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Liu Y, Zhang Z, Li W, Tian S. PECAM1 Combines With CXCR4 to Trigger Inflammatory Cell Infiltration and Pulpitis Progression Through Activating the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:593653. [PMID: 33425898 PMCID: PMC7786183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.593653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulpitis is a frequent bacterially driven inflammation featured with the local accumulation of inflammatory products in human dental pulps. A GEO dataset GSE16134 comprising data of inflamed dental pulp tissues was used for bioinformatics analyses. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis suggested that chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) owned a high correlation with platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM1). A rat model with pulpitis was established, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human dental pulp fibroblasts (HDPFs) were used for in vitro experiments. Then, high expression of PECAM1 and CXCR4 was validated in the inflamed dental pulp tissues in rats and in LPS-induced HDPFs. Either downregulation of PECAM1 or CXCR4 suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration in inflamed tissues as well as the inflammation and apoptosis of HDPFs. A transcription factor myocyte-enhancer factor 2 (MEF2C) was predicted and validated as a positive regulator of either PECAM1 or CXCR4, which activated the NF-κB signaling pathway and promoted pulpitis progression. To sum up, this study suggested that MEF2C transcriptionally activates PECAM1 and CXCR4 to activate the B-cell and NF-κB signaling pathways, leading to inflammatory cell infiltration and pulpitis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Liu
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Songbo Tian
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Surzenko N, Pjetri E, Munson CA, Friday WB, Hauser J, Mitchell ES. Prenatal exposure to the probiotic Lactococcus lactis decreases anxiety-like behavior and modulates cortical cytoarchitecture in a sex specific manner. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0223395. [PMID: 32645024 PMCID: PMC7347133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the cerebral cortex may be influenced by the composition of the maternal gut microbiota. To test this possibility, we administered probiotic Lactococcus lactis in drinking water to mouse dams from day 10.5 of gestation until pups reached postnatal day 1 (P1). Pups were assessed in a battery of behavioral tests starting at 10 weeks old. We found that females, but not males, exposed to probiotic during prenatal development spent more time in the center of the open field and displayed decreased freezing time in cue associated learning, compared to controls. Furthermore, we found that probiotic exposure changed the density of cortical neurons and increased the density of blood vessels in the cortical plate of P1 pups. Sex-specific differences were observed in the number of mitotic neural progenitor cells, which were increased in probiotic exposed female pups. In addition, we found that probiotic treatment in the latter half of pregnancy significantly increased plasma oxytocin levels in mouse dams, but not in the offspring. These results suggest that exposure of naïve, unstressed dams to probiotic may exert sex-specific long-term effects on cortical development and anxiety related behavior in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Surzenko
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NS); (ESM)
| | - Eneda Pjetri
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
| | - Carolyn A. Munson
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
| | - Walter B. Friday
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
| | - Jonas Hauser
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ellen Siobhan Mitchell
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (NS); (ESM)
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3
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Getter T, Margalit R, Kahremany S, Levy L, Blum E, Khazanov N, Keshet-Levy NY, Tamir TY, Ben Major M, Lahav R, Zilber S, Senderowitz H, Bradfield P, Imhof BA, Alpert E, Gruzman A. Novel inhibitors of leukocyte transendothelial migration. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103250. [PMID: 31580982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte transendothelial migration is one of the most important step in launching an inflammatory immune response and chronic inflammation can lead to devastating diseases. Leukocyte migration inhibitors are considered as promising and potentially effective therapeutic agents to treat inflammatory and auto-immune disorders. In this study, based on previous trioxotetrahydropyrimidin based integrin inhibitors that suboptimally blocked leukocyte adhesion, twelve molecules with a modified scaffold were designed, synthesized, and tested in vitro for their capacity to block the transendothelial migration of immune cells. One of the molecules, namely, methyl 4-((2-(tert-butyl)-6-((2,4,6-trioxotetrahydropyrimidin-5(2H)-ylidene) methyl) phenoxy) methyl) benzoate, (compound 12), completely blocked leukocyte transendothelial migration, without any toxic effects on immune or endothelial cells (IC50 = 2.4 µM). In vivo, compound 12 exhibited significant therapeutic effects in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)/Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, fatty liver disease, and rheumatoid arthritis models. A detailed acute and chronic toxicity profile of the lead compound in vivo did not reveal any toxic effects. Such a type of molecule might therefore provide a unique starting point for designing a novel class of leukocyte transmigration blocking agents with broad therapeutic applications in inflammatory and auto-immune pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Getter
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Raanan Margalit
- "Science in Action", Ness-Ziona, Israel; "AltA-ZuZ Therapeutics", Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Shirin Kahremany
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Laura Levy
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Eliav Blum
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Netaly Khazanov
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Nimrod Y Keshet-Levy
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Pathology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tigist Y Tamir
- Department of Pharmacology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - M Ben Major
- Department of Pharmacology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ron Lahav
- "AltA-ZuZ Therapeutics", Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Sofia Zilber
- Department of Pathology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hanoch Senderowitz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | - Beat A Imhof
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Arie Gruzman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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Fang Y, Tian Y, Huang Q, Wan Y, Xu L, Wang W, Pan D, Zhu S, Xie M. Deficiency of TREK-1 potassium channel exacerbates blood-brain barrier damage and neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:96. [PMID: 31072336 PMCID: PMC6506965 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating medical emergency with high mortality and severe neurological deficit. ICH-related poor outcomes are due to a combination of pathological processes that could be complicated by secondary insults. TWIK-related K+ channel 1 (TREK-1) is a two-pore-domain potassium channel that is highly expressed in the mammalian nervous system. Previous studies have shown that TREK-1 channels play important roles in various central nervous system diseases. However, its role in the secondary injuries after intracerebral hemorrhage remains unknown. In this study, we explored the function of TREK-1 in secondary blood-brain barrier injuries and neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. METHODS Adult male TREK-1-/- mice and WT mice were subjected to a collagenase-induced ICH model. Immunostaining, western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to assess inflammatory infiltration and neuronal death. Blood-brain barrier compromise was assessed using electron microscopy and Evans Blue dye injection on days 1 and 3 after intracerebral hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral assessments were conducted to evaluate the neurologic damage and recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage. RESULTS Genetic deficiency of TREK-1 channel exacerbated blood-brain barrier impairment and promoted cerebral edema after intracerebral hemorrhage. Meanwhile, TREK-1 deficiency aggravated focal inflammatory featured by the increased recruitment of microglia and neutrophils, the enhanced secretion of proinflammatory factors interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Furthermore, TREK-1 deficiency promoted neuronal injury and neurological impairment. CONCLUSIONS These results establish the first in vivo evidence for the protective role of TREK-1 in blood-brain barrier injury and neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage. TREK-1 may thereby be harnessed to a potential therapeutical target for the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Yeye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Qibao Huang
- College of medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wan
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Dengji Pan
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Suiqiang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030.
| | - Minjie Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030.
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5
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Malhotra S, Villar LM, Costa C, Midaglia L, Cubedo M, Medina S, Fissolo N, Río J, Castilló J, Álvarez-Cermeño JC, Sánchez A, Montalban X, Comabella M. Circulating EZH2-positive T cells are decreased in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:296. [PMID: 30367633 PMCID: PMC6202809 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), suggest an involvement of the histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2) in important processes such as cell adhesion and migration. METHODS Here, we aimed to expand these initial observations by investigating the role of EZH2 in MS. mRNA expression levels for EZH2 were measured by real-time PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 121 MS patients (62 untreated and 59 receiving treatment) and 24 healthy controls. RESULTS EZH2 expression levels were decreased in PBMC from untreated patients compared to that from controls, and treatment significantly upregulated EZH2 expression. Expression of miR-124 was increased in MS patients compared to controls. Blood immunophenotyping revealed EZH2 expression mostly restricted to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and circulating EZH2+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were decreased in untreated MS patients compared to controls. CD8+ T cells expressing EZH2 exhibited a predominant central memory phenotype, whereas EZH2+ CD4+ T cells were of effector memory nature, and both T cell subsets produced TNF-α. EZH2+ T cells were enriched in the cerebrospinal fluid compartment compared to blood and were found in chronic active lesions from MS patients. EZH2 inhibition and microarray analysis in PBMC was associated with significant downregulation of key T cell adhesion molecules. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a role of EZH2 in the migration of T cells in MS patients. The observation of TNF-α expression by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing EZH2 warrants additional studies to explore more in depth the pathogenic potential of EZH2+-positive cells in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Malhotra
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Luisa M Villar
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carme Costa
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciana Midaglia
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cubedo
- Departament d'Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Medina
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolás Fissolo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Río
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Castilló
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José C Álvarez-Cermeño
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex Sánchez
- Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica, Institut de Recerca, HUVH, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Andrews RN, Metheny-Barlow LJ, Peiffer AM, Hanbury DB, Tooze JA, Bourland JD, Hampson RE, Deadwyler SA, Cline JM. Cerebrovascular Remodeling and Neuroinflammation is a Late Effect of Radiation-Induced Brain Injury in Non-Human Primates. Radiat Res 2017; 187:599-611. [PMID: 28398880 PMCID: PMC5508216 DOI: 10.1667/rr14616.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fractionated whole-brain irradiation (fWBI) is a mainstay of treatment for patients with intracranial neoplasia; however late-delayed radiation-induced normal tissue injury remains a major adverse consequence of treatment, with deleterious effects on quality of life for affected patients. We hypothesize that cerebrovascular injury and remodeling after fWBI results in ischemic injury to dependent white matter, which contributes to the observed cognitive dysfunction. To evaluate molecular effectors of radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, Brodmann area 46), hippocampus and temporal white matter of 4 male Rhesus macaques (age 6-11 years), which had received 40 Gray (Gy) fWBI (8 fractions of 5 Gy each, twice per week), and 3 control comparators. All fWBI animals developed neurologic impairment; humane euthanasia was elected at a median of 6 months. Radiation-induced brain injury was confirmed histopathologically in all animals, characterized by white matter degeneration and necrosis, and multifocal cerebrovascular injury consisting of perivascular edema, abnormal angiogenesis and perivascular extracellular matrix deposition. Herein we demonstrate that RIBI is associated with white matter-specific up-regulation of hypoxia-associated lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and that increased gene expression of fibronectin 1 (FN1), SERPINE1 and matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP2) may contribute to cerebrovascular remodeling in late-delayed RIBI. Additionally, vascular stability and maturation associated tumor necrosis super family member 15 (TNFSF15) and vascular endothelial growth factor beta (VEGFB) mRNAs were increased within temporal white matter. We also demonstrate that radiation-induced brain injury is associated with decreases in white matter-specific expression of neurotransmitter receptors SYP, GRIN2A and GRIA4. We additionally provide evidence that macrophage/microglial mediated neuroinflammation may contribute to RIBI through increased gene expression of the macrophage chemoattractant CCL2 and macrophage/microglia associated CD68. Global patterns in cerebral gene expression varied significantly between regions examined (P < 0.0001, Friedman's test), with effects most prominent within cerebral white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N. Andrews
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Linda J. Metheny-Barlow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
- Department of Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Ann M. Peiffer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
- Department of Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - David B. Hanbury
- Department of Psychology, Averett University, Danville, Virginia 24541
| | - Janet A. Tooze
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - J. Daniel Bourland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
- Department of Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Robert E. Hampson
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Samuel A. Deadwyler
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - J. Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
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7
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Şimşek Ş, Çetin İ, Çim A, Kaya S. Elevated levels of tissue plasminogen activator and E-selectin in male children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2016; 9:1241-1247. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Şeref Şimşek
- Department of Child Psychiatry; Dicle University, Medical School; Diyarbakır Turkey
| | - İhsan Çetin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics; Batman University, School of Health Sciences; Batman Turkey
| | - Abdullah Çim
- Department of Medical Genetics; Dicle University, Medical School; Diyarbakır Turkey
| | - Savaş Kaya
- Department of Immunology; Dicle University, Medical School; Diyarbakır Turkey
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8
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Muller WA. How endothelial cells regulate transmigration of leukocytes in the inflammatory response. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:886-96. [PMID: 24655376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytes attach to vascular endothelial cells at the site of inflammation via a series of intercellular adhesive interactions. In a separate step in leukocyte extravasation, transendothelial migration is regulated by molecules that play no role in the preceding steps of tethering, rolling, adhesion, and locomotion. Transendothelial migration itself can be dissected into a series of distinct interactions regulated sequentially by molecules concentrated at the endothelial cell border; these include platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule, poliovirus receptor (CD155), and CD99. These molecules are components of the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC), a perijunctional network of interconnected tubulovesicular membrane that traffics to surround the leukocyte as it passes across the endothelial cell. This targeted recycling of LBRC requires kinesin to move the membrane along microtubules, and interfering with LBRC trafficking blocks transmigration of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. The LBRC is also recruited to mediate transcellular migration when that occurs. Movement of the LBRC is coordinated with events on the luminal surface, such as clustering of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 under the migrating leukocyte, as well as movement of vascular endothelial cadherin and its associated catenins out of the junction at the site of transendothelial migration. How these events are coordinated is not known, but their regulation shares common signaling pathways that may serve to connect these steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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9
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Marelli-Berg FM, Clement M, Mauro C, Caligiuri G. An immunologist's guide to CD31 function in T-cells. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:2343-52. [PMID: 23761922 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.124099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is expressed by all leukocytes, including T-, B-lymphocytes and dendritic cells, the immunoglobulin-like receptor CD31 is generally regarded by immunologists as a marker of endothelial cell lineage that lacks an established functional role in adaptive immunity. This perception has recently been challenged by studies that reveal a key role for this molecule in the regulation of T-cell homeostasis, effector function and trafficking. The complexity of the biological functions of CD31 results from the integration of its adhesive and signaling functions in both the immune and vascular systems. Signaling by means of CD31 is induced by homophilic engagement during the interactions of immune cells and is mediated by phosphatase recruitment or activation through immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) that are located in its cytoplasmic tail. Loss of CD31 function is associated with excessive immunoreactivity and susceptibility to cytotoxic killing. Here, we discuss recent findings that have brought to light a non-redundant, complex role for this molecule in the regulation of T-cell-mediated immune responses, with large impact on our understanding of immunity in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts' and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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10
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Onore CE, Nordahl CW, Young GS, Van de Water JA, Rogers SJ, Ashwood P. Levels of soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin are decreased in children with autism spectrum disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:1020-5. [PMID: 22717029 PMCID: PMC3496806 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the etiopathology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is not clear, there is increasing evidence that dysfunction in the immune system affects many children with ASD. Findings of immune dysfunction in ASD include increases in inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and microglial activity in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid, as well as abnormal peripheral immune cell function. METHODS Adhesion molecules, such as platelet endothelial adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), P-selectin, and L-selectin, function to facilitate leukocyte transendothelial migration. We assessed concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules, sPECAM-1, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sP-selectin, and sL-selectin in the plasma of 49 participants with ASD and 31 typically developing controls of the same age, all of whom were enrolled as part of the Autism Phenome Project. Behavioral assessment, the levels of soluble adhesion molecules, and head circumference were compared in the same subjects. RESULTS Levels of sPECAM-1 and sP-selectin were significantly reduced in the ASD group compared to typically developing controls (p < .02). Soluble PECAM-1 levels were negatively associated with repetitive behavior and abnormal brain growth in children with ASD (p = .03). CONCLUSIONS Because adhesion molecules modulate the permeability and signaling at the blood-brain barrier as well as leukocyte infiltration into the central nervous system, the current data suggest a role for these molecules in the complex pathophysiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity E. Onore
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, USA,M.I.N.D Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Christine Wu Nordahl
- M.I.N.D Institute, University of California, Davis, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Gregory S. Young
- M.I.N.D Institute, University of California, Davis, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Judy A. Van de Water
- M.I.N.D Institute, University of California, Davis, USA,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Sally J. Rogers
- M.I.N.D Institute, University of California, Davis, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, USA,M.I.N.D Institute, University of California, Davis, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Paul Ashwood, Ph.D., The M.I.N.D. Institute, 2825 50 Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, Telephone (916) 703-0405,
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11
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Ma L, Cheung KCP, Kishore M, Nourshargh S, Mauro C, Marelli-Berg FM. CD31 exhibits multiple roles in regulating T lymphocyte trafficking in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:4104-11. [PMID: 22966083 PMCID: PMC3496211 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of CD31, an Ig-like molecule expressed by leukocytes and endothelial cells (ECs), in the regulation of T lymphocyte trafficking remains contentious. Using CD31-deficient mice, we show that CD31 regulates both constitutive and inflammation-induced T cell migration in vivo. Specifically, T cell:EC interactions mediated by CD31 molecules are required for efficient localization of naive T lymphocytes to secondary lymphoid tissue and constitutive recirculation of primed T cells to nonlymphoid tissues. In inflammatory conditions, T cell:EC CD31-mediated interactions facilitate T cell recruitment to Ag-rich sites. However, endothelial CD31 also provides a gate-keeping mechanism to limit the rate of Ag-driven T cell extravasation. This event contributes to the formation of Ag-specific effector T cell infiltrates and is induced by recognition of Ag on the endothelium. In this context, CD31 engagement is required for restoring endothelial continuity, which is temporarily lost upon MHC molecule ligation by migrating cognate T cells. We propose that integrated adhesive and signaling functions of CD31 molecules exert a complex regulation of T cell trafficking, a process that is differentially adapted depending on cell-specific expression, the presence of inflammatory conditions and the molecular mechanism facilitating T cell extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Division of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kenneth C. P. Cheung
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Madhav Kishore
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Mauro
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Federica M. Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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12
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Romo-González T, Chavarría A, Pérez-H J. Central nervous system: a modified immune surveillance circuit? Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:823-9. [PMID: 22310920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune surveillance in the central nervous system (CNS) was considered impossible because: (i) the brain parenchyma is separated from the blood circulation by the blood-brain barrier (BBB); (ii) the brain lacks lymphatic drainage and (iii) the brain displays low major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) expression. In this context, the BBB prevents entry of immune molecules and effector cells to the CNS. The absence of lymphatic vessels avoids CNS antigens from reaching the lymph nodes for lymphocyte presentation and activation. Finally, the low MHCII expression hinders effective antigen presentation and re-activation of T cells for a competent immune response. All these factors limit the effectiveness of the afferent and efferent arms necessary to carry out immune surveillance. Nevertheless, recent evidence supports that CNS is monitored by the immune system through a modified surveillance circuit; this work reviews these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Romo-González
- Grupo de Biología y Salud Integral, Instituto de Investigaciones biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
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13
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Kassner S, Kollmar R, Bonaterra G, Hildebrandt W, Schwab S, Kinscherf R. The early immunological response to acute ischemic stroke: Differential gene expression in subpopulations of mononuclear cells. Neuroscience 2009; 160:394-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Dufour EM, Deroche A, Bae Y, Muller WA. CD99 is essential for leukocyte diapedesis in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:351-63. [PMID: 18923973 DOI: 10.1080/15419060802442191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of leukocytes into inflamed tissue requires migration of leukocytes from the blood stream across the endothelial lining and the basement membrane of the local blood vessels. CD99 in humans is a 32-kDa highly O-glycosylated cell surface protein expressed on most leukocytes. The authors recently found CD99 to be expressed in leukocytes and at human endothelial cell contacts. Human CD99 is involved in homophilic interaction between the two cell types and participates in the transendothelial migration of monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in vitro. To test the role of CD99 in vivo, the authors cloned murine CD99 (muCD99), expressed it in vitro, and generated a blocking monoclonal antibody against it. We first showed that muCD99 is expressed on mouse leukocytes as well as enriched at the endothelial cell borders. Transfection of cells with muCD99 imparts on them the ability to aggregate in a CD99-dependent homophilic manner. Cells expressing muCD99 did not bind to cells expressing murine or human platelet endothelial call adhesion molecule (PECAM) or human CD99. In the thioglycollate peritonitis model of inflammation, anti-CD99 monoclonal antibody blocked the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes by over 40% and 80%, respectively, at 18 h. Microscopy showed that this blocking occurred at the luminal surface of venules. The authors conclude that CD99 plays a major role in the emigration of leukocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Dufour
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Schenkel AR, Dufour EM, Chew TW, Sorg E, Muller WA. The murine CD99-related molecule CD99-like 2 (CD99L2) is an adhesion molecule involved in the inflammatory response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 14:227-37. [PMID: 18163232 DOI: 10.1080/15419060701755966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD99, a glycoprotein found on the surfaces of leukocytes and concentrated at the borders of endothelial cells, plays a major role in the migration of leukocytes across endothelial cells into sites of inflammation, and has other roles in thymocyte development. The human and mouse genomes encode only two proteins related to CD99. One of these, XGA, is a red blood cell surface antigen. The function of the other, CD99-like 2 (CD99L2), is not known. We cloned mouse CD99L2 and used CD99L2 isolated from transfected cells to raise specific antibodies. Similar to human CD99, CD99L2 was expressed at the borders between transfected cells as well as on mouse leukocytes and vascular endothelial cells in situ. Transfection of L cell fibroblasts with CD99L2 imparted to them the ability to adhere to each other in a divalent cation-dependent, homophilic manner. Anti-CD99L2 antibody blocked influx of neutrophils and monocytes into a site of inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Schenkel
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Injury of the blood brain barrier and up-regulation of icam-1 in polymicrobial sepsis. J Surg Res 2007; 146:276-81. [PMID: 18164036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis and mechanisms of septic encephalopathy are not completely understood. We compared two different models of sepsis: lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) bacteremia in rats with respect to changes in endothelial expression of the adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), and of cerebral albumin extravasation as a marker for capillary breakdown of the blood brain barrier. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into control, endotoxemia, or CLP-group. Mean arterial blood pressure was measured via femoral artery catheterization. Brain tissue for immunohistochemistry was harvested at 1 h, 6 h, and 24 h after induction of sepsis. RESULTS The CLP-group showed a decrease in mean arterial pressure after 24 h in comparison with the sham-group (P < 0.05). Cerebral ICAM-1 expression was at its maximum 24 h after induction of sepsis, with the highest expression in the CLP-group. There was no difference in PECAM-1 expression between the groups. Cerebral albumin extravasation increased early after 6 h in both septic groups with a maximum at 24 h after induction of sepsis. CONCLUSION These results suggest that there are early changes in the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in the central nervous system in an ongoing septic progress. This provides evidence that these changes are due to inflammatory mediators, and not to the presence of live bacteria. Increased ICAM-1 expression might be an early factor involved in these pathogenic events. Although the role of PECAM-1 cannot conclusively be determined, we were able to show its expression on cerebral endothelium in all groups.
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Reinke EK, Lee J, Zozulya A, Karman J, Muller WA, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Short-term sPECAM-Fc treatment ameliorates EAE while chronic use hastens onset of symptoms. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 186:86-93. [PMID: 17467062 PMCID: PMC1950937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The homophilic cell adhesion molecule PECAM-1 is a major participant in the migration of leukocytes across endothelium. We examined the ability of a chimeric soluble PECAM-1 fused to human IgG-Fc to impair leukocyte entry through the blood-brain barrier and reduce CNS autoimmunity. sPECAM-Fc impaired migration of lymphocytes across brain endothelial monolayers and diminished the severity of EAE, an experimental model of MS, when administered at the onset of symptoms. However, in mice transgenic for sPECAM-Fc, the chronically elevated levels of sPECAM-Fc hastened onset of EAE disease without significantly changing clinical score severity. Our data suggest that short-term treatment of diseases like MS with sPECAM-Fc has therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Reinke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI
- Neuroscience Training Program University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - JangEun Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI
| | - Alla Zozulya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI
| | - Jozsef Karman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI
| | - William A. Muller
- Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI
- Neuroscience Training Program University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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18
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Minagar A, Carpenter A, Alexander JS. The Destructive Alliance: Interactions Of Leukocytes, Cerebral Endothelial Cells, and the Immune Cascade in Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2007; 79:1-11. [PMID: 17531835 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(07)79001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the human central nervous system (CNS) which develops predominantly in young adults with certain predisposing genetic characteristics, often following exposure to initiating environmental insult(s) including viral infections. The causes of MS remain elusive and no entire cure is in sight. However, it is well known that interactions between the immune system and the CNS play a central role in MS pathogenesis. Patients with MS generate CD4+ autoreactive T cells that at some point differentiate to Th1 phenotype cells, which are the major players in maintaining a continuous destructive immune response against brain and spinal cord antigens. Other significant participants in MS pathogenesis involved in the destruction of the target tissue are cerebral endothelial cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, complement, autoantibodies, cytokines, and chemokines. The presence and interactions of all these participants further complicate the pathogenesis of MS, and make finding a cure for MS challenging. This chapter looks at the roles of these factors in the development of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Minagar
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71103, USA
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19
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Abstract
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, CD31) is a 130-kDa protein, which plays a significant role in the adhesion cascade. It is therefore involved in leucocyte endothelium interaction and in leucocyte transendothelial migration during inflammation. As neuroinflammation and subsequent blood brain barrier disruption are integral processes in many neurological disorders, PECAM-1 and its soluble form (sPECAM-1) have been investigated in a number of conditions, rising hopes as a potential marker of disease activity, a possible target in treatment and a prognostic factor. It has been shown that serum and CSF levels of PECAM-1 and sPECAM-1 are increased in patients in active stages of multiple sclerosis. Similarly, they rise in individuals after ischaemic stroke. PECAM-1 has also been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of Abeta-related cerebral vascular disorders, such as Alzheimer disease. It participates in the pathomechanism of paraneoplastic neurological disorders and in neuroinflammation in NeuroAIDS. A number of experiments on animal models were carried out in order to investigate PECAM-1 role in the above-mentioned conditions and more, including brain trauma and nerve root injury. In this review most recent investigations on PECAM-1 biology and its role in neuroinflammation have been described and discussed from a multidisciplinary point of view.
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20
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Engelhardt B. Regulation of immune cell entry into the central nervous system. Results Probl Cell Differ 2006; 43:259-80. [PMID: 17068976 DOI: 10.1007/400_020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has long been regarded as an immune privileged organ implying that the immune system avoids the CNS to not disturb its homeostasis, which is critical for proper function of neurons. Meanwhile, it is accepted that immune cells do in fact gain access to the CNS and that immune responses can be mounted within this tissue. However, the unique CNS microenvironment strictly controls these immune reactions starting with tightly controlling immune cell entry into the tissue. The endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the epithelial blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, which protect the CNS from the constantly changing milieu within the bloodstream, also strictly control immune cell entry into the CNS. Under physiological conditions, immune cell migration into the CNS is kept at a very low level. In contrast, during a variety of pathological conditions of the CNS such as viral or bacterial infections, or during inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, immunocompetent cells readily traverse the BBB and likely also the choroid plexus and subsequently enter the CNS parenchyma or CSF spaces. This chapter summarizes our current knowledge of immune cell entry across the blood CNS barriers. A large body of the currently available information on immune cell entry into the CNS has been derived from studying experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis. Therefore, most of this chapter discussing immune cell entry during CNS pathogenesis refers to observations in the EAE model, allowing for the possibility that other mechanisms of immune cell entry into the CNS might apply under different pathological conditions such as bacterial meningitis or stroke.
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21
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Schenkel AR, Chew TW, Chlipala E, Harbord MWN, Muller WA. Different susceptibilities of PECAM-deficient mouse strains to spontaneous idiopathic pneumonitis. Exp Mol Pathol 2006; 81:23-30. [PMID: 16457810 PMCID: PMC1486780 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (PECAM) is an adhesion and signaling molecule used for leukocyte extravasation. We have generated two strains of PECAM-deficient mouse, one in the original C57BL/6 and a second by backcrossing nice generations into the FVB/n strain. The FVB/n strain has reduced responses in models of acute inflammation. We show here that this strain is also susceptible to a chronic pneumonia which leads to pulmonary fibrosis. In contrast, PECAM-deficient C57BL/6 mice do not develop this lung disease and have normal responses in acute models of inflammation. This demonstrates that PECAM-dependent and -independent mechanisms are found in both acute and chronic inflammation. Further, the PECAM-deficient FVB/n strain has many pathologic similarities to the human disease Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, suggesting that similar molecular mechanisms may play a role in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Schenkel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology Colorado State University 1682 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA.
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22
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Pedemonte E, Mancardi G, Giunti D, Corcione A, Benvenuto F, Pistoia V, Uccelli A. Mechanisms of the adaptive immune response inside the central nervous system during inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 111:555-66. [PMID: 16442633 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this review we will discuss the unique features that make the central nervous system (CNS) a specialized microenvironment where immune responses are tightly regulated in order to properly face pathogens without damaging the neural cells. We will show how every paradigm of this theoretical model has been addressed by the scientific literature over the past decades providing new insights on the immune response within the CNS. In particular, new light has been shed on the trafficking of the immune cells inside and outside the CNS. Dendritic cells (DCs) have been described in the context of structures in direct contact with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and their migration, upon antigen encounter, outside the CNS into deep cervical lymph nodes (DCLNs) has been further clarified. T-cells, B-cells, and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) have been found in the CSF and CNS parenchymal lesions of inflammatory disorders and their phenotype depicted. Moreover, in chronically inflamed CNS, ectopic lymphoid structures have been observed and a germinal center reaction similar to the one found in peripheral lymph nodes has been described. These structures may play a role in the maintenance and expansion of the local autoimmune response. Although the complex interactions between immune and neural cells still remain far to be elucidated, the data discussed here suggest that the physiopathology of the adaptive immune response inside the CNS mimics, although in a mitigated fashion, what occurs in other organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pedemonte
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Italy
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23
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Eugenin EA, Gamss R, Buckner C, Buono D, Klein RS, Schoenbaum EE, Calderon TM, Berman JW. Shedding of PECAM-1 during HIV infection: a potential role for soluble PECAM-1 in the pathogenesis of NeuroAIDS. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 79:444-52. [PMID: 16507710 PMCID: PMC2505195 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0405215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by viral entry into the central nervous system (CNS), which is mediated, in part, by the transmigration of HIV-infected monocytes into the brain. The elaboration of chemokines and other factors by these infected cells contributes to CNS inflammation and cognitive impairment in a significant number of HIV-infected individuals. Recently, we demonstrated that HIV-infected monocyte transmigration into the CNS is enhanced greatly by the chemokine CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) plays an important role in leukocyte transmigration across the endothelium of the systemic vasculature by mediating homophilic interactions between endothelial cells (EC)-EC and EC-leukocytes, thus preserving vessel integrity. The role of PECAM-1 in HIV-infected leukocyte transmigration across the blood brain barrier (BBB) and NeuroAIDS has not been characterized. We demonstrate that in brain tissue from individuals with HIV encephalitis, there is an accumulation of cleaved, soluble forms of the extracellular region of PECAM-1 (sPECAM-1). In addition, HIV-infected individuals have elevated levels of sPECAM-1 in their sera. Our in vitro data demonstrate that HIV-infected leukocytes, when treated with CCL2, shed sPECAM-1, suggesting a mechanism of extracellular PECAM-1 cleavage and release dependent on HIV infection and CCL2. We hypothesize that sPECAM-1 production by HIV-infected leukocytes, resulting in the accumulation of sPECAM-1 within the CNS vasculature and the generation of truncated, intracellular forms of PECAM-1 within leukocytes, alters PECAM-1 interactions between EC-EC and EC-leukocytes, thus contributing to enhanced transmigration of HIV-infected leukocytes into the CNS and changes in BBB permeability during the pathogenesis of NeuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Eugenin
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - R. Gamss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - C. Buckner
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - D. Buono
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - R. S. Klein
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - E. E. Schoenbaum
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - T. M. Calderon
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - J. W. Berman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Correspondence: Dept. of Pathology, F727, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461. E-mail:
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24
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Engelhardt B. Immune cell migration across the blood–brain barrier: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targeting. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.2217/14796708.1.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the epithelial blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier protect the CNS from the constantly changing milieu within the bloodstream. The BBB strictly controls immune cell entry into the CNS, which is rare under physiological conditions. During a variety of pathological conditions of the CNS, such as viral or bacterial infections, or during inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, immunocompetent cells readily traverse the BBB and subsequently enter the CNS parenchyma. Most of the available information on immune cell entry into the CNS is derived from studying experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis. Consequently, our current knowledge on traffic signals mediating immune cell entry across the BBB during immunosurveillance and disease results mainly from experimental data in the EAE model. Therefore, a large part of this review summarizes these findings. Similarly, the potential benefits and risks associated with therapeutic targeting of immune cell trafficking across the BBB will be discussed in the context of multiple sclerosis, since elucidation of the molecular mechanisms relevant to this disease have largely relied on the use of its in vivo model, EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Engelhardt
- Theodore Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestr. 1, CH-3012 Switzerland
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25
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Schenkel AR, Chew TW, Muller WA. Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule Deficiency or Blockade Significantly Reduces Leukocyte Emigration in a Majority of Mouse Strains. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:6403-8. [PMID: 15528380 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.6403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PECAM is a molecule used specifically during the diapedesis step when neutrophils and monocytes leave the blood compartment. Anti-PECAM reagents, such as Abs and soluble fusion proteins, block diapedesis both in vivo and in vitro. However, the PECAM knockout mouse in C57BL/6 strain has no serious defects in most models of inflammation. We show in this study that the same PECAM knockout backcrossed into the FVB/n strain clearly has reduced leukocyte emigration in two models of inflammation. Furthermore, we show that anti-PECAM reagents can block leukocyte emigration in several other wild-type strains of mice like FVB/n, SJL, and the outbred strain Swiss Webster. This clearly shows that the C57BL/6 strain is uniquely able to compensate for the loss of PECAM function. Murine models of inflammatory disease that have been studied using C57BL/6 mice should be re-evaluated using FVB/n or other mouse strains to determine whether PECAM plays a role in those models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Schenkel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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26
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Ransohoff RM, Kivisäkk P, Kidd G. Three or more routes for leukocyte migration into the central nervous system. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3:569-81. [PMID: 12876559 DOI: 10.1038/nri1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 725] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte migration into and through tissues is fundamental to normal physiology, immunopathology and host defence. Leukocyte entry into the central nervous system (CNS) is restricted, in part, because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). During the past decade, crucial components that are involved in the process of leukocyte migration have been identified and progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of neuroinflammatory reactions. In this review, present knowledge of the trafficking determinants that guide the migration of leukocytes is superimposed onto the vascular and compartmental anatomy of the CNS. We discuss three distinct routes for leukocytes to enter the CNS and consider how different populations of leukocytes use trafficking signals to gain entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Ransohoff
- The Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Department of Neurology, 9500 Euclid Avenue, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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27
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Muller WA. Leukocyte-endothelial-cell interactions in leukocyte transmigration and the inflammatory response. Trends Immunol 2003; 24:327-34. [PMID: 12810109 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(03)00117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Both the innate and adaptive immune responses are dependent on the migration of leukocytes across endothelial cells. The process of diapedesis, in which the leukocyte crawls between tightly apposed endothelial cells, is a unique and complex process. Several molecules concentrated at the junctions of endothelial cells, originally described as having a role in holding the endothelial monolayer together, have also been shown to have a role in the emigration of leukocytes. Several mechanisms have been proposed for 'loosening' the junctions between endothelial cells to enable leukocyte passage. These leukocyte-endothelial-cell adhesion molecules are probably involved in regulating the signaling as well as the adhesion events of diapedesis. In addition, this Review introduces a new and unified nomenclature for the junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) family.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate Program in Immunology, Weill Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Pachter JS, de Vries HE, Fabry Z. The blood-brain barrier and its role in immune privilege in the central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003; 62:593-604. [PMID: 12834104 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/62.6.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides both anatomical and physiological protection for the central nervous system (CNS), strictly regulating the entry of many substances and blood borne cells into the nervous tissue. Increased understanding of how the unique microenvironment in the CNS influences the BBB is crucial for developing novel therapeutic approaches to CNS diseases. In this review, we discuss those characteristics of the BBB that play an important role in maintaining immune privilege in the CNS, as well as factors that regulate immune cell invasion through the BBB and thereby modulate immune responses in the nervous tissue. In general, immune cell invasion across the BBB is highly restricted and carefully regulated. A florid invasion of activated white blood cells can create a predominantly proinflammatory local environment in the CNS, leading to immune-mediated diseases of the nervous tissue. Recent developments in cellular and molecular biological methods have allowed closer analysis of BBB function, and led to an improved understanding of the active role of the BBB in immune-mediated diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Pachter
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Kirman I, Cekic V, Poltaratskaia N, Asi Z, Conte S, Feingold D, Forde KA, Huang EH, Whelan RL. The percentage of CD31+ T cells decreases after open but not laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc 2003; 17:754-7. [PMID: 12618938 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-002-8942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2002] [Accepted: 07/31/2002] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficient killing of tumor cells depends on T cells that migrate from the circulation to the peripheral tissues; these cells express CD31. This study was undertaken to determine the impact of open (OS) and laparoscopic (LS) colorectal surgery on the percentage of circulating CD3+CD31+ cells. METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from 27 OS and 24 LS colon cancer patients preoperatively (preOP) and on postoperative days 1 (POD1) and 3 (POD3). CD31+ T cells were assessed by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS In the OS group, the percentage of CD3+CD31+ cells was significantly lower in POD1 and POD3 samples compared to the preOP results. LS surgery did not result in a significant change in the percentage of these T cells. A significant correlation was found between the decrease in the percentage of CD3+CD31+ cells and the length of incision in OS patients. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of CD3+CD31+ cells decreases following OS but not LS and may be related to incision length. This may compromise T cell function in the peripheral tissues in the postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kirman
- Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, BB1716, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Fee D, Crumbaugh A, Jacques T, Herdrich B, Sewell D, Auerbach D, Piaskowski S, Hart MN, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Activated/effector CD4+ T cells exacerbate acute damage in the central nervous system following traumatic injury. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 136:54-66. [PMID: 12620643 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) helper T cells (Th) have been demonstrated to participate in the chronic phase of traumatic injury repair in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we show that CD4(+) T cells can also contribute to the severity of the acute phase of CNS traumatic injury. We compared the area of tissue damage and the level of cellular apoptosis in aseptic cerebral injury (ACI) sites of C57BL/6 wild type and RAG1(-/-) immunodeficient mice. We demonstrate that ACI is attenuated in RAG1(-/-) mice compared to C57BL/6 animals. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+)CD62L(low)CD44(high) activated/effector T cells 24 h prior to ACI into RAG1(-/-) mice resulted in a significantly enhanced acute ACI that was comparable to ACI in the C57BL/6 animals. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+)CD62L(high)CD44(low) naive/non-activated T cells did not increase ACI in the brains of RAG1(-/-) mice. T cell inhibitory agents, cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506, significantly decreased ACI-induced acute damage in C57BL/6 mice. These results suggest a previously undescribed role for activated/effector CD4(+) T cells in exacerbating ACI-induced acute damage in the CNS and raise a novel possibility for acute treatment of sterile traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Fee
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA
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Denkinger CM, Denkinger M, Kort JJ, Metz C, Forsthuber TG. In vivo blockade of macrophage migration inhibitory factor ameliorates acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by impairing the homing of encephalitogenic T cells to the central nervous system. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:1274-82. [PMID: 12538686 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.3.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine that plays a critical role in the regulation of macrophage effector functions and T cell activation. However, its role in the pathogenesis of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), has remained unresolved. In this study, we report that anti-MIF Ab treatment of SJL mice with acute EAE improved the disease severity and accelerated the recovery. Furthermore, the anti-MIF treatment impaired the homing of neuroantigen-reactive pathogenic T cells to the CNS in a VCAM-1-dependent fashion. Interestingly, MIF blockade also decreased the clonal size of the neuroantigen-specific Th1 cells and increased their activation threshold. Taken together, the results demonstrate an important role for MIF in the pathogenesis of EAE/multiple sclerosis and suggest that MIF blockade may be a promising new strategy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Immune Sera/administration & dosage
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Severity of Illness Index
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Denkinger
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors govern physiologic and pathologic leukocyte trafficking. The function of the chemokine system may be of particular interest for hematogenous leukocyte infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS) because of the distinct character of CNS inflammation and the exquisite specificity with which the chemokine system regulates cellular migration events. This review summarizes recent information about the expression and function of elements of the chemokine system in CNS inflammatory processes. Animal models of CNS demyelinating disease and the corresponding human disorder, multiple sclerosis are both considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Ransohoff
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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