40. [PMID: 37386451 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, it is estimated that 15% of human neoplasms globally are caused by infectious agents, with new evidence emerging continuously. Multiple agents have been implicated in various forms of neoplasia, with viruses as the most frequent. In recent years, investigation on viral mechanisms underlying tumoral transformation in cancer development and progression are in the spotlight, both in human and veterinary oncology. Oncogenic viruses in veterinary medicine are of primary importance not only as original pathogens of pets, but also in the view of pets as models of human malignancies. Hence, this work will provide an overview of the main oncogenic viruses of companion animals, with brief notes of comparative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Niccolò Fonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Millanta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Freer
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento, 36, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento, 36, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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7
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Jayatilleke KM, Duivenvoorden HM, Ryan GF, Parker BS, Hulett MD. Investigating the Role of Heparanase in Breast Cancer Development Utilising the MMTV-PyMT Murine Model of Mammary Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15113062. [PMID: 37297024 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15113062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second most common human malignancy and is a major global health burden. Heparanase (HPSE) has been widely implicated in enhancing the development and progression of solid tumours, including breast cancer. In this study, the well-established spontaneous mammary tumour-developing MMTV-PyMT murine model was utilised to examine the role of HPSE in breast cancer establishment, progression, and metastasis. The use of HPSE-deficient MMTV-PyMT (MMTV-PyMTxHPSE-/-) mice addressed the lack of genetic ablation models to investigate the role of HPSE in mammary tumours. It was demonstrated that even though HPSE regulated mammary tumour angiogenesis, mammary tumour progression and metastasis were HPSE-independent. Furthermore, there was no evidence of compensatory action by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in response to the lack of HPSE expression in the mammary tumours. These findings suggest that HPSE may not play a significant role in the mammary tumour development of MMTV-PyMT animals. Collectively, these observations may have implications in the clinical setting of breast cancer and therapy using HPSE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnath M Jayatilleke
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Hendrika M Duivenvoorden
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Gemma F Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Belinda S Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
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8
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Ahmad W, Panicker NG, Akhlaq S, Gull B, Baby J, Khader TA, Rizvi TA, Mustafa F. Global Down-regulation of Gene Expression Induced by Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) in Normal Mammary Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051110. [PMID: 37243196 DOI: 10.3390/v15051110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is a betaretrovirus that causes breast cancer in mice. The mouse mammary epithelial cells are the most permissive cells for MMTV, expressing the highest levels of virus upon infection and being the ones later transformed by the virus due to repeated rounds of infection/superinfection and integration, leading eventually to mammary tumors. The aim of this study was to identify genes and molecular pathways dysregulated by MMTV expression in mammary epithelial cells. Towards this end, mRNAseq was performed on normal mouse mammary epithelial cells stably expressing MMTV, and expression of host genes was analyzed compared with cells in its absence. The identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were grouped on the basis of gene ontology and relevant molecular pathways. Bioinformatics analysis identified 12 hub genes, of which 4 were up-regulated (Angp2, Ccl2, Icam, and Myc) and 8 were down-regulated (Acta2, Cd34, Col1a1, Col1a2, Cxcl12, Eln, Igf1, and Itgam) upon MMTV expression. Further screening of these DEGs showed their involvement in many diseases, especially in breast cancer progression when compared with available data. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) identified 31 molecular pathways dysregulated upon MMTV expression, amongst which the PI3-AKT-mTOR was observed to be the central pathway down-regulated by MMTV. Many of the DEGs and 6 of the 12 hub genes identified in this study showed expression profile similar to that observed in the PyMT mouse model of breast cancer, especially during tumor progression. Interestingly, a global down-regulation of gene expression was observed, where nearly 74% of the DEGs in HC11 cells were repressed by MMTV expression, an observation similar to what was observed in the PyMT mouse model during tumor progression, from hyperplasia to adenoma to early and late carcinomas. Comparison of our results with the Wnt1 mouse model revealed further insights into how MMTV expression could lead to activation of the Wnt1 pathway independent of insertional mutagenesis. Thus, the key pathways, DEGs, and hub genes identified in this study can provide important clues to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in MMTV replication, escape from cellular anti-viral response, and potential to cause cell transformation. These data also validate the use of the MMTV-infected HC11 cells as an important model to study early transcriptional changes that could lead to mammary cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates (UAE) University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Neena G Panicker
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates (UAE) University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shaima Akhlaq
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates (UAE) University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bushra Gull
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates (UAE) University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jasmin Baby
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates (UAE) University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thanumol A Khader
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates (UAE) University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tahir A Rizvi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences (ZCHS), UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
- ASPIRE Research Institute in Precision Medicine, Abu Dhabi, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farah Mustafa
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates (UAE) University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences (ZCHS), UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
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9
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Dudley JP. APOBECs: Our fickle friends? PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011364. [PMID: 37200235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaquelin P Dudley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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Resende CF, Santos AM, Cook RF, Victor RM, Câmara RJF, Gonçalves GP, Lima JG, Maciel e Silva AG, Leite RC, dos Reis JKP. Low transmission rates of Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) in foals born to seropositive feral mares inhabiting the Amazon delta region despite climatic conditions supporting high insect vector populations. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:286. [PMID: 35869474 PMCID: PMC9306203 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Marajó Island, within in the Amazon River Delta, supports numerous bands of feral equids including the genetically distinct Marajoara horses. Approximately 40% of the equids on the island are infected with Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). This high seropositivity rate coupled with the need to preserve rare breeds such as the Marajoara horse precludes euthanasia as the primary means for controlling EIAV in this region. In the absence of iatrogenic transmission, spread of this lentivirus is mediated primarily by hematophagous insects, whose year-round prevalence on the island is supported by favorable climatic conditions. In addition, cases of vertical EIAV transmission have been observed suggesting inclusion of seropositive mares in restorative breeding programs could result in their progeny becoming infected with this virus either pre-parturition or post-partum via hematophagous insects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate EIAV vertical and post-partum insect-mediated transmission rates among foals born to seropositive feral mares until natural weaning. Serum samples from foals born to seropositive feral mares within the Soure municipality, of Marajó Island, were collected to investigate their serological status, using an indirect ELISApgp45, with positive samples confirmed using the classical agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay. Results The serological status of 28 foals were monitored over a 2-year period with some subjects, depending on their date of birth, being sampled up to six times. All foals remained with their respective mares until fully weaned at approximately 10 months of age. Only 2 foals (7.14%) in the study group became seropositive against EIAV. Conclusion The results demonstrate that in most cases it is possible to obtain seronegative foals born to and eventually weaned by EIA positive mares, even in equatorial regions where substantial rainfall and high temperatures favor the proliferation of insect vectors.
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11
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Linking Human Betaretrovirus with Autoimmunity and Liver Disease in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091941. [PMID: 36146750 PMCID: PMC9502388 DOI: 10.3390/v14091941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by the production of diagnostic antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) reactive to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. A human betaretrovirus (HBRV) resembling mouse mammary tumor virus has been characterized in patients with PBC. However, linking the viral infection with the disease is not a straight-forward process because PBC is a complex multifactorial disease influenced by genetic, hormonal, autoimmune, environmental, and other factors. Currently, PBC is assumed to have an autoimmune etiology, but the evidence is lacking to support this conjecture. In this review, we describe different approaches connecting HBRV with PBC. Initially, we used co-cultivation of HBRV with biliary epithelial cells to trigger the PBC-specific phenotype with cell surface expression of cryptic mitochondrial autoantigens linked with antimitochondrial antibody expression. Subsequently, we have derived layers of proof to support the role of betaretrovirus infection in mouse models of autoimmune biliary disease with spontaneous AMA production and in patients with PBC. Using Hill’s criteria, we provide an overview of how betaretrovirus infection may trigger autoimmunity and propagate biliary disease. Ultimately, the demonstration that disease can be cured with antiviral therapy may sway the argument toward an infectious disease etiology in an analogous fashion that was used to link H. pylori with peptic ulcer disease.
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12
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Parisi F, Freer G, Mazzanti CM, Pistello M, Poli A. Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) and MMTV-like Viruses: An In-depth Look at a Controversial Issue. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050977. [PMID: 35632719 PMCID: PMC9147501 DOI: 10.3390/v14050977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery as a milk factor, mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) has been shown to cause mammary carcinoma and lymphoma in mice. MMTV infection depends upon a viral superantigen (sag)-induced immune response and exploits the immune system to establish infection in mammary epithelial cells when they actively divide. Simultaneously, it avoids immune responses, causing tumors through insertional mutagenesis and clonal expansion. Early studies identified antigens and sequences belonging to a virus homologous to MMTV in human samples. Several pieces of evidence fulfill a criterion for a possible causal role for the MMTV-like virus in human breast cancer (BC), though the controversy about whether this virus was linked to BC has raged for over 40 years in the literature. In this review, the most important issues related to MMTV, from its discovery to the present days, are retraced to fully explore such a controversial issue. Furthermore, the hypothesis of an MMTV-like virus raised the question of a potential zoonotic mouse–man transmission. Several studies investigate the role of an MMTV-like virus in companion animals, suggesting their possible role as mediators. Finally, the possibility of an MMTV-like virus as a cause of human BC opens a new era for prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge, 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Giulia Freer
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Chiara Maria Mazzanti
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Via Ferruccio Giovannini, 13, 56017 San Giuliano Terme, Italy;
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge, 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Mouse Mammary Tumour Virus (MMTV) in Human Breast Cancer—The Value of Bradford Hill Criteria. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040721. [PMID: 35458452 PMCID: PMC9028876 DOI: 10.3390/v14040721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
For many decades, the betaretrovirus, mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV), has been a causal suspect for human breast cancer. In recent years, substantial new evidence has been developed. Based on this evidence, we hypothesise that MMTV has a causal role. We have used an extended version of the classic A. Bradford Hill causal criteria to assess the evidence. 1. Identification of MMTV in human breast cancers: The MMTV 9.9 kb genome in breast cancer cells has been identified. The MMTV genome in human breast cancer is up to 98% identical to MMTV in mice. 2. Epidemiology: The prevalence of MMTV positive human breast cancer is about 35 to 40% of breast cancers in Western countries and 15 to 20% in China and Japan. 3. Strength of the association between MMTV and human breast cancer: Consistency—MMTV env gene sequences are consistently five-fold higher in human breast cancer as compared to benign and normal breast controls. 4. Temporality (timing) of the association: MMTV has been identified in benign and normal breast tissues up to 10 years before the development of MMTV positive breast cancer in the same patient. 5. Exposure: Exposure of humans to MMTV leads to development of MMTV positive human breast cancer. 6. Experimental evidence: MMTVs can infect human breast cells in culture; MMTV proteins are capable of malignantly transforming normal human breast epithelial cells; MMTV is a likely cause of biliary cirrhosis, which suggests a link between MMTV and the disease in humans. 7. Coherence—analogy: The life cycle and biology of MMTV in humans is almost the same as in experimental and feral mice. 8. MMTV Transmission: MMTV has been identified in human sputum and human milk. Cereals contaminated with mouse fecal material may transmit MMTV. These are potential means of transmission. 9. Biological plausibility: Retroviruses are the established cause of human cancers. Human T cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV-1) causes adult T cell leukaemia, and human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) is associated with lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma. 10. Oncogenic mechanisms: MMTV oncogenesis in humans probably differs from mice and may involve the enzyme APOBEC3B. Conclusion: In our view, the evidence is compelling that MMTV has a probable causal role in a subset of approximately 40% of human breast cancers.
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Das P, Xu WK, Gautam AKS, Lozano MM, Dudley JP. A Retrotranslocation Assay That Predicts Defective VCP/p97-Mediated Trafficking of a Retroviral Signal Peptide. mBio 2022; 13:e0295321. [PMID: 35089078 PMCID: PMC8725593 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02953-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of viral replication have provided critical insights into host processes, including protein trafficking and turnover. Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is a betaretrovirus that encodes a functional 98-amino-acid signal peptide (SP). MMTV SP is generated from both Rem and envelope precursor proteins by signal peptidase cleavage in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. We previously showed that SP functions as a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev-like protein that is dependent on the AAA ATPase valosin-containing protein (VCP)/p97 to subvert ER-associated degradation (ERAD). SP contains a nuclear localization sequence (NLS)/nucleolar localization sequence (NoLS) within the N-terminal 45 amino acids. To directly determine the SP regions needed for membrane extraction and trafficking, we developed a quantitative retrotranslocation assay with biotin acceptor peptide (BAP)-tagged SP proteins. Use of alanine substitution mutants of BAP-tagged MMTV SP in retrotranslocation assays revealed that mutation of amino acids 57 and 58 (M57-58) interfered with ER membrane extraction, whereas adjacent mutations did not. The M57-58 mutant also showed reduced interaction with VCP/p97 in coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Using transfection and reporter assays to measure activity of BAP-tagged proteins, both M57-58 and an adjacent mutant (M59-61) were functionally defective compared to wild-type SP. Confocal microscopy revealed defects in SP nuclear trafficking and abnormal localization of both M57-58 and M59-61. Furthermore, purified glutathione S-transferase (GST)-tagged M57-58 and M59-61 demonstrated reduced ability to oligomerize compared to tagged wild-type SP. These experiments suggest that SP amino acids 57 and 58 are critical for VCP/p97 interaction and retrotranslocation, whereas residues 57 to 61 are critical for oligomerization and nuclear trafficking independent of the NLS/NoLS. Our results emphasize the complex host interactions with long signal peptides. IMPORTANCE Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) is a form of cellular protein quality control that is manipulated by viruses, including the betaretrovirus, mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). MMTV-encoded signal peptide (SP) has been shown to interact with an essential ERAD factor, VCP/p97 ATPase, to mediate its extraction from the ER membrane, also known as retrotranslocation, for RNA binding and nuclear function. In this paper, we developed a quantitative retrotranslocation assay that identified an SP substitution mutant, which is defective for VCP interaction as well as nuclear trafficking, oligomer formation, and function. An adjacent SP mutant was competent for retrotranslocation and VCP interaction but shared the other defects. Our results revealed the requirement for VCP during SP trafficking and the complex cellular pathways used by long signal peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Das
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Wendy Kaichun Xu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Amit Kumar Singh Gautam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Mary M. Lozano
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jaquelin P. Dudley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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15
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Kozlov AP. Mammalian tumor-like organs. 1. The role of tumor-like normal organs and atypical tumor organs in the evolution of development (carcino-evo-devo). Infect Agent Cancer 2022; 17:2. [PMID: 35012580 PMCID: PMC8751115 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-021-00412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Earlier I hypothesized that hereditary tumors might participate in the evolution of multicellular organisms. I formulated the hypothesis of evolution by tumor neofunctionalization, which suggested that the evolutionary role of hereditary tumors might consist in supplying evolving multicellular organisms with extra cell masses for the expression of evolutionarily novel genes and the origin of new cell types, tissues, and organs. A new theory—the carcino-evo-devo theory—has been developed based on this hypothesis. Main text My lab has confirmed several non-trivial predictions of this theory. Another non-trivial prediction is that evolutionarily new organs if they originated from hereditary tumors or tumor-like structures, should recapitulate some tumor features in their development. This paper reviews the tumor-like features of evolutionarily novel organs. It turns out that evolutionarily new organs such as the eutherian placenta, mammary gland, prostate, the infantile human brain, and hoods of goldfishes indeed have many features of tumors. I suggested calling normal organs, which have many tumor features, the tumor-like organs. Conclusion Tumor-like organs might originate from hereditary atypical tumor organs and represent the part of carcino-evo-devo relationships, i.e., coevolution of normal and neoplastic development. During subsequent evolution, tumor-like organs may lose the features of tumors and the high incidence of cancer and become normal organs without (or with almost no) tumor features.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Kozlov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Gubkina Street, Moscow, Russia, 117971. .,Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29, Polytekhnicheskaya Street, St. Petersburg, Russia, 195251.
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16
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Mustafa F, Ahmad W, Khader T, Panicker N, Akhlaq S, Baby J, Gull B. MMTV-like Env sequences from human breast cancer patients cannot yet be considered as a separate species. HAMDAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/hmj.hmj_35_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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17
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Taylor RA, McRaven MD, Carias AM, Anderson MR, Matias E, Araínga M, Allen EJ, Rogers KA, Gupta S, Kulkarni V, Lakhashe S, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Thomas Y, Strickland A, Villinger FJ, Ruprecht RM, Hope TJ. Localization of infection in neonatal rhesus macaques after oral viral challenge. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009855. [PMID: 34793582 PMCID: PMC8639050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can occur in utero, during delivery, and through breastfeeding. We utilized Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging coupled with fluorescent microscopy of 64Cu-labeled photoactivatable-GFP-HIV (PA-GFP-BaL) to determine how HIV virions distribute and localize in neonatal rhesus macaques two and four hours after oral viral challenge. Our results show that by four hours after oral viral exposure, HIV virions localize to and penetrate the rectal mucosa. We also used a dual viral challenge with a non-replicative viral vector and a replication competent SHIV-1157ipd3N4 to examine viral transduction and dissemination at 96 hours. Our data show that while SHIV-1157ipd3N4 infection can be found in the oral cavity and upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the small and large intestine contained the largest number of infected cells. Moreover, we found that T cells were the biggest population of infected immune cells. Thus, thanks to these novel technologies, we are able to visualize and delineate of viral distribution and infection throughout the entire neonatal GI tract during acute viral infection. Approximately 1.8 million children are currently living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). While mother-to-child HIV transmission can occur in utero and during delivery, it most commonly occurs through breastfeeding, creating the need to understand how the virus moves throughout the body and infects the infant once breast milk is consumed. Here, we used multiple imaging techniques and PCR to determine how HIV distributes throughout the gastrointestinal tract after oral viral exposure and in which tissues and cell types become acutely infected. We found that HIV rapidly spreads throughout and penetrates the entire gastrointestinal tract as early as four hours after exposure. We also found that the intestine contained the largest number of infected cells at 96 hours and that most cells infected were T cells. Our study shows that these imaging technologies allow for the examination of viral distribution and infection in a rhesus macaque model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn A. Taylor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael D. McRaven
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Carias
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Meegan R. Anderson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Edgar Matias
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mariluz Araínga
- Department of Biology, New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Rogers
- Department of Biology, New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Viraj Kulkarni
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Samir Lakhashe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Institute for Global Health, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yanique Thomas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Amanda Strickland
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Francois J. Villinger
- Department of Biology, New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Department of Biology, New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gupta I, Ulamec M, Peric-Balja M, Ramic S, Al Moustafa AE, Vranic S, Al-Farsi HF. Presence of high-risk HPVs, EBV, and MMTV in human triple-negative breast cancer. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4457-4466. [PMID: 34623225 PMCID: PMC8828071 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1975452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, the most frequent disease amongst women worldwide, accounts for the highest cancer-related mortality rate. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype encompasses ~15% of all breast cancers and lack estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. Although risk factors for breast cancer are well-known, factors underpinning breast cancer onset and progression remain unknown. Recent studies suggest the plausible role of oncoviruses including human papillomaviruses (HPVs), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) in breast cancer pathogenesis. However, the role of these oncoviruses in TNBC is still unclear. In the current study, we explored the status of high-risk HPVs, EBV, and MMTV in a well-defined TNBC cohort from Croatia in comparison to 16 normal/non TNBC samples (controls) using polymerase chain reaction assay. We found high-risk HPVs and EBV present in 37/70 (53%) and 25/70 (36%) of the cases, respectively. The most common HPV types are 52, 45, 31, 58 and 68. We found 16% of the samples positive for co-presence of high-risk HPVs and EBV. Moreover, our data revealed that 5/70 (7%) samples are positive for MMTV. In addition, only 2/70 (3%) samples had co-presence of HPVs, EBV, and MMTV without any significant association with the clinicopathological variables. While, 6/16 (37.5%) controls were positive for HPV (p = .4), EBV was absent in all controls (0/16, 0%) (p = .01). In addition, we did not find the co-presence of the oncoviruses in the controls (p > .05). Nevertheless, further investigations are essential to understand the underlying mechanisms of multiple-oncogenic viruses' interaction in breast carcinogenesis, especially TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Gupta
- College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Monika Ulamec
- College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Ljudevit Jurak Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Pathology and Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Melita Peric-Balja
- College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Oncological Pathology Department, Ljudevit Jurak Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snjezana Ramic
- College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Oncological Pathology Department, Ljudevit Jurak Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- CONTACT Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Semir Vranic
- College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Halema F. Al-Farsi
- College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qu Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Halema F. Al-Farsi College of Medicine, Qu Health, Qatar University, PO Box2713, Doha, Qatar
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19
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Das P, Dudley JP. How Viruses Use the VCP/p97 ATPase Molecular Machine. Viruses 2021; 13:1881. [PMID: 34578461 PMCID: PMC8473244 DOI: 10.3390/v13091881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that are dependent on host factors for their replication. One such host protein, p97 or the valosin-containing protein (VCP), is a highly conserved AAA ATPase that facilitates replication of diverse RNA- and DNA-containing viruses. The wide range of cellular functions attributed to this ATPase is consistent with its participation in multiple steps of the virus life cycle from entry and uncoating to viral egress. Studies of VCP/p97 interactions with viruses will provide important information about host processes and cell biology, but also viral strategies that take advantage of these host functions. The critical role of p97 in viral replication might be exploited as a target for development of pan-antiviral drugs that exceed the capability of virus-specific vaccines or therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Das
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Jaquelin P. Dudley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
- LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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20
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Farshi P, Kaya EC, Hashempour-Baltork F, Khosravi-Darani K. The effect of plant metabolites on coronaviruses: A comprehensive review focusing on their IC50 values and molecular docking scores. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:457-483. [PMID: 34488609 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210831152511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have caused worldwide outbreaks in different periods. SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), was the first emerged virus from this family, followed by MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) and SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV or COVID 19), which is newly emerged. Many studies have been conducted on the application of chemical and natural drugs for treating these coronaviruses and they are mostly focused on inhibiting the proteases of viruses or blocking their protein receptors through binding to amino acid residues. Among many substances which are introduced to have an inhibitory effect against coronaviruses through the mentioned pathways, natural components are of specific interest. Secondary and primary metabolites from plants, are considered as potential drugs to have an inhibitory effect on coronaviruses. IC50 value (the concentration in which there is 50% loss in enzyme activity), molecular docking score and binding energy are parameters to understand the ability of metabolites to inhibit the specific virus. In this study we did a review of 154 papers on the effect of plant metabolites on different coronaviruses and data of their IC50 values, molecular docking scores and inhibition percentages are collected in tables. Secondary plant metabolites such as polyphenol, alkaloids, terpenoids, organosulfur compounds, saponins and saikosaponins, lectins, essential oil, and nicotianamine, and primary metabolites such as vitamins are included in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastou Farshi
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. United States
| | - Eda Ceren Kaya
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. United States
| | - Fataneh Hashempour-Baltork
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Kianoush Khosravi-Darani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
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21
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Haugh KA, Ladinsky MS, Ullah I, Stone HM, Pi R, Gilardet A, Grunst MW, Kumar P, Bjorkman PJ, Mothes W, Uchil PD. In vivo imaging of retrovirus infection reveals a role for Siglec-1/CD169 in multiple routes of transmission. eLife 2021; 10:64179. [PMID: 34223819 PMCID: PMC8298093 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early events in retrovirus transmission are determined by interactions between incoming viruses and frontline cells near entry sites. Despite their importance for retroviral pathogenesis, very little is known about these events. We developed a bioluminescence imaging (BLI)-guided multiscale imaging approach to study these events in vivo. Engineered murine leukemia reporter viruses allowed us to monitor individual stages of retrovirus life cycle including virus particle flow, virus entry into cells, infection and spread for retroorbital, subcutaneous, and oral routes. BLI permitted temporal tracking of orally administered retroviruses along the gastrointestinal tract as they traversed the lumen through Peyer’s patches to reach the draining mesenteric sac. Importantly, capture and acquisition of lymph-, blood-, and milk-borne retroviruses spanning three routes was promoted by a common host factor, the I-type lectin CD169, expressed on sentinel macrophages. These results highlight how retroviruses co-opt the immune surveillance function of tissue-resident sentinel macrophages for establishing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Haugh
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Helen M Stone
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Ruoxi Pi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Alexandre Gilardet
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Michael W Grunst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Priti Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Pradeep D Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
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22
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Unconventional p97/VCP-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Endosome Trafficking of a Retroviral Protein. J Virol 2021; 95:e0053121. [PMID: 33952644 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00531-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) encodes a Rem precursor protein that specifies both regulatory and accessory functions. Rem is cleaved at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane into a functional N-terminal signal peptide (SP) and the C terminus (Rem-CT). Rem-CT lacks a membrane-spanning domain and a known ER retention signal, and yet it was not detectably secreted into cell supernatants. Inhibition of intracellular trafficking by the drug brefeldin A (BFA), which interferes with the ER-to-Golgi secretory pathway, resulted in dramatically reduced intracellular Rem-CT levels that were not rescued by proteasomal or lysosomal inhibitors. A Rem mutant lacking glycosylation was cleaved into SP and Rem-CT but was insensitive to BFA, suggesting that unglycosylated Rem-CT does not reach this BFA-dependent compartment. Treatment with endoglycosidase H indicated that Rem-CT does not traffic through the Golgi apparatus. Analysis of wild-type Rem-CT and its glycosylation mutant by confocal microscopy revealed that both were primarily localized to the ER lumen. A small fraction of wild-type Rem-CT, but not the unglycosylated mutant, was colocalized with Rab5-positive (Rab5+) early endosomes. The expression of a dominant-negative (DN) form of ADP ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1) (containing a mutation of threonine to asparagine at position 31 [T31N]) mimicked the effects of BFA by reducing Rem-CT levels and increased Rem-CT association with early and late endosomes. Inhibition of the AAA ATPase p97/VCP rescued Rem-CT in the presence of BFA or DN Arf1 and prevented localization to Rab5+ endosomes. Thus, Rem-CT uses an unconventional p97-mediated scheme for trafficking to early endosomes. IMPORTANCE Mouse mammary tumor virus is a complex retrovirus that encodes a regulatory/accessory protein, Rem. Rem is a precursor protein that is processed at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane by signal peptidase. The N-terminal SP uses the p97/VCP ATPase to elude ER-associated degradation to traffic to the nucleus and serve a human immunodeficiency virus Rev-like function. In contrast, the function of the C-terminal glycosylated cleavage product (Rem-CT) is unknown. Since localization is critical for protein function, we used mutants, inhibitors, and confocal microscopy to localize Rem-CT. Surprisingly, Rem-CT, which lacks a transmembrane domain or an ER retention signal, was detected primarily within the ER and required glycosylation and the p97 ATPase for early endosome trafficking without passage through the Golgi apparatus. Thus, Rem-CT uses a novel intracellular trafficking pathway, potentially impacting host antiviral immunity.
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Abstract
A large, firm, multi-cystic mammary gland mass grew slowly over 4 y in a 12-y-old, female Finn-Shetland cross sheep. A diagnosis of epithelial malignancy was suspected following fine-needle aspiration cytology at 30 mo after initial observation. The sheep was euthanized when the flock was downsized 18 mo later. A field postmortem examination revealed a large mammary mass, but an absence of metastases to internal organs. Imprint cytology of the mammary tissue supported a benign proliferative process. Histologically, mammary tissue was obliterated by cystic, tubular, and papillary adenomatous arrangements of mammary epithelium, with an anaplastic component, consistent with mammary carcinoma arising in an adenoma. IHC showed strong nuclear positivity to the antibody against progesterone receptor and minimal positivity to the antibody against estrogen receptor alpha expression. Intrinsic subtyping for basal or luminal epithelial origin was attempted through adaptation of companion animal IHC classification panels; high- and low-molecular-weight cytokeratins (CK5, CK8, CK18) failed to stain, but p63 expression for basal epithelium was positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley J. Newman
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY
| | - Stephen A. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology,
Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Kurt Zimmerman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology,
Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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Phillips M, Dunlap BF, Baldridge MT, Karst SM. Enteric Viruses and the Intestinal Microbiota. Virology 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119818526.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Kaplan MH, Contreras-Galindo R, Jiagge E, Merajver SD, Newman L, Bigman G, Dosik MH, Palapattu GS, Siddiqui J, Chinnaiyan AM, Adebamowo S, Adebamowo C. Is the HERV-K HML-2 Xq21.33, an endogenous retrovirus mutated by gene conversion of chromosome X in a subset of African populations, associated with human breast cancer? Infect Agent Cancer 2020; 15:19. [PMID: 32165916 PMCID: PMC7060579 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-020-00284-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human endogenous retroviruses HERV-K HML-2 have been considered a possible cause of human breast cancer (BrC). A HERV-K HML-2 fully intact provirus Xq21.33 was recently identified in some West African people. We used PCR technology to search for the Xq21.33 provirus in DNA from Nigerian women with BrC and controls. to see if Xq21.33 plays any role in predisposing to BrC. This provirus was detected in 27 of 216 (12.5%) women with BrC and in 22 of 219 (10.0%) controls. These results were not statistically significant. The prevalence of provirus in premenopausal control women 44 years or younger [18/157 (11.46%)} vs women with BrC [12/117 (10.26%)] showed no statistical difference. The prevalence of virus in postmenopausal control women > 45 yrs. was 7.4% (4/54) vs 15.31% (15/98) in postmenopausal women with BrC. These changes were not statistically significant at <.05, but the actual p value of <.0.079, suggests that Xq21.33 might play some role in predisposing to BrC in postmenopausal women. Provirus was present in Ghanaian women (6/87), in 1/6 Pygmy populations and in African American men (4/45) and women (6/68), but not in any Caucasian women (0/109). Two BrC cell lines (HCC 70 and DT22) from African American women had Xq21.33. Env regions of the virus which differed by 2-3 SNPs did not alter the protein sequence of the virus. SNP at 5730 and 8529 were seen in all persons with provirus, while 54% had an additional SNP at 7596.Two Nigerian women and 2 Ghanaian women had additional unusual SNPs. Homozygosity was seen in (5/27) BrC and (2/22) control women. The genetic variation and homozygosity patterns suggested that there was gene conversion of this X chromosome associated virus. The suggestive finding in this preliminary data of possible increased prevalence of Xq21.33 provirus in post-menopausal Nigerian women with BrC should be clarified by a more statistically powered study sample to see if postmenopausal African and/or African American women carriers of Xq21.33 might show increased risk of BrC. The implication of finding such a link would be the development of antiretroviral drugs that might aid in preventing BrC in Xq21.33+ women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | | | - Evelyn Jiagge
- Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Mi USA
| | - Sofia D. Merajver
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Lisa Newman
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Galya Bigman
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Michael H. Dosik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook Medical, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | | | - Javed Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Arul M. Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Sally Adebamowo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Clement Adebamowo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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26
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Zhang G, Bashiri K, Kneteman M, Cave K, Hong Y, Mackey JR, Alter HJ, Mason AL. Seroprevalence of Human Betaretrovirus Surface Protein Antibodies in Patients with Breast Cancer and Liver Disease. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:8958192. [PMID: 32411244 PMCID: PMC7204138 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8958192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is a betaretrovirus that plays a causal role in the development of breast cancer and lymphoma in mice. Closely related sequences that share 91-99% nucleotide identity with MMTV have been repeatedly found in humans with neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. Evidence for infection with a betaretrovirus has been found in patients with breast cancer and primary biliary cholangitis and referred to as the human mammary tumor virus and the human betaretrovirus (HBRV), respectively. Using the gold standard technique of demonstrating retroviral infection, HBRV proviral integrations have been detected in cholangiocytes, lymph nodes, and liver of patients with primary biliary cholangitis. However, the scientific biomedical community has not embraced the hypothesis that MMTV like betaretroviruses may infect humans because reports of viral detection have been inconsistent and robust diagnostic assays are lacking. Specifically, prior serological assays using MMTV proteins have produced divergent results in human disease. Accordingly, a partial HBRV surface (Su) construct was transfected into HEK293 to create an ELISA. The secreted HBRV gp52 Su protein was then used to screen for serological responses in patients with breast cancer and liver disease. A greater proportion of breast cancer patients (n = 98) were found to have serological reactivity to HBRV Su as compared to age- and sex-matched control subjects (10.2% versus 2.0%, P=0.017, OR = 5.6 [1.25-26.3]). Similarly, the frequency of HBRV Su reactivity was higher in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (n = 156) as compared to blood donors (11.5% vs. 3.1%, P=0.0024, OR = 4.09 [1.66-10.1]). While the sensitivity of the HBRV Su ELISA was limited, the assay was highly specific for serologic detection in patients with breast cancer or primary biliary cholangitis, respectively (98.0% [93.1%-99.7%] and 97.0% [93.4%-98.6%]). Additional assays will be required to link immune response to betaretrovirus infection and either breast cancer or primary biliary cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhi Zhang
- Center of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Kiandokht Bashiri
- Center of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Mark Kneteman
- Center of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Kevan Cave
- Center of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Youngkee Hong
- Center of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - John R. Mackey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Harvey J. Alter
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew L. Mason
- Center of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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Lawson JS, Glenn WK. Evidence for a causal role by mouse mammary tumour-like virus in human breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2019; 5:40. [PMID: 31728407 PMCID: PMC6838066 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-019-0136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reviewed the evidence relevant to mouse mammary tumour viruses (MMTV) and human breast cancer. The prevalence of MMTV- like gene sequences is 15-fold higher in human breast cancer than in normal human breast tissue controls and is present in up to 40% of human breast cancers. MMTV-like gene sequences can be identified in benign breast tissues 1–11 years before the development of positive MMTV-like breast cancer in the same women. The prevalence of MMTV antibodies in sera from women with breast cancer is 5-fold higher than in normal women. MMTV can infect human breast epithelial cells and integrate at random into the human genome located in those cells. MMTV-like gene sequences are present in human milk from normal lactating women and with increased prevalence in milk from women at risk of breast cancer. MMTV-like virus associated human breast cancer has strikingly similar features to MMTV-associated mouse mammary tumours. These features include almost identical nucleotide sequences and structure of the MMTV genome, histology, superantigen expression, MMTV infection of B and T lymphocytes and hormone dependence. MMTV-like gene sequences have also been identified in dogs, cats, monkeys, mice and rats. Saliva has been identified as the most plausible means of transmission from human to human and possibly from dogs to humans. The evidence meets the classic causal criteria. A causal role for MMTV-like viruses in human breast cancer is highly likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Lawson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Wendy K Glenn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
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28
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Singh GB, Byun H, Ali AF, Medina F, Wylie D, Shivram H, Nash AK, Lozano MM, Dudley JP. A Protein Antagonist of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Encoded by a Complex Mouse Retrovirus. mBio 2019; 10:e01678-19. [PMID: 31409681 PMCID: PMC6692512 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01678-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex human-pathogenic retroviruses cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide, but resist antiviral drugs and vaccine development due to evasion of the immune response. A complex retrovirus, mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), requires replication in B and T lymphocytes for mammary gland transmission and is antagonized by the innate immune restriction factor murine Apobec3 (mA3). To determine whether the regulatory/accessory protein Rem affects innate responses to MMTV, a splice-donor mutant (MMTV-SD) lacking Rem expression was injected into BALB/c mice. Mammary tumors induced by MMTV-SD had a lower proviral load, lower incidence, and longer latency than mammary tumors induced by wild-type MMTV (MMTV-WT). MMTV-SD proviruses had many G-to-A mutations on the proviral plus strand, but also C-to-T transitions within WRC motifs. Similarly, a lymphomagenic MMTV variant lacking Rem expression showed decreased proviral loads and increased WRC motif mutations relative to those in wild-type-virus-induced tumors, consistent with activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) mutagenesis in lymphoid cells. These mutations are typical of the Apobec family member AID, a B-cell-specific mutagenic protein involved in antibody variable region hypermutation. In contrast, mutations in WRC motifs and proviral loads were similar in MMTV-WT and MMTV-SD proviruses from tumors in AID-insufficient mice. AID was not packaged in MMTV virions. Rem coexpression in transfection experiments led to AID proteasomal degradation. Our data suggest that rem specifies a human-pathogenic immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vif-like protein that inhibits AID and antagonizes innate immunity during MMTV replication in lymphocytes.IMPORTANCE Complex retroviruses, such as human-pathogenic immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), cause many human deaths. These retroviruses produce lifelong infections through viral proteins that interfere with host immunity. The complex retrovirus mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) allows for studies of host-pathogen interactions not possible in humans. A mutation preventing expression of the MMTV Rem protein in two different MMTV strains decreased proviral loads in tumors and increased viral genome mutations typical of an evolutionarily ancient enzyme, AID. Although the presence of AID generally improves antibody-based immunity, it may contribute to human cancer progression. We observed that coexpression of MMTV Rem and AID led to AID destruction. Our results suggest that Rem is the first known protein inhibitor of AID and that further experiments could lead to new disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurvani B Singh
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Hyewon Byun
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Almas F Ali
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Frank Medina
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Dennis Wylie
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics and Center for Biomedical Research Support, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Haridha Shivram
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Andrea K Nash
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Mary M Lozano
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jaquelin P Dudley
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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29
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Richardson AK, Walker LC, Cox B, Rollag H, Robinson BA, Morrin H, Pearson JF, Potter JD, Paterson M, Surcel HM, Pukkala E, Currie MJ. Breast cancer and cytomegalovirus. Clin Transl Oncol 2019; 22:585-602. [PMID: 31256361 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether cytomegalovirus is causally associated with breast cancer and whether cytomegalovirus should be categorised as an oncogenic virus. METHODS We undertook a review of published epidemiological and laboratory studies, using established causal criteria: Bradford Hill criteria to determine whether cytomegalovirus is associated with breast cancer; and Evans/Mueller criteria to determine whether cytomegalovirus should be categorised as an oncogenic virus. RESULTS Although there are inconsistencies in the findings of published epidemiological and laboratory studies, these may be explained by factors such as: differences in timing of blood samples, differences in selection of cases and controls, or high cytomegalovirus seroprevalence among participants in the epidemiological studies; and, in the laboratory studies, differences in sample preparations, age of sample, whether or not paired breast cancer and normal breast tissue samples were used, differences in the tests, primers and/or antibodies used, differences in histological types of breast cancer studied, and/or features of the virus. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results of published studies of cytomegalovirus and breast cancer suggest cytomegalovirus is a causal factor for at least some types of breast cancer. If the evidence for a link between cytomegalovirus and breast cancer continues to strengthen, further research could lead to: targeted screening; therapy using antiviral drugs; and, perhaps, primary prevention of a significant proportion of breast cancer. Vaccination against viruses has already been shown to be effective in preventing cervix and liver cancer; cytomegalovirus vaccines are already under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Richardson
- Wayne Francis Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - L C Walker
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - B Cox
- Hugh Adam Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - H Rollag
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - B A Robinson
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - H Morrin
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J F Pearson
- Department of the Dean, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J D Potter
- Wayne Francis Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Paterson
- University of Canterbury Library, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - H-M Surcel
- European Science Infrastructure Services, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - E Pukkala
- Finnish Cancer Registry Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - M J Currie
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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30
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Son D, Kong HK, Kim Y, Song MJ, Kim HP, Lee HW, Park JH. Transgenic overexpression of human LY6K in mice suppresses mature T cell development in the thymus. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:379-387. [PMID: 30655778 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte antigen 6 family member K (LY6K) is upregulated in a number of types of cancer and promotes tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. In addition, LY6K is involved in tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. However, the in vivo molecular mechanism of LY6K has not yet been investigated. In the present study, transgenic mice overexpressing human LY6K (hLY6K) were generated using the pMAMneo vector, and the effect of LY6K upregulation in vivo was investigated. A total of 4 transgenic mice were generated, and the gene copy number was examined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RT-qPCR demonstrated that mRNA of hLY6K was overexpressed in the thymus and spleen of the transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the proportions of B and T cells in the spleen were similar in wild-type and transgenic mice; however, the proportion of thymic mature T cells decreased in the transgenic mice, while there was an increase in the proportion of naïve T cells. These findings suggest that the overexpression of LY6K suppresses T cell development, and that LY6K is a potential therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasom Son
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Kong
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Yesol Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Song
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyong Pyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Woong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Park
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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31
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Akhlaq S, Panicker NG, Philip PS, Ali LM, Dudley JP, Rizvi TA, Mustafa F. A cis-Acting Element Downstream of the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Major Splice Donor Critical for RNA Elongation and Stability. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:4307-4324. [PMID: 30179605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) encodes a functional signal peptide, a cleavage product of envelope and Rem proteins. Signal peptide interacts with a 3' cis-acting RNA element, the Rem-responsive element (RmRE), to facilitate expression of both unspliced genomic (gRNA) and spliced mRNAs. An additional RmRE has been proposed at the 5' end of the genome, facilitating nuclear export of the unspliced gRNA, whereas the 3' RmRE could facilitate translation of all other mRNAs, including gRNA. RESULTS To address this hypothesis, a series of mutations were introduced into a 24-nt region found exclusively in the unspliced gRNA. Mutant clones using MMTV or human cytomegalovirus promoters were tested in both transient and stable transfections to determine their effect on gRNA nuclear export, stability, and translation. Nuclear export of the gRNA was affected only in a small mutant subset in stably transfected Jurkat T cells. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR of actinomycin D-treated cells expressing MMTV revealed that multiple mutants were severely compromised for RNA expression and stability. Both genomic and spliced nuclear RNAs were reduced, leading to abrogation of Gag and Env protein expressed from unspliced and spliced mRNAs, respectively. RT-PCRs with multiple primer pairs indicated failure to elongate genomic MMTV transcripts beyond ~500 nt compared to the wild type in a cell line-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS MMTV contains a novel cis-acting element downstream of the major splice donor critical for facilitating MMTV gRNA elongation and stability. Presence of a mirror repeat within the element may represent important viral/host factor binding site(s) within MMTV gRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaima Akhlaq
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Tawam Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Neena G Panicker
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Tawam Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Pretty S Philip
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Tawam Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Lizna M Ali
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Tawam Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Jaquelin P Dudley
- LaMontagne Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 East 24th Street, NHB 2.616, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Tahir A Rizvi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Tawam Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Farah Mustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Tawam Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Mustafa F, Vivet-Boudou V, Jabeen A, Ali LM, Kalloush RM, Marquet R, Rizvi TA. The bifurcated stem loop 4 (SL4) is crucial for efficient packaging of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) genomic RNA. RNA Biol 2018; 15:1047-1059. [PMID: 29929424 PMCID: PMC6161677 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2018.1486661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Packaging the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) genomic RNA (gRNA) requires the entire 5' untranslated region (UTR) in conjunction with the first 120 nucleotides of the gag gene. This region includes several palindromic (pal) sequence(s) and stable stem loops (SLs). Among these, stem loop 4 (SL4) adopts a bifurcated structure consisting of three stems, two apical loops, and an internal loop. Pal II, located in one of the apical loops, mediates gRNA dimerization, a process intricately linked to packaging. We thus hypothesized that the bifurcated SL4 structure could constitute the major gRNA packaging determinant. To test this hypothesis, the two apical loops and the flanking sequences forming the bifurcated SL4 were individually mutated. These mutations all had deleterious effects on gRNA packaging and propagation. Next, single and compensatory mutants were designed to destabilize then recreate the bifurcated SL4 structure. A structure-function analysis using bioinformatics predictions and RNA chemical probing revealed that mutations that led to the loss of the SL4 bifurcated structure abrogated RNA packaging and propagation, while compensatory mutations that recreated the native SL4 structure restored RNA packaging and propagation to wild type levels. Altogether, our results demonstrate that SL4 constitutes the principal packaging determinant of MMTV gRNA. Our findings further suggest that SL4 acts as a structural switch that can not only differentiate between RNA for translation versus packaging/dimerization, but its location also allows differentiation between spliced and unspliced RNAs during gRNA encapsidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Mustafa
- a Department of Biochemistry , College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , UAE
| | - Valérie Vivet-Boudou
- b Université de Strasbourg , CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN , Strasbourg , France
| | - Ayesha Jabeen
- c Department of Microbiology & Immunology , College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , UAE
| | - Lizna M Ali
- c Department of Microbiology & Immunology , College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , UAE
| | - Rawan M Kalloush
- c Department of Microbiology & Immunology , College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , UAE
| | - Roland Marquet
- b Université de Strasbourg , CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN , Strasbourg , France
| | - Tahir A Rizvi
- c Department of Microbiology & Immunology , College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , UAE
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33
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Biochemical and Functional Characterization of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Full-Length Pr77 Gag Expressed in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060334. [PMID: 29912170 PMCID: PMC6024702 DOI: 10.3390/v10060334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) Pr77Gag polypeptide is an essential retroviral structural protein without which infectious viral particles cannot be formed. This process requires specific recognition and packaging of dimerized genomic RNA (gRNA) by Gag during virus assembly. Most of the previous work on retroviral assembly has used either the nucleocapsid portion of Gag, or other truncated Gag derivatives—not the natural substrate for virus assembly. In order to understand the molecular mechanism of MMTV gRNA packaging process, we expressed and purified full-length recombinant Pr77Gag-His6-tag fusion protein from soluble fractions of bacterial cultures. We show that the purified Pr77Gag-His6-tag protein retained the ability to assemble virus-like particles (VLPs) in vitro with morphologically similar immature intracellular particles. The recombinant proteins (with and without His6-tag) could both be expressed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and had the ability to form VLPs in vivo. Most importantly, the recombinant Pr77Gag-His6-tag fusion proteins capable of making VLPs in eukaryotic cells were competent for packaging sub-genomic MMTV RNAs. The successful expression and purification of a biologically active, full-length MMTV Pr77Gag should lay down the foundation towards performing RNA–protein interaction(s), especially for structure-function studies and towards understanding molecular intricacies during MMTV gRNA packaging and assembly processes.
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Lawson JS, Mazzanti C, Civita P, Menicagli M, Ngan CC, Whitaker NJ, Hochman J, Braitbard O, Yosufi B, Glenn WK. Association of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus With Human Breast Cancer: Histology, Immunohistochemistry and Polymerase Chain Reaction Analyses. Front Oncol 2018; 8:141. [PMID: 29868468 PMCID: PMC5950654 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine whether mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-associated human breast cancer has the same or similar histology to MMTV-associated mouse mammary tumors. Such associations may indicate a role for MMTV in human breast cancer. Methods Immunohistochemical techniques (using antibodies directed against the signal peptide p14 of the envelope precursor protein of MMTV) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses were used to identify MMTV proteins and MMTV-like envelope gene sequences in a series of breast cancers from Australian women. The histological characteristics of these human breast cancer specimens were compared with MMTV positive mouse mammary tumors. The same methods were used to study benign breast tissues which 1–11 years later developed into breast cancer. Results MMTV p14 proteins were identified in 27 (54%) of 50 human breast cancers. MMTV env gene sequences were identified by PCR in 12 (27%) of 45 human breast cancers. There was a significant correlation between the presence of MMTV (identified by p14 immunohistochemistry) in human breast cancers and histological characteristics similar to MMTV positive mouse mammary tumors (p = 0.001). There was a non-significant correlation between the presence of MMTV env gene sequences (identified by PCR) in human breast cancers and histological characteristics similar to MMTV positive mouse mammary tumors (p = 0.290). MMTV p14 proteins were identified in 7 (54%) of 13 benign breast specimens that later developed into human breast cancers. MMTV by PCR was identified in two benign specimens one of whom later developed MMTV positive breast cancer. Discussion These observations offer evidence that MMTV may be associated with characteristic human breast cancer histology. p14-based immunohistochemistry appears to be a more reliable technique than PCR for the identification of MMTV in human breast cancer. Identification of MMTV-associated p14 proteins in benign breast tissues confirms prior PCR-based studies that MMTV infection occurs before the development of MMTV positive breast cancer. Conclusion Many MMTV positive human breast cancers have similar histology to MMTV positive mouse mammary tumors. MMTV infection identified in benign breast tissues precedes development of MMTV positive human breast cancer. When considered in the context of prior studies, these observations indicate a likely role for MMTV in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jacob Hochman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ori Braitbard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benafsha Yosufi
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Wendy K Glenn
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Lawson JS, Salmons B, Glenn WK. Oncogenic Viruses and Breast Cancer: Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV), Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). Front Oncol 2018; 8:1. [PMID: 29404275 PMCID: PMC5786831 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the risk factors for breast cancer are well established, namely female gender, early menarche and late menopause plus the protective influence of early pregnancy, the underlying causes of breast cancer remain unknown. The development of substantial recent evidence indicates that a handful of viruses may have a role in breast cancer. These viruses are mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), bovine leukemia virus (BLV), human papilloma viruses (HPVs), and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV-also known as human herpes virus type 4). Each of these viruses has documented oncogenic potential. The aim of this review is to inform the scientific and general community about this recent evidence. The evidence MMTV and human breast cancer—the evidence is detailed and comprehensive but cannot be regarded as conclusive. BLV and human breast cancer—the evidence is limited. However, in view of the emerging information about BLV in human breast cancer, it is prudent to encourage the elimination of BLV in cattle, particularly in the dairy industry. HPVs and breast cancer—the evidence is substantial but not conclusive. The availability of effective preventive vaccines is a major advantage and their use should be encouraged. EBV and breast cancer—the evidence is also substantial but not conclusive. Currently, there are no practical means of either prevention or treatment. Although there is evidence of genetic predisposition, and cancer in general is a culmination of events, there is no evidence that inherited genetic traits are causal. Conclusion The influence of oncogenic viruses is currently the major plausible hypothesis for a direct cause of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Lawson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Wendy K Glenn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Martin MD, Danahy DB, Hartwig SM, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Revealing the Complexity in CD8 T Cell Responses to Infection in Inbred C57B/6 versus Outbred Swiss Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1527. [PMID: 29213267 PMCID: PMC5702636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work has suggested that current mouse models may underrepresent the complexity of human immune responses. While most mouse immunology studies utilize inbred mouse strains, it is unclear if conclusions drawn from inbred mice can be extended to all mouse strains or generalized to humans. We recently described a “surrogate activation marker” approach that could be used to track polyclonal CD8 T cell responses in inbred and outbred mice and noted substantial discord in the magnitude and kinetics of CD8 T cell responses in individual outbred mice following infection. However, how the memory CD8 T cell response develops following infection and the correlates of memory CD8 T cell-mediated protection against re-infection in outbred mice remains unknown. In this study, we investigated development of pathogen-specific memory CD8 T cell responses in inbred C57B/6 and outbred National Institutes of Health Swiss mice following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or L. monocytogenes infection. Interestingly, the size of the memory CD8 T cell pool generated and rate of phenotypic progression was considerably more variable in individual outbred compared to inbred mice. Importantly, while prior infection provided both inbred and outbred cohorts of mice with protection against re-infection that was dependent on the dose of primary infection, levels of memory CD8 T cells generated and degree of protection against re-infection did not correlate with primary infection dose in all outbred mice. While variation in CD8 T cell responses to infection is not entirely surprising due to the genetic diversity present, analysis of infection-induced immunity in outbred hosts may reveal hidden complexity in CD8 T cell responses in genetically diverse populations and might help us further bridge the gap between mouse and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Derek B Danahy
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Stacey M Hartwig
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Kincaid RP, Panicker NG, Lozano MM, Sullivan CS, Dudley JP, Mustafa F. MMTV does not encode viral microRNAs but alters the levels of cancer-associated host microRNAs. Virology 2017; 513:180-187. [PMID: 29096160 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) induces breast cancer in mice in the absence of known virally-encoded oncogenes. Tumorigenesis by MMTV is thought to occur primarily through insertional mutagenesis, leading to the activation of cellular proto-oncogenes and outgrowth of selected cells. Here we investigated whether MMTV encodes microRNAs (miRNAs) and/or modulates host miRNAs that could contribute to tumorigenesis. High throughput small RNA sequencing analysis of MMTV-infected cells and MMTV-induced mammary tumors demonstrates that MMTV does not encode miRNAs. However, infected tissues have altered levels of several host miRNAs, including increased expression of members of the oncogenic miRNA cluster, miR-17-92. Notably, similar changes in miRNA levels have been previously reported in human breast cancers. Combined, our results demonstrate that virally encoded miRNAs do not contribute to MMTV-mediated tumorigenesis, but that changes in specific host miRNAs in infected cells may contribute to virus replication and tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney P Kincaid
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 East 24th Street, NHB 2.616, Austin, TX, United States of America.
| | - Neena G Panicker
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Tawam Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mary M Lozano
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 East 24th Street, NHB 2.616, Austin, TX, United States of America.
| | - Christopher S Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 East 24th Street, NHB 2.616, Austin, TX, United States of America.
| | - Jaquelin P Dudley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 East 24th Street, NHB 2.616, Austin, TX, United States of America.
| | - Farah Mustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Tawam Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Lawson JS, Glenn WK. Multiple oncogenic viruses are present in human breast tissues before development of virus associated breast cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2017; 12:55. [PMID: 29075317 PMCID: PMC5644159 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple oncogenic viruses including, mouse mammary tumor virus, bovine leukemia virus, human papilloma virus, and Epstein Barr virus, have been identified as separate infectious pathogens in human breast cancer. Here we demonstrate that these four viruses may be present in normal and benign breast tissues 1 to 11 years before the development of same virus breast cancer in the same patients. Methods We combined the data we developed during investigations of the individual four oncogenic viruses and breast cancer. Patients who had benign breast biopsies 1–11 years prior to developing breast cancer were identified by pathology reports from a large Australian pathology service (Douglas Hanly Moir Pathology). Archival formalin fixed specimens from these patients were collected. The same archival specimens were used for (i) investigations of mouse mammary tumour virus (also known as human mammary tumour virus) conducted at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York and at the University of Pisa, Italy, (ii) bovine leukemia virus conducted at the University of California at Berkeley,(iii) human papilloma virus and Epstein Barr virus conducted at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. Seventeen normal breast tissues from cosmetic breast surgery conducted on Australian patients were used as controls. These patients were younger than those with benign and later breast cancer. Results Standard and in situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods were used to identify the four viruses. The detailed methods are outlined in the separate publications.: mouse mammary tumor virus, human papilloma virus and Epstein Barr virus (Infect Agent Cancer 12:1, 2017, PLoS One 12:e0179367, 2017, Front Oncol 5:277, 2015, PLoS One 7:e48788, 2012). Epstein Barr virus and human papilloma virus were identified in the same breast cancer cells by in situ PCR. Mouse mammary tumour virus was identified in 6 (24%) of 25 benign breast specimens and in 9 (36%) of 25 breast cancer specimens which subsequently developed in the same patients. Bovine leukemia virus was identified in 18 (78%) of 23 benign breast specimens and in 20 (91%) of 22 subsequent breast cancers in the same patients. High risk human papilloma viruses were identified in 13 (72%) of 17 benign breast specimens and in 13 (76%) of 17 subsequent breast cancers in the same patients. Epstein Barr virus was not identified in any benign breast specimens but was identified in 3 (25%) of 12 subsequent breast cancers in the same patients. Mouse mammary tumour virus 3 (18%), bovine leukemia virus 6 (35%), high risk human papilloma virus 3 (18%) and Epstein Barr virus 5 (29%) were identified in 17 normal control breast specimens. Conclusions These findings add to the evidence that multiple oncogenic viruses have potential roles in human breast cancer. This is an important observation because evidence of prior infection before the development of disease is a key criterion when assessing causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Lawson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia.,School of BABS, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2110 Australia
| | - Wendy K Glenn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
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Denzin LK, Khan AA, Virdis F, Wilks J, Kane M, Beilinson HA, Dikiy S, Case LK, Roopenian D, Witkowski M, Chervonsky AV, Golovkina TV. Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Viral Infections Are Linked to the Non-classical MHC Class II Gene H2-Ob. Immunity 2017; 47:310-322.e7. [PMID: 28813660 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Select humans and animals control persistent viral infections via adaptive immune responses that include production of neutralizing antibodies. The precise genetic basis for the control remains enigmatic. Here, we report positional cloning of the gene responsible for production of retrovirus-neutralizing antibodies in mice of the I/LnJ strain. It encodes the beta subunit of the non-classical major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II)-like molecule H2-O, a negative regulator of antigen presentation. The recessive and functionally null I/LnJ H2-Ob allele supported the production of virus-neutralizing antibodies independently of the classical MHC haplotype. Subsequent bioinformatics and functional analyses of the human H2-Ob homolog, HLA-DOB, revealed both loss- and gain-of-function alleles, which could affect the ability of their carriers to control infections with human hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses. Thus, understanding of the previously unappreciated role of H2-O (HLA-DO) in immunity to infections may suggest new approaches in achieving neutralizing immunity to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Denzin
- Child Health Institute of NJ, Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of NJ, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Aly A Khan
- Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Francesca Virdis
- Child Health Institute of NJ, Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of NJ, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jessica Wilks
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Melissa Kane
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Helen A Beilinson
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stanislav Dikiy
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Laure K Case
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Michele Witkowski
- Child Health Institute of NJ, Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of NJ, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | | | - Tatyana V Golovkina
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Lairmore MD, Niewiesk S. Models of Virus-Induced Carcinogenesis and Oncolytic Viruses. ILAR J 2016; 57:1-2. [PMID: 27034389 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lairmore
- Michael D. Lairmore, DVM, PhD, is dean and distinguished professor in the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of California-Davis in Davis, California. Stefan Niewiesk, DVM, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Veterinary Biosciences at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Michael D. Lairmore, DVM, PhD, is dean and distinguished professor in the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of California-Davis in Davis, California. Stefan Niewiesk, DVM, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Veterinary Biosciences at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio
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