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Thijssen M, Khamisipour G, Maleki M, Devos T, Li G, Van Ranst M, Matthijnssens J, Pourkarim MR. Characterization of the Human Blood Virome in Iranian Multiple Transfused Patients. Viruses 2023; 15:1425. [PMID: 37515113 PMCID: PMC10386462 DOI: 10.3390/v15071425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood transfusion safety is an essential element of public health. Current blood screening strategies rely on targeted techniques that could miss unknown or unexpected pathogens. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of a viral community (virobiota/virome) in the blood of healthy individuals. Here, we characterized the blood virome in patients frequently exposed to blood transfusion by using Illumina metagenomic sequencing. The virome of these patients was compared to viruses present in healthy blood donors. A total number of 155 beta-thalassemia, 149 hemodialysis, and 100 healthy blood donors were pooled with five samples per pool. Members of the Anelloviridae and Flaviviridae family were most frequently observed. Interestingly, samples of healthy blood donors harbored traces of potentially pathogenic viruses, including adeno-, rota-, and Merkel cell polyomavirus. Viruses of the Anelloviridae family were most abundant in the blood of hemodialysis patients and displayed a higher anellovirus richness. Pegiviruses (Flaviviridae) were only observed in patient populations. An overall trend of higher eukaryotic read abundance in both patient groups was observed. This might be associated with increased exposure through blood transfusion. Overall, the findings in this study demonstrated the presence of various viruses in the blood of Iranian multiple-transfused patients and healthy blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Thijssen
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gholamreza Khamisipour
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75146-33196, Iran
| | - Mohammad Maleki
- Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran 14665-1157, Iran
| | - Timothy Devos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology (Rega Institute), Department of Hematology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guangdi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran 14665-1157, Iran
- Health Policy Research Centre, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
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2
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Thijssen M, Tacke F, Van Espen L, Cassiman D, Naser Aldine M, Nevens F, Van Ranst M, Matthijnssens J, Pourkarim MR. Plasma virome dynamics in chronic hepatitis B virus infected patients. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1172574. [PMID: 37228370 PMCID: PMC10203228 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1172574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The virome remains an understudied domain of the human microbiome. The role of commensal viruses on the outcome of infections with known pathogens is not well characterized. In this study we aimed to characterize the longitudinal plasma virome dynamics in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infected patients. Eighty-five longitudinal plasma samples were collected from 12 chronic HBV infected individuals that were classified in the four stages of HBV infection. The virome was characterized with an optimized viral extraction protocol and deep-sequenced on a NextSeq 2500 platform. The plasma virome was primarily composed of members of the Anello- Flavi-, and Hepadnaviridae (HBV) families. The virome structure and dynamics did not correlate with the different stages of chronic HBV infection nor with the administration of antiviral therapy. We observed a higher intrapersonal similarity of viral contigs. Genomic analysis of viruses observed in multiple timepoint demonstrated the presence of a dynamic community. This study comprehensively assessed the blood virome structure in chronic HBV infected individuals and provided insights in the longitudinal development of this viral community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Thijssen
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lore Van Espen
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Cassiman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mahmoud Naser Aldine
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederik Nevens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Health Policy Research Centre, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Chowdary AR, Sakthivelnathan V, Beale J, Martinez J, Mounasamy V, Sambandam S. Analysis of inpatient complications in HIV/AIDS patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty - A propensity matched cohort study. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2023; 40:102168. [PMID: 37250618 PMCID: PMC10209670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2023.102168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at higher risk for orthopedic related diseases due to dysregulation in bone metabolism and metabolic effects related to their medication regimen. Furthermore, the rate of hip arthroplasty in HIV patients is increasing. With the recent changes in THA methodologies and improvements in HIV treatment, there is a need for updated research analyzing hip arthroplasty outcomes in this high-risk patient population. In this study, we used a national database to evaluate postoperative outcomes in HIV patients undergoing THA compared to THA patients without HIV. We use a propensity algorithm to create a cohort of 493 HIV negative patients for matched analysis. Among the 367,894 THA patients included in this study, 367,390 patients were HIV negative and 504 were HIV positive. The HIV cohort had a lower mean age (53.34 vs 65.88, p < 0.001), lower proportion of females (44% vs 76.4%, p < 0.001), lower incidence of diabetes without complications (5% vs 11.1%, p < 0.001) and a lower incidence of obesity (0.544 vs 0.875, p = 0.002). In the unmatched analysis, the incidence of acute kidney injury (4.8% vs 2.5%, p = 0.004), pneumonia (1.2% vs 0.2%, p = 0.002), periprosthetic infection (3.6% vs 1%, p < 0.001), and wound dehiscence (0.6% vs 0.1%, p = 0.009) were higher in HIV cohort, most likely due to inherent demographic variances present in the HIV population. In the matched analysis, the rates of blood transfusion (5.0% vs 8.3%, p = 0.041) were lower in the HIV cohort. Other post-operative variables, such as rates of pneumonia, wound dehiscence, and surgical site infections were not statistically significant between the HIV positive population and HIV negative matched cohort. Our study found similar rates of postoperative complications in HIV positive and HIV negative patients. The rate of blood transfusions in HIV positive patients was also noted to be lower. Our data suggests that THA is a safe procedure in patients infected with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jack Beale
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jack Martinez
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Varatharaj Mounasamy
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Senthil Sambandam
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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4
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Vimali J, Yong YK, Murugesan A, Ashwin R, Balakrishnan P, Raju S, Velu V, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Surrogate Biomarkers of Disease Progression in Human Pegivirus Seropositive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:55-62. [PMID: 36355180 PMCID: PMC10024059 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific observations indicate that an actively prevailing systemic condition could alleviate the pathology of another disease. Human pegivirus (HPgV), a highly ubiquitous flavivirus is believed to be associated with slow human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression, and has seldom been linked to hepatic pathology. In this study, we investigated whether HPgV seropositivity had any impact on surrogate markers of HIV disease progression in a cohort of HIV-infected HPgV seropositive (n = 28) and seronegative (n = 12) individuals who were prospectively evaluated for absolute CD4+ T cell counts, plasma viral load (PVL), liver enzymes, and plasma cytokine levels. The HIV PVL was relatively lower in HPgV seropositive than in HPgV seronegative HIV-infected subjects. Clinical markers of hepatic injury were significantly low among HPgV seropositive HIV-infected participants. HPgV seropositive individuals showed significantly higher levels of interleukin-7 (IL-7), and although not significant, the levels of IL-6 were lower among HPgV seropositive subjects. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the absolute CD4+T cell count was inversely correlated with HIV PVL. Exposure to HPgV appears to have a positive prognostic impact on the levels of surrogate biomarkers of HIV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisheela Vimali
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Yean K. Yong
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Virus Research Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, India
| | - Rajeev Ashwin
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Sivadoss Raju
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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5
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Stapleton JT. Human Pegivirus Type 1: A Common Human Virus That Is Beneficial in Immune-Mediated Disease? Front Immunol 2022; 13:887760. [PMID: 35707535 PMCID: PMC9190258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two groups identified a novel human flavivirus in the mid-1990s. One group named the virus hepatitis G virus (HGV) and the other named it GB Virus type C (GBV-C). Sequence analyses found these two isolates to be the same virus, and subsequent studies found that the virus does not cause hepatitis despite sharing genome organization with hepatitis C virus. Although HGV/GBV-C infection is common and may cause persistent infection in humans, the virus does not appear to directly cause any other known disease state. Thus, the virus was renamed “human pegivirus 1” (HPgV-1) for “persistent G” virus. HPgV-1 is found primarily in lymphocytes and not hepatocytes, and several studies found HPgV-1 infection associated with prolonged survival in people living with HIV. Co-infection of human lymphocytes with HPgV-1 and HIV inhibits HIV replication. Although three viral proteins directly inhibit HIV replication in vitro, the major effects of HPgV-1 leading to reduced HIV-related mortality appear to result from a global reduction in immune activation. HPgV-1 specifically interferes with T cell receptor signaling (TCR) by reducing proximal activation of the lymphocyte specific Src kinase LCK. Although TCR signaling is reduced, T cell activation is not abolished and with sufficient stimulus, T cell functions are enabled. Consequently, HPgV-1 is not associated with immune suppression. The HPgV-1 immunomodulatory effects are associated with beneficial outcomes in other diseases including Ebola virus infection and possibly graft-versus-host-disease following stem cell transplantation. Better understanding of HPgV-1 immune escape and mechanisms of inflammation may identify novel therapies for immune-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T. Stapleton
- Medicine Service, Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jack T. Stapleton,
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6
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Yu Y, Wan Z, Wang JH, Yang X, Zhang C. Review of human pegivirus: Prevalence, transmission, pathogenesis, and clinical implication. Virulence 2022; 13:324-341. [PMID: 35132924 PMCID: PMC8837232 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2029328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV-1), previously known as GB virus C (GBV-C) or hepatitis G virus (HGV), is a single-stranded positive RNA virus belonging to the genus Pegivirus of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted by percutaneous injuries (PIs), contaminated blood and/or blood products, sexual contact, and vertical mother-to-child transmission. It is widely prevalent in general population, especially in high-risk groups. HPgV-1 viremia is typically cleared within the first 1–2 years of infection in most healthy individuals, but may persist for longer periods of time in immunocompromised individuals and/or those co-infected by other viruses. A large body of evidences indicate that HPgV-1 persistent infection has a beneficial clinical effect on many infectious diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hepatitis C. The beneficial effects seem to be related to a significant reduction of immune activation, and/or the inhabitation of co-infected viruses (e.g. HIV-1). HPgV-1 has a broad cellular tropism for lymphoid and myeloid cells, and preferentially replicates in bone marrow and spleen without cytopathic effect, implying a therapeutic potential. The paper aims to summarize the natural history, prevalence and distribution characteristics, and pathogenesis of HPgV-1, and discuss its association with other human viral diseases, and potential use in therapy as a biovaccine or viral vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhou Wan
- Medical Laboratory of Taizhou Fourth People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianguang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chiyu Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Kandathil AJ, Balagopal A. Human Hepegivirus-1: Innocent Traveler, Helpful Symbiote, or Insidious Pathogen? Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:1229-1231. [PMID: 31671171 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Kandathil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashwin Balagopal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Fama A, Larson MC, Link BK, Habermann TM, Feldman AL, Call TG, Ansell SM, Liebow M, Xiang J, Maurer MJ, Slager SL, Nowakowski GS, Stapleton JT, Cerhan JR. Human Pegivirus Infection and Lymphoma Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:1221-1228. [PMID: 31671178 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pegivirus (HPgV) is a single-strand RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae. Although no definitive association between HPgV infection and disease has been identified, previous studies have suggested an association of HPgV viremia with risk of lymphomas. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, including 1 cohort study and 14 case-control studies, assessing the association of HPgV viremia with adult lymphomas. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model, overall and by geographic region and lymphoma subtype. RESULTS The overall OR for lymphoma was 2.85 (95% CI, 1.98-4.11), with statistically significantly elevated ORs observed in 8 of 15 studies. There was a small amount of heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 28.9%; Q = 18.27, P = .16), and the funnel plot provided no evidence for publication bias. The strongest association with lymphoma risk was observed for studies from Southern Europe (OR, 5.68 [95% CI, 1.98-16.3]), whereas weaker ORs (with 95% CIs) were observed for studies from North America (2.24 [1.76-2.85]), Northern Europe (2.90 [.45-18.7), and the Middle East (2.51 [.87-7.27]), but all of similar magnitude. Participants with HPgV viremia had statistically significantly increased risks (OR [95% CI]) for developing diffuse large B-cell (3.29 [1.63-6.62]), follicular (3.01 [1.95-4.63]), marginal zone (1.90 [1.13-3.18]), and T-cell (2.11 [1.17-3.89]) lymphomas, while the risk for Hodgkin lymphoma (3.53 [.48-25.9]) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (1.45 [.45-4.66]) were increased but did not achieve statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis supports a positive association of HPgV viremia with lymphoma risk, overall and for the major lymphoma subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Fama
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Ematologia, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Melissa C Larson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brian K Link
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Thomas M Habermann
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew L Feldman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy G Call
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen M Ansell
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark Liebow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Matthew J Maurer
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Susan L Slager
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Grzegorz S Nowakowski
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - James R Cerhan
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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9
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Virome comparison of deferred blood donations obtained from different geographic regions in the Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Transfus Apher Sci 2021; 60:103106. [PMID: 33726974 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2021.103106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The virome composition of blood units deferred due to symptomatic disease of the donors reported after blood donation may reveal novel or unsuspected viral agents which may have impact in the area of hemotherapy. The objective of this study was to compare the virome of blood donations obtained from two distantly located blood collecting institutions in the Saqo Paulo State and deferred from use due to post donation illness reports (PDIR). Plasma samples with PDIR due to different symptoms were collected in two cities of the Sao Paulo State (Sao Paulo city, 28 samples and Ribeirao Preto city, 11 samples). The samples were assembled in pools and sequenced in Illumina NextSeq 550 sequencer. The obtained raw sequencing data was analyzed using bioinformatic pipeline aiming viral identification. Phylogenetic classification of the most important contigs was also performed. The virome composition of the plasma samples obtained in both cities was different. This was more pronounced for some specific anellovirus types and the human pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1) which were exclusively found among donations obtained from the city of Sao Paulo. On the other hand, in PDIR samples from Ribeirao Preto, Dengue -2 reads were more abundant compared to commensal viral representatives. The obtained virome findings show that the differential viral abundance is related to geographic localization and specific disease endemicity. The virome of PDIR samples may be used to more profoundly analyze the hypothetic transfusion threats in a given location.
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10
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Harper A, Vijayakumar V, Ouwehand AC, ter Haar J, Obis D, Espadaler J, Binda S, Desiraju S, Day R. Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:596166. [PMID: 33643929 PMCID: PMC7907522 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.596166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections continue to cause considerable morbidity and mortality around the world. Recent rises in these infections are likely due to complex and multifactorial external drivers, including climate change, the increased mobility of people and goods and rapid demographic change to name but a few. In parallel with these external factors, we are gaining a better understanding of the internal factors associated with viral immunity. Increasingly the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome has been shown to be a significant player in the host immune system, acting as a key regulator of immunity and host defense mechanisms. An increasing body of evidence indicates that disruption of the homeostasis between the GI microbiome and the host immune system can adversely impact viral immunity. This review aims to shed light on our understanding of how host-microbiota interactions shape the immune system, including early life factors, antibiotic exposure, immunosenescence, diet and inflammatory diseases. We also discuss the evidence base for how host commensal organisms and microbiome therapeutics can impact the prevention and/or treatment of viral infections, such as viral gastroenteritis, viral hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papilloma virus (HPV), viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), influenza and SARS CoV-2. The interplay between the gastrointestinal microbiome, invasive viruses and host physiology is complex and yet to be fully characterized, but increasingly the evidence shows that the microbiome can have an impact on viral disease outcomes. While the current evidence base is informative, further well designed human clinical trials will be needed to fully understand the array of immunological mechanisms underlying this intricate relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashton Harper
- ADM Health & Wellness, Medical Affairs Department, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Vineetha Vijayakumar
- ADM Health & Wellness, Medical Affairs Department, Somerset, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Vineetha Vijayakumar,
| | - Arthur C. Ouwehand
- Global Health and Nutrition Sciences, DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, Kantvik, Finland
| | | | - David Obis
- Innovation Science & Nutrition Department, Danone Nutricia Research, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Sylvie Binda
- Lallemand Health Solutions, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Richard Day
- ADM Health & Wellness, Medical Affairs Department, Somerset, United Kingdom
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11
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Tumbo AM, Schindler T, Dangy JP, Orlova-Fink N, Bieri JR, Mpina M, Milando FA, Juma O, Hamad A, Nyakarungu E, Chemba M, Mtoro A, Ramadhan K, Olotu A, Makweba D, Mgaya S, Stuart K, Perreau M, Stapleton JT, Jongo S, Hoffman SL, Tanner M, Abdulla S, Daubenberger C. Role of human Pegivirus infections in whole Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite vaccination and controlled human malaria infection in African volunteers. Virol J 2021; 18:28. [PMID: 33499880 PMCID: PMC7837505 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diverse vaccination outcomes and protection levels among different populations pose a serious challenge to the development of an effective malaria vaccine. Co-infections are among many factors associated with immune dysfunction and sub-optimal vaccination outcomes. Chronic, asymptomatic viral infections can contribute to the modulation of vaccine efficacy through various mechanisms. Human Pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1) persists in immune cells thereby potentially modulating immune responses. We investigated whether Pegivirus infection influences vaccine-induced responses and protection in African volunteers undergoing whole P. falciparum sporozoites-based malaria vaccination and controlled human malaria infections (CHMI). METHODS HPgV-1 prevalence was quantified by RT-qPCR in plasma samples of 96 individuals before, post vaccination with PfSPZ Vaccine and after CHMI in cohorts from Tanzania and Equatorial Guinea. The impact of HPgV-1 infection was evaluated on (1) systemic cytokine and chemokine levels measured by Luminex, (2) PfCSP-specific antibody titers quantified by ELISA, (3) asexual blood-stage parasitemia pre-patent periods and parasite multiplication rates, (4) HPgV-1 RNA levels upon asexual blood-stage parasitemia induced by CHMI. RESULTS The prevalence of HPgV-1 was 29.2% (28/96) and sequence analysis of the 5' UTR and E2 regions revealed the predominance of genotypes 1, 2 and 5. HPgV-1 infection was associated with elevated systemic levels of IL-2 and IL-17A. Comparable vaccine-induced anti-PfCSP antibody titers, asexual blood-stage multiplication rates and pre-patent periods were observed in HPgV-1 positive and negative individuals. However, a tendency for higher protection levels was detected in the HPgV-1 positive group (62.5%) compared to the negative one (51.6%) following CHMI. HPgV-1 viremia levels were not significantly altered after CHMI. CONCLUSIONS HPgV-1 infection did not alter PfSPZ Vaccine elicited levels of PfCSP-specific antibody responses and parasite multiplication rates. Ongoing HPgV-1 infection appears to improve to some degree protection against CHMI in PfSPZ-vaccinated individuals. This is likely through modulation of immune system activation and systemic cytokines as higher levels of IL-2 and IL17A were observed in HPgV-1 infected individuals. CHMI is safe and well tolerated in HPgV-1 infected individuals. Identification of cell types and mechanisms of both silent and productive infection in individuals will help to unravel the biology of this widely present but largely under-researched virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneth-Mwasi Tumbo
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schindler
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Dangy
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Orlova-Fink
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jose Raso Bieri
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Maximillian Mpina
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Florence A Milando
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Omar Juma
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Ali Hamad
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Elizabeth Nyakarungu
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Mwajuma Chemba
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Ali Mtoro
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Kamaka Ramadhan
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Ally Olotu
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Damas Makweba
- Dar-Es-Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
- Tanzania Education and Research Networks, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
- Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Stephen Mgaya
- Tanzania Education and Research Networks, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
- Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kenneth Stuart
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue, N. Suite 500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | - Jack T Stapleton
- Iowa City Veterans Administration and the University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Said Jongo
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | - Marcel Tanner
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salim Abdulla
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Silva ADSN, Silva CP, Barata RR, da Silva PVR, Monteiro PDJ, Lamarão L, Burbano RMR, Nunes MRT, de Lima PDL. Human pegivirus (HPgV, GBV-C) RNA in volunteer blood donors from a public hemotherapy service in Northern Brazil. Virol J 2020; 17:153. [PMID: 33054824 PMCID: PMC7556973 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human pegivirus (HPgV)—formerly known as GBV-C—is a member of the Flaviviridae family and belongs to the species Pegivirus C. It is a non-pathogenic virus and is transmitted among humans mainly through the exposure to contaminated blood and is often associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, among other viruses. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HPgV viremia, its association with HIV and clinical epidemiological factors, as well as the full-length sequencing and genome characterization of HPgV recovered from blood donors of the HEMOPA Foundation in Belém-PA-Brazil. Methods Plasma samples were obtained from 459 donors, tested for the presence of HPgV RNA by the RT-qPCR. From these, a total of 26 RT-qPCR positive samples were submitted to the NGS sequencing approach in order to obtain the full genome. Genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis were conducted. Results The prevalence of HPgV was 12.42%. We observed the highest prevalences among donors aged between 18 and 30 years old (16.5%), with brown skin color (13.2%) and men (15.8%). The newly diagnosed HIV-1 prevalence was 26.67%. The HPgV genotype 2 (2a and 2b) was identified. No data on viral load value was found to corroborate the protective effect of HPgV on HIV evolution. Conclusions This study provided information regarding the HPgV infection among blood donors from HEMOPA Foundation. Furthermore, we genetically characterized the HPgV circulating strains and described by the first time nearly complete genomes of genotype 2 in Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniel de Sarom Negrão Silva
- Center for Life Science and Health, Pará State University, Travessa. Perebebuí, 2623, Marco, Belém, Pará, 66087-662, Brazil.
| | - Clayton Pereira Silva
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316, km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua , Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ribeiro Barata
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316, km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua , Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro Victor Reis da Silva
- Center for Life Science and Health, Pará State University, Travessa. Perebebuí, 2623, Marco, Belém, Pará, 66087-662, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Danin Jordão Monteiro
- Foundation Center for Hemotherapy and Hematology of Pará (HEMOPA Foundation), Travessa Padre Eutíquio, 2109, Batista Campos, Belém, Pará, 66033-000, Brazil
| | - Letícia Lamarão
- Foundation Center for Hemotherapy and Hematology of Pará (HEMOPA Foundation), Travessa Padre Eutíquio, 2109, Batista Campos, Belém, Pará, 66033-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patrícia Danielle Lima de Lima
- Center for Life Science and Health, Pará State University, Travessa. Perebebuí, 2623, Marco, Belém, Pará, 66087-662, Brazil
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Thijssen M, Tacke F, Beller L, Deboutte W, Yinda KC, Nevens F, Laleman W, Van Ranst M, Pourkarim MR. Clinical relevance of plasma virome dynamics in liver transplant recipients. EBioMedicine 2020; 60:103009. [PMID: 32979836 PMCID: PMC7519289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the microbiome in liver transplantation (LT) outcome has received a growing interest in the past decades. In contrast to bacteria, the role of endogenous viral communities, known as the virome, is poorly described. Here, we applied a viral metagenomic approach to study the dynamic evolution of circulating viruses in the plasma of LT recipients and its effect on the clinical course of patients. METHODS Patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) that received a LT due to endstage liver disease were included in this study. Longitudinal plasma samples were collected pre- and post-LT. Intact viral particles were isolated and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Short read libraries were analysed with an in-house bioinformatics pipeline. Key endpoints were the dynamics of viral families and post-LT complications. FINDINGS The initiation of immunosuppression induced a bloom of the Anelloviridae that dominated the post-LT plasma virome. A variety of post-LT complication were observed. Nephrotoxicity was reported in 38% of the patients and was associated with a high abundance of anelloviruses. Besides nephrotoxicity, 16 (67%) patients experienced flares of viral or bacterial infections in post-transplant follow-up. These flares were recognized by an increased burden of anelloviruses (p < 0.05). Interestingly, no mortality was observed in patients infected with human pegivirus. INTERPRETATION These findings suggest a diagnostic potential for the Anelloviridae family in post-LT complications. Furthermore, the impact of human pegivirus infection on post-transplant survival should be further investigated. FUNDING This trial was supported by Gilead Sciences grant number BE-2017-000133.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Thijssen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Post box 1040, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leen Beller
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Post box 1040, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ward Deboutte
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Post box 1040, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kwe Claude Yinda
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Post box 1040, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederik Nevens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Laleman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Post box 1040, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Post box 1040, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Health Policy Research Centre, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran.
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Jordier F, Deligny ML, Barré R, Robert C, Galicher V, Uch R, Fournier PE, Raoult D, Biagini P. Human pegivirus isolates characterized by deep sequencing from hepatitis C virus-RNA and human immunodeficiency virus-RNA-positive blood donations, France. J Med Virol 2018; 91:38-44. [PMID: 30133782 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV, formerly GBV-C) is a member of the genus Pegivirus, family Flaviviridae. Despite its identification more than 20 years ago, both natural history and distribution of this viral group in human hosts remain under exploration. Analysis of HPgV genomes characterized up to now points out the scarcity of French pegivirus sequences in databases. To bring new data regarding HPgV genomic diversity, we investigated 16 French isolates obtained from hepatitis C virus-RNA and human immunodeficiency virus-RNA-positive blood donations following deep sequencing and coupled molecular protocols. Initial phylogenetic analysis of 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR)/E2 partial sequences permitted to assign HPgV isolates to genotypes 2 (n = 15) and 1 (n = 1), with up to 16% genetic diversity observed for both regions considered. Seven nearly full-length representative genomes were characterized subsequently, with complete polyprotein coding sequences exhibiting up to 13% genetic diversity; closest nucleotide (nt) divergence with available HPgV sequences was in the range 7% to 11%. A 36 nts deletion located on the NS4B coding region (N-terminal part, 12 amino acids) of the genotype 1 HPgV genome characterized was identified, along with single nucleotide deletions in two genotype 2, 5'-UTR sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Jordier
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Laurence Deligny
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Barré
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Robert
- UMR MEPHI, IRD, Aix Marseille University, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Vital Galicher
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Rathviro Uch
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- UMR VITROME, IRD, Aix Marseille University, SSA, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- UMR MEPHI, IRD, Aix Marseille University, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Biagini
- Biologie des Groupes Sanguins, Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
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Fama A, Xiang J, Link BK, Allmer C, Klinzman D, Feldman AL, Nowakowski GS, Liebow M, Larson MC, Maurer MJ, Ansell SM, Novak AJ, Asmann YW, Slager SL, Call TG, Habermann TM, Cerhan JR, Stapleton JT. Human Pegivirus infection and lymphoma risk and prognosis: a North American study. Br J Haematol 2018; 182:644-653. [PMID: 29808922 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the association of Human Pegivirus (HPgV) viraemia with risk of developing lymphoma, overall and by major subtypes. Because this virus has also been associated with better prognosis in the setting of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus, we further assessed the association of HPgV with prognosis. We used risk factor data and banked plasma samples from 2094 lymphoma cases newly diagnosed between 2002 and 2009 and 1572 frequency-matched controls. Plasma samples were tested for HPgV RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and those with RNA concentrations <5000 genome equivalents/ml were confirmed using nested RT-PCR methods. To assess the role of HPgV in lymphoma prognosis, we used 2948 cases from a cohort study of newly diagnosed lymphoma patients (included all cases from the case-control study). There was a positive association of HPgV viraemia with risk of lymphoma overall (Odds ratio = 2·14; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1·63-2·80; P < 0·0001), and for all major subtypes except Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, and this was not confounded by other lymphoma risk factors. In contrast, there was no association of HPgV viraemia with event-free survival (Hazard ratio [HR] = 1·00; 95% CI 0·85-1·18) or overall survival (HR = 0·97; 95% CI 0·79-1·20) for lymphoma overall, or any of the subtypes. These data support the hypothesis for a role of HPgV in the aetiology of multiple lymphoma subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Fama
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Ematologia, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Brian K Link
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Cristine Allmer
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Donna Klinzman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andrew L Feldman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Grzegorz S Nowakowski
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mark Liebow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Melissa C Larson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew J Maurer
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen M Ansell
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anne J Novak
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Susan L Slager
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Timothy G Call
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Thomas M Habermann
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James R Cerhan
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Pegivirus avoids immune recognition but does not attenuate acute-phase disease in a macaque model of HIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006692. [PMID: 29073258 PMCID: PMC5675458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV) protects HIV+ people from HIV-associated disease, but the mechanism of this protective effect remains poorly understood. We sequentially infected cynomolgus macaques with simian pegivirus (SPgV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) to model HIV+HPgV co-infection. SPgV had no effect on acute-phase SIV pathogenesis-as measured by SIV viral load, CD4+ T cell destruction, immune activation, or adaptive immune responses-suggesting that HPgV's protective effect is exerted primarily during the chronic phase of HIV infection. We also examined the immune response to SPgV in unprecedented detail, and found that this virus elicits virtually no activation of the immune system despite persistently high titers in the blood over long periods of time. Overall, this study expands our understanding of the pegiviruses-an understudied group of viruses with a high prevalence in the global human population-and suggests that the protective effect observed in HIV+HPgV co-infected people occurs primarily during the chronic phase of HIV infection.
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Horemheb-Rubio G, Ramos-Cervantes P, Arroyo-Figueroa H, Ávila-Ríos S, García-Morales C, Reyes-Terán G, Escobedo G, Estrada G, García-Iglesias T, Muñoz-Saucedo N, Kershenobich D, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Ruiz-Palacios GM. High HPgV replication is associated with improved surrogate markers of HIV progression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184494. [PMID: 28910347 PMCID: PMC5598987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human Pegivirus (HPgV) may have a beneficial effect on HIV disease progression in co-infected patients; however, the virologic characteristics of this infection are not well defined. In this study, we determined HPgV viremia prevalence in Mexico and provide new insights to understand HPgV infection and HPgV/HIV co-infection. Methods We analyzed and quantified 7,890 serum samples for HPgV viremia by One-Step RT-Real-Time PCR, 6,484 from healthy blood donors and 1,406 from HIV-infected patients. Data on HIV progression were obtained from patients’ records. HPgV genotyping was performed in 445 samples by nested PCR of the 5’URT region. Finite Mixture Models were used to identify clustering patterns of HPgV viremia in blood donors and co-infected antiretroviral (ART)-naïve patients. Results HPgV was detected in 2.98% of blood donors and 33% of HIV patients, with a wide range of viral loads. The most prevalent genotypes were 3 (58.6%)and 2 (33.7%). HPgV viral loads from healthy blood donors and HPgV/HIV+ ART-naïve co-infected patients were clustered into two component distributions, low and high, with a cut-off point of 5.07log10 and 5.06log10, respectively. High HPgV viremia was associated with improved surrogate markers of HIV infection, independent of the estimated duration of HIV infection or HIV treatment. Conclusions HPgV prevalence in Mexico was similar to that reported for other countries. The prevalent genotypes could be related to Mexico’s geographic location and ethnicity, since genotype 2 is frequent in the United States and Europe and genotype 3 in Asia and Amerindian populations. HPgV viral load demonstrated two patterns of replication, low and high. The more pronounced beneficial response observed in co-infected patients with high HPgV viremia may explain discrepancies found between other studies. Mechanisms explaining high and low HPgV replication should be explored to determine whether the persistently elevated replication depends on host or viral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibran Horemheb-Rubio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pilar Ramos-Cervantes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo Arroyo-Figueroa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Santiago Ávila-Ríos
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia García-Morales
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Galileo Escobedo
- Liver Pancreas and Intestinal Motility Laboratory, Hospital General de México, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria Estrada
- Blood Bank, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Trinidad García-Iglesias
- Immnuology Laboratory, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Nayeli Muñoz-Saucedo
- Immnuology Laboratory, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - David Kershenobich
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Guillermo M. Ruiz-Palacios
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Blackard JT, Ma G, Welge JA, Taylor LE, Mayer KH, Klein RS, Celentano DD, Sobel JD, Jamieson DJ, King CC. Cytokine/chemokine expression associated with Human Pegivirus (HPgV) infection in women with HIV. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1904-1911. [PMID: 28460153 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A beneficial impact of the Human Pegivirus (HPgV)-formerly called GB virus C (GBV-C)-on HIV disease progression has been reported previously. One possible mechanism by which HPgV inhibits HIV replication is an alteration of the cytokine/chemokine milieu. Their expression has not been specifically evaluated in women despite their influence on disease progression and the possibility of gender-based differences in expression. Moreover, the impact of HPgV genotype on cytokine/chemokine expression is unknown. Sera levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IFNγ, TNFα, IP-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and TGF-β1 were quantified in 150 HIV-positive women based on HPgV RNA status. Cytokines/chemokines with detection rates of at least 50% included IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IFNγ, TNFα, IP-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and TGF-β1 . Absolute values were significantly higher for HPgV positive compared to HPgV negative women for IL-7, IL-13, IL-12p70, and IFNγ. Absolute values were significantly lower for HPgV positive women for IL-4, IL-8, TGF-β1 , and IP-10. IFNγ values were higher for HPgV genotype 2 than for genotype 1 (P = 0.036). Further study of cytokine/chemokine regulation by HPgV may ultimately lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents to treat HIV infection and/or the design of vaccine strategies that mimic the "protective" effects of HPgV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Gang Ma
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey A Welge
- Departments of Psychiatry and Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lynn E Taylor
- Miriam Hospital and Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and the Fenway Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert S Klein
- Hudson Infectious Diseases Associates, Briarcliff Manor, New York
| | - David D Celentano
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jack D Sobel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Denise J Jamieson
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Caroline C King
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Wang C, Timmons CL, Shao Q, Kinlock BL, Turner TM, Iwamoto A, Zhang H, Liu H, Liu B. GB virus type C E2 protein inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag assembly by downregulating human ADP-ribosylation factor 1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:43293-309. [PMID: 26675377 PMCID: PMC4791233 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GB virus type C (GBV-C) glycoprotein E2 protein disrupts HIV-1 assembly and release by inhibiting Gag plasma membrane targeting, however the mechanism by which the GBV-C E2 inhibits Gag trafficking remains unclear. In the present study, we identified ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) contributed to the inhibitory effect of GBV-C E2 on HIV-1 Gag membrane targeting. Expression of GBV-C E2 decreased ARF1 expression in a proteasomal degradation-dependent manner. The restoration of ARF1 expression rescued the HIV-1 Gag processing and membrane targeting defect imposed by GBV-C E2. In addition, GBV-C E2 expression also altered Golgi morphology and suppressed protein traffic through the secretory pathway, which are all consistent with a phenotype of disrupting the function of ARF1 protein. Thus, our results indicate that GBV-C E2 inhibits HIV-1 assembly and release by decreasing ARF1, and may provide insights regarding GBV-C E2's potential for a new therapeutic approach for treating HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenliang Wang
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Christine L Timmons
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qiujia Shao
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ballington L Kinlock
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tiffany M Turner
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Aikichi Iwamoto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bindong Liu
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Bailey AL, Lauck M, Ghai RR, Nelson CW, Heimbruch K, Hughes AL, Goldberg TL, Kuhn JH, Jasinska AJ, Freimer NB, Apetrei C, O'Connor DH. Arteriviruses, Pegiviruses, and Lentiviruses Are Common among Wild African Monkeys. J Virol 2016; 90:6724-6737. [PMID: 27170760 PMCID: PMC4944300 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00573-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are a historically important source of zoonotic viruses and are a gold-standard model for research on many human pathogens. However, with the exception of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (family Retroviridae), the blood-borne viruses harbored by these animals in the wild remain incompletely characterized. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of two novel simian pegiviruses (family Flaviviridae) and two novel simian arteriviruses (family Arteriviridae) in wild African green monkeys from Zambia (malbroucks [Chlorocebus cynosuros]) and South Africa (vervet monkeys [Chlorocebus pygerythrus]). We examine several aspects of infection, including viral load, genetic diversity, evolution, and geographic distribution, as well as host factors such as age, sex, and plasma cytokines. In combination with previous efforts to characterize blood-borne RNA viruses in wild primates across sub-Saharan Africa, these discoveries demonstrate that in addition to SIV, simian pegiviruses and simian arteriviruses are widespread and prevalent among many African cercopithecoid (i.e., Old World) monkeys. IMPORTANCE Primates are an important source of viruses that infect humans and serve as an important laboratory model of human virus infection. Here, we discover two new viruses in African green monkeys from Zambia and South Africa. In combination with previous virus discovery efforts, this finding suggests that these virus types are widespread among African monkeys. Our analysis suggests that one of these virus types, the simian arteriviruses, may have the potential to jump between different primate species and cause disease. In contrast, the other virus type, the pegiviruses, are thought to reduce the disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans. However, we did not observe a similar protective effect in SIV-infected African monkeys coinfected with pegiviruses, possibly because SIV causes little to no disease in these hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Lauck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ria R Ghai
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Chase W Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Katelyn Heimbruch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Austin L Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna J Jasinska
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Zou S, Caler L, Colombini-Hatch S, Glynn S, Srinivas P. Research on the human virome: where are we and what is next. MICROBIOME 2016; 4:32. [PMID: 27341799 PMCID: PMC4919837 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health convened a Working Group on the Microbiome in Cardiovascular, Pulmonary and Hematologic Health and Diseases from June 25, 2014, to June 26, 2014. The Working Group's central goal was to define what major microbiome research areas warranted additional study in the context of heart, lung, and blood (HLB) diseases. The Working Group identified studies of the human virome a key priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimian Zou
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701, Rockledge Drive, Room 9144, Bethesda, MD 20892-7950 USA
| | - Lis Caler
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701, Rockledge Drive, Room 9144, Bethesda, MD 20892-7950 USA
| | - Sandra Colombini-Hatch
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701, Rockledge Drive, Room 9144, Bethesda, MD 20892-7950 USA
| | - Simone Glynn
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701, Rockledge Drive, Room 9144, Bethesda, MD 20892-7950 USA
| | - Pothur Srinivas
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701, Rockledge Drive, Room 9144, Bethesda, MD 20892-7950 USA
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22
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Bailey AL, Lauck M, Mohns M, Peterson EJ, Beheler K, Brunner KG, Crosno K, Mejia A, Mutschler J, Gehrke M, Greene J, Ericsen AJ, Weiler A, Lehrer-Brey G, Friedrich TC, Sibley SD, Kallas EG, Capuano S, Rogers J, Goldberg TL, Simmons HA, O'Connor DH. Durable sequence stability and bone marrow tropism in a macaque model of human pegivirus infection. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:305ra144. [PMID: 26378244 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aab3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV)-formerly known as GB virus C and hepatitis G virus-is a poorly characterized RNA virus that infects about one-sixth of the global human population and is transmitted frequently in the blood supply. We create an animal model of HPgV infection by infecting macaque monkeys with a new simian pegivirus (SPgV) discovered in wild baboons. Using this model, we provide a high-resolution, longitudinal picture of SPgV viremia where the dose, route, and timing of infection are known. We detail the highly variable acute phase of SPgV infection, showing that the viral load trajectory early in infection is dependent on the infecting dose, whereas the chronic-phase viremic set point is not. We also show that SPgV has an extremely low propensity for accumulating sequence variation, with no consensus-level variants detected during the acute phase of infection and an average of only 1.5 variants generated per 100 infection-days. Finally, we show that SPgV RNA is highly concentrated in only two tissues: spleen and bone marrow, with bone marrow likely producing most of the virus detected in plasma. Together, these results reconcile several paradoxical observations from cross-sectional analyses of HPgV in humans and provide an animal model for studying pegivirus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Michael Lauck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Mariel Mohns
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Eric J Peterson
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Kerry Beheler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Kevin G Brunner
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Kristin Crosno
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Andres Mejia
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - James Mutschler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Matthew Gehrke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Justin Greene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Adam J Ericsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Andrea Weiler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Gabrielle Lehrer-Brey
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Samuel D Sibley
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Esper G Kallas
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01310-911, Brazil
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | | | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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23
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Chivero ET, Bhattarai N, McLinden JH, Xiang J, Stapleton JT. Human Pegivirus (HPgV; formerly known as GBV-C) inhibits IL-12 dependent natural killer cell function. Virology 2015; 485:116-27. [PMID: 26245365 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human Pegivirus (HPgV, formally GB virus C) infects lymphocytes and NK cells in vivo, and infection is associated with reduced T cell and NK cell activation in HIV-infected individuals. The mechanism by which HPgV inhibits NK cell activation has not been assessed. Following IL-12 stimulation, IFNγ expression was lower in HIV-HPgV co-infected subjects compared to HIV mono-infected subjects (p=0.02). In addition, HPgV positive human sera, extracellular vesicles containing E2 protein, recombinant E2 protein and synthetic E2 peptides containing a predicted Tyk2 interacting motif inhibited NK cell IL-12-mediated IFNγ release. E2 protein also inhibited Tyk2 activation following IL-12 stimulation. In contrast, cytolytic NK cell function was not altered by HPgV. Inhibition of NK cell-induced proinflammatory/antiviral cytokines may contribute to both HPgV persistence and reduced immune activation during HIV-coinfection. Understanding mechanisms by which HPgV alters immune activation may contribute towards novel immunomodulatory therapies to treat HIV and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest T Chivero
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nirjal Bhattarai
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - James H McLinden
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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