1
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Mandal S, Melo M, Gordiichuk P, Acharya S, Poh YC, Li N, Aung A, Dane EL, Irvine DJ, Kumari S. WASP facilitates tumor mechanosensitivity in T lymphocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560434. [PMID: 37873483 PMCID: PMC10592916 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) carry out immunosurveillance by scanning target cells of diverse physical properties for the presence of antigens. While the recognition of cognate antigen by the T cell receptor is the primary signal for CTL activation, it has become increasingly clear that the mechanical stiffness of target cells plays an important role in antigen-triggered T cell responses. However, the molecular machinery within CTLs that transduces the mechanical information of tumor cells remains unclear. We find that CTL's mechanosensitive ability requires the activity of the actin-organizing protein Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP). WASP activation is modulated by the mechanical properties of antigen-presenting contexts across a wide range of target cell stiffnesses and activated WASP then mediates mechanosensitive activation of early TCR signaling markers in the CTL. Our results provide a molecular link between antigen mechanosensing and CTL immune response and suggest that CTL-intrinsic cytoskeletal organizing principles enable the processing of mechanical information from diverse target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariane Melo
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | | | | | - Yeh-Chuin Poh
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Na Li
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Aereas Aung
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Eric L. Dane
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Sudha Kumari
- Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
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2
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Salmon AJ, Shavkunov AS, Miao Q, Jarjour NN, Keshari S, Esaulova E, Williams CD, Ward JP, Highsmith AM, Pineda JE, Taneja R, Chen K, Edelson BT, Gubin MM. BHLHE40 Regulates the T-Cell Effector Function Required for Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling and Immune Checkpoint Therapy Efficacy. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:597-611. [PMID: 35181783 PMCID: PMC9164498 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) using antibody blockade of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) can provoke T cell-dependent antitumor activity that generates durable clinical responses in some patients. The epigenetic and transcriptional features that T cells require for efficacious ICT remain to be fully elucidated. Herein, we report that anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 ICT induce upregulation of the transcription factor BHLHE40 in tumor antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and that T cells require BHLHE40 for effective ICT in mice bearing immune-edited tumors. Single-cell RNA sequencing of intratumoral immune cells in BHLHE40-deficient mice revealed differential ICT-induced immune cell remodeling. The BHLHE40-dependent gene expression changes indicated dysregulated metabolism, NF-κB signaling, and IFNγ response within certain subpopulations of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Intratumoral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from BHLHE40-deficient mice exhibited higher expression of the inhibitory receptor gene Tigit and displayed alterations in expression of genes encoding chemokines/chemokine receptors and granzyme family members. Mice lacking BHLHE40 had reduced ICT-driven IFNγ production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and defects in ICT-induced remodeling of macrophages from a CX3CR1+CD206+ subpopulation to an iNOS+ subpopulation that is typically observed during effective ICT. Although both anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 ICT in BHLHE40-deficient mice led to the same outcome-tumor outgrowth-several BHLHE40-dependent alterations were specific to the ICT that was used. Our results reveal a crucial role for BHLHE40 in effective ICT and suggest that BHLHE40 may be a predictive or prognostic biomarker for ICT efficacy and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery J Salmon
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alexander S Shavkunov
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qi Miao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nicholas N Jarjour
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sunita Keshari
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ekaterina Esaulova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Charmelle D Williams
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey P Ward
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Anna M Highsmith
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Josué E Pineda
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Healthy Longevity Translation Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew M Gubin
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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3
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Fu L, Zhang Z, Wang H, Zhao X, Su L, Geng L, Lu Y, Tong B, Liu Q, Jiang X. Genome-wide analysis of BURP genes and identification of a BURP-V gene RcBURP4 in Rosa chinensis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:395-413. [PMID: 34820714 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nine RcBURPs have been identified in Rosa chinensis, and overexpression of RcBURP4 increased ABA, NaCl sensitivity, and drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. BURP proteins are unique to plants and may contribute greatly to growth, development, and stress responses of plants. Despite the vital role of BURP proteins, little is known about these proteins in rose (Rosa spp.). In the present study, nine genes belonging to the BURP family in R. chinensis were identified using multiple bioinformatic approaches against the rose genome database. The nine RcBURPs, with diverse structures, were located on all chromosomes of the rose genome, except for Chr2 and Chr3. Phylogenic analysis revealed that these RcBURPs can be classified into eight subfamilies, including BNM2-like, PG1β-like, USP-like, RD22-like, BURP-V, BURP-VI, BURP-VII, and BURP-VIII. Conserved motif and exon-intron analyses indicated a conserved pattern within the same subfamily. The presumed cis-regulatory elements (CREs) within the promoter region of each RcBURP were analyzed and the results showed that all RcBURPs contained different types of CREs, including abiotic stress-, light response-, phytohormones response-, and plant growth and development-related CREs. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that a BURP-V member, RcBURP4, was induced in rose leaves and roots under mild and severe drought treatments. We then overexpressed RcBURP4 in Arabidopsis and examined its role under abscisic acid (ABA), NaCl, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and drought treatments. Nine stress-responsive genes expression were changed in RcBURP4-overexpressing leaves and roots. Furthermore, RcBURP4-silenced rose plants exhibited decreased tolerance to dehydration. The results obtained from this study provide the first comprehensive overview of RcBURPs and highlight the importance of RcBURP4 in rose plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufeng Fu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Zhujun Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Hai Wang
- College of Landscape, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Lin Su
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Lifang Geng
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yizeng Lu
- Shandong Provincial Center of Forest Tree Germplasm Resources, Jinan, 250102, China
| | - Boqiang Tong
- Shandong Provincial Center of Forest Tree Germplasm Resources, Jinan, 250102, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Xinqiang Jiang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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4
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Klarquist JS, Janssen EM. Melanoma-infiltrating dendritic cells: Limitations and opportunities of mouse models. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1584-1593. [PMID: 23264904 PMCID: PMC3525613 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The infiltration of melanoma lesions by dendritic cells (DCs) has been suggested to play a tumorigenic role due to the capacity of DCs to induce tumor tolerance and promote angiogenesis as well as metastasis. However, it has also been shown that tumor-infiltrating DCs (TIDCs) induce antitumor responses and hence may be targeted in cost-effective therapeutic approaches to obtain patient-specific DCs that present relevant tumor antigens, without the need for ex vivo DC expansion or tumor antigen identification. Unfortunately, little is known about the composition, nature and function of TIDCs found in human melanoma. The development of mouse melanoma models has greatly contributed to the molecular understanding of melanoma immunology in mice, but many questions on TIDCs remain unanswered. Here, we discuss current knowledge about melanoma TIDCs in various mouse models with regard to their translational potential and clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared S Klarquist
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati, OH USA
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5
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Moku G, Vangala S, Gulla SK, Yakati V. In vivo Targeting of DNA Vaccines to Dendritic Cells via the Mannose Receptor Induces Long-Lasting Immunity against Melanoma. Chembiochem 2020; 22:523-531. [PMID: 32909670 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report effective, C-type lectin mannose receptor (MR)-selective, in vivo dendritic cell (DC)-targeting lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) of a novel lipid-containing mannose-mimicking di-shikimoyl- and guanidine head group and two n-hexadecyl hydrophobic tails (DSG). Subcutaneous administration of LNPs of the DSG/p-CMV-GFP complex showed a significant expression of green fluorescence protein in the CD11c+ DCs of the neighboring lymph nodes compared to the control LNPs of the BBG/p-CMV-GFP complex. Mannose receptor-facilitated in vivo DC-targeted vaccination (s.c.) with the electrostatic complex of LNPs of DSG/pCMV-MART1 stimulated long-lasting (270 days post B16F10 tumor challenge) antimelanoma immunity under prophylactic conditions. Remarkably, under therapeutic settings, vaccination (s.c.) with LNPs of the DSG/pCMV-MART1 complex significantly delayed melanoma growth and improved the survival of mice with melanoma. These findings demonstrate that this nonviral delivery system offers a resilient and potential approach to deliver DNA vaccines encoding tumor antigens to DCs in vivo with high efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopikrishna Moku
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.,Present address: Department of Physical Sciences, Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science, Yerragattu Gutta, Warangal, 506 015, Telangana, India
| | - Swathi Vangala
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.,Present address: Telangana Social Welfare Residential Degree College for Women, Bhupalapally 506 168, Telangana, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Gulla
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Venu Yakati
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
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6
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Gulla SK, Rao BR, Moku G, Jinka S, Nimmu NV, Khalid S, Patra CR, Chaudhuri A. In vivo targeting of DNA vaccines to dendritic cells using functionalized gold nanoparticles. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:773-788. [PMID: 30601510 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01272e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The clinical success of dendritic cell (DC)-based genetic immunization remains critically dependent on the availability of effective and safe nano-carriers for targeting antigen-encoded DNA vaccines to DCs, the most potent antigen-presenting cells in the human body in vivo. Recent studies revealed the efficacies of mannose receptor-mediated in vivo DC-targeted genetic immunization by liposomal DNA vaccine carriers containing both mannose-mimicking shikimoyl and transfection enhancing guanidinyl functionalities. However, to date, the efficacies of this approach have not been examined for metal-based nanoparticle DNA vaccine carriers. Herein, we report for the first time, the design, synthesis, physico-chemical characterization and bioactivities of gold nanoparticles covalently functionalized with a thiol ligand containing both shikimoyl and guanidinyl functionalities (Au-SGSH). We show that Au-SGSH nanoparticles can deliver DNA vaccines to mouse DCs under in vivo conditions. Subcutaneous administration of near infrared (NIR) dye-labeled Au-SGSH showed significant accumulation of the NIR dye in the DCs of the nearby lymph nodes compared to that for the non-targeting NIR-labeled Au-GSH nanoconjugate containing only a covalently tethered guanidinyl group, not the shikimoyl-functionality. Under prophylactic settings, in vivo immunization (s.c.) with the Au-SGSH-pCMV-MART1 nanoplex induced a long-lasting (180 days) immune response against murine melanoma. Notably, mannose receptor-mediated in vivo DC-targeted immunization (s.c.) with the Au-SGSH-MART1 nanoplex significantly inhibited established melanoma growth and increased the overall survivability of melanoma-bearing mice under therapeutic settings. The Au-SGSH nanoparticles reported herein have potential use for in vivo DC-targeted genetic immunization against cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Gulla
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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7
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Kim SY, Kang D, Choi HJ, Joo Y, Kim JH, Song JJ. Prime-boost immunization by both DNA vaccine and oncolytic adenovirus expressing GM-CSF and shRNA of TGF-β2 induces anti-tumor immune activation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:15858-15877. [PMID: 28178658 PMCID: PMC5362529 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful DNA vaccine for the treatment of tumors should break established immune tolerance to tumor antigen. However, due to the relatively low immunogenicity of DNA vaccines, compared to other kinds of vaccines using live virus or protein, a recombinant viral vector was used to enhance humoral and cellular immunity. In the current study, we sought to develop a novel anti-cancer agent as a complex of DNA and oncolytic adenovirus for the treatment of malignant melanoma in the C57BL/6 mouse model. MART1, a human melanoma-specific tumor antigen, was used to induce an increased immune reaction, since a MART1-protective response is required to overcome immune tolerance to the melanoma antigen MelanA. Because GM-CSF is a potent inducer of anti-tumor immunity and TGF-β2 is involved in tumor survival and host immune suppression, mouse GM-CSF (mGM-CSF) and shRNA of mouse TGF-β2 (shmTGF-β2) genes were delivered together with MART1 via oncolytic adenovirus. MART1 plasmid was also used for antigen-priming. To compare the anti-tumor effect of oncolytic adenovirus expressing both mGM-CSF and shmTGF-β2 (AdGshT) with that of oncolytic adenovirus expressing mGM-CSF only (AdG), each virus was intratumorally injected into melanoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice. As a result, mice that received AdGshT showed delayed tumor growth than those that received AdG. Heterologous prime-boost immunization was combined with oncolytic AdGshT and MART1 expression to result in further delayed tumor growth. This regression is likely due to the following 4 combinations: MART1-derived mouse melanoma antigen-specific immune reaction, immune stimulation by mGM-CSF/shmTGF-β2, tumor growth inhibition by shmTGF-β2, and tumor cell-specific lysis via an oncolytic adenovirus. Immune activation was mainly induced by mature tumor-infiltrating dendritic cell (TIDC) and lowered regulatory T cells in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that human MART1 induces a mouse melanoma antigen-specific immune reaction. In addition, the results also indicate that combination therapy of MART1 plasmid, together with an oncolytic adenovirus expressing MART1, mGM-CSF, and shmTGF-β2, is a promising candidate for the treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongxu Kang
- Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Hye Jin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Joo
- Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Hang Kim
- CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae J Song
- Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Voshavar C, Meka RCR, Samanta S, Marepally S, Chaudhuri A. Enhanced Spacer Length between Mannose Mimicking Shikimoyl and Quinoyl Headgroups and Hydrophobic Region of Cationic Amphiphile Increases Efficiency of Dendritic Cell Based DNA Vaccination: A Structure–Activity Investigation. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1605-1610. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rakesh C. R. Meka
- Biomaterials
Group, CSIR—Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Sanjoy Samanta
- Biomaterials
Group, CSIR—Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Srujan Marepally
- Biomaterials
Group, CSIR—Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Arabinda Chaudhuri
- Biomaterials
Group, CSIR—Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
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9
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Moran AE, Polesso F, Weinberg AD. Immunotherapy Expands and Maintains the Function of High-Affinity Tumor-Infiltrating CD8 T Cells In Situ. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2509-21. [PMID: 27503208 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells harbor high-affinity tumor-associated Ags capable of eliciting potent antitumor T cell responses, yet detecting these polyclonal T cells is challenging. Therefore, surrogate markers of T cell activation such as CD69, CD44, and programmed death-1 (PD-1) have been used. We report in this study that in mice, expression of activation markers including PD-1 is insufficient in the tumor microenvironment to identify tumor Ag-specific T cells. Using the Nur77GFP T cell affinity reporter mouse, we highlight that PD-1 expression can be induced independent of TCR ligation within the tumor. Given this, we characterized the utility of the Nur77GFP model system in elucidating mechanisms of action of immunotherapies independent of PD-1 expression. Coexpression of Nur77GFP and OX40 identifies a polyclonal population of high-affinity tumor-associated Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells, which produce more IFN-γ in situ than OX40 negative and doubles in quantity with anti-OX40 and anti-CTLA4 mAb therapy but not with anti-PD-1 or programmed death ligand-1. Moreover, expansion of these high-affinity CD8 T cells prolongs survival of tumor-bearing animals. Upon chronic stimulation in tumors and after adoptive cell therapy, CD8 TCR signaling and Nur77GFP induction is impaired, and tumors progress. However, this can be reversed and overall survival significantly enhanced after adoptive cell therapy with agonist OX40 immunotherapy. Therefore, we propose that OX40 agonist immunotherapy can maintain functional TCR signaling of chronically stimulated tumor-resident CD8 T cells, thereby increasing the frequency of cytotoxic, high-affinity, tumor-associated Ag-specific cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Moran
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Portland Providence Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213
| | - Fanny Polesso
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Portland Providence Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213
| | - Andrew D Weinberg
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Portland Providence Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213
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10
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Smith JA, Goldspiel BR. Cancer gene therapy update. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107815529900500101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To provide an update about gene marking and gene therapy trials in cancer patients. Data Sources. A MEDLINE search using the term “gene therapy” was conducted for the period 1985 to 1998. The reference lists from retrieved articles were reviewed. Meeting abstracts from the American Society of Clinical Oncology annual meeting (published in their proceedings) and the Annual Cancer Gene Therapy Symposium (published in Cancer Gene Therapy) that concerned gene therapy in cancer patients were also included. Data Extraction. Both authors reviewed the retrieved material and included preclinical data, case reports, and clinical trials related to gene transfer or gene therapy in cancer patients. Data Synthesis. There are several possible approaches to using gene therapy for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and for the monitoring of cancer therapy. Exogenous genes may be used to mark cells to help better understand cancer biology or may be used directly for cancer treatment. Gene-marking trials have already provided new information about cancer biology and have demonstrated that reinfused progenitor cells may be a source of relapse in patients with acute or chronic myelogenous leukemia and neuroblastoma. Approaches using gene therapy for cancer treatment include: using lymphocytes as gene carriers, using foreign genes to increase tumor immunogenicity, introducing tumor regression antigen genes into viruses, introducing “sensitivity” genes to produce new cytotoxic agent(s) within tumors, producing new protein product(s) to protect normal cells, replacing missing or mutant tumor suppressor genes, and inactivating oncogenes. Clinical trials using these strategies have demonstrated that gene transfer is feasible (albeit with low transduction efficiency) and that gene expression occurs; in addition, clinical responses have been noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Smith
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center Pharmacy Department, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Barry R Goldspiel
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center Pharmacy Department, Bethesda, Maryland
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11
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Genetic Immunization With In Vivo Dendritic Cell-targeting Liposomal DNA Vaccine Carrier Induces Long-lasting Antitumor Immune Response. Mol Ther 2015; 24:385-397. [PMID: 26666450 PMCID: PMC4817821 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A major limiting factor retarding the clinical success of dendritic cell (DC)-based genetic immunizations (DNA vaccination) is the scarcity of biologically safe and effective carrier systems for targeting the antigen-encoded DNA vaccines to DCs under in vivo settings. Herein, we report on a potent, mannose receptor selective in vivo DC-targeting liposomes of a novel cationic amphiphile with mannose-mimicking shikimoyl head-group. Flow cytometric experiments with cells isolated from draining lymph nodes of mice s.c. immunized with lipoplexes of pGFP plasmid (model DNA vaccine) using anti-CD11c antibody-labeled magnetic beads revealed in vivo DC-targeting properties of the presently described liposomal DNA vaccine carrier. Importantly, s.c. immunizations of mice with electrostatic complex of the in vivo DC-targeting liposome and melanoma antigen-encoded DNA vaccine (p-CMV-MART1) induced long-lasting antimelanoma immune response (100 days post melanoma tumor challenge) with remarkable memory response (more than 6 months after the second tumor challenge). The presently described direct in vivo DC-targeting liposomal DNA vaccine carrier is expected to find future exploitations toward designing effective vaccines for various infectious diseases and cancers.
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12
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Tumor-associated antigen/IL-21-transduced dendritic cell vaccines enhance immunity and inhibit immunosuppressive cells in metastatic melanoma. Gene Ther 2014; 21:457-67. [PMID: 24572790 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine approaches are being actively evaluated for developing immunotherapeutic agents against cancers. In this study, we investigated the use of engineered DCs expressing transgenic tumor-associated antigen hgp100 and the regulatory cytokine interleukin-21, namely DC-hgp100/mIL-21, as a therapeutic vaccine against melanoma. Tumor-bearing mice were injected intratumorally with transgenic DCs followed by three booster injections. Transgenic DC-hgp100/mIL-21 showed significant reduction in primary tumor growth and metastasis compared with DC-hgp100 alone and DC-mIL-21 alone. In vivo depletion of specific immune cell types (CD8(+) T, CD4(+) T and Natural killer (NK)-1.1(+) cells) effectively blocked the protective effect of this combinational vaccine. In adoptive transfer experiments, a survival rate of nearly 90% was observed at 60 days post-tumor inoculation for the combinational vaccine group. In contrast, all mice in the DC-hgp100 and DC-mIL-21-only groups died within 43-46 days after tumor challenge. Considerably increased levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were detected with the combination vaccine group compared with other individual treatment groups. In comparison with the DC-hgp100 or mIL-21 groups, the combinational DC-hgp100/mIL-21 vaccine also drastically suppressed the myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and T-regulatory (Treg) cell populations. Our findings suggest that a combinational DC- and gene-based hgp100 and mIL-21 vaccine therapy strategy warrants further evaluation as a clinically relevant cancer vaccine approach for human melanoma patients.
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13
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Aranda F, Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Galon J, Sautès-Fridman C, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Peptide vaccines in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26621. [PMID: 24498550 PMCID: PMC3902120 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the past 3 decades, along with the recognition that the immune system not only influences oncogenesis and tumor progression, but also determines how established neoplastic lesions respond therapy, renovated enthusiasm has gathered around the possibility of using vaccines as anticancer agents. Such an enthusiasm quickly tempered when it became clear that anticancer vaccines would have to be devised as therapeutic, rather than prophylactic, measures, and that malignant cells often fail to elicit (or actively suppress) innate and adaptive immune responses. Nonetheless, accumulating evidence indicates that a variety of anticancer vaccines, including cell-based, DNA-based, and purified component-based preparations, are capable of circumventing the poorly immunogenic and highly immunosuppressive nature of most tumors and elicit (at least under some circumstances) therapeutically relevant immune responses. Great efforts are currently being devoted to the identification of strategies that may provide anticancer vaccines with the capacity of breaking immunological tolerance and eliciting tumor-associated antigen-specific immunity in a majority of patients. In this sense, promising results have been obtained by combining anticancer vaccines with a relatively varied panels of adjuvants, including multiple immunostimulatory cytokines, Toll-like receptor agonists as well as inhibitors of immune checkpoints. One year ago, in the December issue of OncoImmunology, we discussed the biological mechanisms that underlie the antineoplastic effects of peptide-based vaccines and presented an abundant literature demonstrating the prominent clinical potential of such an approach. Here, we review the latest developments in this exciting area of research, focusing on high-profile studies that have been published during the last 13 mo and clinical trials launched in the same period to evaluate purified peptides or full-length proteins as therapeutic anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Aranda
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Lique Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Lique Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | | | - Jerome Galon
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; INSERM, U872; Paris, France ; Equipe 15, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; INSERM, U872; Paris, France ; Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP; Paris, France ; INSERM, U970; Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015; CICBT507; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP; Paris, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Lique Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Lique Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
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14
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Iwamoto H, Ojima T, Hayata K, Katsuda M, Miyazawa M, Iida T, Nakamura M, Nakamori M, Iwahashi M, Yamaue H. Antitumor immune response of dendritic cells (DCs) expressing tumor-associated antigens derived from induced pluripotent stem cells: in comparison to bone marrow-derived DCs. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:332-41. [PMID: 23824921 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the difficulty in obtaining a sufficient number of functional dendritic cells (DCs) is a serious problem in DC-based immunotherapy. Therefore, we used the induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived DCs (iPSDCs). If the therapeutic efficacy of iPSDCs is equivalent to that of bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs), then the aforementioned problems may be solved. In our study, we induced iPSDCs from iPS cells and examined the capacity for maturation of iPSDCs compared to that of BMDCs in addition to the capacity for migration of iPSDCs to regional lymph nodes. We adenovirally transduced the hgp100 gene, natural tumor antigens, into DCs and immunized mice once with the genetically modified DCs. The cytotoxic activity of CD8 (+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) was assayed using a (51) Cr-release assay. The therapeutic efficacy of the vaccination was examined in a subcutaneous tumor model. Our results showed that iPSDCs have an equal capacity to BMDCs in terms of maturation and migration. Furthermore, hgp100-specific CTLs were generated in mice immunized with genetically modified iPSDCs. These CTLs exhibited as high a level of cytotoxicity against B16 cells as BMDCs. Moreover, vaccination with the genetically modified iPSDCs achieved as high a level of therapeutic efficacy as vaccination with BMDCs. Our study clarified experimentally that genetically modified iPSDCs have an equal capacity to BMDCs in terms of tumor-associated antigen-specific therapeutic antitumor immunity. This vaccination strategy may therefore be useful for future clinical application as a cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Iwamoto
- Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama, 641-8510, Japan
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15
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Chen YZ, Ruan GX, Yao XL, Li LM, Hu Y, Tabata Y, Gao JQ. Co-transfection gene delivery of dendritic cells induced effective lymph node targeting and anti-tumor vaccination. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1502-12. [PMID: 23371516 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-0985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Successful genetically engineered Dendritic Cell (DC) can enhance DC's antigen presentation and lymph node migration. The present study aims to genetically engineer a DC using an efficient non-viral gene delivery vector to induce a highly efficient antigen presentation and lymph node targeting in vivo. METHODS Spermine-dextran (SD), a cationic polysaccharide vector, was used to prepare a gene delivery system for DC engineering. Transfection efficiency, nuclear trafficking, and safety of the SD/DNA complex were evaluated. A vaccine prepared by engineering DC with SD/gp100, a plasmid encoding melanoma-associated antigen, was injected subcutaneously into mice to evaluate the tumor suppression. The migration of the engineered DCs was also evaluated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS SD/DNA complex has a better transfection behavior in vitro than commercially purchased reagents. The DC vaccine co-transfected with plasmid coding CCR7, a chemokine receptor essential for DC migration, and plasmid coding gp100 displayed superior tumor suppression than that with plasmid coding gp100 alone. Migration assay demonstrated that DC transfected with SD/CCR7 can promote DC migration capacity. CONCLUSIONS The study is the first to report the application of nonviral vector SD to co-transfect DC with gp100 and CCR7-coding plasmid to induce both the capacity of antigen presentation and lymph node targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhe Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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16
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Ito A, Yamaguchi M, Okamoto N, Sanematsu Y, Kawabe Y, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Honda H, Kobayashi T, Nakayama E, Tamura Y, Okura M, Yamashita T, Jimbow K, Kamihira M. T-cell receptor repertoires of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes after hyperthermia using functionalized magnetite nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 8:891-902. [PMID: 23066648 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Accumulating evidence has indicated that hyperthermia using magnetite nanoparticles induces antitumor immunity. This study investigated the diversity of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes after hyperthermia using magnetite nanoparticles. MATERIALS & METHODS Functionalized magnetite nanoparticles, N-propionyl-4-S-cysteaminylphenol (NPrCAP)/magnetite, were synthesized by conjugating the melanogenesis substrate NPrCAP with magnetite nanoparticles. NPrCAP/magnetite nanoparticles were injected into B16 melanomas in C57BL/6 mice, which were subjected to an alternating magnetic field for hyperthermia treatment. RESULTS Enlargement of the tumor-draining lymph nodes was observed after hyperthermia. The TCR repertoire was restricted in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and expansion of Vβ11(+) T cells was preferentially found. DNA sequences of the third complementaritydetermining regions revealed the presence of clonally expanded T cells. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the T-cell response in B16 melanomas after hyperthermia is dominated by T cells directed toward a limited number of epitopes and that epitope-specific T cells frequently use a restricted TCR repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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17
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A long-lasting dendritic cell DNA vaccination system using lysinylated amphiphiles with mannose-mimicking head-groups. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6220-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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18
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Castle JC, Kreiter S, Diekmann J, Löwer M, van de Roemer N, de Graaf J, Selmi A, Diken M, Boegel S, Paret C, Koslowski M, Kuhn AN, Britten CM, Huber C, Türeci O, Sahin U. Exploiting the mutanome for tumor vaccination. Cancer Res 2012; 72:1081-91. [PMID: 22237626 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 592] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple genetic events and subsequent clonal evolution drive carcinogenesis, making disease elimination with single-targeted drugs difficult. The multiplicity of gene mutations derived from clonal heterogeneity therefore represents an ideal setting for multiepitope tumor vaccination. Here, we used next generation sequencing exome resequencing to identify 962 nonsynonymous somatic point mutations in B16F10 murine melanoma cells, with 563 of those mutations in expressed genes. Potential driver mutations occurred in classical tumor suppressor genes and genes involved in proto-oncogenic signaling pathways that control cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and apoptosis. Aim1 and Trrap mutations known to be altered in human melanoma were included among those found. The immunogenicity and specificity of 50 validated mutations was determined by immunizing mice with long peptides encoding the mutated epitopes. One-third of these peptides were found to be immunogenic, with 60% in this group eliciting immune responses directed preferentially against the mutated sequence as compared with the wild-type sequence. In tumor transplant models, peptide immunization conferred in vivo tumor control in protective and therapeutic settings, thereby qualifying mutated epitopes that include single amino acid substitutions as effective vaccines. Together, our findings provide a comprehensive picture of the mutanome of B16F10 melanoma which is used widely in immunotherapy studies. In addition, they offer insight into the extent of the immunogenicity of nonsynonymous base substitution mutations. Lastly, they argue that the use of deep sequencing to systematically analyze immunogenicity mutations may pave the way for individualized immunotherapy of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Castle
- TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
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19
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Liu Y, Komohara Y, Domenick N, Ohno M, Ikeura M, Hamilton RL, Horbinski C, Wang X, Ferrone S, Okada H. Expression of antigen processing and presenting molecules in brain metastasis of breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 61:789-801. [PMID: 22065046 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Defects in human leukocyte antigen class I antigen processing machinery (APM) component expression can have a negative impact on the clinical course of tumors and the response to T cell-based immunotherapy. Since brain metastases of breast cancer are of increasing clinical significance, the APM component expression levels and CD8(+) T cell infiltration patterns were analyzed in primary breast and metastatic brain lesions of breast cancer by immunohistochemistry. Comparison of unpaired 50 primary and 33 brain metastases showed lower expression of β2-microglobulin, transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) 1, TAP2 and calnexin in the brain lesions. Although no significant differences were found in APM component scores between primary breast and brain lesions in 15 paired cases, primary breast lesions of which patients eventually developed brain metastases showed lower levels of β2-microglobulin, TAP1 and calnexin compared with breast lesions without known brain metastases. The extent of CD8(+) T cell infiltration was significantly higher in the lesions without metastasis compared with the ones with brain metastases, and was positively associated with the expression of TAP1 and calnexin. Furthermore, mouse tumor cells stably transfected with silencing hairpin (sh)RNA for TAP1 demonstrated a decreased susceptibility to cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro and enhanced spontaneous brain metastasis in vivo. These data support the functional significance of TAP1 expression in tumor cells. Taken together, our data suggest that patients with low or defective TAP1 or calnexin in primary breast cancers may be at higher risks for developing brain metastasis due to the defects in T cell-based immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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20
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Wongthida P, Diaz RM, Pulido C, Rommelfanger D, Galivo F, Kaluza K, Kottke T, Thompson J, Melcher A, Vile R. Activating systemic T-cell immunity against self tumor antigens to support oncolytic virotherapy with vesicular stomatitis virus. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:1343-53. [PMID: 21366404 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that the antitumor activity of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) against B16ova tumors in C57BL/6 mice is predominantly due to innate antiviral immune effectors. We have also shown that the innate immune-activating properties of VSV can be harnessed to prime adaptive T-cell responses against a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) if the virus is engineered to express the cDNA of the antigen. Here, we show that the combination of VSV expressing OVA as a model tumor antigen, along with adoptive T-cell therapy targeted against the same antigen, is superior to either treatment alone and induces systemic antitumor activity. In addition, we extend our findings with the OVA model to the therapeutic use of VSV expressing hgp100, a self TAA against which tolerance is well established in C57BL/6 mice. In contrast to VSV-ova, T-cell responses raised by VSV-hgp100 were insufficient to improve therapy against B16ova tumors compared with VSV-GFP alone. However, in combination with adoptive transfer of gp100-specific pmel T cells, intratumoral VSV-hgp100 cured significantly more mice than either virus or T cells alone. Even in an aggressive model of metastatic disease, antitumor therapy was generated at levels similar to those observed in the VSV-ova/OT-I model in which a potently immunogenic, nonself TAA was targeted. Therefore, individual poorly effective virotherapies and T-cell therapies that target self TAA of low immunogenicity, which reflects the situation in patients, can be combined to generate very effective antitumor therapy.
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21
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Dendritic cell-directed lentivector vaccine induces antigen-specific immune responses against murine melanoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 18:370-80. [PMID: 21372855 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lentivectors are potential vaccine delivery vehicles because they can efficiently transduce a variety of non-dividing cells, including antigen-presenting cells, and do not cause expression of extra viral proteins. To improve safety while retaining efficiency, a dendritic cell (DC)-specific lentivector was constructed by pseudotyping the vector with an engineered viral glycoprotein derived from Sindbis virus. We assessed the level of anti-tumor immunity conferred by this engineered lentivector encoding the melanoma antigen gp100 in a mouse model. Footpad injection of the engineered lentivectors results in the best antigen-specific immune response as compared with subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injections. A single prime vaccination of the engineered lentivectors can elicit a high frequency (up to 10%) of gp100-specific CD8(+) T cells in peripheral blood 3 weeks after the vaccination and this response will be maintained at around 5% for up to 8 weeks. We found that these engineered lentivectors elicited relatively low levels of anti-vector neutralizing antibody responses. Importantly, direct injection of this engineered lentivector inhibited the growth of aggressive B16 murine melanoma. These data suggest that DC-specific lentivectors can be a novel and alternative vaccine carrier with the potential to deliver effective anti-tumor immunity for cancer immunotherapy.
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22
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Preclinical Qualification of a New Multi-antigen Candidate Vaccine for Metastatic Melanoma. J Immunother 2010; 33:743-58. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181eccc87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Wang XY, Sun X, Chen X, Facciponte J, Repasky EA, Kane J, Subjeck JR. Superior antitumor response induced by large stress protein chaperoned protein antigen compared with peptide antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6309-19. [PMID: 20439916 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated that the natural chaperone complexes of full-length tumor protein Ags (e.g., gp100) and large stress proteins (e.g., hsp110 and grp170) with exceptional Ag-holding capabilities augment potent tumor protective immunity. In this study, we assess the peptide-interacting property of these large chaperones and, for the first time, compare the immunogenicity of the recombinant chaperone vaccines targeting two forms of Ags (protein versus peptide). Both hsp110 and grp170 readily formed complexes with antigenic peptides under physiologic conditions, and the peptide association could be further stimulated by heat shock. The large chaperones displayed similar but distinct peptide-binding features compared with hsp70 and grp94/gp96. Immunization with hsp110- or grp170-tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2(175-192)) peptide complexes effectively primed CD8(+) T cells reactive with TRP2-derived, MHC class I-restricted epitope. However, the tumor protective effect elicited by the TRP2(175-192) peptide vaccine was much weaker than that achieved by full-length TRP2 protein Ag chaperoned by grp170. Furthermore, immunization with combined chaperone vaccines directed against two melanoma protein Ags (i.e., gp100 and TRP2) significantly improved overall anti-tumor efficacy when compared with either of the single Ag vaccine. Lastly, treatment of tumor-bearing mice with these dual Ag-targeted chaperone complexes resulted in an immune activation involving epitope spreading, which was associated with a strong growth inhibition of the established tumors. Our results suggest that high m.w. chaperones are superior to conventional chaperones as a vaccine platform to deliver large protein Ags, and provide a rationale for translating this recombinant chaperoning-based vaccine to future clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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24
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Srinivas R, Karmali PP, Pramanik D, Garu A, Mahidhar YV, Majeti BK, Ramakrishna S, Srinivas G, Chaudhuri A. Cationic amphiphile with shikimic acid headgroup shows more systemic promise than its mannosyl analogue as DNA vaccine carrier in dendritic cell based genetic immunization. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1387-91. [PMID: 20050668 DOI: 10.1021/jm901295s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mannosylated cationic vectors have been previously used for delivering DNA vaccines to antigen presenting cells (APCs) via mannose receptors expressed on the cell surface of APCs. Here we show that cationic amphiphiles containing mannose-mimicking quinic acid and shikimic acid headgroups deliver genes to APCs via mannose receptor. Cationic amphiphile with shikimic acid headgroup was more efficacious than its mannosyl counterpart in combating mouse tumor growth by dendritic cell (the most professional APC) based genetic immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramishetti Srinivas
- Division of Lipid Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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25
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Wrzesinski C, Paulos CM, Kaiser A, Muranski P, Palmer DC, Gattinoni L, Yu Z, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Increased intensity lymphodepletion enhances tumor treatment efficacy of adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells. J Immunother 2010; 33:1-7. [PMID: 19952961 PMCID: PMC3247626 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181b88ffc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphodepletion before adoptive cell transfer (ACT)-based immunotherapies can enhance anti-tumor responses by augmenting innate immunity, by increasing access to homeostatic cytokines, and by depressing the numbers of regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Although it is clear that high-dose total body irradiation given together with hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation effectively enhances ACT, the relationship between the intensity of lymphodepletion and tumor treatment efficacy has not been systematically studied. Using the pmel-1 mouse model of self/tumor-reactive CD8 T cells, we observed a strong correlation between the intensity of the conditioning regimen and the efficacy of ACT-based treatments using linear regression analysis. This was the case for preparative total body irradiation administered either as a single dose (R=0.97, P<0.001) or in fractionated doses (R=0.94, P<0.001). Increased amounts of preparative total body irradiation were directly correlated with progressively more favorable ratios of transferred tumor-reactive CD8 T cells toward endogenous cells with the potential for inhibitory activity including: CD4 cells (potentially T regulatory cells); Gr1 cells (which are capable of functioning as myeloid-derived suppressor cells); and endogenous CD8 and natural killer 1.1 cells (that can act as "sinks" for homeostatic cytokines in the postablative setting). With increasing ablation, we also observed elevated lipopolysaccharide levels in the sera and heightened levels of systemic inflammatory cytokines. Thus, increased intensity lymphodepletion triggers enhanced tumor treatment efficacy and the benefits of high-dose total body irradiation must be titrated against its risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wrzesinski
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Chrystal M. Paulos
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Andrew Kaiser
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Pawel Muranski
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Douglas C. Palmer
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
- Performed in partial fulfillment of a Ph.D. in Biochemistry (to D.C.P.) at the George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Zhiya Yu
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Steven A. Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
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26
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Lévy F, Colombetti S. Promises and Limitations of Murine Models in the Development of Anticancer T-Cell Vaccines. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 25:269-95. [PMID: 17169777 DOI: 10.1080/08830180600992407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Murine models have been instrumental in defining the basic mechanisms of antitumor immunity. Most of these mechanisms have since been shown to operate in humans as well. Based on these similarities, active vaccination strategies aimed at eliciting antitumor T-cell responses have been elaborated and successfully implemented in various mouse models. However, the results of human antitumor vaccination trials have been rather disappointing thus far. This review summarizes the different experimental approaches used in mice to induce antitumor T-cell responses and identifies some critical parameters that should be considered when evaluating results from murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Lévy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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27
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Transgenic expression of human gp100 and RANTES at specific time points for suppression of melanoma. Gene Ther 2009; 16:1329-39. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Yuan J, Ku GY, Gallardo HF, Orlandi F, Manukian G, Rasalan TS, Xu Y, Li H, Vyas S, Mu Z, Chapman PB, Krown SE, Panageas K, Terzulli SL, Old LJ, Houghton AN, Wolchok JD. Safety and immunogenicity of a human and mouse gp100 DNA vaccine in a phase I trial of patients with melanoma. CANCER IMMUNITY 2009; 9:5. [PMID: 19496531 PMCID: PMC2888533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A differentiation antigen commonly expressed on melanoma cells, gp100 is the target of infiltrating T cells. We conducted a phase I randomized cross-over trial of melanoma patients with either xenogeneic (mouse) or human gp100 plasmid DNA injected intramuscularly at three dosages (100, 500 or 1,500 microg) every three weeks for three doses. After the first three injections, patients were then immunized three times with gp100 from the other species. Peripheral blood samples were analyzed at various time points following 10-day culture with gp100 peptides using multi-parametric flow cytometry. A total of 19 patients were enrolled, with 18 assessable for immune function and survival. 14 (74%) were male, with a median age of 56 years (range, 20-82). All patients had no evidence of disease; 10 (53%) had stage III disease, 3 each (16%) had stage IIB and IV disease, 2 (11%) had choroidal and 1 (5%) had anal mucosal involvement. With a median follow-up of 30 months, median progression-free survival (PFS) is 44 months. Median survival is not reached. There was no grade 3/4 toxicity; the most common grade 1/2 toxicity was an injection site reaction in 12 patients (63%, all grade 1). Five patients developed CD8+ cells binding gp100(280-288) HLA-A2-restricted tetramer. One patient had an increase in CD8+ IFN-gamma+ cells. This xenogeneic immunization strategy was safe and associated with minimal toxicity. There was also evidence of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianda Yuan
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Geoffrey Y. Ku
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Humilidad F. Gallardo
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Francesca Orlandi
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Gregor Manukian
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Teresa S. Rasalan
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Yinyan Xu
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Hao Li
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Shachi Vyas
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Zhenyu Mu
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Paul B. Chapman
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering
Cancer CenterNew York, NYUSA
| | - Susan E. Krown
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering
Cancer CenterNew York, NYUSA
| | - Katherine Panageas
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Stephanie L. Terzulli
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Lloyd J. Old
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research,
New York Branch, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Alan N. Houghton
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering
Cancer CenterNew York, NYUSA
| | - Jedd D. Wolchok
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering
Cancer CenterNew York, NYUSA
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29
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Paulos CM, Kaiser A, Wrzesinski C, Hinrichs CS, Cassard L, Boni A, Muranski P, Sanchez-Perez L, Palmer DC, Yu Z, Antony PA, Gattinoni L, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Toll-like receptors in tumor immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5280-9. [PMID: 17875756 PMCID: PMC2131730 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lymphodepletion with chemotherapeutic agents or total body irradiation (TBI) before adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T cells is a critical advancement in the treatment of patients with melanoma. More than 50% of patients that are refractory to other treatments experience an objective or curative response with this approach. Emerging data indicate that the key mechanisms underlying how TBI augments the functions of adoptively transferred T cells include (a) the depletion of regulatory T cells (T(reg)) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells that limit the function and proliferation of adoptively transferred cells; (b) the removal of immune cells that act as "sinks" for homeostatic cytokines, whose levels increase after lymphodepletion; and (c) the activation of the innate immune system via Toll-like receptor 4 signaling, which is engaged by microbial lipopolysaccharide that translocated across the radiation-injured gut. Here, we review these mechanisms and focus on the effect of Toll-like receptor agonists in adoptive immunotherapy. We also discuss alternate regimens to chemotherapy or TBI, which might be used to safely treat patients with advanced disease and promote tumor regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystal M Paulos
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1502, USA.
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30
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Riemann H, Takao J, Shellman YG, Hines WA, Edwards CK, Franzusoff A, Norris DA, Fujita M. Generation of a prophylactic melanoma vaccine using whole recombinant yeast expressing MART-1. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:814-22. [PMID: 17845213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a potentially deadly form of skin cancer and people at high-risk of developing melanoma will benefit from effective preventive intervention. Yeast can be used as an efficient vehicle of antigen loading and immunostimulation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not pathogenic to humans and can be easily engineered to express specific antigens. In this study, we have developed a melanoma vaccine using a yeast-based platform expressing a full-length melanocyte/melanoma protein to investigate its utility as a prophylactic melanoma vaccine in a transplantable mouse melanoma model. Yeast was engineered and expanded in vitro without technical difficulties, administered easily with subcutaneous injection, and did not show adverse effects, indicating its practical applicability and favourable safety profile. Despite the lack of knowledge of dominant epitopes of the protein recognized by mouse MHC-class I, the vaccine protected mice from tumor development and induced efficient immune responses, suggesting that the precise knowledge of epitopic sequences and the matched HLA type is not required when delivering a full-length protein using the yeast platform. In addition, the vaccine stimulated both CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells simultaneously. This study provides a 'proof of principle' that recombinant yeast can be utilized as an effective prophylactic vaccine to target patients at high-risk for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Riemann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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31
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Mockey M, Bourseau E, Chandrashekhar V, Chaudhuri A, Lafosse S, Le Cam E, Quesniaux VFJ, Ryffel B, Pichon C, Midoux P. mRNA-based cancer vaccine: prevention of B16 melanoma progression and metastasis by systemic injection of MART1 mRNA histidylated lipopolyplexes. Cancer Gene Ther 2007; 14:802-14. [PMID: 17589432 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7701072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Immunization with mRNA encoding tumor antigen is an emerging vaccine strategy for cancer. In this paper, we demonstrate that mice receiving systemic injections of MART1 mRNA histidylated lipopolyplexes were specifically and significantly protected against B16F10 melanoma tumor progression. The originality of this work concerns the use of a new tumor antigen mRNA formulation as vaccine, which allows an efficient protection against the growth of a highly aggressive tumor model after its delivery by intravenous route. Synthetic melanoma-associated antigen MART1 mRNA was formulated with a polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated derivative of histidylated polylysine and L-histidine-(N,N-di-n-hexadecylamine)ethylamide liposomes (termed histidylated lipopolyplexes). Lipopolyplexes comprised mRNA/polymer complexes encapsulated by liposomes. The tumor protective effect was induced with MART1 mRNA carrying a poly(A) tail length of 100 adenosines at an optimal dose of 12.5 microg per mouse. MART1 mRNA lipopolyplexes elicited a cellular immune response characterized by the production of interferon-gamma and the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Finally, the anti-B16 response was enhanced using a formulation containing both MART1 mRNA and MART1-LAMP1 mRNA encoding the antigen targeted to the major histocompatibility complex class II compartments by the lysosomal sorting signal of LAMP1 protein. Our results provide a basis for the development of mRNA histidylated lipopolyplexes for cancer vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Histidine/metabolism
- MART-1 Antigen
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Neoplasm Metastasis/prevention & control
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mockey
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire CNRS UPR 4301, University of Orléans and INSERM, Orléans cedex 2, France
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32
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Neal ZC, Bates MK, Albertini MR, Herweijer H. Hydrodynamic Limb Vein Delivery of a Xenogeneic DNA Cancer Vaccine Effectively Induces Antitumor Immunity. Mol Ther 2007; 15:422-30. [PMID: 17235322 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated antigens (TAA) are typically poorly immunogenic "self" antigens. An effective strategy to break tolerance and induce antitumor immunity is by genetic vaccination, employing the orthologous TAA-sequence from a different species. We recently developed a clinically relevant approach for intravascular hydrodynamic limb vein (HLV) delivery of nucleic acids to skeletal muscle. Using the human gp100 xenogeneic TAA in the murine B16 melanoma model, we show that genetic vaccination of mice by HLV plasmid DNA delivery was highly effective at breaking tolerance against the homologous murine gp100 (mgp100) TAA and induced prophylactic antitumor protection. HLV vaccination resulted in an anti-hgp100 humoral and cellular response, with 4-5% of CD8(+) T cells being gp100(25-33)-epitope-specific. Vaccinated animals demonstrated in vivo cytolytic activity against human and mgp100(25-33) peptide-pulsed targets. Antitumor immunity could be adoptively transferred by splenocytes from human gp100-vaccinated animals. Furthermore, a durable antitumor memory response was established as approximately 3% of CD8(+) T cells were gp100(25-33) antigen-specific in mice 6 months after vaccination. Following a single HLV human gp100 DNA boost, this level increased to approximately 17% and protected animals from subsequent B16 tumor rechallenge. Our results warrant further consideration of HLV as a clinically relevant method for cancer gene therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- COS Cells
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Hindlimb/blood supply
- Humans
- Injections, Intravenous/methods
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/prevention & control
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- gp100 Melanoma Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane C Neal
- Mirus Bio Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA
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33
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Oppitz M, Busch C, Schriek G, Metzger M, Just L, Drews U. Non-malignant migration of B16 mouse melanoma cells in the neural crest and invasive growth in the eye cup of the chick embryo. Melanoma Res 2007; 17:17-30. [PMID: 17235238 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e3280114f49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytes originate from the neural crest. In a previous study, we observed that human SK-Mel 28 human melanoma cells resumed neural crest cell migration after transplantation into the chick embryo neural tube. Here, we used transgenic mouse B16-F1 melanoma cells transfected with green fluorescent protein-vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein construct to extend these observations. After the injection of a cell suspension into the trunk neural tube of E2 chick embryos, the migration of melanoma cells was followed by live fluorescence microscopy. Within 12 h, the melanoma cells formed clusters in the neural tube at the levels of the intersegmental clefts between somites. After 24 h, a segmental pattern of emigration was visible. Emigrated melanoma cells were identified in serial paraffin sections by immunohistochemistry with ab732 as a marker for melanoma cells and by in-situ hybridization of mouse-specific repetitive genomic sequence mL1. After 24 h, melanoma cells were found along the medial neural crest pathway and in the sympathetic trunk ganglia and, after 48 h, also in the lateral melanocytic pathway. During migration along the neural crest pathways, mouse melanoma cells underwent apoptosis, which was assessed by anti-caspase 3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling staining. To prove the ablation of malignant behavior after back-transplantation into the original embryonic neural crest environment, we injected the same cell suspension into the eye cup of the E3 embryo. In this location, invasive melanomas formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Oppitz
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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34
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Plog MS, Guyre CA, Roberts BL, Goldberg M, St George JA, Perricone MA. Preclinical safety and biodistribution of adenovirus-based cancer vaccines after intradermal delivery. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:705-16. [PMID: 16839270 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recombinant adenoviral (Ad) vector is being considered as a cancer vaccine platform because it efficiently induces immune responses to tumor antigens by intradermal immunization. The aims of this study were to evaluate the potential toxicities and biodistribution after a single dose or six weekly intradermal doses of Ad2/gp100v2 and Ad2/MART-1v2, which encode tumor-associated antigens gp100 and MelanA/MART-1, respectively. The only dose-related toxicities associated with intradermal administration of these Ad vectors were inflammatory cell infiltrates in the draining lymph nodes and injection sites that persisted 83 days after administration. The biodistribution of Ad DNA as detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction was largely confined to the injection sites and draining lymph nodes of mice treated with either a single dose or multiple doses of Ad vector and in the spleens of mice treated with multiple doses of Ad vector. Adenoviral DNA was transiently detected in the bone marrow, lung, or blood of only one animal for each site and was below the limit of assay quantification (<10 copies/microg DNA). The vector persisted in the skin and lymph nodes as long as 92 days after the last dose. We conclude that Ad vectors delivered by intradermal administration provide a safe, genetic vaccine delivery platform that induces desirable immune responses at the immunization sites and the lymph nodes that, ultimately, result in immune responses specific to the tumor antigens.
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35
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Plog MS, Guyre CA, Roberts BL, Goldberg M, George JAS, Perricone MA. Preclinical Safety and Biodistribution of Adenovirus-Based Cancer Vaccines After Intradermal Delivery. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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36
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Colombetti S, Fagerberg T, Baumgärtner P, Chapatte L, Speiser DE, Rufer N, Michielin O, Lévy F. Impact of Orthologous Melan-A Peptide Immunizations on the Anti-Self Melan-A/HLA-A2 T Cell Cross-Reactivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6560-7. [PMID: 16709813 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In HLA-A2 individuals, the CD8 T cell response against the differentiation Ag Melan-A is mainly directed toward the peptide Melan-A26-35. The murine Melan-A24-33 sequence encodes a peptide that is identical with the human Melan-A26-35 decamer, except for a Thr-to-Ile substitution at the penultimate position. Here, we show that the murine Melan-A24-33 is naturally processed and presented by HLA-A2 molecules. Based on these findings, we compared the CD8 T cell response to human and murine Melan-A peptide by immunizing HLA-A2 transgenic mice. Even though the magnitude of the CTL response elicited by the murine Melan-A peptide was lower than the one elicited by the human Melan-A peptide, both populations of CTL recognized the corresponding immunizing peptide with the same functional avidity. Interestingly, CTL specific for the murine Melan-A peptide were completely cross-reactive against the orthologous human peptide, whereas anti-human Melan-A CTL recognized the murine Melan-A peptide with lower avidity. Structurally, this discrepancy could be explained by the fact that Ile32 of murine Melan-A24-33 created a larger TCR contact area than Thr34 of human Melan-A26-35. These data indicate that, even if immunizations with orthologous peptides can induce strong specific T cell responses, the quality of this response against syngeneic targets might be suboptimal due to the structure of the peptide-TCR contact surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Colombetti
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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37
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Abstract
The results from in vitro immunological experiments, murine tumor models and patients with cancer clearly demonstrate that tumors have multiple mechanisms to evade the immune response. During the early stages of tumor development malignant cells can be poor stimulators, present poor targets or become resistant to the innate immune response, while at later stages, progressively growing tumors impair the adaptive immune response by blocking the maturation and function of antigen presenting cells and causing alterations in T cell signal transduction and function. Preliminary results also suggest a correlation between some of these changes and an increased metastatic potential of the tumor cells, a diminished response to immunotherapy, and poor prognosis. Carefully coordinated basic research studies and clinical immunotherapy trials will be required to fully determine the impact on the outcome of the disease and the response to treatment. However, understanding the mechanisms used by tumor cells to evade the immune system could result in new therapeutic approaches for preventing and/or reversing these immune alterations and have the potential of improving the current results of immunotherapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Campoli
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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38
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Kaplan BLF, Moore TV, Schreiber K, Callender GG, Schreiber H, Nishimura MI. A new murine tumor model for studying HLA-A2-restricted anti-tumor immunity. Cancer Lett 2005; 224:153-66. [PMID: 15911111 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 10/23/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HLA-A2/K(b) transgenic mice have been powerful tools for studying HLA-A2-restricted anti-tumor immunity. Two tumor lines were established from an aged HLA-A2/K(b) transgenic mouse that developed spontaneous tumors in the right limb and lung. Histopathologic analysis of the tumor was consistent with an osteosarcoma that had metastasized to the lung. The cells from the primary tumor and the lung metastasis were adapted to culture and are designated Ag201P and Ag201M, respectively. Both Ag201P and Ag201M induced tumors in mice, indicating that the established cell lines are tumorigenic. Both tumor lines expressed HLA-A2/K(b) as assessed by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence analysis. Furthermore, the HLA-A2/K(b) molecules were functional on both tumor lines as demonstrated by their ability to present exogenously loaded HLA-A2-restricted peptides to human HLA-A2-restricted T cells. More importantly, endogenously expressed HLA-A2-restricted epitopes were processed and presented in the context of HLA-A2/K(b) in Ag201P and Ag201M cells to human HLA-A2-restricted T cells. Thus, Ag201P and Ag201M are two new murine tumor lines that express functional HLA-A2/K(b), and represent potentially invaluable tools to study HLA-A2-restricted anti-tumor immunity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L F Kaplan
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5031, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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39
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Milling SWF, Sai T, Silvers WK, Mintz B. Inhibition of melanoma growth after treatment with dendritic cells in a Tyr-SV40E murine model requires CD4+ T cells but not CD8+ T cells. Melanoma Res 2004; 14:555-62. [PMID: 15577330 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200412000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Melanomas are promising targets for immunotherapy, as they express a number of tissue-specific antigens against which immune responses can be elicited. We have previously described transgenic mice in which malignant cutaneous melanomas are produced. The 1042 melanoma cell line, derived from a primary melanoma in one of these mice, was used here to generate tumours by subcutaneous inoculation in syngeneic animals. All mice injected with 1 x 10(6) cells of the 1042 cell line developed a tumour. CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and macrophages infiltrated the tumours. Treatment with dendritic cells pulsed with peptides from melanogenic proteins slowed tumour growth and resulted in increased numbers of infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages, expansion of CD4+ T cells specific for 1042 cell antigens, and increased levels of 1042-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgM in serum. The frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for the MART-1 melanocytic antigen did not increase after dendritic cell treatment. Indeed, the presence of CD8+ T cells was apparently not required for the anti-tumour effects: slowing of tumour growth was not abrogated in animals depleted of CD8+ T cells using antibodies, or in syngeneic CD8-/- animals. In contrast, treatment with dendritic cells + peptides was ineffective after depletion of CD4+ T cells and in syngeneic CD4-/- mice. This experimental system therefore provides an opportunity to investigate CD4-dependent anti-tumour effector mechanisms, and for studies designed to activate the quiescent CTLs which infiltrate melanomas.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- MART-1 Antigen
- Macrophages
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Monophenol Monooxygenase/genetics
- Monophenol Monooxygenase/immunology
- Monophenol Monooxygenase/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Simian virus 40/genetics
- Simian virus 40/immunology
- Simian virus 40/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/therapy
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon W F Milling
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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40
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Liao YP, Wang CC, Butterfield LH, Economou JS, Ribas A, Meng WS, Iwamoto KS, McBride WH. Ionizing radiation affects human MART-1 melanoma antigen processing and presentation by dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2462-9. [PMID: 15294960 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiation is generally considered to be an immunosuppressive agent that acts by killing radiosensitive lymphocytes. In this study, we demonstrate the noncytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation on MHC class I Ag presentation by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) that have divergent consequences depending upon whether peptides are endogenously processed and loaded onto MHC class I molecules or are added exogenously. The endogenous pathway was examined using C57BL/6 murine DCs transduced with adenovirus to express the human melanoma/melanocyte Ag recognized by T cells (AdVMART1). Prior irradiation abrogated the ability of AdVMART1-transduced DCs to induce MART-1-specific T cell responses following their injection into mice. The ability of these same DCs to generate protective immunity against B16 melanoma, which expresses murine MART-1, was also abrogated by radiation. Failure of AdVMART1-transduced DCs to generate antitumor immunity following irradiation was not due to cytotoxicity or to radiation-induced block in DC maturation or loss in expression of MHC class I or costimulatory molecules. Expression of some of these molecules was affected, but because irradiation actually enhanced the ability of DCs to generate lymphocyte responses to the peptide MART-1(27-35) that is immunodominant in the context of HLA-A2.1, they were unlikely to be critical. The increase in lymphocyte reactivity generated by irradiated DCs pulsed with MART-1(27-35) also protected mice against growth of B16-A2/K(b) tumors in HLA-A2.1/K(b) transgenic mice. Taken together, these results suggest that radiation modulates MHC class I-mediated antitumor immunity by functionally affecting DC Ag presentation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pei Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Surgical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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41
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Abstract
The results from in vitro immunological experiments, murine tumor models and patients with cancer clearly demonstrate that tumors have multiple mechanisms to evade the immune response. During the early stages of tumor development malignant cells can be poor stimulators, present poor targets or become resistant to the innate immune response, while at later stages, progressively growing tumors impair the adaptive immune response by blocking the maturation and function of APCs and causing alterations in T-cell signal transduction and function. Preliminary results also suggest a correlation between some of these changes and an increased metastatic potential of the tumor cells, a diminished response to immunotherapy, and poor prognosis. Carefully coordinated basic research studies and clinical immunotherapy trials will be required to fully determine the impact of these mechanisms of tumor evasion on the outcome of the disease and the response to treatment. However, understanding the mechanisms used by tumor cells to evade the immune system could result in new therapeutic approaches for preventing and/or reversing these immune alterations and could have the potential of improving the current results of immunotherapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo C Rodríguez
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Pediatrics Department, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans 70112, USA
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42
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Schneeberger A, Wagner C, Zemann A, Lührs P, Kutil R, Goos M, Stingl G, Wagner SN. CpG motifs are efficient adjuvants for DNA cancer vaccines. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:371-9. [PMID: 15245438 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines can induce impressive specific cellular immune response (IR) when taking advantage of their recognition as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) through Toll-like receptors (TLR) expressed on/in cells of the innate immune system. Among the many types of PAMP, immunostimulatory DNA, so-called CpG motifs, was shown to interact specifically with TLR9, which is expressed in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), a key regulatory cell for the activation of innate and adaptive IR. We now report that CpG motifs, when introduced into the backbone, are a useful adjuvant for plasmid-based DNA (pDNA) vaccines to induce melanoma antigen-specific protective T cell responses in the Cloudman M3/DBA/2 model. The CpG-enriched pDNA vaccine induced protection against subsequent challenge with melanoma cells at significantly higher levels than its parental unmodified vector. Preferential induction of an antigen-specific, protective T cell response could be demonstrated by (i) induction of antigen-dependent tumor cell protection, (ii) complete loss of protection by in vivo CD4+/CD8+T cell- but not NK cell-depletion, and (iii) the detection of antigen-specific T cell responses but not of relevant NK cell activity in vitro. These results demonstrate that employing PAMP in pDNA vaccines improves the induction of protective, antigen-specific, T cell-mediated IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Schneeberger
- Division of Immnunology, Allergy, and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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43
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Starks H, Bruhn KW, Shen H, Barry RA, Dubensky TW, Brockstedt D, Hinrichs DJ, Higgins DE, Miller JF, Giedlin M, Bouwer HGA. Listeria monocytogenes as a vaccine vector: virulence attenuation or existing antivector immunity does not diminish therapeutic efficacy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:420-7. [PMID: 15210801 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium L. monocytogenes is a proposed vaccine carrier based upon the observation that this pathogen replicates within the intracytoplasmic environment facilitating delivery of Ag to the endogenous Ag processing and presentation pathway with subsequent stimulation of peptide specific MHC class I-restricted CD8(+) effector cells. In this report, we evaluate virulence-attenuated strains of Listeria monocytogenes as vaccine vectors and examine whether existing antivector (antilisterial) immunity limits or alters its efficacy as a therapeutic cancer vaccine. Following immunization with virulence-attenuated mutants, we found that the effectiveness of L. monocytogenes as a recombinant cancer vaccine remains intact. In addition, we found that antibiotic treatment initiated 24 or 36 h following therapeutic immunization with recombinant L. monocytogenes allows full development of the antitumor response. We also demonstrate that the vaccine vector potential of L. monocytogenes is not limited in animals with existing antilisterial immunity. For these latter studies, mice previously immunized with wild-type L. monocytogenes were infused with melanoma cells and then 5 days later challenged with recombinant tumor Ag expressing L. monocytogenes. Collectively, these results add additional support for the use of L. monocytogenes as a vaccine vector and underscore its potential to be used repeatedly for stimulation of recall responses concomitant with primary cell-mediated responses to newly delivered heterologous tumor-associated epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Starks
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
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44
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Finkelstein SE, Heimann DM, Klebanoff CA, Antony PA, Gattinoni L, Hinrichs CS, Hwang LN, Palmer DC, Spiess PJ, Surman DR, Wrzesiniski C, Yu Z, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Bedside to bench and back again: how animal models are guiding the development of new immunotherapies for cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:333-7. [PMID: 15155774 PMCID: PMC1484508 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0304120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using adoptive cell transfer is a promising approach that can result in the regression of bulky, invasive cancer in some patients. However, currently available therapies remain less successful than desired. To study the mechanisms of action and possible improvements in cell-transfer therapies, we use a murine model system with analogous components to the treatment of patients. T cell receptor transgenic CD8+ T cells (pmel-1) specifically recognizing the melanocyte differentiation antigen gp100 are adoptively transferred into lympho-depleted mice bearing large, established, 14-day subcutaneous B16 melanoma (0.5-1 cm in diameter) on the day of treatment. Adoptive cell transfer in combination with interleukin interleukin-2 or interleukin-15 cytokine administration and vaccination using an altered form of the target antigen, gp100, can result in the complete and durable regression of large tumor burdens. Complete responders frequently develop autoimmunity with vitiligo at the former tumor site that often spreads to involve the whole coat. These findings have important implications for the design of immunotherapy trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E. Finkelstein
- Correspondence: Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 2B-46, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892. E-mail: and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- Correspondence: Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 2B-46, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892. E-mail: and
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45
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Talebi T, Weber JS. Peptide vaccine trials for melanoma: preclinical background and clinical results. Semin Cancer Biol 2003; 13:431-8. [PMID: 15001162 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2003.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Talebi
- Department of Medicine, Keck/USC School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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46
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Okada N, Masunaga Y, Okada Y, Mizuguchi H, Iiyama S, Mori N, Sasaki A, Nakagawa S, Mayumi T, Hayakawa T, Fujita T, Yamamoto A. Dendritic cells transduced with gp100 gene by RGD fiber-mutant adenovirus vectors are highly efficacious in generating anti-B16BL6 melanoma immunity in mice. Gene Ther 2003; 10:1891-902. [PMID: 14502218 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells for the initiation of antigen-specific immune responses, and antigen-loaded DCs have been regarded as promising vaccines in cancer immunotherapy. We previously demonstrated that RGD fiber-mutant adenovirus vector (AdRGD) could attain highly efficient gene transduction into human and murine DCs. The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the predominance of ex vivo genetic DC manipulation using AdRGD in improving the efficacy of DC-based immunotherapy targeting gp100, a melanoma-associated antigen (MAA). Vaccination with murine bone marrow-derived DCs transduced with AdRGD encoding gp100 (AdRGD-gp100/mBM-DCs) dramatically improved resistance to B16BL6 melanoma challenge and pulmonary metastasis as compared with immunization with conventional Ad-gp100-transduced mBM-DCs. The improvement in antimelanoma effects upon immunization with AdRGD-gp100/mBM-DCs correlated with enhanced cytotoxic activities of natural killer (NK) cells and B16BL6-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Furthermore, in vivo depletion analysis demonstrated that CD8(+) CTLs and NK cells were the predominant effector cells responsible for the anti-B16BL6 immunity induced by vaccination with AdRGD-gp100/mBM-DCs, and that helper function of CD4(+) T cells was necessary for sufficiently eliciting effector activity. These findings clearly revealed that highly efficient MAA gene transduction to DCs by AdRGD could greatly improve the efficacy of DC-based immunotherapy against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Okada
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
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47
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Overwijk WW, Theoret MR, Finkelstein SE, Surman DR, de Jong LA, Vyth-Dreese FA, Dellemijn TA, Antony PA, Spiess PJ, Palmer DC, Heimann DM, Klebanoff CA, Yu Z, Hwang LN, Feigenbaum L, Kruisbeek AM, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Tumor regression and autoimmunity after reversal of a functionally tolerant state of self-reactive CD8+ T cells. J Exp Med 2003; 198:569-80. [PMID: 12925674 PMCID: PMC2194177 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 748] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Many tumor-associated antigens are derived from nonmutated "self" proteins. T cells infiltrating tumor deposits recognize self-antigens presented by tumor cells and can be expanded in vivo with vaccination. These T cells exist in a functionally tolerant state, as they rarely result in tumor eradication. We found that tumor growth and lethality were unchanged in mice even after adoptive transfer of large numbers of T cells specific for an MHC class I-restricted epitope of the self/tumor antigen gp100. We sought to develop new strategies that would reverse the functionally tolerant state of self/tumor antigen-reactive T cells and enable the destruction of large (with products of perpendicular diameters of >50 mm2), subcutaneous, unmanipulated, poorly immunogenic B16 tumors that were established for up to 14 d before the start of treatment. We have defined three elements that are all strictly necessary to induce tumor regression in this model: (a) adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T cells; (b) T cell stimulation through antigen-specific vaccination with an altered peptide ligand, rather than the native self-peptide; and (c) coadministration of a T cell growth and activation factor. Cells, vaccination, or cyto-kine given alone or any two in combination were insufficient to induce tumor destruction. Autoimmune vitiligo was observed in mice cured of their disease. These findings illustrate that adoptive transfer of T cells and IL-2 can augment the function of a cancer vaccine. Furthermore, these data represent the first demonstration of complete cures of large, established, poorly immunogenic, unmanipulated solid tumors using T cells specific for a true self/tumor antigen and form the basis for a new approach to the treatment of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem W Overwijk
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1502, USA
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48
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Broder H, Anderson A, Kremen TJ, Odesa SK, Liau LM. MART-1 adenovirus-transduced dendritic cell immunization in a murine model of metastatic central nervous system tumor. J Neurooncol 2003; 64:21-30. [PMID: 12952283 DOI: 10.1007/bf02700017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that have been shown to play a critical role in the initiation of host immune responses against tumor antigens. In this study, a recombinant adenovirus vector encoding the melanoma-associated antigen, MART-1, was used to transduce murine DCs, which were then tested for their ability to activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and induce protective immunity against B16 melanoma tumor cells implanted intracranially. Genetic modifications of murine bone marrow-derived DCs to express MART-1 was achieved through the use of an E1-deficient, recombinant adenovirus vector. Sixty-two C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously with AdVMART-1-transduced DCs (n = 23), untransduced DCs (n = 17), or sterile saline (n = 22). Using the B16 murine melanoma, which naturally expresses the MART-1 antigen, all the mice were then challenged intracranially with viable, unmodified syngeneic B16 tumor cells 7 days later. Splenocytes from representative animals in each group were harvested for standard cytotoxicity (CTL) and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays. The remaining mice were followed for survival. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with DCs transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding the MART-1 antigen elicited the development of antigen-specific CTL responses. As evidenced by a prolonged survival curve when compared to control-immunized mice with intracranial B16 tumors, AdMART-1-DC vaccination was able to elicit partial protection against central nervous system tumor challenge in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Broder
- Division of Neurosurgery and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, USA
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49
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Siders WM, Vergilis KL, Johnson C, Shields J, Kaplan JM. Induction of specific antitumor immunity in the mouse with the electrofusion product of tumor cells and dendritic cells. Mol Ther 2003; 7:498-505. [PMID: 12727113 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(03)00044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells capable of inducing primary T-cell responses. Several immunotherapy treatment strategies involve manipulation of DCs, both in vivo and ex vivo, to promote the immunogenic presentation of tumor-associated antigens. In this study, an electrofusion protocol was developed to induce fusion between tumor cells and allogeneic bone marrow-derived DCs. Preimmunization with irradiated electrofusion product was found to provide partial to complete protection from tumor challenge in the murine Renca renal cell carcinoma model and the B16 and M3 melanoma models. Vaccinated survivors developed specific immunological memory and were able to reject a subsequent rechallenge with the same tumor cells but not a syngeneic unrelated tumor line. Antitumor protection in the B16 model was accompanied by the development of a polyclonal cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against defined melanoma-associated antigens. The therapeutic potential of this type of approach was suggested by the ability of a Renca-DC electrofusion product to induce tumor rejection in a substantial percentage of hosts (60%) bearing pre-established tumor cells. These results indicate that treatment with electrofused tumor cells and allogeneic DCs is capable of inducing a potent antitumor response and could conceivably be applied to a wide range of cancer indications for which tumor-associated antigens have not been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Siders
- Genzyme Molecular Oncology, 31 New York Ave., Framingham, Massachusetts 01701, USA
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50
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Ribas A, Amarnani SN, Buga GM, Butterfield LH, Dissette VB, McBride WH, Glaspy JA, Ignarro LJ, Economou JS. Immunosuppressive effects of interleukin-12 coexpression in melanoma antigen gene-modified dendritic cell vaccines. Cancer Gene Ther 2002; 9:875-83. [PMID: 12386826 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2002] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetic immunotherapy with tumor antigen gene-modified dendritic cells (DC) generates robust immunity, although antitumor protection is not complete in all models. Previous experience in a model in which C57BL/6 mice immunized with DC transduced with adenoviral vectors expressing MART-1 demonstrated a 20-40% complete protection to a tumor challenge with B16 melanoma cells. Tumors that did develop in immunized mice had slower growth kinetics compared to tumors implanted in naïve mice. In the present study, we wished to determine if the supraphysiological production of the Th1-skewing cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) could enhance immune activation and antitumor protection in this model. In a series of experiments immunizing mice with DC cotransduced with MART-1 and IL-12, antitumor protection and antigen-specific splenocyte cytotoxicity and interferon gamma production inversely correlated with the amount of IL-12 produced by DC. This adverse effect of IL-12 could not be explained by a direct cytotoxic effect of natural killer cells directed towards DC, nor the production of nitric oxide leading to down-regulation of the immune response - the two mechanisms previously recognized to explain immune-suppressive effects of IL-12-based vaccine therapy. In conclusion, in this animal model, IL-12 production by gene-modified DC leads to a cytokine-induced dose-dependent inhibition of antigen-specific antitumor protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Ribas
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, 90095-1782, USA
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