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Xue X, Quan Y, Gong L, Gong X, Li Y. A review of the processed Polygonum multiflorum (Thunb.) for hepatoprotection: Clinical use, pharmacology and toxicology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 261:113121. [PMID: 32693115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polygonum multiflorum (Thunb.) (PMT) is a member of Polygonaceae. Traditional Chinese medicine considers that the processed PMT can tonify liver, nourish blood and blacken hair. In recent years, the processed PMT and its active ingredients have significant therapeutic effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis and liver cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY The main purpose of this review is to provide a critical appraisal of the existing knowledge on the clinical application, hepatoprotective pharmacology and hepatotoxicity, it provides a comprehensive evaluation of the liver function of the processed PMT. MATERIALS AND METHODS A detailed literature search was conducted using various online search engines, such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, Mendeley, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database. The main active components of the processed PMT and the important factors in the occurrence and development of liver diseases are used as key words to carry out detailed literature retrieval. RESULTS In animal and cell models, the processed PMT and active components can treat various liver diseases, such as fatty liver induced by high-fat diet, liver injury and fibrosis induced by drugs, viral transfected hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc. They can protect liver by regulating lipid metabolism related enzymes, resisting insulin resistance, decreasing the expression of inflammatory cytokines, inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells, reducing generation of extracellular matrix, promoting cancer cell apoptosis and controlling the growth of tumor cells, etc. However, improperly using of the processed PMT can cause liver injury, which is associated with the standardization of processing, the constitution of the patients, the characteristics of the disease, and the administration of dosage and time. CONCLUSION The processed PMT can treat various liver diseases via reasonably using, and the active compounds (2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, emodin, physcion, etc.) are promising candidate drugs for developing new liver protective agents. However, some components have a "toxic-effective" bidirectional effect, which should be used cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yunyun Quan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lihong Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiaohong Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Sobhani N, D’Angelo A, Wang X, Young KH, Generali D, Li Y. Mutant p53 as an Antigen in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114087. [PMID: 32521648 PMCID: PMC7312027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor plays a pivotal role in cancer and infectious disease. Many oncology treatments are now calling on immunotherapy approaches, and scores of studies have investigated the role of p53 antibodies in cancer diagnosis and therapy. This review summarizes the current knowledge from the preliminary evidence that suggests a potential role of p53 as an antigen in the adaptive immune response and as a key monitor of the innate immune system, thereby speculating on the idea that mutant p53 antigens serve as a druggable targets in immunotherapy. Except in a few cases, the vast majority of published work on p53 antibodies in cancer patients use wild-type p53 as the antigen to detect these antibodies and it is unclear whether they can recognize p53 mutants carried by cancer patients at all. We envision that an antibody targeting a specific mutant p53 will be effective therapeutically against a cancer carrying the exact same mutant p53. To corroborate such a possibility, a recent study showed that a T cell receptor-like (TCLR) antibody, initially made for a wild-type antigen, was capable of discriminating between mutant p53 and wild-type p53, specifically killing more cancer cells expressing mutant p53 than wild-type p53 in vitro and inhibiting the tumour growth of mice injected with mutant p53 cancer cells than mice with wild-type p53 cancer cells. Thus, novel antibodies targeting mutant p53, but not the wild-type isoform, should be pursued in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Sobhani
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Alberto D’Angelo
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Xu Wang
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Ken H. Young
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
| | - Daniele Generali
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada Di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Yong Li
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (Y.L.)
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Kim DY, Kim SH, Cheong HT, Ra CS, Rhee KJ, Jung BD. Berberine Induces p53-Dependent Apoptosis through Inhibition of DNA Methyltransferase3b in Hep3B Cells. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2020.52.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yeon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seon-Hyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Cheong
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Chang-Six Ra
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ki-Jong Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University at Wonju, Wonju, Korea
| | - Bae Dong Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Tsafantakis N, Katsanou ES, Kyriakopoulou K, Psarou EC, Raptaki I, Skaltsounis AL, Audebert M, Machera KA, Fokialakis N. Comparative UHPLC-HRMS Profiling, Toxicological Assessment, and Protection Against H 2O 2-Induced Genotoxicity of Different Parts of Opuntia ficus indica. J Med Food 2019; 22:1280-1293. [PMID: 31584314 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Opuntia ficus indica has been an important dietary source and a traditionally used medicinal plant. Given the promising health-promoting properties of this plant, a comparative toxicological assessment and antioxidant bioevaluation of extracts from different parts of the plant were carried out in relation to their chemical profile. Toxicity was examined at multiple endpoints using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), Comet and the γH2AX In-Cell Western Assay, while hyphenated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) analysis was carried out to identify main constituents. None of the extracts showed any cytotoxic and genotoxic effect on cell lines used, apart from the flower extract in HepG2 cells at the highest concentration tested (2.5 mg/mL). Both fruit flesh and seed extracts demonstrated a prominent protective effect against H2O2-induced genotoxicity in almost all concentrations tested, while extracts originated from flowers and cladodes were effective only at the low non-cytotoxic (0.312 and 0.625 mg/mL) and high (1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL) concentrations, respectively. In total, 2 phenolic acids, 12 flavonoids, along with 3 feruloyl derivatives and the plant pigment indicaxanthin, were tentatively identified by UHPLC-HRMS analysis. Phenolic acids (compounds 1 and 2) were mainly distributed in cladodes (64.6%), while flavonoids (3-14) in the flowers (81.8%). Overall, the highest amount of total flavonoids (22.76 ± 0.015 mg of quercetin equivalent [QE]/g) and total phenolics (62.80 ± 0.009 mg gallic acid equivalents [GAE]/g) was found in the flower extract. Flavonoid glycosides have not been detected in the seeds and the flesh, while the fruit seed extract contained mainly feruloyl derivatives. Our data provide convincing evidences for the lack of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of O. ficus indica aqueous extracts and, in parallel, support the potential for further exploitation of this plant in the food supplement or functional food sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsafantakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efrosini S Katsanou
- Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Kyriakopoulou
- Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini-Christina Psarou
- Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Iliana Raptaki
- Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios L Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marc Audebert
- UMR1331 Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, Toulouse, France
| | - Kyriaki A Machera
- Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolas Fokialakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Steenbergen R, Oti M, Ter Horst R, Tat W, Neufeldt C, Belovodskiy A, Chua TT, Cho WJ, Joyce M, Dutilh BE, Tyrrell DL. Establishing normal metabolism and differentiation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by culturing in adult human serum. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11685. [PMID: 30076349 PMCID: PMC6076254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue culture medium routinely contains fetal bovine serum (FBS). Here we show that culturing human hepatoma cells in their native, adult serum (human serum, HS) results in the restoration of key morphological and metabolic features of normal liver cells. When moved to HS, these cells show differential transcription of 22–32% of the genes, stop proliferating, and assume a hepatocyte-like morphology. Metabolic analysis shows that the Warburg-like metabolic profile, typical for FBS-cultured cells, is replaced by a diverse metabolic profile consistent with in vivo hepatocytes, including the formation of large lipid and glycogen stores, increased glycogenesis, increased beta-oxidation and ketogenesis, and decreased glycolysis. Finally, organ-specific functions are restored, including xenobiotics degradation and secretion of bile, VLDL and albumin. Thus, organ-specific functions are not necessarily lost in cell cultures, but might be merely suppressed in FBS. The effect of serum is often overseen in cell culture and we provide a detailed study in the changes that occur and provide insight in some of the serum components that may play a role in the establishment of the differentiated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rineke Steenbergen
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Martin Oti
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rob Ter Horst
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilson Tat
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Chris Neufeldt
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Alexandr Belovodskiy
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Tiing Tiing Chua
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Woo Jung Cho
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Michael Joyce
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Bas E Dutilh
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D Lorne Tyrrell
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Kopp B, Dario M, Zalko D, Audebert M. Assessment of a panel of cellular biomarkers and the kinetics of their induction in comparing genotoxic modes of action in HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:516-528. [PMID: 29668064 DOI: 10.1002/em.22197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
One major challenge for in vitro genotoxicology is the determination of the genotoxic mode of action of tested compounds. The quantification of the phosphorylation of the histones H3 (pH3) and H2AX (γH2AX) allows an efficient discrimination between aneugenic and clastogenic compounds. However, these two biomarkers do not permit to deduct the specific mechanisms involved in the action of clastogenic compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate other possible cellular biomarkers allowing differentiating clastogenic properties. For this purpose, we analyzed γH2AX and pH3 plus six other biomarkers involved in the DNA damage signaling pathway in HepG2 cells treated with nine clastogens exhibiting different mechanisms of action, as well as one aneugen. All compounds were tested at various concentrations and with kinetics of 2, 6, 24 and 48 hr. Our results demonstrate the activation of the investigated biomarkers by the tested compounds in a time and concentration dependent manner. Notably, we observed for some nondirect genotoxic clastogens, notably dNTPs pool imbalance inducers, a different kinetic of DNA damage induction compared with direct genotoxins (oxidative stress). However, no specific biomarker signature of mechanisms of clastogenic action could be specified. Multiparametric analysis demonstrates a strong correlation between γH2AX and p-p53(S15) for clastogen compounds. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:516-528, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kopp
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Fougères, France
| | - Morgane Dario
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Zalko
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Audebert
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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7
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Hexokinase-2 depletion inhibits glycolysis and induces oxidative phosphorylation in hepatocellular carcinoma and sensitizes to metformin. Nat Commun 2018; 9:446. [PMID: 29386513 PMCID: PMC5792493 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells are metabolically distinct from normal hepatocytes by expressing the high-affinity hexokinase (HK2) and suppressing glucokinase (GCK). This is exploited to selectively target HCC. Hepatic HK2 deletion inhibits tumor incidence in a mouse model of hepatocarcinogenesis. Silencing HK2 in human HCC cells inhibits tumorigenesis and increases cell death, which cannot be restored by GCK or mitochondrial binding deficient HK2. Upon HK2 silencing, glucose flux to pyruvate and lactate is inhibited, but TCA fluxes are maintained. Serine uptake and glycine secretion are elevated suggesting increased requirement for one-carbon contribution. Consistently, vulnerability to serine depletion increases. The decrease in glycolysis is coupled to elevated oxidative phosphorylation, which is diminished by metformin, further increasing cell death and inhibiting tumor growth. Neither HK2 silencing nor metformin alone inhibits mTORC1, but their combination inhibits mTORC1 in an AMPK-independent and REDD1-dependent mechanism. Finally, HK2 silencing synergizes with sorafenib to inhibit tumor growth. Hexokinase 2 (HK2) is selectively upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here the authors show that HK2 ablation decreases glycolysis and triggers oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHO) rendering HCC more susceptible to the OXPHO inhibitor metformin and to the FDA-approved drug sorafenib.
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Rojas A, Zhang P, Wang Y, Foo WC, Muñoz NM, Xiao L, Wang J, Gores GJ, Hung MC, Blechacz B. A Positive TGF-β/c-KIT Feedback Loop Drives Tumor Progression in Advanced Primary Liver Cancer. Neoplasia 2017; 18:371-86. [PMID: 27292026 PMCID: PMC4909706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is globally the second most common cause of cancer mortality. The majority of HCC patients are diagnosed at advanced stage disease for which no curative treatments exist. TGF-β has been identified as a potential therapeutic target. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating its functional switch from a tumor suppressor to tumor promoter in HCC and its interactions with other signaling pathways are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate an aberrant molecular network between the TGF-β and c-KIT pathway that mediates the functional switch of TGF-β to a driver of tumor progression in HCC. TGF-β/SMAD2 signaling transcriptionally regulates expression of the c-KIT receptor ligand (stem cell factor [SCF]) with subsequent auto- and paracrine activation of c-KIT/JAK1/STAT3 signaling. SCF induces TGF-β1 ligand expression via STAT3, thereby forming a positive feedback loop between TGF-β/SMAD and SCF/c-KIT signaling. This network neutralizes TGF-β–mediated cell cycle inhibition and induces tumor cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition, migration, and invasion. Disruption of this feedback loop inhibits TGF-β tumor-promoting effects and restores its antiproliferative functions. Consistent with our in vitro data, we demonstrate SCF overexpression and its correlation to SMAD2 and STAT3 activation in human HCC tumors, advanced tumor-node-metastasis stages, and shorter survival. CONCLUSIONS: Canonical TGF-β and c-KIT signaling forms a positive, tumor-promoting feedback loop. Disruption of this loop restores TGF-β tumor suppressor function and provides the rationale for targeting the TGF-β/SCF axis as a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Rojas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wai Chin Foo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Nina M Muñoz
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lianchun Xiao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Boris Blechacz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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Thoompumkal IJ, Subba Rao MRK, Kumaraswamy A, Krishnan R, Mahalingam S. GNL3L Is a Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Shuttling Protein: Role in Cell Cycle Regulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135845. [PMID: 26274615 PMCID: PMC4537249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
GNL3L is an evolutionarily conserved high molecular weight GTP binding nucleolar protein belonging to HSR1-MMR1 subfamily of GTPases. The present investigation reveals that GNL3L is a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling protein and its export from the nucleus is sensitive to Leptomycin B. Deletion mutagenesis reveals that the C-terminal domain (amino acids 501–582) is necessary and sufficient for the export of GNL3L from the nucleus and the exchange of hydrophobic residues (M567, L570 and 572) within the C-terminal domain impairs this process. Results from the protein-protein interaction analysis indicate that GNL3L interaction with CRM1 is critical for its export from the nucleus. Ectopic expression of GNL3L leads to lesser accumulation of cells in the ‘G2/M’ phase of cell cycle whereas depletion of endogenous GNL3L results in ‘G2/M’ arrest. Interestingly, cell cycle analysis followed by BrdU labeling assay indicates that significantly increased DNA synthesis occurs in cells expressing nuclear export defective mutant (GNL3L∆NES) compared to the wild type or nuclear import defective GNL3L. Furthermore, increased hyperphosphorylation of Rb at Serine 780 and the upregulation of E2F1, cyclins A2 and E1 upon ectopic expression of GNL3L∆NES results in faster ‘S’ phase progression. Collectively, the present study provides evidence that GNL3L is exported from the nucleus in CRM1 dependent manner and the nuclear localization of GNL3L is important to promote ‘S’ phase progression during cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Jose Thoompumkal
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Malireddi Rama Krishna Subba Rao
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Anbarasu Kumaraswamy
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
- National Cancer Tissue Biobank, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Rehna Krishnan
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Sundarasamy Mahalingam
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
- National Cancer Tissue Biobank, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
- * E-mail:
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Qin G, Wu L, Liu H, Pang Y, Zhao C, Wu S, Wang X, Chen T. Artesunate induces apoptosis via a ROS-independent and Bax-mediated intrinsic pathway in HepG2 cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 336:308-17. [PMID: 26163896 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the detail molecular mechanism by which artesunate (ARS), an artemisinin derivative, induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells. ARS induced a loss of mitochondrial transmemberane potential (ΔΨm), phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, as well as activations of Bax/Bak and caspases indicative of apoptosis induction. Silencing Bax but not Bak significantly inhibited ARS-induced apoptosis, demonstrating the key role of the Bax-mediated intrinsic pathway. Although ARS increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), ARS-induced apoptosis was neither prevented by pretreatment with ROS scavengers nor potentiated by pretreatment with l-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO) that enhanced the ARS-induced intracellular ROS generation, demonstrating that ROS was not involved in ARS-induced apoptosis. In addition, ARS did not induce Bid translocation to mitochondria, and the cytotoxicity of ARS was not prevented by silencing Bim, Puma or Mcl-1, but was significantly enhanced by HA14-1 pretreatment, demonstrating that Bcl-2/-xl instead of Bid and Bim as well as Puma may be the upstream factor to regulate the Bax-mediated intrinsic pathway. Collectively, our data demonstrate that ARS induces ROS-independent apoptosis via the Bax-mediated intrinsic pathway in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqi Qin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Liping Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Yilin Pang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Chubiao Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Shengnan Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Pain Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China.
| | - Tongsheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
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Chen J, Xia H, Zhang X, Karthik S, Pratap SV, Ooi LL, Hong W, Hui KM. ECT2 regulates the Rho/ERK signalling axis to promote early recurrence in human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2015; 62:1287-95. [PMID: 25617497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Early recurrence is the major obstacle for improving the outcome of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, identifying key molecules contributing to early HCC recurrence can enable the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the clinical management of HCC. Epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (ECT2) has been implicated in human cancers, but its function in HCC is largely unknown. METHODS ECT2 expression was studied by microarrays, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry in human HCC samples. siRNA- and lentiviral vector-mediated knockdown were employed to decipher the molecular functions of ECT2. RESULTS The upregulation of ECT2 is significantly associated with early recurrent HCC disease and poor survival. Knockdown of ECT2 markedly suppressed Rho GTPases activities, enhanced apoptosis, attenuated oncogenicity and reduced the metastatic ability of HCC cells. Moreover, knockdown of ECT2 or Rho also suppressed ERK activation, while the silencing of Rho or ERK led to a marked reduction in cell migration. Stable knockdown of ECT2 in vivo resulted in significant retardation of tumour growth and the suppression of ERK activation. High expression of ECT2 correlates with high ERK phosphorylation and poor survival of HCC patients. Furthermore, ECT2 enhances the expression and stability of RACGAP1, accelerating ECT2-mediated Rho activation to promote metastasis. CONCLUSIONS ECT2 is closely associated with the activation of the Rho/ERK signalling axis to promote early HCC recurrence. In addition, ECT2 can crosstalk with RACGAP1 to catalyse the GTP exchange involved in Rho signalling to further regulate tumour initiation and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hongping Xia
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sekar Karthik
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seshachalam Veerabrahma Pratap
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - London Lucien Ooi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kam M Hui
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, Singapore; Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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12
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Peng YT, Wu WR, Chen LR, Kuo KK, Tsai CH, Huang YT, Lan YH, Chang FR, Wu YC, Shiue YL. Upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors CDKN1B and CDKN1C in hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cells via goniothalamin-mediated protein stabilization and epigenetic modifications. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:322-332. [PMID: 28962365 PMCID: PMC5598353 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle deregulation is common in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To ensure proper cell cycle controlling, cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) complexes are tightly regulated by CDK inhibitors (CKIs) in normal cells. However, insufficient cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B, also known as p27Kip1) and CDKN1C (p57Kip2) proteins are characteristics of high-risk HCC. In two HCC-derived cell lines with distinct genetic backgrounds, we identified a small natural compound, goniothalamin (GTN), serving as an inducer of CKIs. In TP53-mutated (Y220C) and retinoblastoma 1 (RB1)-positive Huh-7 cells, GTN stabilized CDKN1B protein levels by targeting the degradation of its specific E3 ubiquitin ligase (S-phase kinase-associated protein 2). Alternatively, in TP53- and RB1-negative Hep-3B cells, GTN increased CDKN1C transcription and its subsequent translation by acting as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. In both cell lines, GTN induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, delayed S phase entry of cells and inhibited anchorage-independent cell growth which might be attributed to the upregulation of CKIs and downregulation of several positive cell cycle regulators, including CDC28 protein kinase regulator subunit 1B, cyclin E1 and D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), CDK4, CDK6, E2F transcription factor 1 and/or transcription factor Dp-1. Therefore, GTN might represent a novel class of anticancer drug that induces CKIs through post-translational and epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Peng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ren Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Ren Chen
- Division of Physiology, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Kai Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hui Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lan
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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13
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Involvement of DNA damage response pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:153867. [PMID: 24877058 PMCID: PMC4022277 DOI: 10.1155/2014/153867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been known as one of the most lethal human malignancies, due to the difficulty of early detection, chemoresistance, and radioresistance, and is characterized by active angiogenesis and metastasis, which account for rapid recurrence and poor survival. Its development has been closely associated with multiple risk factors, including hepatitis B and C virus infection, alcohol consumption, obesity, and diet contamination. Genetic alterations and genomic instability, probably resulted from unrepaired DNA lesions, are increasingly recognized as a common feature of human HCC. Dysregulation of DNA damage repair and signaling to cell cycle checkpoints, known as the DNA damage response (DDR), is associated with a predisposition to cancer and affects responses to DNA-damaging anticancer therapy. It has been demonstrated that various HCC-associated risk factors are able to promote DNA damages, formation of DNA adducts, and chromosomal aberrations. Hence, alterations in the DDR pathways may accumulate these lesions to trigger hepatocarcinogenesis and also to facilitate advanced HCC progression. This review collects some of the most known information about the link between HCC-associated risk factors and DDR pathways in HCC. Hopefully, the review will remind the researchers and clinicians of further characterizing and validating the roles of these DDR pathways in HCC.
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14
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Huang LYL, Chang CC, Lee YS, Chang JM, Huang JJ, Chuang SH, Kao KJ, Lau GMG, Tsai PY, Liu CW, Lin HS, Lau JYN. Activity of a novel Hec1-targeted anticancer compound against breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1419-30. [PMID: 24694948 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current cytotoxic chemotherapy produces clinical benefit in patients with breast cancer but the survival impact is modest. To explore novel cytotoxic agents for the treatment of advanced disease, we have characterized a new and pharmacokinetically improved Hec1-targeted compound, TAI-95. Nine of 11 breast cancer cell lines tested were sensitive to nanomolar levels of TAI-95 (GI(50) = 14.29-73.65 nmol/L), and more importantly, TAI-95 was active on a number of cell lines that were resistant (GI(50) > 10 μmol/L) to other established cytotoxic agents. TAI-95 demonstrates strong inhibition of in vivo tumor growth of breast cancer model when administered orally, without inducing weight loss or other obvious toxicity. Mechanistically, TAI-95 acts by disrupting the interaction between Hec1 and Nek2, leading to apoptotic cell death in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, TAI-95 is active on multidrug-resistant (MDR) cell lines and led to downregulation of the expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), an MDR gene. In addition, TAI-95 increased the potency of cytotoxic Pgp substrates, including doxorubicin and topotecan. Certain clinical subtypes of breast cancer more likely to respond to Hec1-targeted therapy were identified and these subtypes are the ones associated with poor prognosis. This study highlights the potential of the novel anticancer compound TAI-95 in difficult-to-treat breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Y L Huang
- Authors' Affiliations: Taivex Therapeutics Corporation, Taipei; and Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Chang
- Authors' Affiliations: Taivex Therapeutics Corporation, Taipei; and Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Shuan Lee
- Authors' Affiliations: Taivex Therapeutics Corporation, Taipei; and Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ming Chang
- Authors' Affiliations: Taivex Therapeutics Corporation, Taipei; and Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Jyh Huang
- Authors' Affiliations: Taivex Therapeutics Corporation, Taipei; and Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsien Chuang
- Authors' Affiliations: Taivex Therapeutics Corporation, Taipei; and Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jang Kao
- Authors' Affiliations: Taivex Therapeutics Corporation, Taipei; and Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Gillian M G Lau
- Authors' Affiliations: Taivex Therapeutics Corporation, Taipei; and Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Tsai
- Authors' Affiliations: Taivex Therapeutics Corporation, Taipei; and Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liu
- Authors' Affiliations: Taivex Therapeutics Corporation, Taipei; and Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Her-Sheng Lin
- Authors' Affiliations: Taivex Therapeutics Corporation, Taipei; and Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Johnson Y N Lau
- Authors' Affiliations: Taivex Therapeutics Corporation, Taipei; and Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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15
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Characterization of the biological activity of a potent small molecule Hec1 inhibitor TAI-1. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:6. [PMID: 24401611 PMCID: PMC3895848 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Hec1 (NDC80) is an integral part of the kinetochore and is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, making it an attractive molecular target for the design of novel anticancer therapeutics. A highly potent first-in-class compound targeting Hec1, TAI-1, was identified and is characterized in this study to determine its potential as an anticancer agent for clinical utility. Methods The in vitro potency, cancer cell specificity, synergy activity, and markers for response of TAI-1 were evaluated with cell lines. Mechanism of action was confirmed with western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. The in vivo potency of TAI-1 was evaluated in three xenograft models in mice. Preliminary toxicity was evaluated in mice. Specificity to the target was tested with a kinase panel. Cardiac safety was evaluated with hERG assay. Clinical correlation was performed with human gene database. Results TAI-1 showed strong potency across a broad spectrum of tumor cells. TAI-1 disrupted Hec1-Nek2 protein interaction, led to Nek2 degradation, induced significant chromosomal misalignment in metaphase, and induced apoptotic cell death. TAI-1 was effective orally in in vivo animal models of triple negative breast cancer, colon cancer and liver cancer. Preliminary toxicity shows no effect on the body weights, organ weights, and blood indices at efficacious doses. TAI-1 shows high specificity to cancer cells and to target and had no effect on the cardiac channel hERG. TAI-1 is synergistic with doxorubicin, topotecan and paclitaxel in leukemia, breast and liver cancer cells. Sensitivity to TAI-1 was associated with the status of RB and P53 gene. Knockdown of RB and P53 in cancer cells increased sensitivity to TAI-1. Hec1-overexpressing molecular subtypes of human lung cancer were identified. Conclusions The excellent potency, safety and synergistic profiles of this potent first-in-class Hec1-targeted small molecule TAI-1 show its potential for clinically utility in anti-cancer treatment regimens.
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16
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Ogawa K, Tanaka S, Matsumura S, Murakata A, Ban D, Ochiai T, Irie T, Kudo A, Nakamura N, Tanabe M, Arii S. EpCAM-Targeted Therapy for Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 21:1314-22. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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17
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Khoury L, Zalko D, Audebert M. Validation of high-throughput genotoxicity assay screening using γH2AX in-cell western assay on HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2013; 54:737-746. [PMID: 24105934 DOI: 10.1002/em.21817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In vitro genotoxicity tests used in regulatory toxicology studies are sensitive, but the occurrence of irrelevant positive results is high compared with carcinogenicity studies in rodents. Current in vitro genotoxicity tests are also often limited by relatively low throughput. The aim of this study was to validate an in vitro genotoxic assay in a 96-well plate format that allows the simultaneous examination of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The test is based on the quantification of the phosphorylation of the histone H2AX (γH2AX), which reflects a global genotoxic insult, using the In-Cell Western technique. The assay was evaluated on HepG2 cells by testing a list of 61 compounds recommended by the European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), whose genotoxic potential has already been characterized. The γH2AX assay on HepG2 cell line was highly sensitive: 75% of the genotoxic compounds gave a positive result, and specific: 90-100% of nongenotoxic compounds gave negative results. Compared with the micronucleus genotoxicity assay using the same cell line and test compounds, the γH2AX assay was more sensitive and specific. In sum, the high-throughput γH2AX assay described here can accurately detect simultaneously the genotoxic and the cytotoxic potential of compounds with different modes of mutagenic action, notably those who required metabolic activation. The use of this assay in the early discovery phase of drug development may prove to be a valuable way to assess the genotoxic potential of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Khoury
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, UMR1331, F-31062, Toulouse, France
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18
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Chen YW, Pan HB, Tseng HH, Chu HC, Hung YT, Yen YC, Chou CP. Differentiated epithelial- and mesenchymal-like phenotypes in subcutaneous mouse xenografts using diffusion weighted-magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:21943-59. [PMID: 24196357 PMCID: PMC3856043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141121943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is important for tumor metastasis. Detection of EMT protein expression and observation of morphological changes are commonly used to identify EMT. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) and measuring apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values are noninvasive techniques for characterizing tumor microenvironments. We investigated the difference in ADC values between epithelial- and mesenchymal-like subcutaneous mouse xenografted tumors using DW-MRI. Epithelial-like MM189 PB-Klf4 and BL322 PB-Klf4 cells were generated from tumor suppressive Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4)-expressing mesenchymal-like MM189 and BL322 cells. The ADC values of xenografted tumors from epithelial-like MM189 PB-Klf4 and BL322 PB-Klf4 were significantly lower than those from their mesenchymal-like counterparts (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Our results suggested that DW-MRI is a potential tool for observing mesenchymal- or epithelial-like characteristics of subcutaneous xenografted tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-W.C.); (H.-C.C.); (Y.-C.Y.)
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Huay-Ben Pan
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-B.P.); (Y.-T.H.)
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Hui-Hwa Tseng
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chien Chu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-W.C.); (H.-C.C.); (Y.-C.Y.)
| | - Yu-Ting Hung
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-B.P.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Yi-Chen Yen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-W.C.); (H.-C.C.); (Y.-C.Y.)
| | - Chen-Pin Chou
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-B.P.); (Y.-T.H.)
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Hsu HH, Cheng LH, Ho TJ, Kuo WW, Lin YM, Chen MC, Lee NH, Tsai FJ, Tsai KH, Huang CY. Apicidin-resistant HA22T hepatocellular carcinoma cells massively promote pro-survival capability via IGF-IR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway activation. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:303-13. [PMID: 23990456 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite rapid advances in the diagnostic and surgical procedures, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most difficult human malignancies to treat. This may be due to the chemoresistant behaviors of HCC. It is believed that acquired resistance could be overcome and improve the overall survival of HCC patients by understanding the mechanisms of chemoresistance in HCC. A stable HA22T cancer line, which is chronically resistant to a histone deacetylase inhibitor, was established. After comparing the molecular mechanism of apicidin-R HA22T cells to parental ones by Western blotting, cell cycle-regulated proteins did not change in apicidin-R cells, but apicidin-R cells were more proliferative and had higher tumor growth (wound-healing assay and nude mice xenograft model). Moreover, apicidin-R cells displayed increased levels of p-IGF-IR, p-PI3K, p-Akt, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-2 but also significantly inhibited the tumor suppressor PTEN protein and apoptotic pathways when compared to the parental strain. Therefore, the highly proliferative effect of apicidin-R HA22T cells was blocked by Akt knockdown. For all these findings, we believe that novel strategies to attenuate IGF-IR/PI3K/Akt signaling could overcome chemoresistance toward the improvement of overall survival of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Hsien Hsu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Haider C, Grubinger M, Řezníčková E, Weiss TS, Rotheneder H, Miklos W, Berger W, Jorda R, Zatloukal M, Gucky T, Strnad M, Kryštof V, Mikulits W. Novel inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases combat hepatocellular carcinoma without inducing chemoresistance. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1947-57. [PMID: 23939380 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma using chemotherapeutics at intermediate and advanced stages of disease are limited as patients most rapidly escape from therapy and succumb to disease progression. Mechanisms of the hepatic xenobiotic metabolism are mostly involved in providing chemoresistance to therapeutic compounds. Given the fact that the aberrant activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) is frequently observed in hepatocellular carcinomas, we focused on the efficacy of the novel compounds BA-12 and BP-14 that antagonize CDK1/2/5/7 and CDK9. Inhibition of those CDKs in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines reduced the clonogenicity by arresting cells in S-G2 and G2-M phase of the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis. In contrast, primary human hepatocytes failed to show cytotoxicity and apoptosis. No loss of chemosensitivity was observed in hepatocellular carcinoma cells after long-term exposure to inhibitors. In vivo, treatment of xenografted human hepatocellular carcinomas with BA-12 or BP-14 effectively repressed tumor formation. Moreover, BA-12 or BP-14 significantly diminished diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatoma development in mice. These data show that BA-12 or BP-14 exhibit strong antitumorigenic effects in the absence of chemoresistance, resulting in a superior efficacy compared with currently used chemotherapeutics in hepatocellular carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Haider
- Corresponding Author: Wolfgang Mikulits, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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Chen D, Siddiq A, Emdad L, Rajasekaran D, Gredler R, Shen XN, Santhekadur PK, Srivastava J, Robertson CL, Dmitriev I, Kashentseva EA, Curiel DT, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. RETRACTED: Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-7 (IGFBP7): a promising gene therapeutic for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mol Ther 2013; 21:758-66. [PMID: 23319057 PMCID: PMC3616543 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the editor-in-chief. Similarities were found between images within this article. Image analysis performed by the editorial office confirmed findings of image duplication in Figures 1B, 4, and 8A. This reuse (and in part misrepresentation) of data without appropriate attribution represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. No authors responded when contacted about the retraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ayesha Siddiq
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Devaraja Rajasekaran
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Rachel Gredler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xue-Ning Shen
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Prasanna K Santhekadur
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jyoti Srivastava
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Chadia L Robertson
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Igor Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Elias A, Wu J, Chen T. Tumor suppressor protein p53 negatively regulates human pregnane X receptor activity. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:1229-36. [PMID: 23536728 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.085092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pregnane X receptor (PXR) regulates genes involved in drug metabolism and disposition. PXR associates with multiple corepressors that attenuate and coactivators that enhance its activity. PXR plays a vital role in the drug metabolism pathway, and a comprehensive examination of PXR-associated proteins will provide greater insight into the regulation of the receptor and possible therapeutic implications. We performed a mass spectrometric screen to identify PXR-associated proteins. Here we report that the tumor suppressor protein p53 can associate with PXR and downregulate its activity. A loss-of-function p53 mutant (R175H) interacts with PXR but does not repress its activity. Mutant p53 can relieve the suppressive effect of wild-type p53 by competing with its interaction with PXR, suggesting that protein-protein interaction is required but not sufficient for p53 to repress PXR activity. Interestingly, a PXR variant with a naturally occurring deletion of a conserved, unique sequence in the ligand binding domain (PXR174-210) did not interact with p53, indicating that the PXR-p53 interaction is specific. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we showed that p53 inhibits the binding of PXR to the CYP3A4 promoter. The loss of p53 function in tumor cells leads to aberrant cell proliferation, apoptosis, carcinogenesis, and altered sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs, whereas PXR contributes to chemoresistance in many cancer cells. Our findings show for the first time that wild-type p53 can negatively regulate PXR by physically associating with it. Thus, PXR and p53 appear to play important yet opposing roles in the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Elias
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
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Cun Y, Dai N, Xiong C, Li M, Sui J, Qian C, Li Z, Wang D. Silencing of APE1 enhances sensitivity of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to radiotherapy in vitro and in a xenograft model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55313. [PMID: 23418439 PMCID: PMC3572126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to radiotherapy is a key limitation for the treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To overcome this problem, we investigated the correlation between radioresistance and the human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1), a bifunctional protein, which plays an important role in DNA repair and redox regulation activity of transcription factors. In the present study, we examined the radiosensitivity profiles of three human HCC cell lines, HepG2, Hep3B, and MHCC97L, using the adenoviral vector Ad5/F35-mediated APE1 siRNA (Ad5/F35-siAPE1). The p53 mutant cell lines MHCC97L showed radioresistance, compared with HepG2 and Hep3B cells. APE1 was strongly expressed in MHCC97L cells and was induced by irradiation in a dose-dependent manner, and Ad5/F35-siAPE1 effectively inhibited irradiation-induced APE1 and p53 expression. Moreover, silencing of APE1 significantly potentiated the growth inhibition and apoptosis induction by irradiation in all tested human HCC cell lines. In addition, Ad5/F35-siAPE1 significantly enhanced inhibition of tumor growth and potentiated cell apoptosis by irradiation both in HepG2 and MHCC97L xenografts. In conclusion, down regulation of APE1 could enhance sensitivity of human HCC cells to radiotherapy in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Cun
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Dai
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Li
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangdong Sui
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengyuan Qian
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Li
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Chen JS, Hung WS, Chan HH, Tsai SJ, Sun HS. In silico identification of oncogenic potential of fyn-related kinase in hepatocellular carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 29:420-7. [PMID: 23267173 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Cancer development is a complex and heterogeneous process. It is estimated that 5-10% of human genes probably contribute to oncogenesis, whereas current experimentally validated cancer genes only cover 1% of the human genome. Thus hundreds of cancer genes may still remain to be identified. To search for new genes that play roles in carcinogenesis and facilitate cancer research, we developed a systematic workflow to use information saved in a previously established tumor-associated gene (TAG) database. RESULTS By exploiting the information of conserved protein domains from the TAG, we identified 183 potential new TAGs. As a proof-of-concept, one predicted oncogene, fyn-related kinase (FRK), which shows an aberrant digital expression pattern in liver cancer cells, was selected for further investigation. Using 68 paired hepatocellular carcinoma samples, we found that FRK was up-regulated in 52% of cases (P < 0.001). Tumorigenic assays performed in Hep3B and HepG2 cell lines revealed a significant correlation between the level of FRK expression and invasiveness, suggesting that FRK is a positive regulator of invasiveness in liver cancer cells. CONCLUSION These findings implied that FRK is a multitalented signal transduction molecule that produces diverse biological responses in different cell types in various microenvironments. In addition, our data demonstrated the accuracy of computational prediction and suggested that other predicted TAGs can be potential targets for future cancer research. AVAILABILITY The TAG database is available online at the Bioinformatics Center website: http://www.binfo.ncku.edu.tw/TAG/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Shing Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China
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25
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Lu XL, Zeng J, Chen YL, He PM, Wen MX, Ren MD, Hu YN, Lu GF, He SΧ. Sinomenine hydrochloride inhibits human hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo: involvement of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:229-38. [PMID: 23165705 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. However, therapies against HCC to date have not been completely effective. Sinomenine hydrochloride (SH), an anti‑arthritis drug applied in clinical practice, has been reported to have in vitro anti‑neoplastic activity in various cancer cells. Whether SH inhibits HCC remains unknown. For this purpose, in this study, MTT assay was used to determine cell growth. Flow cytometry, Hoechst staining, DNA fragmentation, western blot analysis, immunohistochemisty and TUNEL staining were performed to investigate the mechanisms involved. The in vivo activity of SH was determined using a mouse xenograft model. SH inhibited the growth of various types of human HCC cells in vitro. We found that SH promoted cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and sub‑G1 formation, associated with the increased p21/WAF1/Cip1 expression. Additionally, SH induced caspase‑dependent apoptosis, which involved the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, the increased release of cytochrome c and Omi/HtrA2 from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, the downregulation of Bcl‑2 and the upregulation of Bax, the activation of a caspase cascade (caspase‑8, -10, -9 and -3) and PARP, as well as the decreased expression of survivin. The SH‑suppressed growth of human HCC xenografts in vivo occurred due to the decrease in proliferation and the induction of apoptosis, implicating the activation of caspase‑3, the upregulation of p21 and the downregulation of survivin. These findings suggest that SH exhibits anticancer efficacy in vitro and in vivo involving cell cycle and caspase‑dependent apoptosis and may serve as a potential drug candidate against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Lan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Kosaka M, Kang MR, Yang G, Li LC. Targeted p21WAF1/CIP1 activation by RNAa inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Nucleic Acid Ther 2012; 22:335-43. [PMID: 22909100 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2012.0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA activation (RNAa) is a mechanism of gene activation triggered by promoter-targeted small double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), also known as small activating RNA (saRNA). p21(WAF1/CIP1) (p21) is a putative tumor suppressor gene due to its role as a key negative regulator of the cell cycle and cell proliferation. It is frequently downregulated in cancer including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but is rarely mutated or deleted, making it an ideal target for RNAa-based overexpression to restore its tumor suppressor function. In the present study, we investigated the antigrowth effects of p21 RNAa in HCC cells. Transfection of a p21 saRNA (dsP21-322) into HepG2 and Hep3B cells significantly induced the expression of p21 at both the mRNA and protein levels, and inhibited cell proliferation and survival. Further analysis of dsP21-322 transfected cells revealed that dsP21-322 arrested the cell cycle at the G(0)/G(1) phase in HepG2 cells but at G(2)/M phase in Hep3B cells which lack functional p53 and Rb genes, and induced both early and late stage apoptosis by activating caspase 3 in both cell lines. These results demonstrated that RNAa of p21 has in vitro antigrowth effects on HCC cells via impeding cell cycle progression and inducing apoptotic cell death. This study suggests that targeted activation of p21 by RNAa may be explored as a novel therapy for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kosaka
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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27
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Mizuguchi Y, Specht S, Lunz JG, Isse K, Corbitt N, Takizawa T, Demetris AJ. SPRR2A enhances p53 deacetylation through HDAC1 and down regulates p21 promoter activity. BMC Mol Biol 2012; 13:20. [PMID: 22731250 PMCID: PMC3495018 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-13-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small proline rich protein (SPRR) 2A is one of 14 SPRR genes that encodes for a skin cross-linking protein, which confers structural integrity to the cornified keratinocyte cell envelope. New evidence, however, shows that SPRR2A is also a critical stress and wound repair modulator: it enables a variety of barrier epithelia to transiently acquire mesenchymal characteristics (EMT) and simultaneously quench reactive oxygen species during wound repair responses. p53 is also widely recognized as the node in cellular stress responses that inhibits EMT and triggers cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. Since some p53-directed processes would seem to impede wound repair of barrier epithelia, we hypothesized that SPRR2A up regulation might counteract these effects and enable/promote wound repair under stressful environmental conditions. Results Using a well characterized cholangiocarcinoma cell line we show that levels of SPRR2A expression, similar to that seen during stressful biliary wound repair responses, disrupts acetylation and subsequent p53 transcriptional activity. p53 deacetylation is accomplished via two distinct, but possibly related, mechanisms: 1) a reduction of p300 acetylation, thereby interfering with p300-p53 binding and subsequent p300 acetylation of K382 in p53; and 2) an increase in histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) mRNA and protein expression. The p300 CH3 domain is essential for both the autoacetylation of p300 and transference of the acetyl group to p53 and HDAC1 is a component of several non-p300 complexes that enhance p53 deacetylation, ubiquitination, and proteosomal degradation. HDAC1 can also bind the p300-CH3 domain, regulating p300 acetylation and interfering with p300 mediated p53 acetylation. The importance of this pathway is illustrated by showing complete restoration of p53 acetylation and partial restoration of p300 acetylation by treating SPRR2A expressing cells with HDAC1 siRNA. Conclusion Up-regulation of SPRR2A, similar to that seen during barrier epithelia wound repair responses reduces p53 acetylation by interfering with p300-p53 interactions and by increasing HDAC1 expression. SPRR2A, therefore, functions as a suppressor of p53-dependent transcriptional activity, which otherwise might impede cellular processes needed for epithelial wound repair responses such as EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Mizuguchi
- Thomas E, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Knockdown of HURP inhibits the proliferation of hepacellular carcinoma cells via downregulation of gankyrin and accumulation of p53. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 83:758-68. [PMID: 22230478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We determined earlier that the hepatoma upregulated protein (HURP) is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the role of this protein during cancer development and progression remains unknown. Here, we observed that the overexpression of HURP in HEK293 cells promoted the ubiquitination of p53 and its degradation by the proteasome. In contrast, HURP knockdown using short-hairpin RNA reversed these effects. Knockdown of HURP promoted the accumulation of p53 in SK-Hep-1 cells (p53+/-), and these cells showed reduced proliferation, while the p53-mutant Mahlavu cells were not affected. HURP knockdown did not affect the proliferation of H1299 lung carcinoma cells and Hep3B HCC cells which lack p53. Knockdown of HURP also sensitized SK-Hep-1 cells to cisplatin. On the other hand, the expression of exogenous p53 in H1299 and Hep3B cells was decreased following overexpression of HURP, and these cells showed decreased sensitivity to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Importantly, overexpression of HURP promoted the proliferation of HEK293 cells in an anchorage-independent manner, and inoculation of SK-Hep-1 cancer cells that expressed short-hairpin RNA to knockdown HURP resulted in smaller tumors in nude mice. Gankyrin, a positive regulator of the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2, was found to be upregulated following HURP expression, and gankyrin knockdown decreased the HURP-mediated downregulation of p53. Notably, we detected a positive correlation between elevated HURP and gankyrin protein levels in HCC patients (r(2) = 0.778; N = 9). Taken together, these results indicate that HURP represents an oncogene that may play a role in HCC progression and chemoresistance.
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29
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Yokomizo C, Yamaguchi K, Itoh Y, Nishimura T, Umemura A, Minami M, Yasui K, Mitsuyoshi H, Fujii H, Tochiki N, Nakajima T, Okanoue T, Yoshikawa T. High expression of p300 in HCC predicts shortened overall survival in association with enhanced epithelial mesenchymal transition of HCC cells. Cancer Lett 2011; 310:140-7. [PMID: 21764211 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
P300 impacts the transcription of several genes involved in biological behavior of human malignancies including hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). We found p300 is highly expressed in 47% of surgically resected HCC specimens by immunohistochemistry, which correlated with advanced TNM staging (P = 0.034), vascular invasion (P = 0.036), intrahepatic metastasis (P = 0.001) and shortened overall survival (P = 0.028). In vitro study, knocking down of p300 expression in hepatoma cells recovered E-cadherin expression, inhibited the translocation of beta (β)-catenin into the nuclei, decreased cyclin D1 activity and suppressed the migration/invasion of HCC cells. Furthermore, suppression of p300 led to down-regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related molecules such as Snail, Twist and HIF-1 alpha. These observations suggest that p300 contributes to the EMT-related progression of HCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yokomizo
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Zheng S, Chang S, Lu J, Chen Z, Xie L, Nie Y, He B, Zou S, Gu Z. Characterization of 9-nitrocamptothecin liposomes: anticancer properties and mechanisms on hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21064. [PMID: 21695227 PMCID: PMC3111480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. 9-Nitrocamptothecin (9NC) is a potent topoisomerase-I inhibitor with strong anticancer effect. To increase the solubility and stability, we synthesized a novel 9NC loaded liposomes (9NC-LP) via incorporating 9NC into liposomes. In the present study, we determined the effects of 9NC and 9NC-LP on in vitro and in vivo, and the underlying mechanisms. Methodology/Principal Findings We first analyzed the characteristics of 9NC-LP. Then we compared the effects of 9NC and 9NC-LP on the proliferation and apoptosis of HepG2, Bel-7402, Hep3B and L02 cells in vitro. We also investigated their anticancer properties in nude mice bearing HCC xenograft in vivo. 9NC-LP has a uniform size (around 190 nm) and zeta potential (∼−11 mV), and exhibited a steady sustained-release pattern profile in vitro. Both 9NC and 9NC-LP could cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a dose-dependent and p53-dependent manner. However, this effect was not ubiquitous in all cell lines. Exposure to 9NC-LP led to increased expression of p53, p21, p27, Bax, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondrion-associated 1 and decreased expression of Bcl-2, cyclin E, cyclin A, Cdk2 and cyclin D1. Furthermore, 9NC-LP exhibited a more potent antiproliferative effect and less side effects in vivo. Western blot analysis of the xenograft tumors in nude mice showed similar changes in protein expression in vivo. Conclusions/Significance In conclusion, 9NC and 9NC-LP can inhibit HCC growth via cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. 9NC-LP has a more potent anti-tumor effect and fewer side effects in vivo, which means it is a promising reagent for cancer therapy via intravenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunzhen Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Chang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinli Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Nie
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengquan Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (ZG)
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (ZG)
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Gursoy-Yuzugullu O, Yuzugullu H, Yilmaz M, Ozturk M. Aflatoxin genotoxicity is associated with a defective DNA damage response bypassing p53 activation. Liver Int 2011; 31:561-71. [PMID: 21382167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths. Aflatoxins, which may play a causative role in 5-28% of HCCs worldwide, are activated in liver cells and induce principally G→T mutations, including the TP53 codon 249(G→T) hotspot mutation. The DNA damage checkpoint response acts as an antitumour mechanism against genotoxic agents, but its role in aflatoxin-induced DNA damage is unknown. AIM We studied the DNA damage checkpoint response of human cells to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). METHODS AND RESULTS The treatment of HepG2 hepatoma cells with mutation-inducing doses (3-5 μmol/l) of AFB1 induced DNA adducts, 8-hydroxyguanine lesions and DNA strand breaks that lasted several days. Persistent phospho-H2AX and 53BP1 foci were also detected, but cell growth was not affected. AFB1-exposed HepG2 cells formed phospho-H2AX and 53BP1 foci, but failed to phosphorylate both Chk1 and Chk2. Huh7 hepatoma and HCT116 colorectal cancer cell lines also exhibited a similarly incomplete checkpoint response. p53 phosphorylation also failed, and AFB1-exposed cells did not show p53-dependent G1 arrest or a sustained G2/M arrest. These observations contrasted sharply with the fully functional DNA damage response of cells to Adriamycin. Cotreatment of cells with AFB1 did not inhibit p53 and p21(Cip1) accumulation induced by Adriamycin. Thus, the deficient checkpoint response to AFB1 was not due to an inhibitory effect, but could be explained by an inefficient activation. CONCLUSION Genotoxic doses of AFB1 induce an incomplete and inefficient checkpoint response in human cells. This defective response may contribute to the mutagenic and carcinogenic potencies of aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Gursoy-Yuzugullu
- Centre de Recherche INSERM, Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Joseph Fourier U823, Grenoble, France
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Chung YC, Tang FY, Liao JW, Chung CH, Jong TT, Chen SS, Tsai CH, Chiang EP. Isatis indigotica induces hepatocellular cancer cell death via caspase-independent apoptosis-inducing factor translocation apoptotic pathway in vitro and in vivo. Integr Cancer Ther 2011; 10:201-14. [PMID: 21382959 DOI: 10.1177/1534735410387420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isatis indigotica is a biennial herbaceous cruciferous medical herb with antipyretic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-endotoxin activity. This study explored the chemotherapeutic potential of I indigotica on human hepatoma cells and investigated the mechanism by which metabolites from I indigotica inhibit hepatoma cell growth. Antitumor activity was discovered in dried I indigotica leaf chloroform extracts (CEDLI). In nude mice xenotransplanted with human hepatoma cells, CEDLI supplementation inhibited tumor growth by ~40% compared with nonsupplemented animals without affecting body weight/food intake. CEDLI induced sub-G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in hepatoma cells. Furthermore, CEDLI activates p53 and Bax, reduces Bcl-2 expression, and causes mitochondrial stress and the release of apoptosis-inducing factor into the cytosol followed by its translocation into the nucleus, resulting in hepatoma cell apoptosis. This study provides novel in vivo evidence of I indigotica's antitumor activity. The chemotherapeutic activity against human hepatoma tumorigenesis was because of a distinguished caspase-independent apoptotic pathway.
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He M, Zhao M, Shen B, Prise KM, Shao C. Radiation-induced intercellular signaling mediated by cytochrome-c via a p53-dependent pathway in hepatoma cells. Oncogene 2010; 30:1947-55. [PMID: 21132005 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 has a crucial role in cellular response to DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation, but it is still unclear whether p53 can modulate radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBE). In the present work, three different hepatoma cell lines, namely HepG2 (wild p53), PLC/PRF/5 (mutation p53) and Hep3B (p53 null), were irradiated with γ-rays and then co-cultured with normal Chang liver cell (wild p53) in order to elucidate the mechanisms of RIBE. Results showed that the radiosensitivity of HepG2 cells was higher than that of PLC/PRF/5 and Hep3B cells. Only irradiated HepG2 cells, rather than irradiated PLC/PRF/5 or Hep3B cells, could induce bystander effect of micronuclei (MN) formation in the neighboring Chang liver cells. When HepG2 cells were treated with 20 μM pifithrin-α, an inhibitor of p53 function, or 5 μM cyclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of cytochrome-c release from mitochondria, the MN induction in bystander Chang liver cells was diminished. In fact, it was found that after irradiation, cytochrome-c was released from mitochondria into the cytoplasm only in HepG2 cells in a p53-dependent manner, but not in PLC/PRF/5 and Hep3B cells. Interestingly, when 50 μg/ml exogenous cytochrome-c was added into cell co-culture medium, RIBE was significantly triggered by irradiated PLC/PRF/5 and Hep3B cells, which previously failed to provoke a bystander effect. In addition, this exogenous cytochrome-c also partly recovered the RIBE induced by irradiated HepG2 cells even with CsA treatment. Our results provide new evidence that the RIBE can be modulated by the p53 status of irradiated hepatoma cells and that a p53-dependent release of cytochrome-c may be involved in the RIBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M He
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Murakami M, Kobayashi S, Marubashi S, Tomimaru Y, Noda T, Wada H, Eguchi H, Takeda Y, Tanemura M, Umeshita K, Doki Y, Mori M, Nagano H. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor PTK/ZK enhances the antitumor effects of interferon-α/5-fluorouracil therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 18:589-96. [PMID: 20811948 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-1310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is no standardized treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombus. We previously reported the efficacy of interferon-alpha and 5-fluorouracil combination (IFN/5-FU) therapy for these patients and the potential mechanism via the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this study, we showed the VEGF-related effects of IFN/5-FU therapy using VEGF-receptor (VEGFR) selective inhibitor, PTK787/ZK222584 (PTK/ZK), in HCC cells. METHODS Using two VEGF secreting and VEGFR expressing human HCC cell lines, PLC/PRF/5 and HuH7, we performed growth inhibitory assays in vitro and in vivo, apoptosis assay, cell cycle analysis, and Western blot analysis for the mechanism, with or without PTK/ZK in IFN/5-FU therapy. RESULTS The combination of PTK/ZK and IFN/5-FU significantly inhibited cell growth in vitro and tended to reduce tumor growth in vivo in a HuH7 xenograft model in nude mice-in both cases without affecting VEGF secretion. PTK/ZK enhanced the IFN/5-FU induced apoptosis, based on increased proteins levels of Bax and reduced Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. Cell cycle analysis showed different results between the HCC cell lines following the combination therapy, possibly due to differences in p21 protein. CONCLUSIONS VEGF signaling inhibition would support an antitumor effect of IFN/5-FU therapy against HCC cell lines via induction of apoptosis and cell cycle delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Arecoline induces HA22T/VGH hepatoma cells to undergo anoikis - involvement of STAT3 and RhoA activation. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:126. [PMID: 20507639 PMCID: PMC2895595 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study showed that, in basal cell carcinoma cells, arecoline reduces levels of the tumor cell survival factor interleukin-6 (IL-6), increases levels of tumor suppressor factor p53, and elicits cell cycle arrest, followed by apoptosis. In preliminarily studies, we observed that arecoline induces detachment of the human-derived hepatoma cell line HA22T/VGH from the extracellular matrix. In the present study, we explored the fate of the detached HA22T/VGH cells and investigated the underlying mechanism. METHODS HA22T/VGH cells or primary cultured rat hepatocytes were treated with arecoline, then changes in morphology, viability, apoptosis, and the expression of surface beta1-integrin, apoptosis-related proteins, and IL-6 were examined. Furthermore, activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway and the RhoA/Rock signaling pathway, including p190RhoGAP and Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase SHP2, was examined. RESULTS A low concentration of arecoline (<or= 100 microg/ml) caused cytoskeletal changes in HA22T/VGH cells, but not hepatocytes, and this was accompanied by decreased beta1-integrin expression and followed by apoptosis, indicating that HA22T/VGH cells undergo anoikis after arecoline treatment. IL-6 expression and phosphorylation of STAT3, which provides protection against anoikis, were inhibited and levels of downstream signaling proteins, including Bcl-XL and Bcl-2, were decreased, while Bax expression, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activity were increased. In addition, phosphorylation/activation of p190RhoGAP, a RhoA inhibitor, and of its upstream regulator, SHP2, was inhibited by arecoline treatment, while Rho/Rock activation was increased. Addition of the RhoA inhibitor attenuated the effects of arecoline. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that arecoline induces anoikis of HA22T/VGH cells involving inhibition of STAT3 and increased RhoA/Rock activation and that the STAT3 and RhoA/Rock signaling pathways are connected.
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Aurora kinase inhibitor PHA-739358 suppresses growth of hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model. Neoplasia 2009; 11:934-44. [PMID: 19724687 DOI: 10.1593/neo.09664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced stages of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) face a poor prognosis. Although encouraging clinical results have been obtained with multikinase inhibitor sorafenib, the development of improved therapeutic strategies for HCC remains an urgent goal. Aurora kinases are key regulators of the cell cycle, and their uncontrolled expression promotes aneuploidy and tumor development. In tissue microarray analyses, we detected aurora-A kinase expression in all of the examined 93 human HCC samples, whereas aurora-B kinase expression levels significantly correlated with the proliferation index of HCCs. In addition, two human HCC cell lines (Huh-7 and HepG2) were tested positive for aurora-A and -B and revealed Ser10 phosphorylation of histone H3, indicating an increased aurora-B kinase activity. The antiproliferative features of a novel aurora kinase inhibitor, PHA-739358, currently under investigation in phase 2 clinical trials for other solid tumors, were examined in vitro and in vivo. At concentrations exceeding 50 nM, PHA-739358 completely suppressed tumor cell proliferation in cell culture experiments and strongly decreased histone H3 phosphorylation. Cell cycle inhibition and endoreduplication were observed at 50 nM, whereas higher concentrations led to a complete G(2)/M-phase arrest. In vivo, administration of PHA-739358 resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition at a well-tolerated dose. In combination with sorafenib, additive effects were observed. Remarkably, when tumors restarted to grow under sorafenib monotherapy, subsequent treatment with PHA-739358 induced tumor shrinkage by up to 81%. Thus, targeting aurora kinases with PHA-739358 is a promising therapeutic strategy administered alone or in combination with sorafenib for patients with advanced stages of HCC.
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Said HM, Polat B, Hagemann C, Anacker J, Flentje M, Vordermark D. Absence of GAPDH regulation in tumor-cells of different origin under hypoxic conditions in - vitro. BMC Res Notes 2009; 2:8. [PMID: 19144146 PMCID: PMC2646737 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene expression studies related to cancer diagnosis and treatment are important. In order to conduct such experiment accurately, absolutely reliable housekeeping genes are essential to normalize cancer related gene expression. The most important characteristics of such genes are their presence in all cells and their expression levels remain relatively constant under different experimental conditions. However, no single gene of this group of genes manifests always stable expression levels under all experimental conditions. Incorrect choice of housekeeping genes leads to interpretation errors of experimental results including evaluation and quantification of pathological gene expression. Here, we examined (a) the degree of GAPDH expression regulation in Hep-1-6 mouse hepatoma and Hep-3-B and HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines as well as in human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line (A-549) in addition to both HT-29, and HCT-116 colon cancer cell lines, under hypoxic conditions in vitro in comparison to other housekeeping genes like β-actin, serving as experimental loading controls, (b) the potential use of GAPDH as a target for tumor therapeutic approaches was comparatively examined in vitro on both protein and mRNA level, by western blot and semi quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Findings No hypoxia-induced regulatory effect on GAPDH expression was observed in the cell lines studied in vitro that were; Hep-1-6 mouse hepatoma and Hep-3-B and HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, Human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line (A-549), both colon cancer cell lines HT-29, and HCT-116. Conclusion As it is the case for human hepatocellular carcinoma, mouse hepatoma, human colon cancer, and human lung adenocarcinoma, GAPDH represents an optimal choice of a housekeeping gene and/(or) loading control to determine the expression of hypoxia induced genes in tumors of different origin. The results confirm our previous findings in human glioblastoma that this gene is not an attractive target for tumor therapeutic approaches because of the lack of GAPDH regulation under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun M Said
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Wang W, Yao J, Zhou JP, Lu Y, Wang Y, Tao L, Li YP. Urocanic acid-modified chitosan-mediated p53 gene delivery inducing apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG 2 is involved in its antitumor effect in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:567-572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tam CW, Liu VWS, Leung WY, Yao KM, Shiu SYW. The autocrine human secreted PDZ domain-containing protein 2 (sPDZD2) induces senescence or quiescence of prostate, breast and liver cancer cells via transcriptional activation of p53. Cancer Lett 2008; 271:64-80. [PMID: 18639375 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor suppressive actions of the autocrine human secreted PDZ domain-containing protein 2 (sPDZD2) have been reported, but the mechanisms remain enigmatic. Here, we showed that sPDZD2 induced senescence of prostate cancer DU145 cells, quiescence of breast cancer MCF-7 and liver cancer Hep-G2 cells, via transcriptional activation of mutant or wild-type p53. Furthermore, sPDZD2 sensitized mutant p53-positive DU145 cells and wild-type p53-positive MCF-7 cells to apoptosis induction through genotoxic stress imposed by sub-lethal concentration of hydrogen peroxide. Together, our findings suggest a potential autocrine pathway of p53 activation by transcriptional regulation, and a new approach to reactivate p53 for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wai Tam
- Department of Physiology, The University of Hong Kong, Laboratory Block, Faculty of Medicine Building, Hong Kong, China
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Shi H, Lambert JM, Hautefeuille A, Bykov VJ, Wiman KG, Hainaut P, de Fromentel CC. In vitro and in vivo cytotoxic effects of PRIMA-1 on hepatocellular carcinoma cells expressing mutant p53ser249. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:1428-34. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zhang H, Teng Y, Kong Y, Kowalski PE, Cohen SN. Suppression of human tumor cell proliferation by Smurf2-induced senescence. J Cell Physiol 2008; 215:613-20. [PMID: 18181147 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The limitation of proliferative potential in human somatic cells imposed by replicative senescence has been proposed as a mechanism of tumor suppression. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf2 is up-regulated during replicative senescence in response to telomere shortening, and induces senescence when expressed adventitiously in early passage or telomerase-immortalized human fibroblasts. To investigate the generality of Smurf2's control of cell proliferation, we have studied the effects of Smurf2 up-regulation on cell proliferation in early passage human mammary epithelial cells which normally do not show elevated expression of Smurf2 during senescence, and in 16 human cancer cell lines derived from both sarcomas and carcinomas. Here we report that Smurf2 up-regulation induced senescence in a wide variety of human cell types, including highly neoplastic cell lines. Consistent with our previous findings, the ability of Smurf2 to arrest cell proliferation did not require its ubiquitin ligase activity. Furthermore, expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 was increased in tumor cells undergoing Smurf2-induced senescence, and such increase occurred independently of the transactivation function of p53. Our results, which reveal a previously unsuspected tumor suppression function for Smurf2-induced senescence, suggest that modulation of Smurf2 action may be a useful strategy for inhibition of cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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Katayama K, Nakamura A, Sugimoto Y, Tsuruo T, Fujita N. FOXO transcription factor-dependent p15INK4b and p19INK4d expression. Oncogene 2007; 27:1677-86. [PMID: 17873901 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
FOXO (Forkhead box O) transcription factors are involved in cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis induction by transcripting cell-cycle inhibitor p27(KIP1) or apoptosis-related genes, respectively. Akt/protein kinase B promotes cell proliferation and suppresses apoptosis, in part, by phosphorylating FOXOs. Phosphorylated FOXOs could not exhibit transcriptional activity because of their nuclear export. Here we show that p15(INK4b) and p19(INK4d) transcription is associated with FOXO-mediated G1 cell-cycle arrest. Inhibition of Akt signaling by PI3K inhibitors, a PDK1 inhibitor, or dominant-negative Akt transfection increased expression of p15(INK4b) and p19(INK4d) but not p16(INK4a) and p18(INK4c). Ectopic expression of wild type or active FOXO but not inactive form also increased p15(INK4b) and p19(INK4d) levels. FOXOs bound to promoter regions and induced transcription of these genes. No increase in the G1-arrested cell population, mediated by PI3K inhibitor LY294002, was observed in INK4b-/- or INK4d-/- murine embryonic fibroblasts. In summary, FOXOs are involved in G1 arrest caused by Akt inactivation via p15(INK4b) and p19(INK4d) transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Katayama
- Division of Experimental Chemotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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Cho-Rok J, Yoo J, Jang YJ, Kim S, Chu IS, Yeom YI, Choi JY, Im DS. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of siRNA against PTTG1 inhibits liver cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Hepatology 2006; 43:1042-52. [PMID: 16628636 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary tumor transforming (PTTG) gene family comprises PTTG1, 2, and 3. Forced expression of PTTG1 (securin) induces cellular transformation and promotes tumor development in animal models. PTTG1 is overexpressed in various human cancers. However, the expression and pathogenic implications of the PTTG gene family in hepatocellular carcinoma are largely unknown. Gene silencing using short interfering RNA (siRNA) has become an efficient means to study the functions of genes and has been increasingly used for cancer gene therapy approaches. We report that PTTG1, but not PTTG2 and 3, was highly and frequently expressed in liver cancer tissues from patients and highly in SH-J1, SK-Hep1, and Huh-7 hepatoma cell lines. Adenoviral vector encoding siRNA against PTTG1 (Ad.PTTG1-siRNA) depleted PTTG1 specifically and efficiently in SH-J1 hepatoma cells, which resulted in activation of p53 that led to increased p21 expression and induction of apoptosis. The depletion of PTTG1 in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells exhibited a cytotoxic effect in a p53-dependent manner. Ad.PTTG1-siRNA-mediated cytotoxic effect was dependent on expression levels of PTTG1 and p53 in hepatoma cell lines. Huh-7 hepatoma cells, once transduced with Ad.PTTG1-siRNA, displayed markedly attenuated growth potential in nude mice. Intra-tumor delivery of Ad.PTTG1-siRNA led to significant inhibition of tumor growth in SH-J1 tumor xenograft established in nude mice. In conclusion, PTTG1 overexpressed in hepatoma cell lines negatively regulates the ability of p53 to induce apoptosis. PTIG1 gene silencing using siRNA may be an effective modality to treat liver cancer, in which PTTG1 is abundantly expressed. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the HEPATOLOGY website (http://interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0270-9139/ suppmat/index.html).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Cho-Rok
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yusong Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Varghese L, Agarwal C, Tyagi A, Singh RP, Agarwal R. Silibinin efficacy against human hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:8441-8. [PMID: 16322307 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common recurrent malignancies, for which, currently, there is no effective therapy. Considering the antihepatotoxic activity of silibinin, a widely used drug and supplement for various liver disorders, together with its strong preventive and anticancer efficacy against various epithelial cancers, we investigated the efficacy of silibin against human HCC cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Silibinin effects were examined on growth, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression in two different HCC cell lines, HepG2 (hepatitis B virus negative; p53 intact) and Hep3B (hepatitis B virus positive; p53 mutated). At molecular level, cell cycle effects of silibinin were assessed by immunoblotting and in-bead kinase assays. RESULTS Silibinin strongly inhibited growth of both HepG2 and Hep3B cells with a relatively stronger cytotoxicity in Hep3B cells, which was associated with apoptosis induction. Silibinin also caused G1 arrest in HepG2 and both G1 and G2-M arrests in Hep3B cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that silibinin induces Kip1/p27 but decreases cyclin D1, cyclin D3, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-2, and CDK4 levels in both cell lines. In Hep3B cells, silibinin also reduced the protein levels of G2-M regulators. Furthermore, silibinin strongly inhibited CDK2, CDK4, and CDC2 kinase activity in these HCC cells. CONCLUSION Together, these results for the first time identify the biological efficacy of silibinin against HCC cells, suggesting the importance of conducting further investigations in preclinical HCC models, especially on in vivo efficacy, to support the clinical usefulness of silibinin against hepatocellular carcinoma in addition to its known clinical efficacy as an antihepatotoxic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyon Varghese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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Hung H, Pierce CKH, Chee SK, Lawrence P, Hung NT. SarCNU-induced G2/M arrest in hepatoma cells is mediated by a p53-independent phosphorylation of cdc-2 at Tyr15. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:785-91. [PMID: 15754328 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem in the Asia-Pacific region, with high incidence and mortality rate. There is currently no effective treatment for inoperable cases that represent the vast majority of patients. In the present study, we report that in vitro treatment of primary hepatoma, HepG2 (wild-type p53), PLC/PRF/5 (p53-mutant), and Hep3B (p53-deleted) cells with 2-chloroethyl-3-sarcosinamide-1-nitrosourea (SarCNU) resulted in upregulation of p53, p21(Cip1/Waf1), phosphorylated cdc-2 at Tyr15 in wild-type p53 cells and phosphorylation of cdc-2 at Tyr15 in p53-mutant or p53-deleted hepatoma cells. This was accompanied by the reduction in cdc-2 kinase activity and G(2)/M cell cycle arrest. These findings indicate that SarCNU-induced G(2)/M growth arrest in hepatoma cells by a p53-independent phosphorylation of cdc-2. Our data suggest the potential use of SarCNU in treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Hung
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre of Singapore.
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Chang JS, Chiang LC, Hsu FF, Lin CC. Chemoprevention against hepatocellular carcinoma of Cornus officinalis in vitro. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2005; 32:717-25. [PMID: 15633807 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x04002296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The water extracts of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zuce against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was studied for its chemopreventive potential. Three HCC cell lines (HepG2, SK-Hep1 and PLC/PRF/5) and three leukemic cell lines (U937, K562 and Raji) were tested with XTT assay. Extracts of C. officinalis inhibited all these HCC cells and leukemic cells at a concentration of 100 microg/ml (P < 0.05) and was dose-dependent (P < 0.0001). P53 (P< 0.0001) and Ras (P = 0.001) significantly affected its activity against HCC. Extracts of C. officinalis also possessed the anti-oxidant activity through free radicals scavenging activity at a concentration of 50 microg/ml (P < 0.05). In summary, our experiment implied that C. officinalis might be a candidate for chemopreventive agent against HCC through the antioxidant and anti-neoplastic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-San Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Di Bartolomeo S, Spinedi A. Two glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors attenuate doxorubicin-induced p21Cip1/Waf1 upregulation in HepG2 cells, irrespective of their differential chemosensitizing properties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 330:242-6. [PMID: 15781256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cells are sensitized to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis by the glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor d,l-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PDMP) but not by the more specific inhibitor d,l-threo-1-phenyl-2-hexadecanoylamino-3-pyrrolidino-1-propanol (PPPP). Herein we investigated whether the chemosensitizing action of PDMP impinged on any unspecific effect of this compound on doxorubicin-induced expression of p53 and/or p21(Cip1/Waf1), namely two proteins reported to modulate the apoptotic response to DNA-damaging agents, in a positive or negative fashion, respectively. We show that, in HepG2 cells, PDMP did not substantially affect doxorubicin-induced p53 upregulation, whereas drug-evoked upregulation of p21(Cip1/Waf1) was markedly attenuated. Although this outcome could be expected to account for the chemosensitizing effect of PDMP, impaired upregulation of p21(Cip1/Waf1), in the setting of unaltered p53 expression, was also observed in the case of PPPP. These results, while raising the possibility of a link between attenuation of drug-evoked p21(Cip1/Waf1) expression and redirection of (glyco)sphingolipid metabolism, show that, differently from other tumor systems, attenuation of doxorubicin-induced p21(Cip1/Waf1) expression is at least not sufficient to sensitize HepG2 cells to the apoptotic action of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Di Bartolomeo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Zhu Z, Lin J, Qu JH, Feitelson MA, Ni CR, Li FM, Zhu MH. Inhibitory effect of tumor suppressor p33 ING1b and its synergy with p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:1903-9. [PMID: 15800978 PMCID: PMC4305709 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i13.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the inhibitory effect of tumor suppressor p33ING1b and its synergy with p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: Recombinant sense and antisense p33ING1b plasmids were transfected into hepatoma cell line HepG2 with lipofectamine. Apoptosis, G0/G1 arrest, cell growth rate and cloning efficiency in soft agar of HepG2 were analyzed after transfection. In three hepatoma cell lines with different endogenous p53 gene expressions, the synergistic effect of p33ING1b with p53 was analyzed by flow cytometry and luciferase assay was performed to detect the activation of p53 downstream gene p21WAF1/CIP1. In addition, the expression and mutation rates of p33ING1b in HCC tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP).
RESULTS: Overexpression of p33ING1b inhibited cell growth of HepG2, induced more apoptosis and protected cells from growth in soft agar. Combined transfer of p33ING1b and p53 gene promoted hepatoma cell apoptosis, G0/G1 arrest and elevated expression of p21WAF1/CIP1. Immunostaining results showed co-localized p33ING1b with P53 protein in HCC tissues and there was a significant relation between protein expression rates of these two genes (P<0.01). Among 28 HCC samples, p33ING1b presented a low gene mutation rate (7.1%).
CONCLUSION: p33ING1b collaborates with p53 in cell growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HCC. Loss or inactivation of p33ING1b normal function may be an important mechanism for the development of HCC retaining wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 174 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Park JH, Liu L, Kim IH, Kim JH, You KR, Kim DG. Identification of the Genes Involved in Enhanced Fenretinide-Induced Apoptosis by Parthenolide in Human Hepatoma Cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65:2804-14. [PMID: 15805281 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fenretinide (N-4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide, 4HPR) is a synthetic anticancer retinoid that is a well-known apoptosis-inducing agent. Recently, we observed that the apoptosis induced by fenretinide could be effectively enhanced in hepatoma cells by a concomitant treatment with parthenolide, which is a known inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Furthermore, treatment with fenretinide triggered the activation of NF-kappaB during apoptosis, which could be substantially inhibited by parthenolide, suggesting that NF-kappaB activation during fenretinide-induced apoptosis has an antiapoptotic effect. This study investigated the molecular mechanism of this apoptotic potentiation by NF-kappaB inhibition. The genes involved in the enhanced fenretinide-induced apoptosis by parthenolide were identified using the differential display-PCR method and subsequent Northern blot or semiquantitative reverse transcriptase PCR analysis. This study identified 35 apoptosis-related genes including 12 unknown genes that were either up- or down-regulated by parthenolide. Interestingly, one up-regulated gene (HA1A2) was isolated and cloned from the liver cDNA, and was found to be identical to ANKRD1, which is also referred to as the CARP gene. Compared with controls treated with an empty vector or with antisense cDNA, the ectopic expression of ANKRD1 led to reduced colony formation and to enhanced apoptotic cell death in hepatoma cells. These results suggest that ANKRD1 and the other genes, whose expressions were substantially modulated by the parthenolide-mediated inhibition of NF-kappaB activation, play roles in the enhanced drug-induced apoptosis. In addition, this study suggests that those identified genes may be useful in anticancer strategies against hepatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyang Park
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Chonju, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
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Cao XZ, Zhu MH, Zhu Z, Feng F, Zhao ML, Chen Y, Liu XH. Influence of p53 small double stranded RNA interference on hepatoma cell line SK-HEP-1. Chin J Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-005-0005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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