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Costa B, Vale N. Virus-Induced Epilepsy vs. Epilepsy Patients Acquiring Viral Infection: Unravelling the Complex Relationship for Precision Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3730. [PMID: 38612542 PMCID: PMC11011490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate relationship between viruses and epilepsy involves a bidirectional interaction. Certain viruses can induce epilepsy by infecting the brain, leading to inflammation, damage, or abnormal electrical activity. Conversely, epilepsy patients may be more susceptible to viral infections due to factors, such as compromised immune systems, anticonvulsant drugs, or surgical interventions. Neuroinflammation, a common factor in both scenarios, exhibits onset, duration, intensity, and consequence variations. It can modulate epileptogenesis, increase seizure susceptibility, and impact anticonvulsant drug pharmacokinetics, immune system function, and brain physiology. Viral infections significantly impact the clinical management of epilepsy patients, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach encompassing diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of both conditions. We delved into the dual dynamics of viruses inducing epilepsy and epilepsy patients acquiring viruses, examining the unique features of each case. For virus-induced epilepsy, we specify virus types, elucidate mechanisms of epilepsy induction, emphasize neuroinflammation's impact, and analyze its effects on anticonvulsant drug pharmacokinetics. Conversely, in epilepsy patients acquiring viruses, we detail the acquired virus, its interaction with existing epilepsy, neuroinflammation effects, and changes in anticonvulsant drug pharmacokinetics. Understanding this interplay advances precision therapies for epilepsy during viral infections, providing mechanistic insights, identifying biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and supporting optimized dosing regimens. However, further studies are crucial to validate tools, discover new biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and evaluate targeted therapy safety and efficacy in diverse epilepsy and viral infection scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Costa
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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2
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Liu X, Yan D, Peng S, Zhang Y, Xu B, Li L, Shi X, Ma T, Li X, Teng Q, Yuan C, Liu Q, Li Z. 326K at E Protein Is Critical for Mammalian Adaption of TMUV. Viruses 2023; 15:2376. [PMID: 38140617 PMCID: PMC10747068 DOI: 10.3390/v15122376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of Tembusu virus (TMUV) infection have caused huge economic losses to the poultry industry in China since 2010. However, the potential threat of TMUV to mammals has not been well studied. In this study, a TMUV HB strain isolated from diseased ducks showed high virulence in BALB/c mice inoculated intranasally compared with the reference duck TMUV strain. Further studies revealed that the olfactory epithelium is one pathway for the TMUV HB strain to invade the central nervous system of mice. Genetic analysis revealed that the TMUV HB virus contains two unique residues in E and NS3 proteins (326K and 519T) compared with duck TMUV reference strains. K326E substitution weakens the neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence of TMUV HB in mice. Remarkably, the TMUV HB strain induced significantly higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and interferon (IFN)-α/β than mutant virus with K326E substitution in the brain tissue of the infected mice, which suggested that TMUV HB caused more severe inflammation in the mouse brains. Moreover, application of IFN-β to infected mouse brain exacerbated the disease, indicating that overstimulated IFN response in the brain is harmful to mice upon TMUV infection. Further studies showed that TMUV HB upregulated RIG-I and IRF7 more significantly than mutant virus containing the K326E mutation in mouse brain, which suggested that HB stimulated the IFN response through the RIG-I-IRF7 pathway. Our findings provide insights into the pathogenesis and potential risk of TMUV to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpo Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Dawei Yan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Shan Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China;
| | - Yuee Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Bangfeng Xu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Luzhao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xiaona Shi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Tianxin Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xuesong Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chunxiu Yuan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Qinfang Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Zejun Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
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3
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Muto T, Imaizumi S, Kamoi K. Viral Conjunctivitis. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030676. [PMID: 36992385 PMCID: PMC10057170 DOI: 10.3390/v15030676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses account for 80% of all cases of acute conjunctivitis and adenovirus; enterovirus and herpes virus are the common causative agents. In general, viral conjunctivitis spreads easily. Therefore, to control the spread, it is crucial to quickly diagnose illnesses, strictly implement hand washing laws, and sanitize surfaces. Swelling of the lid margin and ciliary injection are subjective symptoms, and eye discharge is frequently serofibrinous. Preauricular lymph node swelling can occasionally occur. Approximately 80% of cases of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses. Adenoviral conjunctivitis may become a big global concern and may cause a pandemic. Diagnosis of herpes simplex viral conjunctivitis is crucial for using corticosteroid eye solution as a treatment for adenovirus conjunctivitis. Although specific treatments are not always accessible, early diagnosis of viral conjunctivitis may help to alleviate short-term symptoms and avoid long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuaya Muto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya 343-8555, Japan
- Imaizumi Eye Hospital, Koriyama 963-8877, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Koju Kamoi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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4
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Barker-Haliski M, Pitsch J, Galanopoulou AS, Köhling R. A companion to the preclinical common data elements for phenotyping seizures and epilepsy in rodent models. A report of the TASK3-WG1C: Phenotyping working group of the ILAE/AES joint translational task force. Epilepsia Open 2022. [PMID: 36461665 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by spontaneous seizures and behavioral comorbidities. The underlying mechanisms of seizures and epilepsy across various syndromes lead to diverse clinical presentation and features. Similarly, animal models of epilepsy arise from numerous dissimilar inciting events. Preclinical seizure and epilepsy models can be evoked through many different protocols, leaving the phenotypic reporting subject to diverse interpretations. Serendipity can also play an outsized role in uncovering novel drivers of seizures or epilepsy, with some investigators even stumbling into epilepsy research because of a new genetic cross or unintentional drug effect. The heightened emphasis on rigor and reproducibility in preclinical research, including that which is conducted for epilepsy, underscores the need for standardized phenotyping strategies. To address this goal as part of the TASK3-WG1C Working Group of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE)/American Epilepsy Society (AES) Joint Translational Task Force, we developed a case report form (CRF) to describe the common data elements (CDEs) necessary for the phenotyping of seizure-like behaviors in rodents. This companion manuscript describes the use of the proposed CDEs and CRF for the visual, behavioral phenotyping of seizure-like behaviors. These phenotyping CDEs and accompanying CRF can be used in parallel with video-electroencephalography (EEG) studies or as a first visual screen to determine whether a model manifests seizure-like behaviors before utilizing more specialized diagnostic tests, like video-EEG. Systematic logging of seizure-like behaviors may help identify models that could benefit from more specialized diagnostic tests to determine whether these are epileptic seizures, such as video-EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Barker-Haliski
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julika Pitsch
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institut für Physiologie, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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5
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Katsarou AM, Kubova H, Auvin S, Mantegazza M, Barker-Haliski M, Galanopoulou AS, Reid CA, Semple BD. A companion to the preclinical common data elements for rodent models of pediatric acquired epilepsy: A report of the TASK3-WG1B, Pediatric and Genetic Models Working Group of the ILAE/AES Joint Translational Task Force. Epilepsia Open 2022. [PMID: 35950641 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy syndromes during the early years of life may be attributed to an acquired insult, such as hypoxic-ischemic injury, infection, status epilepticus, or brain trauma. These conditions are frequently modeled in experimental rodents to delineate mechanisms of epileptogenesis and investigate novel therapeutic strategies. However, heterogeneity and subsequent lack of reproducibility of such models across laboratories is an ongoing challenge to maintain scientific rigor and knowledge advancement. To address this, as part of the TASK3-WG1B Working Group of the International League Against Epilepsy/American Epilepsy Society Joint Translational Task Force, we have developed a series of case report forms (CRFs) to describe common data elements for pediatric acquired epilepsy models in rodents. The "Rodent Models of Pediatric Acquired Epilepsy" Core CRF was designed to capture cohort-general information; while two Specific CRFs encompass physical induction models and chemical induction models, respectively. This companion manuscript describes the key elements of these models and why they are important to be considered and reported consistently. Together, these CRFs provide investigators with the tools to systematically record critical information regarding their chosen model of acquired epilepsy during early life, for improved standardization and transparency across laboratories. These outcomes will support the ultimate goal of such research; that is, to understand the childhood onset-specific biology of epileptogenesis after acquired insults, and translate this knowledge into therapeutics to improve pediatric patient outcomes and minimize the lifetime burden of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Katsarou
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Hana Kubova
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stéphane Auvin
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert-Debré, INSERM UMR 1141, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Massimo Mantegazza
- Inserm, LabEx ICST, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology (IPMC), CNRS UMR7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Melissa Barker-Haliski
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Christopher A Reid
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Yong SJ, Yong MH, Teoh SL, Soga T, Parhar I, Chew J, Lim WL. The Hippocampal Vulnerability to Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Impairment. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:695738. [PMID: 34483839 PMCID: PMC8414573 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.695738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as a possible infectious etiology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been proposed since the 1980s. The accumulating research thus far continues to support the association and a possible causal role of HSV-1 in the development of AD. HSV-1 has been shown to induce neuropathological and behavioral changes of AD, such as amyloid-beta accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, as well as memory and learning impairments in experimental settings. However, a neuroanatomical standpoint of HSV-1 tropism in the brain has not been emphasized in detail. In this review, we propose that the hippocampal vulnerability to HSV-1 infection plays a part in the development of AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Henceforth, this review draws on human studies to bridge HSV-1 to hippocampal-related brain disorders, namely AD and aMCI/MCI. Next, experimental models and clinical observations supporting the neurotropism or predilection of HSV-1 to infect the hippocampus are examined. Following this, factors and mechanisms predisposing the hippocampus to HSV-1 infection are discussed. In brief, the hippocampus has high levels of viral cellular receptors, neural stem or progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs), glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) that support HSV-1 infectivity, as well as inadequate antiviral immunity against HSV-1. Currently, the established diseases HSV-1 causes are mucocutaneous lesions and encephalitis; however, this review revises that HSV-1 may also induce and/or contribute to hippocampal-related brain disorders, especially AD and aMCI/MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Jie Yong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Min Hooi Yong
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,Aging Health and Well-being Research Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tomoko Soga
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar Parhar
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Jactty Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,Aging Health and Well-being Research Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
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7
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Lee JC, Nallani R, Cass L, Bhalla V, Chiu AG, Villwock JA. A Systematic Review of the Neuropathologic Findings of Post-Viral Olfactory Dysfunction: Implications and Novel Insight for the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2021; 35:323-333. [PMID: 32915650 PMCID: PMC10404900 DOI: 10.1177/1945892420957853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-viral olfactory dysfunction is a common cause of both short- and long-term smell alteration. The coronavirus pandemic further highlights the importance of post-viral olfactory dysfunction. Currently, a comprehensive review of the neural mechanism underpinning post-viral olfactory dysfunction is lacking. OBJECTIVES To synthesize the existing primary literature related to olfactory dysfunction secondary to viral infection, detail the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, highlight relevance for the current COVID-19 pandemic, and identify high impact areas of future research. METHODS PubMed and Embase were searched to identify studies reporting primary scientific data on post-viral olfactory dysfunction. Results were supplemented by manual searches. Studies were categorized into animal and human studies for final analysis and summary. RESULTS A total of 38 animal studies and 7 human studies met inclusion criteria and were analyzed. There was significant variability in study design, experimental model, and outcome measured. Viral effects on the olfactory system varies significantly based on viral substrain but generally include damage or alteration in components of the olfactory epithelium and/or the olfactory bulb. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of post-viral olfactory dysfunction is highly complex, virus-dependent, and involves a combination of insults at multiple levels of the olfactory pathway. This will have important implications for future diagnostic and therapeutic developments for patients infected with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C. Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Rohit Nallani
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Lauren Cass
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Vidur Bhalla
- Saint Luke’s Hospital of Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Alexander G. Chiu
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jennifer A. Villwock
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
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8
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Müller-Schiffmann A, Trossbach SV, Lingappa VR, Korth C. Viruses as 'Truffle Hounds': Molecular Tools for Untangling Brain Cellular Pathology. Trends Neurosci 2020; 44:352-365. [PMID: 33317827 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability of viruses to evolve several orders of magnitude faster than their host cells has enabled them to exploit host cellular machinery by selectively recruiting multiprotein complexes (MPCs) for their catalyzed assembly and replication. This hijacking may depend on alternative, 'moonlighting' functions of host proteins that deviate from their canonical functions thereby inducing cellular pathology. Here, we posit that if virus-induced cellular pathology is similar to that of other, unknown (non-viral) causes, the identification and molecular characterization of the host proteins involved in virus-mediated cellular pathology can be leveraged to decipher the non-viral disease-relevant mechanisms. We focus on how virus-induced aberrant proteostasis and protein aggregation resemble the cellular pathology of sporadic neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and how this can be exploited for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Müller-Schiffmann
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Svenja V Trossbach
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Korth
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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9
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Wang Y, Jia J, Wang Y, Li F, Song X, Qin S, Wang Z, Kitazato K, Wang Y. Roles of HSV-1 infection-induced microglial immune responses in CNS diseases: friends or foes? Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:581-594. [PMID: 31512533 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1660615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, as brain-resident macrophages, are the first line of defense against brain invading pathogens. Further, their dysfunction has been recognized to be closely associated with mounting CNS diseases. Of note, chronic HSV-1 infection leads to the persistent activation of microglia, which elicit a comprehensive response by generating certain factors with neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects. CNS infection with HSV-1 results in herpes simplex encephalitis and herpes simplex keratitis. Microglial immune response plays a crucial role in the development of these diseases. Moreover, HSV-1 infection is strongly associated with several CNS diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. These CNS diseases can be effectively ameliorated by eliciting an appropriate immune response, such as inhibition of microglial proliferation and activation. Therefore, it is crucial to reassess the positive and negative roles of microglia in HSV-1 CNS infection for a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of the relationship between microglia and CNS diseases. Hence, the present review focuses on the dual roles of microglia in mediating HSV-1 CNS infection, as well as on the strategy of targeting microglia to ameliorate CNS diseases. Further research in this field can help comprehensively elucidate the dual role of the microglial immune response in HSV-1 CNS infection, providing a theoretical basis for identifying therapeutic targets against overactive microglia in CNS diseases and HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoyan Jia
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shurong Qin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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St John JA, Walkden H, Nazareth L, Beagley KW, Ulett GC, Batzloff MR, Beacham IR, Ekberg JAK. Burkholderia pseudomallei Rapidly Infects the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord via the Trigeminal Nerve after Intranasal Inoculation. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2681-8. [PMID: 27382023 PMCID: PMC4995904 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00361-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei causes melioidosis, a disease with a high mortality rate (20% in Australia and 40% in Southeast Asia). Neurological melioidosis is particularly prevalent in northern Australian patients and involves brain stem infection, which can progress to the spinal cord; however, the route by which the bacteria invade the central nervous system (CNS) is unknown. We have previously demonstrated that B. pseudomallei can infect the olfactory and trigeminal nerves within the nasal cavity following intranasal inoculation. As the trigeminal nerve projects into the brain stem, we investigated whether the bacteria could continue along this nerve to penetrate the CNS. After intranasal inoculation of mice, B. pseudomallei caused low-level localized infection within the nasal cavity epithelium, prior to invasion of the trigeminal nerve in small numbers. B. pseudomallei rapidly invaded the trigeminal nerve and crossed the astrocytic barrier to enter the brain stem within 24 h and then rapidly progressed over 2,000 μm into the spinal cord. To rule out that the bacteria used a hematogenous route, we used a capsule-deficient mutant of B. pseudomallei that does not survive in the blood and found that it also entered the CNS via the trigeminal nerve. This suggests that the primary route of entry is via the nerves that innervate the nasal cavity. We found that actin-mediated motility could facilitate initial infection of the olfactory epithelium. Thus, we have demonstrated that B. pseudomallei can rapidly infect the brain and spinal cord via the trigeminal nerve branches that innervate the nasal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A St John
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heidi Walkden
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lynn Nazareth
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael R Batzloff
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ifor R Beacham
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Önnheim K, Ekblad M, Görander S, Lange S, Jennische E, Bergström T, Wildt S, Liljeqvist JÅ. Novel rat models to study primary genital herpes simplex virus-2 infection. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1153-61. [PMID: 25701211 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study we describe that six rat models (SD, WIST, LEW, BN, F344 and DA) are susceptible to intravaginal herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection after pre-treatment with progesterone. At a virus dose of 5 × 10(6) PFU of HSV-2, all rat models were infected presenting anti-HSV-2 antibodies, infectious virus in vaginal washes, and HSV-2 DNA genome copies in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia and the spinal cord. Most of the LEW, BN, F344, and DA rats succumbed in systemic progressive symptoms at day 8-14 post infection, but presented no or mild genital inflammation while SD and WIST rats were mostly infected asymptomatically. Infected SD rats did not reactivate HSV-2 spontaneously or after cortisone treatment. In an HSV-2 virus dose reduction study, F344 rats were shown to be most susceptible. We also investigated whether an attenuated HSV-1 strain (KOS321) given intravaginally, could protect from a subsequent HSV-2 infection. All LEW, BN, and F344 rats survived a primary HSV-1 infection and no neuronal infection was established. In BN and F344 rats, anti-HSV-1 antibodies were readily detected while LEW rats were seronegative. In contrast to naïve LEW, BN, and F344 rats where only 3 of 18 animals survived 5 × 10(6) PFU of HSV-2, 23 of 25 previously HSV-1 infected rats survived a challenge with HSV-2. The described models provide a new approach to investigate protective effects of anti-viral microbicides and vaccine candidates, as well as to study asymptomatic primary genital HSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Önnheim
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,
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12
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Cerebral adenosine A1 receptors are upregulated in rodent encephalitis. Neuroimage 2014; 92:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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13
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Sellner J, Trinka E. Seizures and epilepsy in herpes simplex virus encephalitis: current concepts and future directions of pathogenesis and management. J Neurol 2012; 259:2019-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-012-6494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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The activity within the CA3 excitatory network during Theiler's virus encephalitis is distinct from that observed during chronic epilepsy. J Neurovirol 2012; 18:30-44. [PMID: 22328242 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are associated with an increased risk for seizures during the acute infection period and the subsequent development of chronic epilepsy that is often difficult to treat. In previous work, we have shown that mice of the C57BL/6 strain infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) exhibit a similar sequence, thereby providing a potential useful model of virus-induced epilepsy. The present study examines spontaneous and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in CA3 pyramidal cells recorded from brain slices prepared during both the acute phase during encephalitis and 2 months following TMEV infection. Animals that develop chronic epilepsy following TMEV infection exhibit considerable hippocampal sclerosis, directly implicating this brain region in the process of epileptogenesis. There are significant increases in amplitude and frequency of spontaneous and miniature excitatory currents in CA3 cells recorded in brain slices prepared during the acute infection period and 2 months after infection. However, the patterns of changes observed are markedly different during these two periods, suggesting that there are underlying changes in the network over time. These differences have implications for the treatment used during the acute infection and after chronic seizures develop.
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15
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Going viral: modeling limbic infection and seizure susceptibility. Epilepsy Curr 2011; 11:94-5. [PMID: 21852873 DOI: 10.5698/1535-7511-11.3.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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16
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Armien AG, Hu S, Little MR, Robinson N, Lokensgard JR, Low WC, Cheeran MCJ. Chronic cortical and subcortical pathology with associated neurological deficits ensuing experimental herpes encephalitis. Brain Pathol 2009; 20:738-50. [PMID: 20002440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term neurological sequela is common among herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) survivors. Animal models for HSE are used to investigate mechanisms of acute disease, but little has been done to model chronic manifestations of HSE. The current study presents a detailed, systematic analysis of chronic neuropathology, including characterization of topography and sequential progression of degenerative lesions and inflammation. Subsequent to intranasal HSV-1 infection, inflammatory responses that were temporally and spatially distinct persisted in infected cortical and brain stem regions. Neutrophils were present exclusively within the olfactory bulb and brain stem regions during the acute phase of infection, while the chronic inflammation was marked by plasma cells, lymphocytes and activated microglia. The chronic lymphocytic infiltrate, cytokine production, and activated microglia were associated with the loss of cortical neuropile in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. Animals surviving the acute infection showed a spectrum of chronic lesions from decreased brain volume, neuronal loss, activated astrocytes, and glial scar formation to severe atrophy and cavitations of the cortex. These lesions were also associated with severe spatial memory deficits in surviving animals. Taken together, this model can be utilized to further investigate the mechanisms of neurological defects that follow in the wake of HSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anibal G Armien
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
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17
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Galic MA, Riazi K, Henderson AK, Tsutsui S, Pittman QJ. Viral-like brain inflammation during development causes increased seizure susceptibility in adult rats. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 36:343-51. [PMID: 19660546 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Revised: 07/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections of the CNS and their accompanying inflammation can cause long-term neurological effects, including increased risk for seizures. To examine the effects of CNS inflammation, we infused polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, intracerebroventricularly to mimic a viral CNS infection in 14 day-old rats. This caused fever and an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-1beta in the brain. As young adults, these animals were more susceptible to lithium-pilocarpine and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures and showed memory deficits in fear conditioning. Whereas there was no alteration in adult hippocampal cytokine levels, we found a marked increase in NMDA (NR2A and C) and AMPA (GluR1) glutamate receptor subunit mRNA expression. The increase in seizure susceptibility, glutamate receptor subunits, and hippocampal IL-1beta levels were suppressed by neonatal systemic minocycline. Thus, a novel model of viral CNS inflammation reveals pathophysiological relationships between brain cytokines, glutamate receptors, behaviour and seizures, which can be attenuated by anti-inflammatory agents like minocycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Galic
- Epilepsy and Brain Circuits Program, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Ban F, Asano S, Ozawa S, Eda H, Norman J, Stroop WG, Yanagi K. Analysis of herpes simplex virus type 1 restriction fragment length polymorphism variants associated with herpes gladiatorum and Kaposi's varicelliform eruption in sumo wrestlers. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2410-2415. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/003368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographical distribution of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) variants BgKL and BgOL and the high relative frequency (RF) of BgKL in orolabial lesions has led to a dispersion–replacement hypothesis for these variants. The pathogenic properties of HSV-1 variants in mice and professional sumo wrestlers were examined here. The wrestlers herpes gladiatorum (HG) was caused by primary and non-primary HSV-1 infections and recurred in many wrestlers. HSV-1 neutralizing antibody titres in sera from wrestlers who did not develop HG were relatively high. HG was caused by distinct HSV-1 variants and strains from wrestlers living in the same sumo stable. The BgKL RF was significantly higher in HG cases, particularly in those with Kaposi's varicelliform eruption. These data indicated that reactivation and transmission of latent HSV-1 infections, especially BgKL, occurred frequently among wrestlers and was caused by severe skin damage. These results support the BgKL dispersion hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Ban
- BML General Institute, Matoba 1361-1, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-1101, Japan
- Herpesvirus Laboratory, Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Satoe Asano
- Department of Dermatology, Doai Kinen Hospital (Fraternity Memorial Hospital, Japan), Yokoami 2-1-11 Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8587, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ozawa
- Yamanashi Institute of Health, Kofu City, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Eda
- Herpesvirus Laboratory, Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - James Norman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030-3498, USA
| | - William G. Stroop
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030-3498, USA
| | - Kazuo Yanagi
- Herpesvirus Laboratory, Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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19
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Garssen J, Molen R, Klerk A, Norval M, Loveren H. Effects of UV Irradiation on Skin and Nonskin-associated Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in Rats¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720645eouios2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Solbrig MV, Adrian R, Chang DY, Perng GC. Viral risk factor for seizures: Pathobiology of dynorphin in herpes simplex viral (HSV-1) seizures in an animal model. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 23:612-20. [PMID: 16843674 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 89% of patients with herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) encephalitis can have seizures. Possibly, viruses are environmental triggers for seizures in genetically vulnerable individuals. Inherited dynorphin promoter polymorphisms are associated with temporal lobe epilepsy and febrile seizures in man. In animals, the dynorphin system in the hippocampus regulates excitability. The hypothesis that reduced dynorphin expression in dentate gyrus of hippocampus due to HSV-1 infection leads to epileptic responses was tested in a rat model of HSV-1 encephalitis using EEG recording, histopathological and neuropharmacologic probes. HSV-1 infection causes loss of dynorphin A-like immunoreactivity in hippocampus, an effect independent of direct viral interference and cell loss. A kappa opioid receptor agonist U50488 effectively blocks ictal activity, linking absence of dynorphin to propensity for epileptic activity. These findings show a vulnerability of hippocampal dynorphin during infection, suggesting a neurochemical basis for seizures that may be generalizable to other encephalitic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marylou V Solbrig
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4292, USA.
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21
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Mori I, Nishiyama Y, Yokochi T, Kimura Y. Olfactory transmission of neurotropic viruses. J Neurovirol 2005; 11:129-37. [PMID: 16036791 DOI: 10.1080/13550280590922793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptor neurons are unique in their anatomical structure and function. Each neuron is directly exposed to the external environment at the site of its dendritic nerve terminals where it is exposed to macromolecules. These molecules can be incorporated into by olfactory receptor neurons and transported transsynaptically to the central nervous system. Certain neurotropic pathogens such as herpes simplex virus and Borna disease virus make use of this physiological mechanism to invade the brain. Here the authors review the olfactory transmission of infectious agents and the resulting hazards to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isamu Mori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Disease, Aichi Medical University School of Medecine, Aichi, Japan.
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22
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Graff CL, Pollack GM. Nasal drug administration: potential for targeted central nervous system delivery. J Pharm Sci 2005; 94:1187-95. [PMID: 15858850 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nasal administration as a means of delivering therapeutic agents preferentially to the brain has gained significant recent interest. While some substrates appear to be delivered directly to the brain via this route, the mechanisms governing overall brain uptake and exposure remain unclear. Some substrates utilize the olfactory nerve tract and gain direct access to the brain, thus bypassing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, most agents of pharmacologic interest likely gain access to the brain via the olfactory epithelium, which represents a more direct route of uptake. While the traditional BBB is not present at the interface between nasal epithelium and brain, P-glycoprotein (and potentially other barrier transporters) is expressed at this interface. In addition, work in this laboratory has demonstrated that P-glycoprotein throughout the brain can be modulated with nasal administration of appropriate inhibitors. The potential for targeted central nervous system delivery via this route is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace L Graff
- Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA
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23
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Wu HM, Huang CC, Chen SH, Liang YC, Tsai JJ, Hsieh CL, Hsu KS. Herpes simplex virus type 1 inoculation enhances hippocampal excitability and seizure susceptibility in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 18:3294-304. [PMID: 14686902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2003.03075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the major pathogen related to epilepsy. However, little is known about the pathogenesis of HSV-1-associated epilepsy. Here, we report that corneal inoculation of mice with HSV-1 induces acute spontaneous behavioural and electrophysiological seizures and chronically increases hippocampal excitability and seizure susceptibility. In slices from infected mice, the surviving hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons exhibited a more depolarizing resting membrane potential concomitant with an increase in membrane input resistance. They also had a lower threshold for generating synchronized bursts and a decrease in the amplitude of afterhyperpolarization (AHP) than did controls. These results suggest that a direct change in the excitability of the hippocampal CA3 neuronal network could play an important role in facilitating the development of acute seizures and subsequent epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ming Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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24
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Sommer MH, Zagha E, Serrano OK, Ku CC, Zerboni L, Baiker A, Santos R, Spengler M, Lynch J, Grose C, Ruyechan W, Hay J, Arvin AM. Mutational analysis of the repeated open reading frames, ORFs 63 and 70 and ORFs 64 and 69, of varicella-zoster virus. J Virol 2001; 75:8224-39. [PMID: 11483768 PMCID: PMC115067 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.17.8224-8239.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) open reading frame 63 (ORF63), located between nucleotides 110581 and 111417 in the internal repeat region, encodes a nuclear phosphoprotein which is homologous to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) ICP22 and is duplicated in the terminal repeat region as ORF70 (nucleotides 118480 to 119316). We evaluated the role of ORFs 63 and 70 in VZV replication, using recombinant VZV cosmids and PCR-based mutagenesis to make single and dual deletions of these ORFs. VZV was recovered within 8 to 10 days when cosmids with single deletions were transfected into melanoma cells along with the three intact VZV cosmids. In contrast, VZV was not detected in transfections carried out with a dual deletion cosmid. Infectious virus was recovered when ORF63 was cloned into a nonnative AvrII site in this cosmid, confirming that failure to generate virus was due to the dual ORF63/70 deletion and that replication required at least one gene copy. This requirement may be related to our observation that ORF63 interacts directly with ORF62, the major immediate-early transactivating protein of VZV. ORF64 is located within the inverted repeat region between nucleotides 111565 and 112107; it has some homology to the HSV-1 Us10 gene and is duplicated as ORF69 (nucleotides 117790 to 118332). ORF64 and ORF69 were deleted individually or simultaneously using the VZV cosmid system. Single deletions of ORF64 or ORF69 yielded viral plaques with the same kinetics and morphology as viruses generated with the parental cosmids. The dual deletion of ORF64 and ORF69 was associated with an abnormal plaque phenotype characterized by very large, multinucleated syncytia. Finally, all of the deletion mutants that yielded recombinants retained infectivity for human T cells in vitro and replicated efficiently in human skin in the SCIDhu mouse model of VZV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Sommer
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, USA.
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25
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Jones CA, Taylor TJ, Knipe DM. Biological properties of herpes simplex virus 2 replication-defective mutant strains in a murine nasal infection model. Virology 2000; 278:137-50. [PMID: 11112490 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We used a mouse nasal model of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection to examine the biological properties of HSV-2 wild-type (wt), TK-negative, and replication-defective strains in vivo. Nasal septa tissue is the major site of wt viral replication post intranasal (i.n.) inoculation. The HSV-2 strain 186 syn(+)-1 wt virus caused lethal encephalitis at doses of 10(4) PFU and above per nostril, and at lower doses no neurons in the trigeminal ganglia were positive for the latency-associated transcript, indicating a lack of latent infection. The 186DeltaKpn TK-negative mutant virus replicated in nasal septa tissue but showed low-level replication in trigeminal ganglia at only one timepoint. In situ hybridization of trigeminal ganglia showed that the number of LAT-positive neurons was proportional to the inoculum dose from 10(3) to 10(6) PFU per nare. The replication-defective mutant virus 5BlacZ showed no replication in nasal septa tissue and no persistence of viral DNA at the inoculation site or the trigeminal ganglia. Nevertheless, inoculation of 5BlacZ or the double-mutant dl5-29 at distal sites reduced acute replication and latent infection of 186DeltaKpn following intranasal challenge. This infection model provides a biological system to test the properties of HSV-2 strains and shows that replication-defective mutant strains do not persist at sites of inoculation or in sensory ganglia but can induce immune protection that reduces the latent viral load of a challenge virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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26
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Garssen J, van der Molen R, de Klerk A, Norval M, van Loveren H. Effects of UV irradiation on skin and nonskin-associated herpes simplex virus infections in rats. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 72:645-51. [PMID: 11107850 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0645:eouios>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) normally causes vescular lesions on mucocutaneous surfaces but can also cause encephalitis. The virus can reactivate from the latent state in neurons to form recrudescent lesions. One common stimulus for reactivation is exposure to sunlight. In the present study, the effects of irradiating rats with suberythemal ultraviolet (UV) before or after infecting them epidermally with HSV was investigated. Preexposure to UV impaired HSV-specific cellular immune responses, as indicated by delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and in vitro lymphoproliferation assays. However, the number and severity of the skin lesions were not altered. In contrast, exposure after infection did not affect cellular immunity but resulted in a large increase in the severity and number of lesions. In a second series of experiments, the effects of preirradiating with UV on HSV infection was examined using a route of inoculation which was not skin-associated, namely intranasal, allowing direct non-invasive access to the nervous system. It was found that suppressed DTH resulted, together with an increase in the incidence and severity of neurological symptoms and an increased viral load in the brain. Therefore, unlike the situation in the skin, irradiation of rats before intranasal inoculation led to a suppressed immune response to HSV which correlated with increased viral load and symptoms. These results indicate that the effects of UV may be dependent on whether the animal is exposed before or after the infection, and whether the infection is skin-associated or systemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Garssen
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Laboratory for Pathology and Immunobiology, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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27
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Fujii S, Akaike T, Maeda H. Role of nitric oxide in pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus encephalitis in rats. Virology 1999; 256:203-12. [PMID: 10191185 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.9610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the pathogenesis of viral encephalitis was investigated by using an experimental model of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis in Lewis rats. The expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA determined by Northern blotting was observed first in the olfactory bulb and the brain stem on day 5 after intranasal inoculation of HSV-1, and thereafter iNOS mRNA was detected in other brain regions, i.e., cerebrum and cerebellum. In various parts of the brain, excessive NO production was identified by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The temporal and spatial patterns of iNOS expression coincided with those of viral propagation, as demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction for HSV-1 gene expression as well as by the plaque-forming assay. Immunohistochemical study determined that iNOS was localized mainly in monocyte-derived macrophages. Treatment of virus-infected animals with the NOS inhibitor Nomega-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA), but not Nomega-monomethyl-d-arginine, significantly ameliorated not only clinical symptoms such as paralysis and seizures but also mortality. Virus yield from brain tissue was not affected by l-NMMA treatment. It is of interest that increased expression of the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 was observed in the HSV-1-infected brain; this increased expression was strongly inhibited by l-NMMA treatment. These data suggest that the high level of NO produced by iNOS is a pathogenic factor in HSV-1-induced encephalitis in rats.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/enzymology
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/virology
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy/methods
- Encephalitis, Viral/drug therapy
- Encephalitis, Viral/enzymology
- Encephalitis, Viral/pathology
- Encephalitis, Viral/physiopathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)/genetics
- Heme Oxygenase-1
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/growth & development
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Male
- Membrane Proteins
- Nitric Oxide/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- RNA, Messenger
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fujii
- Department of Microbiology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
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28
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Mathison S, Nagilla R, Kompella UB. Nasal route for direct delivery of solutes to the central nervous system: fact or fiction? J Drug Target 1998; 5:415-41. [PMID: 9783675 DOI: 10.3109/10611869808997870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
During this century, several investigators reported that certain viruses, metals, drugs, and other solutes could bypass systemic circulation and enter the brain and/or cerebrospinal fluid directly following nasal administration. Although evidence clearly suggests that the olfactory epithelium and its olfactory cells play a major role, little is known about the mechanisms of direct transport of solutes into the brain. An overview of what is known about these mechanisms may aid in further research in this field, including studies of direct drug delivery to the central nervous system. This review, in addition to summarizing the literature to date, clearly describes the intricate association of the anatomical features involved in direct entry of solutes into the brain following nasal administration. To aid in the understanding of the possible routes a solute can take after nasal administration, the anatomy of the olfactory epithelium and surrounding tissues is described, and a detailed scheme delineating the emerging pathways is presented. Techniques used in delineating these pathways and studies supporting a particular pathway are discussed in greater detail. Finally, some factors influencing the direct transport of solutes to the cerebrospinal fluid and brain are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mathison
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, AL 36849-5503, USA
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29
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Chowdhury SI, Lee BJ, Mosier D, Sur JH, Osorio FA, Kennedy G, Weiss ML. Neuropathology of bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) meningo-encephalitis in a rabbit seizure model. J Comp Pathol 1997; 117:295-310. [PMID: 9502267 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(97)80078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The suitability of a rabbit seizure model for studying the neuropathogenesis of bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) encephalitis was evaluated. Intranasal administration of BHV-5 (strain TX89) together with intramuscular administration of dexamethasone produced seizures in 70% of rabbits tested and meningo-encephalitis in 100%. Infectious BHV-5 was consistently isolated from the following sites: olfactory bulb; anterior cortex, containing the frontal cortex, olfactory tract and anterior portion of the olfactory cortex; posterior cortex, containing the temporal, parietal, piriform, entorhinal and occipital cortices; amygdala; hippocampus. Less frequently, BHV-5 was isolated from the midbrain and diencephalon, the pons and medulla, the cerebellum, and the trigeminal ganglia. Rabbits similarly infected with the Cooper strain of bovine herpesvirus type 1 showed no neurological signs or meningo-encephalitis, and virus was not recovered from the brain. The brains of BHV-5-infected rabbits showed neuronal degeneration, leptomeningitis, gliosis and perivascular cuffing, predominantly in the olfactory cortex (piriform and entorhinal cortices), amygdala and hippocampus. Mild lymphocytic meningitis was seen in the olfactory bulb and focal lymphocytic infiltration was sometimes present in the medulla and cerebellum. BHV-5, specific antigens and nucleic acids were detected in the olfactory cortex, amygdala and hippocampus by immunohistochemical methods and in-situ hybridization. The results suggested that, after intranasal BHV-5 inoculation, the virus spread to the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal pathways. The olfactory pathway was more susceptible than the trigeminal pathway to neuropathogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Chowdhury
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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30
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Becker Y. HSV-1 brain infection by the olfactory nerve route and virus latency and reactivation may cause learning and behavioral deficiencies and violence in children and adults: a point of view. Virus Genes 1995; 10:217-26. [PMID: 8560783 DOI: 10.1007/bf01701811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Two recent studies provided new evidence on the latency of HSV-1 DNA in 15.5% of olfactory bulbs and in 72.5% of trigeminal nerves from human corpses at forensic postmortems (1) and in 35% of 40 autopsied human brains (2). In the latter brains, latent HSV-1 DNA was found in the olfactory bulbs, amygdala, hippocampus, brain stem, and trigeminal ganglia. Although in these studies it is not known by which route HSV-1 entered the olfactory bulbs and brain, experimental studies in mice (3) revealed that injection of HSV-1 into the olfactory bulbs leads to virus migration into the brain amygdala and hippocampus via the olfactory nerve and locus coeruleus. If the olfactory ciliary nerve epithelium is the port of entry of HSV-1 into the olfactory bulbs and brain in humans as well, protection of the nose against HSV-1 infection may be needed to prevent virus latency in neurons in the amygdala and hippocampus (3). Infection of humans by HSV-1 was estimated to increase from 18.2% in the 0-20 year population group to 100% in persons older than 60 years (1), indicating that worldwide human populations at all ages are at risk of brain infection by the olfactory nerve route. In addition, both primary infection and reactivation of latent DNA in the brain may lead to damage of neurons in the brain involved in memory, learning, and behavior, as observed in infected, acyclovir-treated mice (3). The current introduction of a live apathogenic varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine to immunize children against chickenpox (4) may suggest that the time is ripe for immunization of children and adults against HSV-1 infections, especially infections by the olfactory nerve route, to prevent potential brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Becker
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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31
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Kienzle TE, Henkel JS, Ling JY, Banks MC, Beers DR, Jones B, Stroop WG. Cloning and restriction endonuclease mapping of herpes simplex virus type-1 strains H129 and +GC. Arch Virol 1995; 140:1663-75. [PMID: 7487498 DOI: 10.1007/bf01322540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
EcoRI fragments of herpes simplex virus I (HSV-1) strains H129 and +GC were cloned and the EcoRI and BglII restriction enzyme sites were mapped. Comparison of these enzyme sites with the sequence of HSV-1 strain 17syn+ demonstrated that all EcoRI sites were identical. For H129, the BglII sites were also found to match strain 17syn+ BglII sites. With one exception, the BglII sites in strain +GC also aligned with the strain 17syn+ sequence. The one exception was a missing BglII site from strain +GC located between bases 25,149 and 25,154 in the EcoRI D fragment within the viral deoxyribonuclease gene (UL12). The BglII site represents the first difference to be mapped within HSV-1 strains H129 and +GC which have unique pathobiological properties in animal models of acute and reactivated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Kienzle
- John McClellan Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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32
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Beers DR, Henkel JS, Kesner RP, Stroop WG. Spatial recognition memory deficits without notable CNS pathology in rats following herpes simplex encephalitis. J Neurol Sci 1995; 131:119-27. [PMID: 7595636 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(95)00099-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Survivors of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) experience intellectual impairment and an inability to store and recall information. Because the temporal lobes and associated limbic structures are central to storage and retrieval of memories, and are predominantly affected in adult HSE, injury to these areas is postulated to cause behavioral and learning disabilities. A previous study (Beers et al., 1993) demonstrated that intranasal inoculation of Lewis rats with herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) induced acute partial complex seizures, and hemorrhagic and inflammatory lesions of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Consequently, it was of interest to determine whether rats that had recovered from HSE had limbic system-associated memory impairments. Therefore, rats were evaluated when signs and symptoms of encephalitis were no longer apparent using an eight arm radial maze to assess the acquisition and retention of learned information. An allocentric-spatial location paradigm revealed HSV-1 infected rats performed at chance levels on both acquisition and retention which were statistically different from sham-inoculated controls. However, using an egocentric-spatial left/right discrimination task, infected rats performed statistically similar to sham-inoculated controls. Furthermore, HSV-1 nucleic acids were detected in the nuclei of neurons within the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex using in situ hybridization techniques. Of interest was the observation that rats with learning and memory deficits had no apparent histopathological or immunocytochemical evidence of antecedent CNS infection. This is the first experimental demonstration that HSV-1 can cause behavioral impairments in the absence of obvious inflammatory injury to the temporal lobe memory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Beers
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
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