1
|
Bartley BR, Moore SA, Doan HQ, Rady PL, Tyring SK. Current treatments and emerging therapies of human polyomavirus-associated skin diseases: a comprehensive review. Int J Dermatol 2023; 62:387-396. [PMID: 36577746 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) was linked as the predominant etiology of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) in 2008, three additional human polyomaviruses (HPyV) have been definitively linked to cutaneous diseases-trichodysplasia spinulosa virus (TSPyV) and human polyomavirus 6 and 7 (HPyV6, HPyV7). TSPyV contributes to the development of trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS), and HPyV6/7 is associated closely with the eruption of pruritic and dyskeratotic dermatoses (PDD). Clinically, MCC is treated with surgical excision and radiation with adjuvant chemotherapy, although newer treatment options include immune checkpoint inhibition. These novel immunotherapies hold promise for the treatment of metastatic MCC, but resistance and side effects prevent a significant proportion of patients from realizing their benefits. Based on previous case reports, the standard of care for the less deadly but disfiguring cutaneous disease TS include immunosuppressant (IS) reduction, the use of antivirals such as cidofovir (CDV) or valganciclovir (VGCV), or a combination of these treatments. Similar treatments were attempted for PDD, but oral acitretin was found to be most effective. As MCC, TS, and PDD are rare diseases, further research is required for effective treatments. In this review, we summarize clinical trials, preclinical studies, and case reports that present outcomes and side effects of current and emerging treatments for HPyV-associated cutaneous diseases, offering a comprehensive resource for clinical application and prospective clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke R Bartley
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen A Moore
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hung Q Doan
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter L Rady
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Passerini S, Prezioso C, Prota A, Babini G, Coppola L, Lodi A, Epifani AC, Sarmati L, Andreoni M, Moens U, Pietropaolo V, Ciotti M. Detection Analysis and Study of Genomic Region Variability of JCPyV, BKPyV, MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7 and QPyV in the Urine and Plasma of HIV-1-Infected Patients. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112544. [PMID: 36423152 PMCID: PMC9698965 DOI: 10.3390/v14112544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it was clearly established that HIV/AIDS predisposes to the infection, persistence or reactivation of latent viruses, the prevalence of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) among HIV-1-infected patients and a possible correlation between HPyVs and HIV sero-status were investigated. PCR was performed to detect and quantify JCPyV, BKPyV, MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7 and QPyV DNA in the urine and plasma samples of 103 HIV-1-infected patients. Subsequently, NCCR, VP1 and MCPyV LT sequences were examined. In addition, for MCPyV, the expression of transcripts for the LT gene was investigated. JCPyV, BKPyV and MCPyV's presence was reported, whereas HPyV6, HPyV7 and QPyV were not detected in any sample. Co-infection patterns of JCPyV, BKPyV and MCPyV were found. Archetype-like NCCRs were observed with some point mutations in plasma samples positive for JCPyV and BKPyV. The VP1 region was found to be highly conserved among these subjects. LT did not show mutations causing stop codons, and LT transcripts were expressed in MCPyV positive samples. A significant correlation between HPyVs' detection and a low level of CD4+ was reported. In conclusion, HPyV6, HPyV7 and QPyV seem to not have a clinical relevance in HIV-1 patients, whereas further studies are warranted to define the clinical importance of JCPyV, BKPyV and MCPyV DNA detection in these subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Passerini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Prota
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Babini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Coppola
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lodi
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Epifani
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Andreoni
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Virology Unit, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jeles K, Katona M, Csoma E. Seroprevalence of Four Polyomaviruses Linked to Dermatological Diseases: New Findings and a Comprehensive Analysis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102282. [PMID: 36298837 PMCID: PMC9611179 DOI: 10.3390/v14102282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to study the seroprevalence of human polyomaviruses (HPyV) linked to skin diseases. A total of 552 serum samples were analysed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect IgG antibodies against Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), HPyV6, HPyV7 and Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV) using recombinant major capsid proteins of these viruses. The individuals (age 0.8−85 years, median 33) were sorted into seven age groups: <6, 6−10, 10−14, 14−21, 21−40, 40−60 and >60 years. The adulthood seroprevalence was 69.3%, 87.7%, 83.8% and 85% for MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7 and TSPyV, respectively. For all four polyomaviruses, there was increasing seropositivity with age until reaching the adulthood level. There was a significant increase in seroreactivity for those age groups in which the rate of already-infected individuals also showed significant differences. The adulthood seropositvity was relatively stable with ageing, except for TSPyV, for which elevated seropositivity was observed for the elderly (>60 years) age group. Since seroepidemiological data have been published with wide ranges for all the viruses studied, we performed a comprehensive analysis comparing the published age-specific seropositivities to our data. Although the cohorts, methods and even the antigens were variable among the studies, there were similar results for all studied polyomaviruses. For MCPyV, geographically distinct genotypes might exist, which might also result in the differences in the seroprevalence data. Additional studies with comparable study groups and methods are required to clarify whether there are geographical differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Jeles
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Melinda Katona
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Csoma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Complexities of JC Polyomavirus Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms of Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061130. [PMID: 35746603 PMCID: PMC9228512 DOI: 10.3390/v14061130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a small non-enveloped virus that establishes lifelong, persistent infection in most of the adult population. Immune-competent patients are generally asymptomatic, but immune-compromised and immune-suppressed patients are at risk for the neurodegenerative disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Studies with purified JCPyV found it undergoes receptor-dependent infectious entry requiring both lactoseries tetrasaccharide C (LSTc) attachment and 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2 entry receptors. Subsequent work discovered the major targets of JCPyV infection in the central nervous system (oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) do not express the required attachment receptor at detectable levels, virus could not bind these cells in tissue sections, and viral quasi-species harboring recurrent mutations in the binding pocket for attachment. While several research groups found evidence JCPyV can use novel receptors for infection, it was also discovered that extracellular vesicles (EVs) can mediate receptor independent JCPyV infection. Recent work also found JCPyV associated EVs include both exosomes and secretory autophagosomes. EVs effectively present a means of immune evasion and increased tissue tropism that complicates viral studies and anti-viral therapeutics. This review focuses on JCPyV infection mechanisms and EV associated and outlines key areas of study necessary to understand the interplay between virus and extracellular vesicles.
Collapse
|
5
|
Silling S, Kreuter A, Wieland U. [Human polyomavirus-associated skin diseases]. Hautarzt 2022; 73:426-433. [PMID: 35482045 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-022-04993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Of the 15 currently known human polyomaviruses (HPyV), eight have been found on healthy skin. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), HPyV6, HPyV7, and to a lesser extent Saint Louis polyomavirus (STLPyV) are considered part of the human cutaneous virome. The most important cutaneous polyomavirus, MCPyV, causes the majority of Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC). MCC is a rare but very aggressive malignant skin tumor that affects both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. A steady increase in incidence rates of this skin tumor has been observed in recent decades. MCC occurs primarily on sunlight-exposed skin of fair-skinned individuals. Risk factors for MCC development include immunosuppression and advanced age. In immunocompromised individuals, primary infection with trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV) can cause the very rare skin disease trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS). Keratin spines (spicules), mainly in the center of the face, clinically characterize this disease. Skin lesions associated with further HPyV have been described exclusively in immunocompromised individuals. For HPyV6 and HPyV7, cases of epithelial proliferation and pruritic dyskeratotic dermatitis have been published. HPyV9 and New Jersey polyomavirus (NJPyV-13) were each found in different skin lesions of individual patients. The role of these polyomaviruses in the development of the skin lesions is still unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Silling
- Institut für Virologie, Nationales Referenzzentrum für Papillom- und Polyomaviren, Universitätsklinikum Köln und Universität zu Köln, Fürst-Pückler-Str. 56, 50935, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Alexander Kreuter
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, HELIOS St. Elisabeth Klinik Oberhausen, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Oberhausen, Deutschland.,Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, HELIOS St. Johannes Klinik Duisburg, Duisburg, Deutschland
| | - Ulrike Wieland
- Institut für Virologie, Nationales Referenzzentrum für Papillom- und Polyomaviren, Universitätsklinikum Köln und Universität zu Köln, Fürst-Pückler-Str. 56, 50935, Köln, Deutschland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mishra N, Ng J, Strom MA, Jain K, Thakkar R, Joshi S, Pereira M, Shah L, Grossman ME, Lee MJ, De Michele S, Silvers DN, Faust PL, Lipkin WI, Gallitano SM. Human Polyomavirus 9-An Emerging Cutaneous and Pulmonary Pathogen in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. JAMA Dermatol 2022; 158:293-298. [PMID: 35138364 PMCID: PMC8829745 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.5853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE We describe the first report to our knowledge of cutaneous and systemic pathogenicity of human polyomavirus 9 in solid organ transplant recipients. OBJECTIVE Three solid organ transplant recipients developed a widespread, progressive, violaceous, and hyperkeratotic skin eruption. All died from pulmonary and multiorgan failure around 1 year from onset of the rash. Routine clinical diagnostic testing could not identify any causative agent; therefore, samples and autopsies were investigated for novel pathogens using high-throughput sequencing. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This case series, including 3 solid organ transplant recipients who developed characteristic pink, violaceous, or brown hyperkeratotic papules and plaques throughout the body, was conducted at the Columbia University Medical Center. Lesional skin biopsies were collected from all 3 patients and subjected to high-throughput illumina sequencing for identification of microbial pathogens. Human polyomavirus 9 was identified in lesional skin biopsies. We subsequently collected ocular swabs, oral swabs, urine samples, and blood samples from patients, and organ tissues at autopsy in 1 patient. We investigated these samples for the presence of human polyomavirus 9 using in situ hybridization and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES A description of the clinical and pathologic findings of 3 patients. RESULTS This case series study found that human polyomavirus 9 was detected in the skin biopsies of all 3 patients by a capture-based high-throughput sequencing method platform (VirCapSeq-VERT). Human polyomavirus 9 was also detected in blood, oral, ocular swabs, and urine by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. In situ hybridization and quantitative PCR assays were performed on the skin biopsies from 3 patients and lung autopsy of 1 patient, which showed the presence of human polyomavirus 9 messenger RNA transcripts, indicating active viral replication and pathogenesis in the skin and lungs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Human polyomavirus 9 was associated with the widespread cutaneous eruption. All 3 patients had progression of cutaneous disease, accompanied by clinical deterioration, pulmonary failure, and death. One patient underwent autopsy and human polyomavirus 9 was identified in the lungs and paratracheal soft tissue. These findings suggest that human polyomavirus 9 may be associated with cutaneous and possibly pulmonary infection and death in solid organ transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nischay Mishra
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - James Ng
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Mark A. Strom
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Komal Jain
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Riddhi Thakkar
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Shreyas Joshi
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Marcus Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Lori Shah
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Marc E. Grossman
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Hofstra/Northwell Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Michael J. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Simona De Michele
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - David N. Silvers
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York,Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Phyllis L. Faust
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Stephanie M. Gallitano
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prevalence of MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7 and TSPyV in Actinic Keratosis Biopsy Specimens. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020427. [PMID: 35216020 PMCID: PMC8876850 DOI: 10.3390/v14020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, 14 human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) have been identified using high-throughput technologies. Among them, MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7 and TSPyV present a skin tropism, but a causal role in skin diseases has been established only for MCPyV as a causative agent of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) and TSPyV as an etiological agent of Trichodysplasia Spinulosa (TS). In the search for a possible role for cutaneous HPyVs in the development of skin malignant lesions, we investigated the prevalence of MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7 and TSPyV in actinic keratosis (AK), a premalignant skin lesion that has the potential to progress towards a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). One skin lesion and one non-lesion skin from nine affected individuals were analyzed by qualitative PCR. MCPyV was detected in 9 out of 9 lesion biopsies and 6 out of 8 non-lesion biopsies. HPyV6 was detected only in healthy skin, while HPyV7 and TSPyV were not detected in any skin sample. These findings argue against a possible role of cutaneous HPyVs in AK. However, considering the small sample size analyzed, a definitive conclusion cannot be drawn. Longitudinal studies on large cohorts are warranted.
Collapse
|
8
|
Bopp L, Wieland U, Hellmich M, Kreuter A, Pfister H, Silling S. Natural History of Cutaneous Human Polyomavirus Infection in Healthy Individuals. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:740947. [PMID: 34733257 PMCID: PMC8558461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.740947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) were recently discovered. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) induces Merkel cell carcinoma. HPyV6, HPyV7, and TSPyV have been associated with rare skin lesions in immunosuppressed patients. HPyV9, HPyV10, and Saint Louis Polyomavirus (STLPyV) have not been convincingly associated with any disease. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the cutaneous prevalence, persistence and viral load of HPyVs in healthy individuals. Eight hundred seventy forehead and hand swabs were collected from 109 volunteers 4-6 weeks apart (collection period-1). Fifty-nine participants were available for follow-up a decade later (collection period-2). HPyV-DNA prevalence and viral loads of MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, TSPyV, HPyV9, HPyV10, and STLPyV were determined by virus-specific real-time PCRs. Risk factors for HPyV prevalence, short- and long-term persistence were explored by logistic regression analyses. Baseline prevalence rates were similar for forehead and hand: MCPyV 67.9/67.0%, HPyV6 31.2/25.7%, HPyV7 13.8/11.0%, HPyV10 11.9/15.6%, STLPyV 7.3/8.3%, TSPyV 0.9/0.9%, and HPyV9 0.9/0.9%. Short-term persistence in period-1 was found in 59.6% (MCPyV), 23.9% (HPyV6), 10.1% (HPyV7), 6.4% (HPyV10), 5.5% (STLPyV), and 0% (TSPyV and HPyV9) on the forehead, with similar values for the hand. Long-term persistence for 9-12 years occurred only for MCPyV (forehead/hand 39.0%/44.1% of volunteers), HPyV6 (16.9%/11.9%), and HPyV7 (3.4%/5.1%). Individuals with short-term persistence had significantly higher viral loads at baseline compared to those with transient DNA-positivity (p < 0.001 for MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, and HPyV10, respectively). This was also true for median viral loads in period-1 of MCPyV, HPyV6, and HPyV7 of volunteers with long-term persistence. Multiplicity (two or more different HPyVs) was a risk factor for prevalence and persistence for most HPyVs. Further risk factors were older age for HPyV6 and male sex for MCPyV on the forehead. Smoking was not a risk factor. In contrast to MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, and rarely STLPyV, polyomaviruses TSPyV, HPyV9, and HPyV10 do not seem to be long-term constituents of the human skin virome of healthy individuals. Furthermore, this study showed that higher viral loads are associated with both short- and long-term persistence of HPyVs on the skin. HPyV multiplicity is a risk factor for prevalence, short-term and/or long-term persistence of MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, and HPyV10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Bopp
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrike Wieland
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Hellmich
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Helios St. Elisabeth Hospital Oberhausen, University Witten-Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Herbert Pfister
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Steffi Silling
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
JC and Human polyomavirus 9 after kidney transplantation: An exploratory serological cohort study. J Clin Virol 2021; 143:104944. [PMID: 34450559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) cause disease in immunocompromised patients. BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) for instance persistently infects the kidneys. In kidney transplant recipients, (KTRs) BKPyV can cause allograft nephropathy. JCPyV, MCPyV, TSPyV and HPyV9 reside in the kidneys too, or have been detected in urine. In this study, we investigate exposure to JCPyV, MCPyV, TSPyV and HPyV9 after kidney transplantation by serological means. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum samples from 310 KTR collected before and 6 months after transplantation (n = 620), from 279 corresponding kidney donors collected before transplantation, and from blood donor controls collected one year apart (n = 174) were assessed for HPyV species-specific IgG responses using a multiplex immunoassay. KTR HPyV IgG kinetics were compared to those of healthy blood donors by linear mixed modeling, and related to those of their donors by linear regression. RESULTS In the KTR, increased IgG levels during follow-up were observed for JCPyV (14.8%), MCPyV (7.1%), TSPyV (10.6%), and for HPyV9 (8.1%), while blood donor antibody levels remained stable. Seroconversion was observed for JCPyV (6.5%), MCPyV (2.3%), TSPyV (1.3%), and for HPyV9 (6.5%). The linear mixed model analysis showed that antibody increase was significant for JCPyV (p < 0.001) and HPyV9 (p < 0.001). Post-transplant JCPyV and HPyV9 antibody responses were associated with donor antibody levels against these HPyVs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS KTR are exposed to JCPyV and HPyV9 after transplantation. Whether the allograft serves as the source, as indicated by the donor serostatus association, deserves further study.
Collapse
|
10
|
Prezioso C, Van Ghelue M, Pietropaolo V, Moens U. Detection of Quebec Polyomavirus DNA in Samples from Different Patient Groups. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051082. [PMID: 34070030 PMCID: PMC8158138 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses infect many species, including humans. So far, 15 polyomaviruses have been described in humans, but it remains to be established whether all of these are genuine human polyomaviruses. The most recent polyomavirus to be detected in a person is Quebec polyomavirus (QPyV), which was identified in a metagenomic analysis of a stool sample from an 85-year-old hospitalized man. We used PCR to investigate the presence of QPyV DNA in urine samples from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients (67 patients; 135 samples), multiple sclerosis patients (n = 35), HIV-positive patients (n = 66) and pregnant women (n = 65). Moreover, cerebrospinal fluid from patients with suspected neurological diseases (n = 63), nasopharyngeal aspirates from patients (n = 80) with respiratory symptoms and plasma samples from HIV-positive patients (n = 65) were examined. QPyV DNA was found in urine from 11 (16.4%), 10 (15.4%) and 5 (14.3%) SLE patients, pregnant women, and multiple sclerosis patients, respectively. No QPyV DNA could be detected in the other samples. Alignment with the only available QPyV sequence in the GenBank revealed amino acid substitutions in the HI-loop of capsid protein VP1 in 6/28 of the isolates. Our results show that QPyV viruria can occur, but whether it may cause clinical symptoms in the patients remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-degenerative Pathologies, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Marijke Van Ghelue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, University Hospital of North Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Klufah F, Mobaraki G, Liu D, Alharbi RA, Kurz AK, Speel EJM, Winnepenninckx V, Zur Hausen A. Emerging role of human polyomaviruses 6 and 7 in human cancers. Infect Agent Cancer 2021; 16:35. [PMID: 34001216 PMCID: PMC8130262 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-021-00374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently 12 human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) have been identified, 6 of which have been associated with human diseases, including cancer. The discovery of the Merkel cell polyomavirus and its role in the etiopathogenesis in the majority of Merkel cell carcinomas has drawn significant attention, also to other novel HPyVs. In 2010, HPyV6 and HPyV7 were identified in healthy skin swabs. Ever since it has been speculated that they might contribute to the etiopathogenesis of skin and non-cutaneous human cancers. MAIN BODY Here we comprehensively reviewed and summarized the current evidence potentially indicating an involvement of HPyV6 and HPyV7 in the etiopathogenesis of neoplastic human diseases. The seroprevalence of both HPyV6 and 7 is high in a normal population and increases with age. In skin cancer tissues, HPyV6- DNA was far more often prevalent than HPyV7 in contrast to cancers of other anatomic sites, in which HPyV7 DNA was more frequently detected. CONCLUSION It is remarkable to find that the detection rate of HPyV6-DNA in tissues of skin malignancies is higher than HPyV7-DNA and may indicate a role of HPyV6 in the etiopathogenesis of the respected skin cancers. However, the sheer presence of viral DNA is not enough to prove a role in the etiopathogenesis of these cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Klufah
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghalib Mobaraki
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Raed A Alharbi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna Kordelia Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ernst Jan M Speel
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Véronique Winnepenninckx
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Axel Zur Hausen
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ko CJ, Wang A, Panse G, Lee EE, Wang RC, Whang PG, Bosenberg M, Damsky W. HPyV6- and HPyV7-negative parakeratosis and dyskeratosis in squamous cell carcinoma in situ. J Cutan Pathol 2021; 48:998-1000. [PMID: 33813761 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Ko
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alice Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gauri Panse
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Richard C Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Peter G Whang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - William Damsky
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu Z, Graf FE, Hirsch HH. Antivirals against human polyomaviruses: Leaving no stone unturned. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2220. [PMID: 33729628 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) encompass more than 10 species infecting 30%-90% of the human population without significant illness. Proven HPyV diseases with documented histopathology affect primarily immunocompromised hosts with manifestations in brain, skin and renourinary tract such as polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PyVAN), polyomavirus-associated haemorrhagic cystitis (PyVHC), polyomavirus-associated urothelial cancer (PyVUC), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), Trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS) and pruritic hyperproliferative keratinopathy. Although virus-specific immune control is the eventual goal of therapy and lasting cure, antiviral treatments are urgently needed in order to reduce or prevent HPyV diseases and thereby bridging the time needed to establish virus-specific immunity. However, the small dsDNA genome of only 5 kb of the non-enveloped HPyVs only encodes 5-7 viral proteins. Thus, HPyV replication relies heavily on host cell factors, thereby limiting both, number and type of specific virus-encoded antiviral targets. Lack of cost-effective high-throughput screening systems and relevant small animal models complicates the preclinical development. Current clinical studies are limited by small case numbers, poorly efficacious compounds and absence of proper randomized trial design. Here, we review preclinical and clinical studies that evaluated small molecules with presumed antiviral activity against HPyVs and provide an outlook regarding potential new antiviral strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongsong Wu
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice E Graf
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Virology, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zanella MC, Cordey S, Laubscher F, Docquier M, Vieille G, Van Delden C, Braunersreuther V, Ta MK, Lobrinus JA, Masouridi-Levrat S, Chalandon Y, Kaiser L, Vu DL. Unmasking viral sequences by metagenomic next-generation sequencing in adult human blood samples during steroid-refractory/dependent graft-versus-host disease. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:28. [PMID: 33487167 PMCID: PMC7831233 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infections are common complications following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Allo-HSCT recipients with steroid-refractory/dependent graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) are highly immunosuppressed and are more vulnerable to infections with weakly pathogenic or commensal viruses. Here, twenty-five adult allo-HSCT recipients from 2016 to 2019 with acute or chronic steroid-refractory/dependent GvHD were enrolled in a prospective cohort at Geneva University Hospitals. We performed metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) analysis using a validated pipeline and de novo analysis on pooled routine plasma samples collected throughout the period of intensive steroid treatment or second-line GvHD therapy to identify weakly pathogenic, commensal, and unexpected viruses. RESULTS Median duration of intensive immunosuppression was 5.1 months (IQR 5.5). GvHD-related mortality rate was 36%. mNGS analysis detected viral nucleotide sequences in 24/25 patients. Sequences of ≥ 3 distinct viruses were detected in 16/25 patients; Anelloviridae (24/25) and human pegivirus-1 (9/25) were the most prevalent. In 7 patients with fatal outcomes, viral sequences not assessed by routine investigations were identified with mNGS and confirmed by RT-PCR. These cases included Usutu virus (1), rubella virus (1 vaccine strain and 1 wild-type), novel human astrovirus (HAstV) MLB2 (1), classic HAstV (1), human polyomavirus 6 and 7 (2), cutavirus (1), and bufavirus (1). CONCLUSIONS Clinically unrecognized viral infections were identified in 28% of highly immunocompromised allo-HSCT recipients with steroid-refractory/dependent GvHD in consecutive samples. These identified viruses have all been previously described in humans, but have poorly understood clinical significance. Rubella virus identification raises the possibility of re-emergence from past infections or vaccinations, or re-infection. Video abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Zanella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211, 14, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211, 14, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - S Cordey
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211, 14, Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Laubscher
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211, 14, Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Docquier
- iGE3 Genomics Platform, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - G Vieille
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211, 14, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Van Delden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211, 14, Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - V Braunersreuther
- Clinical Pathology Service, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mc Kee Ta
- Clinical Pathology Service, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J A Lobrinus
- Clinical Pathology Service, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Masouridi-Levrat
- University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Hematology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y Chalandon
- University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Hematology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - L Kaiser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211, 14, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211, 14, Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D L Vu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211, 14, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211, 14, Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Prezioso C, Van Ghelue M, Moens U, Pietropaolo V. HPyV6 and HPyV7 in urine from immunocompromised patients. Virol J 2021; 18:24. [PMID: 33482864 PMCID: PMC7821732 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01496-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) and HPyV7 are two of the novel polyomaviruses that were originally detected in non-diseased skin. Serological studies have shown that these viruses are ubiquitous in the healthy adult population with seroprevalence up to 88% for HPyV6 and 72% for HPyV7. Both viruses are associated with pruritic skin eruption in immunocompromised patients, but a role with other diseases in immunoincompetent patients or malignancies has not been established. Methods PCR was used to determine the presence of HPyV6 and HPyV7 DNA in urine samples from systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 73), multiple sclerosis (n = 50), psoriasis vulgaris (n = 15), arthritic psoriasis (n = 15) and HIV-positive patients (n = 66). In addition, urine from pregnant women (n = 47) and healthy blood donors (n = 20) was investigated. Results HPyV6 DNA was detected in 21 (28.8%) of the urine specimens from SLE patients, in 6 (9.1%) of the urine samples from the HIV-positive cohort, and in 19 (40.4%) samples from pregnant women. HPyV7 DNA was only found in 6 (8.2%) of the urine specimens from SLE patients and in 4 (8.5%) samples from pregnant women. No HPyV6 and HPyV7 viruria was detected in the urine samples from the other patients. Conclusions HPyV6, and to a lesser extend HPyV7, viruria seems to be common in SLE and HIV-positive patients, and pregnant women. Whether these viruses are of clinical relevance in these patients is not known.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Marijke Van Ghelue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Genetic Diversity of the Noncoding Control Region of the Novel Human Polyomaviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121406. [PMID: 33297530 PMCID: PMC7762344 DOI: 10.3390/v12121406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomes of polyomaviruses are characterized by their tripartite organization with an early region, a late region and a noncoding control region (NCCR). The early region encodes proteins involved in replication and transcription of the viral genome, while expression of the late region generates the capsid proteins. Transcription regulatory sequences for expression of the early and late genes, as well as the origin of replication are encompassed in the NCCR. Cell tropism of polyomaviruses not only depends on the appropriate receptors on the host cell, but cell-specific expression of the viral genes is also governed by the NCCR. Thus far, 15 polyomaviruses have been isolated from humans, though it remains to be established whether all of them are genuine human polyomaviruses (HPyVs). The sequences of the NCCR of these HPyVs show high genetic variability and have been best studied in the human polyomaviruses BK and JC. Rearranged NCCRs in BKPyV and JCPyV, the first HPyVs to be discovered approximately 30 years ago, have been associated with the pathogenic properties of these viruses in nephropathy and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, respectively. Since 2007, thirteen novel PyVs have been isolated from humans: KIPyV, WUPyV, MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, TSPyV, HPyV9, HPyV10, STLPyV, HPyV12, NJPyV, LIPyV and QPyV. This review describes all NCCR variants of the new HPyVs that have been reported in the literature and discusses the possible consequences of NCCR diversity in terms of promoter strength, putative transcription factor binding sites and possible association with diseases.
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
DeCaprio JA. Molecular Pathogenesis of Merkel Cell Carcinoma. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2020; 16:69-91. [PMID: 33228463 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin with two distinct etiologies. Clonal integration of Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA into the tumor genome with persistent expression of viral T antigens causes at least 60% of all MCC. UV damage leading to highly mutated genomes causes a nonviral form of MCC. Despite these distinct etiologies, both forms of MCC are similar in presentation, prognosis, and response to therapy. At least three oncogenic transcriptional programs feature prominently in both forms of MCC driven by the virus or by mutation. Both forms of MCC have a high proliferative growth rate with increased levels of cell cycle-dependent genes due to inactivation of the tumor suppressors RB and p53, a strong MYC signature due to MYCL activation by the virus or gene amplification, and an attenuated neuroendocrine differentiation program driven by the ATOH1 transcription factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rosenstein RK, Pastrana DV, Starrett GJ, Sapio MR, Hill NT, Jo JH, Lee CCR, Iadarola MJ, Buck CB, Kong HH, Brownell I, Cowen EW. Host-Pathogen Interactions in Human Polyomavirus 7‒Associated Pruritic Skin Eruption. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:1344-1348.e8. [PMID: 33075349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana V Pastrana
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, NCI/CCR, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Matthew R Sapio
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jay-Hyun Jo
- Dermatology Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chyi-Chia R Lee
- Laboratory of Pathology, NCI/CCR, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Heidi H Kong
- Dermatology Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Edward W Cowen
- Dermatology Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hashida Y, Higuchi T, Nakajima S, Nakajima K, Ujihara T, Kabashima K, Sano S, Daibata M. Human Polyomavirus 6 Detected in Cases of Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1724-1732. [PMID: 32989462 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) have been associated with several cutaneous inflammatory conditions. More investigation is needed to identify further presentations of cutaneous pathology associated with HPyVs. Our aim was to investigate the possible association of skin-tropic HPyVs with folliculitis, particularly eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (EPF). METHODS This study included 55 Japanese patients, comprising 13 patients with EPF and 42 patients with suppurative folliculitis. HPyV DNAs were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Expression of viral antigen and geographically related viral genotypes were also assessed. RESULTS Human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) DNA was found in 9 of 13 (69%) patients with EPF, a rate significantly higher than that found in suppurative folliculitis (1/42; 2%). Of the 7 HPyV6 DNA-positive EPF specimens analyzed, 4 were positive for HPyV6 small tumor antigen. All the HPyV6 strains detected in this study were of the Asian/Japanese genotype. CONCLUSIONS The predominant detection of HPyV6 DNA and the expression of viral antigen suggest a possible association between HPyV6 infection and EPF in a subset of patients. Worldwide studies are warranted to determine whether Asian/Japanese genotype HPyV6 is associated preferentially with the incidence and pathogenesis of this eosinophil-related skin disease that has an ethnic predilection for the East Asian population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Hashida
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Tomonori Higuchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kimiko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Takako Ujihara
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan.,Science Research Center, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Singapore Immunology Network and Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Shigetoshi Sano
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masanori Daibata
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Beyond Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus: a Review of Viruses Composing the Blood Virome of Solid Organ Transplant and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33:33/4/e00027-20. [PMID: 32847820 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00027-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral primary infections and reactivations are common complications in patients after solid organ transplantation (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Among these patients, viral infections are frequently associated with viremia. Beyond the usual well-known viruses that are part of the routine clinical management of transplant recipients, numerous other viral signatures or genomes can be identified in the blood of these patients. The identification of novel viral species and variants by metagenomic next-generation sequencing has opened up a new field of investigation and new paradigms. Thus, there is a need to thoroughly describe the state of knowledge in this field with a review of all viral infections that should be scrutinized in high-risk populations. Here, we review the eukaryotic DNA and RNA viruses identified in blood, plasma, or serum samples of pediatric and adult SOT/HSCT recipients and the prevalence of their detection, with a particular focus on recently identified viruses and those for which their potential association with disease remains to be investigated, such as members of the Polyomaviridae, Anelloviridae, Flaviviridae, and Astroviridae families. Current knowledge of the clinical significance of these viral infections with associated viremia among transplant recipients is also discussed. To ensure a comprehensive description in these two populations, individuals described as healthy (mostly blood donors) are considered for comparative purposes. The list of viruses that should be on the clinicians' radar is certainly incomplete and will expand, but the challenge is to identify those of possible clinical significance.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Virus attachment to cell surface receptors is critical for productive infection. In this study, we have used a structure-based approach to investigate the cell surface recognition event for New Jersey polyomavirus (NJPyV) and human polyomavirus 12 (HPyV12). These viruses belong to the polyomavirus family, whose members target different tissues and hosts, including mammals, birds, fish, and invertebrates. Polyomaviruses are nonenveloped viruses, and the receptor-binding site is located in their capsid protein VP1. The NJPyV capsid features a novel sialic acid-binding site that is shifted in comparison to other structurally characterized polyomaviruses but shared with a closely related simian virus. In contrast, HPyV12 VP1 engages terminal sialic acids in a manner similar to the human Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus. Our structure-based phylogenetic analysis highlights that even distantly related avian polyomaviruses possess the same exposed sialic acid-binding site. These findings complement phylogenetic models of host-virus codivergence and may also reflect past host-switching events. Asymptomatic infections with polyomaviruses in humans are common, but these small viruses can cause severe diseases in immunocompromised hosts. New Jersey polyomavirus (NJPyV) was identified via a muscle biopsy in an organ transplant recipient with systemic vasculitis, myositis, and retinal blindness, and human polyomavirus 12 (HPyV12) was detected in human liver tissue. The evolutionary origins and potential diseases are not well understood for either virus. In order to define their receptor engagement strategies, we first used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to establish that the major capsid proteins (VP1) of both viruses bind to sialic acid in solution. We then solved crystal structures of NJPyV and HPyV12 VP1 alone and in complex with sialylated glycans. NJPyV employs a novel binding site for a α2,3-linked sialic acid, whereas HPyV12 engages terminal α2,3- or α2,6-linked sialic acids in an exposed site similar to that found in Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV). Gangliosides or glycoproteins, featuring in mammals usually terminal sialic acids, are therefore receptor candidates for both viruses. Structural analyses show that the sialic acid-binding site of NJPyV is conserved in chimpanzee polyomavirus (ChPyV) and that the sialic acid-binding site of HPyV12 is widely used across the entire polyomavirus family, including mammalian and avian polyomaviruses. A comparison with other polyomavirus-receptor complex structures shows that their capsids have evolved to generate several physically distinct virus-specific receptor-binding sites that can all specifically engage sialylated glycans through a limited number of contacts. Small changes in each site may have enabled host-switching events during the evolution of polyomaviruses.
Collapse
|
23
|
Aboudar S, Salmona M, De Masson A, Rivet J, Cardot-Leccia N, Mercier-Delarue S, Ram-Wolff C, Garnier G, Bouaziz JD, Lebbé C, Cavalie-Meiffren M, Le Goff J, Bagot M. Diversity and compartmentalization of Human Polyomavirus 7 in a patient with dyskeratotic dermatosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:e609-e612. [PMID: 32298507 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Aboudar
- Service de Dermatologie, APHP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - M Salmona
- Insight Team, INSERM U976, Paris, France.,Virology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - A De Masson
- Service de Dermatologie, APHP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Oncodermatology and Therapies Team, INSERM U976, Paris, France
| | - J Rivet
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, APHP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - N Cardot-Leccia
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - S Mercier-Delarue
- Virology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - C Ram-Wolff
- Service de Dermatologie, APHP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - G Garnier
- Service de Spécialités Médicales, Centre Hospitalier Princesse Grace de Monaco, Les Salines, Monaco
| | - J-D Bouaziz
- Service de Dermatologie, APHP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Team 1, INSERM U976, Paris, France
| | - C Lebbé
- Service de Dermatologie, APHP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Oncodermatology and Therapies Team, INSERM U976, Paris, France
| | - M Cavalie-Meiffren
- Service de Spécialités Médicales, Centre Hospitalier Princesse Grace de Monaco, Les Salines, Monaco
| | - J Le Goff
- Insight Team, INSERM U976, Paris, France.,Virology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M Bagot
- Service de Dermatologie, APHP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Oncodermatology and Therapies Team, INSERM U976, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hashida Y, Higuchi T, Nakajima K, Ujihara T, Murakami I, Fujieda M, Sano S, Daibata M. Human Polyomavirus 6 with the Asian-Japanese Genotype in Cases of Kimura Disease and Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1650-1653.e4. [PMID: 31981580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Hashida
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Tomonori Higuchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Kimiko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Takako Ujihara
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Science Research Center, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Ichiro Murakami
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Mikiya Fujieda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Sano
- Department of Dermatology Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masanori Daibata
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hashida Y, Higuchi T, Tanaka M, Shibata Y, Nakajima K, Sano S, Daibata M. Prevalence and Viral Loads of Cutaneous Human Polyomaviruses in the Skin of Patients With Chronic Inflammatory Skin Diseases. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1564-1573. [PMID: 30357388 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human skin microorganisms have been associated with various skin diseases. However, most studies have focused on bacterial communities, and little is known about normally resident skin viruses such as the Polyomaviridae and their association with cutaneous disorders. METHODS We investigated the infection levels of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6), and human polyomavirus 7 (HPyV7), using triplet skin swabs collected from lesional and nonlesional skins of 86 Japanese patients with inflammatory skin diseases and mycosis fungoides, and from 149 healthy control individuals. RESULTS This age-matched case-control study provides the first analyses of the loads of polyomaviruses in association with various skin diseases. The viral loads were significantly higher for HPyV6/HPyV7 and lower for MCPyV in patients with psoriasis. The viral load variation was observed not only at lesion sites, but also at clinically unaffected skin sites in most of the patients. The viral strains tested were all of the Asian/Japanese genotype. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a covariation in the infection levels of cutaneous polyomaviruses in certain inflammatory skin conditions. Worldwide prospective longitudinal studies are warranted to understand the influence of such alterations on the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Hashida
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | - Tomonori Higuchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | - Moe Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | - Yuka Shibata
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | - Kimiko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Sano
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | - Masanori Daibata
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Molkara S, Sabourirad S, Molooghi K. Infectious differential diagnosis of chronic generalized pruritus without primary cutaneous lesions: a review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2020; 59:30-36. [PMID: 31364165 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pruritus is one of the most common complaints among patients referred to a dermatology clinic. "Chronic generalized pruritus" is described as the sensation of itching on the entire body surface, which lasts at least 6 or more weeks. This symptom can be a disabling phenomenon for patients and may sometimes interfere with daily activities such as sleep. If specific dermatological findings are observed, the physician easily comes to a diagnosis and treats the condition, whereas, when primary lesions are not detected, the diagnosis can become challenging, and some patients have to undergo extensive evaluations. The association between some systemic disorders and chronic generalized pruritus is widely known and confirmed. Many infections have been associated with pruritus, but few are considered to cause chronic generalized pruritus without any characteristic skin lesions. We aimed to gather all the available data on infectious causes of chronic generalized pruritus with no diagnostic cutaneous lesions to assist fellow physicians in the process of evaluation of these challenging cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Molkara
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Sabourirad
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kasra Molooghi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Evolution and molecular epidemiology of polyomaviruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 79:104150. [PMID: 31870972 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses (PyVs) are small DNA viruses that infect several species, including mammals, birds and fishes. Their study gained momentum after the report of previously unidentified viral species in the past decade, and especially, since the description of the first polyomavirus clearly oncogenic for humans. The aim of this work was to review the most relevant aspects of the evolution and molecular epidemiology of polyomaviruses, allowing to reveal general evolutionary patterns and to identify some unaddressed issues and future challenges. The main points analysed included: 1) the species and genera assignation criteria; 2) the hypotheses, mechanisms and timescale of the ancient and recent evolutionary history of polyomaviruses; and 3) the molecular epidemiology of human viruses, with special attention to JC, BK and Merkel cell polyomaviruses.
Collapse
|
28
|
Human Polyomaviruses in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Neurological Patients. Microorganisms 2019; 8:microorganisms8010016. [PMID: 31861837 PMCID: PMC7022863 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) infections by human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), with the exception of JC (JCPyV), have been poorly studied. METHODS In total, 234 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from patients affected with neurological disorders. DNA was isolated and subjected to quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) for the detection of six HPyVs: JCPyV, BKPyV, Merkel cell PyV (MCPyV), HPyV6, HPyV7, and HPyV9. Where possible, the molecular characterization of the viral strains was carried out by nested PCR and automated sequencing. RESULTS JCPyV was detected in 3/234 (1.3%), BKPyV in 15/234 (6.4%), MCPyV in 22/234 (9.4%), and HPyV6 in 1/234 (0.4%) CSF samples. JCPyV was detected at the highest (p < 0.05) mean load (3.7 × 107 copies/mL), followed by BKPyV (1.9 × 106 copies/mL), MCPyV (1.9 × 105 copies/mL), and HPyV6 (3.3 × 104 copies/mL). The noncoding control regions (NCCRs) of the sequenced viral strains were rearranged. CONCLUSIONS HPyVs other than JCPyV were found in the CSF of patients affected with different neurological diseases, probably as bystanders, rather than etiological agents of the disease. However, the fact that they can be latent in the CNS should be considered, especially in immunosuppressed patients.
Collapse
|
29
|
Moens U, Macdonald A. Effect of the Large and Small T-Antigens of Human Polyomaviruses on Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163914. [PMID: 31408949 PMCID: PMC6720190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites that require a permissive host cell to express the viral genome and to produce new progeny virus particles. However, not all viral infections are productive and some viruses can induce carcinogenesis. Irrespective of the type of infection (productive or neoplastic), viruses hijack the host cell machinery to permit optimal viral replication or to transform the infected cell into a tumor cell. One mechanism viruses employ to reprogram the host cell is through interference with signaling pathways. Polyomaviruses are naked, double-stranded DNA viruses whose genome encodes the regulatory proteins large T-antigen and small t-antigen, and structural proteins that form the capsid. The large T-antigens and small t-antigens can interfere with several host signaling pathways. In this case, we review the interplay between the large T-antigens and small t-antigens with host signaling pathways and the biological consequences of these interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
DuShane JK, Maginnis MS. Human DNA Virus Exploitation of the MAPK-ERK Cascade. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143427. [PMID: 31336840 PMCID: PMC6679023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) comprise a particular branch of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades (MAPK) that transmits extracellular signals into the intracellular environment to trigger cellular growth responses. Similar to other MAPK cascades, the MAPK-ERK pathway signals through three core kinases—Raf, MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK), and ERK—which drive the signaling mechanisms responsible for the induction of cellular responses from extracellular stimuli including differentiation, proliferation, and cellular survival. However, pathogens like DNA viruses alter MAPK-ERK signaling in order to access DNA replication machineries, induce a proliferative state in the cell, or even prevent cell death mechanisms in response to pathogen recognition. Differential utilization of this pathway by multiple DNA viruses highlights the dynamic nature of the MAPK-ERK pathway within the cell and the importance of its function in regulating a wide variety of cellular fates that ultimately influence viral infection and, in some cases, result in tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne K DuShane
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04401, USA
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04401, USA.
- Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04401, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ciccozzi M, Lai A, Zehender G, Borsetti A, Cella E, Ciotti M, Sagnelli E, Sagnelli C, Angeletti S. The phylogenetic approach for viral infectious disease evolution and epidemiology: An updating review. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1707-1724. [PMID: 31243773 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the phylogenetic approach is recurrent in molecular evolutionary analysis. On 12 May, 2019, about 2 296 213 papers are found, but typing "phylogeny" or "epidemiology AND phylogeny" only 199 804 and 20 133 are retrieved, respectively. Molecular epidemiology in infectious diseases is widely used to define the source of infection as so as the ancestral relationships of individuals sampled from a population. Coalescent theory and phylogeographic analysis have had scientific application in several, recent pandemic events, and nosocomial outbreaks. Hepatitis viruses and immunodeficiency virus (human immunodeficiency virus) have been largely studied. Phylogenetic analysis has been recently applied on Polyomaviruses so as in the more recent outbreaks due to different arboviruses type as Zika and chikungunya viruses discovering the source of infection and the geographic spread. Data on sequences isolated by the microorganism are essential to apply the phylogenetic tools and research in the field of infectious disease phylodinamics is growing up. There is the need to apply molecular phylogenetic and evolutionary methods in areas out of infectious diseases, as translational genomics and personalized medicine. Lastly, the application of these tools in vaccine strategy so as in antibiotic and antiviral researchers are encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianguglielmo Zehender
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cella
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ciotti M, Prezioso C, Pietropaolo V. An overview on human polyomaviruses biology and related diseases. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the Polyomaviridae family grew rapidly, thanks to the introduction of high-throughput molecular techniques. To date, 14 polyomaviruses have been identified in humans but the association with human diseases has been established only for few of them. BKPyV has been associated with nephropathy in kidney transplant patients and hemorrhagic cystitis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients; JCPyV to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, mainly in HIV-positive patients; Merkel cell polyomavirus to Merkel cell carcinoma; Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus to the rare skin disease Trichodysplasia spinulosa; human polyomaviruses 6 and 7 to pruritic rash. Immunocompromised patients are at risk of developing disease. Here, we summarized and discussed the scientific literature concerning the human polyomaviruses biology, seroprevalence and association with human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ciotti
- Laboratory of Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hashida Y, Higuchi T, Matsuzaki S, Nakajima K, Sano S, Daibata M. Prevalence and Genetic Variability of Human Polyomaviruses 6 and 7 in Healthy Skin Among Asymptomatic Individuals. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:483-493. [PMID: 29161422 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the pathogenetic potential of human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) and human polyomavirus 7 (HPyV7), they have been found in the normal skin of healthy individuals. However, little is known about the prevalence, infection levels, and geographical variations of these polyomaviruses in the skin. Methods Using skin swabs from 470 participants aged 2-98 years, we estimated the prevalence of copy numbers of HPyV6 and HPyV7 with respect to age and ethnicity. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on viral sequences obtained from Asian and white populations. Results This study provides the first analyses of the age-specific prevalence and levels of HPyV6 and HPyV7 infections in normal skin. Comparisons of age groups revealed that the prevalence and viral loads were significantly higher in elderly persons. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the existence of Asian/Japanese-specific strains genetically distinct from strains prevalent in the skin of the white population studied. Conclusions This large study suggests that HPyV6 and HPyV7 infections in the skin are highly prevalent in elderly adults. Further research is warranted to understand whether persistent infection with high viral loads in the skin could be a risk factor for the development of HPyV6- and HPyV7-associated skin disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Hashida
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | - Tomonori Higuchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Matsuzaki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | - Kimiko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Sano
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | - Masanori Daibata
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sheu JC, Tran J, Rady PL, Dao H, Tyring SK, Nguyen HP. Polyomaviruses of the skin: integrating molecular and clinical advances in an emerging class of viruses. Br J Dermatol 2019; 180:1302-1311. [PMID: 30585627 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) are small, nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that express tumour antigen proteins. Fourteen species of polyomaviruses have been discovered in humans, and since the 2008 discovery of the first cutaneous polyomavirus - Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) - six more species have been detected in the skin: trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV), HPyV6, HPyV7, HPyV9, HPyV10 and HPyV13. Of these cutaneous species, only MCPyV, TSPyV, HPyV6 and HPyV7 have been definitively associated with diseases of the skin, most commonly in immunocompromised individuals. MCPyV is a predominant aetiology in Merkel cell carcinomas. TSPyV is one of the aetiological factors of trichodysplasia spinulosa. HPyV6 and HPyV7 have been recently linked to pruritic skin eruptions. The roles of HPyV9, HPyV10 and HPyV13 in pathogenesis, if any, are still unknown, but their molecular features have provided some insight into their functional biology. RESULTS In this review, we summarize the known molecular mechanisms, clinical presentation and targeted therapies of each of the eight cutaneous HPyVs. CONCLUSIONS We hope that heightened awareness and clinical recognition of HPyVs will lead to increased reports of HPyV-associated diseases and, consequently, a more robust understanding of how to diagnose and treat these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Sheu
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - J Tran
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - P L Rady
- Department of Dermatology, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - H Dao
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - S K Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - H P Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, U.S.A.,Department of Dermatology, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, U.S.A.,Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang Y, Keinonen A, Koskenmies S, Pitkänen S, Fyhrquist N, Sadeghi M, Mäkisalo H, Söderlund-Venermo M, Hedman K. Occurrence of newly discovered human polyomaviruses in skin of liver transplant recipients and their relation with squamous cell carcinoma in situ and actinic keratosis - a single-center cohort study. Transpl Int 2019; 32:516-522. [PMID: 30632206 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To date 14 human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) have been identified. The newly found HPyVs have not been examined with regard to post-transplant skin carcinogenesis. To determine the occurrences in skin and possible pathological associations of the HPyVs, we studied their genoprevalences in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ or actinic keratosis and benign skin in liver transplant recipients (LiTRs); and of healthy skin in immunocompetent adults. We used highly sensitive and specific HPyV PCRs of two types. Overall, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6), human polyomavirus 7 (HPyV7), trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (TSPyV), and Lyon IARC polyomavirus (LIPyV) were found in 58/221 (26.2%) skin biopsies. MCPyV DNA was detected in 5/14 (35.7%) premalignant vs. 32/127 (25.2%) benign skin of LiTRs, and in 12/80 (15%) healthy skin of immunocompetent adults, with no statistically significant difference in viral DNA prevalence or load. TSPyV DNA was found in a single skin lesion. LIPyV, HPyV6 and HPyV7 DNAs occurred exclusively in benign skin. Overall, the viral findings in premalignant versus benign skin were alike. The occurrences of HPyVs in skin of LiTRs and immunocompetent individuals speak against a role for any of the 14 HPyVs in SCC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Wang
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Keinonen
- Skin Cancer Unit, Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Koskenmies
- Skin Cancer Unit, Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Pitkänen
- Skin Cancer Unit, Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nanna Fyhrquist
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mohammadreza Sadeghi
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Mäkisalo
- Organ Transplantation and Liver Surgery Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Klaus Hedman
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
van Rijn AL, Wunderink HF, de Brouwer CS, van der Meijden E, Rotmans JI, Feltkamp MCW. Impact of HPyV9 and TSPyV coinfection on the development of BK polyomavirus viremia and associated nephropathy after kidney transplantation. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1142-1147. [PMID: 30624811 PMCID: PMC6590353 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) persistently infects the urinary tract and causes viremia and nephropathy in kidney transplantation (KTx), recipients. In a previous study, we observed an increased incidence and load of BKPyV viremia in KTx patients coinfected with human polyomavirus 9 (HPyV9). Here we sought confirmation of this observation and explored whether novel HPyVs that have been detected in urine (HPyV9 and trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus [TSPyV]) potentially aggravate BKPyV infection. Methods A well‐characterized cohort of 209 KTx donor‐recipient pairs was serologically and molecularly analyzed for HPyV9 and TSPyV coinfection. These data were correlated with the occurrence of BKPyV viremia and BKPyVAN in the recipients within a year after KTx. Results Seropositivity for HPyV9 (19%) and TSPyV (89%) was comparable between donors and recipients and did not correlate with BKPyV viremia and BKPyVAN that developed in 25% and 3% of the recipients, respectively. Two recipients developed TSPyV viremia and none HPyV9 viremia. Modification of the predictive effect of donor BKPyV seroreactivity on recipient BKPyV viremia by HPyV9 and TSPyV was not observed. Conclusions Our data provide no evidence for a promoting effect of HPyV9 and TSPyV on BKPyV infection and BKPyVAN in renal allograft patients. Therefore, we do not recommend including HPyV9 and TSPyV screening in KTx patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline L van Rijn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman F Wunderink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline S de Brouwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Els van der Meijden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joris I Rotmans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariet C W Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wu JH, Narayanan D, Simonette RA, Rady PL, Tyring SK. Human polyomavirus 7 (
HP
yV7)‐associated dermatoses: novel molecular mechanism driven by viral activation of 4E‐
BP
1 and
MEK
‐
ERK
‐
cJ
un. Int J Dermatol 2018; 58:383-387. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie H. Wu
- Department of Dermatology University of Texas Medical School Houston TX USA
- Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA
| | - Deepika Narayanan
- Department of Dermatology University of Texas Medical School Houston TX USA
- Rice University Houston TX USA
| | | | - Peter L. Rady
- Department of Dermatology University of Texas Medical School Houston TX USA
| | - Stephen K. Tyring
- Department of Dermatology University of Texas Medical School Houston TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kourieh A, Combes JD, Tommasino M, Dalstein V, Clifford GM, Lacau St Guily J, Clavel C, Franceschi S, Gheit T, For The Split Study Group. Prevalence and risk factors of human polyomavirus infections in non-malignant tonsils and gargles: the SPLIT study. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1686-1698. [PMID: 30407150 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of 13 polyomaviruses (PyVs) in the tonsil brushings and gargles of immunocompetent children and adults was assessed. Patients undergoing tonsillectomy for benign indications were recruited in 19 centres in France. After resection, the entire outer surface of the right and left halves of the tonsils was brushed extensively. Gargles were also collected prior to surgery in selected adults. A species-specific multiplex assay was used to detect the DNA of 13 PyVs. In tonsil brushings (n=689), human PyV 6 (HPyV6) and Merkel cell PyV (MCPyV) were the most prevalent (≈15 %), followed by trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated PyV (TSPyV), BKPyV, Washington University PyV (WUPyV) and human PyV 9 (HPyV9) (1 to 5 %), and human PyV 7 (HPyV7), John Cunningham PyV (JCPyV) and Simian virus 40 (SV40) (<1 %), while no Karolinska Institute PyV (KIPyV), Malawi PyV (MWPyV), human PyV 12 (HPyV12) or Lyon IARC PyV (LIPyV) were detected. The prevalence of TSPyV and BKPyV was significantly higher in children versus adults, whereas for HPyV6 the opposite was found. HPyV6 and WUPyV were significantly more prevalent in men versus women. In gargles (n=139), MCPyV was the most prevalent (≈40 %), followed by HPyV6, HPyV9 and LIPyV (2 to 4 %), and then BKPyV (≈1 %), while other PyVs were not detected. MCPyV and LIPyV were significantly more prevalent in gargles compared to tonsil brushings, in contrast to HPyV6. We described differing patterns of individual PyV infections in tonsils and gargles in a large age-stratified population. Comparison of the spectrum of PyVs in paired tonsil samples and gargles adds to the current knowledge on PyV epidemiology, contributing towards a better understanding of PyV acquisition and transmission and its potential role in head and neck diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aboud Kourieh
- 1International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Jean-Damien Combes
- 1International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- 1International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Véronique Dalstein
- 2CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Laboratoire Biopathologie, 51092 Reims, France
- 3INSERM, UMR-S 1250, 51092 Reims, France
- 4Faculté de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Gary M Clifford
- 1International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Jean Lacau St Guily
- 5Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- 6Tenon Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christine Clavel
- 2CHU Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Laboratoire Biopathologie, 51092 Reims, France
- 3INSERM, UMR-S 1250, 51092 Reims, France
- 4Faculté de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Silvia Franceschi
- 7Aviano Cancer Centre, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Tarik Gheit
- 1International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nguyen KD, Chamseddin BH, Cockerell CJ, Wang RC. The Biology and Clinical Features of Cutaneous Polyomaviruses. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:285-292. [PMID: 30470393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses are double-stand DNA viruses with a conserved genomic structure, yet they present with diverse tissue tropisms and disease presentations. Merkel cell polyomavirus, trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus, human polyomavirus 6 and 7, and Malawi polyomavirus are shed from the skin, and Merkel cell polyomavirus, trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus, human polyomavirus 6 and 7 have been linked to specific skin diseases. We present an update on the genomic and clinical features of these cutaneous polyomaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khang D Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bahir H Chamseddin
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Clay J Cockerell
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Richard C Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Dallas, Texas, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kamminga S, van der Meijden E, Feltkamp MCW, Zaaijer HL. Seroprevalence of fourteen human polyomaviruses determined in blood donors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206273. [PMID: 30352098 PMCID: PMC6198985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyomavirus family currently includes thirteen human polyomavirus (HPyV) species. In immunocompromised and elderly persons HPyVs are known to cause disease, such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (JCPyV), haemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy (BKPyV), Merkel cell carcinoma (MCPyV), and trichodysplasia spinulosa (TSPyV). Some recently discovered polyomaviruses are of still unknown prevalence and pathogenic potential. Because HPyVs infections persist and might be transferred by blood components to immunocompromised patients, we studied the seroprevalence of fourteen polyomaviruses in adult Dutch blood donors. For most polyomaviruses the observed seroprevalence was high (60–100%), sometimes slightly increasing or decreasing with age. Seroreactivity increased with age for JCPyV, HPyV6 and HPyV7 and decreased for BKPyV and TSPyV. The most recently identified polyomaviruses HPyV12, NJPyV and LIPyV showed low overall seroprevalence (~5%) and low seroreactivity, questioning their human tropism. Altogether, HPyV infections are common in Dutch blood donors, with an average of nine polyomaviruses per subject.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Kamminga
- Department of Blood-borne Infections, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Els van der Meijden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariet C. W. Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans L. Zaaijer
- Department of Blood-borne Infections, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Viral infections in solid organ transplant recipients: novel updates and a review of the classics. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018; 30:579-588. [PMID: 28984642 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize new discoveries in viral pathogenesis and novel therapeutic and prophylactic strategies in organ transplant recipients. RECENT FINDINGS For decades, prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been the standard preventive strategy, but new clinical trials are expected to determine the advantages of preemptive therapy over prophylaxis. Novel anti-CMV agents, such as maribavir and letermovir, are being studied for the treatment of resistant/refractory CMV as alternatives to foscarnet and cidofovir. CMV immune monitoring may offer individualized management plans. Epstein-Barr virus infections in transplant recipients are difficult to prevent and treat, though recent data suggest possible merit to pretransplant rituximab among high-risk transplant recipients. We review the groundbreaking HIV-to-HIV organ transplant trials, which are expected to revolutionize the care of HIV-infected individuals. Finally, we review topical developments in human herpesvirus 8, Zika virus, RNA respiratory viruses, adenovirus, norovirus, and polyoma viruses in organ transplantation. SUMMARY Ongoing trials to optimize CMV prophylaxis and treatment, and outcomes of HIV-to-HIV organ transplantation in the United States, have significant implications to optimize management of these viruses in transplant recipients. Assessment of new antivirals and antiviral strategies, such as adoptive immunotherapy, is warranted for refractory viral infections.
Collapse
|
42
|
Canavan TN, Baddley JW, Pavlidakey P, Tallaj JA, Elewski BE. Human polyomavirus-7-associated eruption successfully treated with acitretin. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:1278-1284. [PMID: 29275541 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Advances in molecular technologies have led to the discovery of several novel human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), including human polyomavirus-7 (HPyV-7). Although low levels of HPyV-7 are shed from apparently normal skin, recent reports have described clinically significant cutaneous infection in immunocompromised patients that manifests as generalized pruritic plaques. The pruritus can be severe, and treatment options have not been described. Herein we report HPyV-7 cutaneous infection in a heart transplant patient who experienced temporary improvement with intravenous cidofovir, and complete remission with acitretin. We report a case of HPyV-7 cutaneous infection demonstrating a good response to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T N Canavan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J W Baddley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - P Pavlidakey
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J A Tallaj
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - B E Elewski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
DeCaprio JA. Merkel cell polyomavirus and Merkel cell carcinoma. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0276. [PMID: 28893943 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) causes the highly aggressive and relatively rare skin cancer known as Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). MCPyV also causes a lifelong yet relatively innocuous infection and is one of 14 distinct human polyomaviruses species. Although polyomaviruses typically do not cause illness in healthy individuals, several can cause catastrophic diseases in immunocompromised hosts. MCPyV is the only polyomavirus clearly associated with human cancer. How MCPyV causes MCC and what oncogenic events must transpire to enable this virus to cause MCC is the focus of this essay.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Novel Human Polyomavirus Noncoding Control Regions Differ in Bidirectional Gene Expression according to Host Cell, Large T-Antigen Expression, and Clinically Occurring Rearrangements. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02231-17. [PMID: 29343574 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02231-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human polyomavirus (HPyV) DNA genomes contain three regions denoted the early viral gene region (EVGR), encoding the regulatory T-antigens and one microRNA, the late viral gene region (LVGR), encoding the structural Vp capsid proteins, and the noncoding control region (NCCR). The NCCR harbors the origin of viral genome replication and bidirectional promoter/enhancer functions governing EVGR and LVGR expression on opposite DNA strands. Despite principal similarities, HPyV NCCRs differ in length, sequence, and architecture. To functionally compare HPyV NCCRs, sequences from human isolates were inserted into a bidirectional reporter vector using dsRed2 for EVGR expression and green fluorescent protein (GFP) for LVGR expression. Transfecting HPyV NCCR reporter vectors into human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells and flow cytometry normalized to archetype BKPyV NCCR revealed a hierarchy of EVGR expression levels with MCPyV, HPyV12, and STLPyV NCCRs conferring stronger levels and HPyV6, HPyV9, and HPyV10 NCCRs weaker levels, while LVGR expression was less variable and showed comparable activity levels. Transfection of HEK293T cells expressing simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen (LTag) increased EVGR expression for most HPyV NCCRs, which correlated with the number of LTag-binding sites (Spearman's r, 0.625; P < 0.05) and decreased following SV40 LTag small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown. LTag-dependent activation was specifically confirmed for two different MCPyV NCCRs in 293MCT cells expressing the cognate MCPyV LTag. HPyV NCCR expression in different cell lines derived from skin (A375), cervix (HeLaNT), lung (A549), brain (Hs683), and colon (SW480) demonstrated that host cell properties significantly modulate the baseline HPyV NCCR activity, which partly synergized with SV40 LTag expression. Clinically occurring NCCR sequence rearrangements of HPyV7 PITT-1 and -2 and HPyV9 UF1 were found to increase EVGR expression compared to the respective HPyV archetype, but this was partly host cell type specific.IMPORTANCE HPyV NCCRs integrate essential viral functions with respect to host cell specificity, persistence, viral replication, and disease. Here, we show that HPyV NCCRs not only differ in sequence length, number, and position of LTag- and common transcription factor-binding sites but also confer differences in bidirectional viral gene expression. Importantly, EVGR reporter expression was significantly modulated by LTag expression and by host cell properties. Clinical sequence variants of HPyV7 and HPyV9 NCCRs containing deletions and insertions were associated with increased EVGR expression, similar to BKPyV and JCPyV rearrangements, emphasizing that HPyV NCCR sequences are major determinants not only of host cell tropism but also of pathogenicity. These results will help to define secondary HPyV cell tropism beyond HPyV surface receptors, to identify key viral and host factors shaping the viral life cycle, and to develop preclinical models of HPyV persistence and replication and suitable antiviral targets.
Collapse
|
45
|
Baez CF, Brandão Varella R, Villani S, Delbue S. Human Polyomaviruses: The Battle of Large and Small Tumor Antigens. Virology (Auckl) 2017; 8:1178122X17744785. [PMID: 29238174 PMCID: PMC5721967 DOI: 10.1177/1178122x17744785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
About 40 years ago, the large and small tumor antigens (LT-Ag and sT-Ag) of the polyomavirus (PyVs) simian vacuolating virus 40 have been identified and characterized. To date, it is well known that all the discovered human PyVs (HPyVs) encode these 2 multifunctional and tumorigenic proteins, expressed at viral replication early stage. The 2 T-Ags are able to transform cells both in vitro and in vivo and seem to play a distinct role in the pathogenesis of some tumors in humans. In addition, they are involved in viral DNA replication, transcription, and virion assembly. This short review focuses on the structural and functional features of the HPyVs’ LT-Ag and sT-Ag, with special attention to their transforming properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Freze Baez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Sonia Villani
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ilyas M, Maganty N, Sharma A. Cutaneous infections from viral sources in solid organ transplant recipients. J Clin Virol 2017; 97:33-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
47
|
Smith SDB, Erdag G, Cuda JD, Rangwala S, Girardi N, Bibee K, Orens JB, Prono MD, Toptan T, Loss MJ. Treatment of human polyomavirus-7-associated rash and pruritus with topical cidofovir in a lung transplant patient: Case report and literature review. Transpl Infect Dis 2017; 20. [PMID: 29064138 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human polyomavirus-7-associated rash and pruritus (PVARP) is a chronic superficial viral skin infection, which primarily impacts immunocompromised individuals. We report on a case of PVARP in a lung transplant recipient. Our patient developed symptoms 13 years after being on his immunosuppressive regimen, with an insidious course of progressive gray lichenification with marked islands of sparing and quality of life-altering pruritus. Treatment for PVARP is not established; however, topical cidofovir combined with immunomodulation may offer sustained therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane D B Smith
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gulsun Erdag
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan D Cuda
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sophie Rangwala
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Girardi
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristin Bibee
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan B Orens
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Tuna Toptan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Manisha J Loss
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Qi D, Shan T, Liu Z, Deng X, Zhang Z, Bi W, Owens JR, Feng F, Zheng L, Huang F, Delwart E, Hou R, Zhang W. A novel polyomavirus from the nasal cavity of a giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Virol J 2017; 14:207. [PMID: 29078783 PMCID: PMC5658932 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polyomaviruses infect a wide variety of mammalian and avian hosts with a broad spectrum of outcomes including asymptomatic infection, acute systemic disease, and tumor induction. Methods Viral metagenomics and general PCR methods were used to detected viral nucleic acid in the samples from a diseased and healthy giant pandas. Results A novel polyomavirus, the giant panda polyomavirus 1 (GPPyV1) from the nasal cavity of a dead giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) was characterized. The GPPyV1 genome is 5144 bp in size and reveals five putative open-reading frames coding for the classic small and large T antigens in the early region, and the VP1, VP2 and VP3 capsid proteins in the late region. Phylogenetic analyses of the large T antigen of the GPPyV1 indicated GPPyV1 belonged to a putative new species within genus Deltapolyomavirus, clustering with four human polyomavirus species. The GPPyV1 VP1 and VP2 clustered with genus Alphapolyomavirus. Our epidemiologic study indicated that this novel polyomavirus was also detected in nasal swabs and fecal samples collected from captive healthy giant pandas. Conclusion A novel polyomavirus was detected in giant pandas and its complete genome was characterized, which may cause latency infection in giant pandas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dunwu Qi
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, 94118, USA
| | - Zhihe Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, China
| | - Wenlei Bi
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, China
| | - Jacob Robert Owens
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, China
| | - Feifei Feng
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, China
| | - Lisong Zheng
- Liziping Nature Reserve, YaAn, Sichuan Province, Sichuan, 625499, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Liziping Nature Reserve, YaAn, Sichuan Province, Sichuan, 625499, China
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, 94118, USA
| | - Rong Hou
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Biology, evolution, and medical importance of polyomaviruses: An update. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
50
|
Assetta B, Atwood WJ. The biology of JC polyomavirus. Biol Chem 2017; 398:839-855. [PMID: 28493815 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is the causative agent of a fatal central nervous system demyelinating disease known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PML occurs in people with underlying immunodeficiency or in individuals being treated with potent immunomodulatory therapies. JCPyV is a DNA tumor virus with a double-stranded DNA genome and encodes a well-studied oncogene, large T antigen. Its host range is highly restricted to humans and only a few cell types support lytic infection in vivo or in vitro. Its oncogenic potential in humans has not been firmly established and the international committee on oncogenic viruses lists JCPyV as possibly carcinogenic. Significant progress has been made in understanding the biology of JCPyV and here we present an overview of the field and discuss some important questions that remain unanswered.
Collapse
|