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Caballero-Marcos A, Romero-Cristóbal M, Puerto M, Fernández-Yunquera A, Dieguez L, Navarrete C, Clemente A, Diaz-Fontenla F, Catalán P, Rincón D, López-Baena JÁ, Bañares Cañizares R, Salcedo M. HCV eradication in recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation normalizes enhanced endothelial activation. Transpl Int 2021; 34:2214-2225. [PMID: 34346111 DOI: 10.1111/tri.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) conferred by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is especially relevant after liver transplantation (LT), but its mechanism is still not well defined. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of HCV eradication in inflammatory and endothelial activation markers after LT. We evaluated inflammatory (TNF-alfa, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1) and endothelial activation (E-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MMP-9) markers before and after eradication in 45 LT recipients with HCV infection (LT+/HCV+) and 44 non-transplanted HCV-infected patients (LT-/HCV+). We also considered an additional group of 40 LT recipients without HCV infection (LT+/HCV-). LT+/HCV+ patients presented a higher endothelial activation status before eradication compared with LT+/HCV- patients. However, levels of E-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MMP-9 were comparable between LT+/HCV+ and LT-/HCV+ patients before eradication. HCV eradication decreased ICAM-1 (5466.55 pg/ml vs. 3354.88 pg/ml, P < 0.001) and VCAM-1 (10456.52 pg/ml vs. 6658.85 pg/ml, P < 0.001) levels in LT+/HCV+ and LT-/HCV+ patients. Remarkably, HCV eradication restored levels of endothelial activation markers of LT+/HCV+ patients compared with that of LT+/HCV- patients. HCV plays a major role in endothelial dysfunction after LT. Furthermore, HCV eradication restores endothelial activation despite the exposure to immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Romero-Cristóbal
- Liver Unit and Digestive Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Puerto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lucia Dieguez
- Liver Unit and Digestive Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Navarrete
- Liver Unit and Digestive Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Clemente
- Liver Unit and Digestive Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Diaz-Fontenla
- Liver Unit and Digestive Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Catalán
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Rincón
- Liver Unit and Digestive Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Bañares Cañizares
- Liver Unit and Digestive Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Salcedo
- Liver Unit and Digestive Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Hashim SNM, Yusof MFH, Zahari W, Noordin KBAA, Akamatsu T, Azlina A. Amniotic membrane matrix effects on calcineurin-NFAT-related gene expressions of SHED treated with VEGF for endothelial differentiation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:560-570. [PMID: 34021476 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT) signaling pathway is involved in angiogenesis following initiation by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). A number of angiogenic genes have been associated with calcineurin in the NFAT pathway, forming a calcineurin-NFAT pathway. This study aims to investigate the involvement of four angiogenic genes within the calcineurin-NFAT pathway in the endothelial-like differentiation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) cultured on a human amniotic membrane (HAM) induced by VEGF. SHED were induced with VEGF for 24 h, then cultured on the stromal side of HAM. The cells were then further induced with VEGF until days 1 and 14. To understand the role of calcineurin, its potent inhibitor, cyclosporin A (CsA), was added into the culture. Results from SEM and H&E analyses showed SHED grew on HAM surface. Gene expression study of Cox-2 showed a drastically reduced expression with CsA treatment indicating Cox-2 involvement in the calcineurin-NFAT pathway. Meanwhile, IL-8 was probably controlled by another pathway as it showed no CsA inhibition. In contrast, high expression of ICAM-1 and RCAN1.4 by VEGF and CsA implied that these genes were not controlled by the calcineurin-NFAT-dependent pathway. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest the involvement of Cox-2 in the calcineurin-NFAT-dependent pathway while RCAN1.4 was controlled by NFAT molecule in endothelial-like differentiation of SHED cultured on HAM with VEGF induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nurnasihah Md Hashim
- School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fuad Hilmi Yusof
- School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wafa' Zahari
- School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Tetsuya Akamatsu
- Department of Bioengineering, Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial & Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan
| | - Ahmad Azlina
- School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
- Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Lin CH, Shih CH, Jiang CP, Wen HC, Cheng WH, Chen BC. Mammalian target of rapamycin and p70S6K mediate thrombin-induced nuclear factor-κB activation and IL-8/CXCL8 release in human lung epithelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 868:172879. [PMID: 31863766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin plays a crucial role in lung inflammatory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thrombin induces the release of interleukin-8 (IL-8)/CXCL8 by lung epithelial cells, and this phenomenon plays a vital role in lung inflammation. Our previous studies have indicated that thrombin stimulates IL-8/CXCL8 expression through PI3K/Akt/IκB kinase (IKK)α/β/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and p300 pathways in human lung epithelial cells. In the present study, we explored the roles of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) in thrombin-induced NF-κB activation and IL-8/CXCL8 release in human lung epithelial cells. In this study, we found that rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor) and p70S6K siRNA diminished thrombin-induced IL-8/CXCL8 release. Thrombin induced mTOR Ser2448 phosphorylation and p70S6K Thr389 phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, rapamycin attenuated thrombin-stimulated p70S6K phosphorylation. We also found that transfection of cells with the dominant negative mutant of Akt (Akt DN) reduced the thrombin-induced increase in mTOR phosphorylation and p70S6K phosphorylation. Moreover, thrombin-stimulated p300 phosphorylation was attenuated by Akt DN, rapamycin, and p70S6K siRNA. Thrombin triggered p70S6K translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus in a time-dependent manner. Thrombin induced the complex formation of p70S6K, p300, and p65; acetylation of p65 Lys310, and recruitment of p70S6K, p300, and p65 to the κB-binding site of the IL-8/CXCL8 promoter region. In conclusion, these results indicate that thrombin initiates the Akt-dependent mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway to promote p300 phosphorylation and NF-κB activation and finally induces IL-8/CXCL8 release in human lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Huang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hung Shih
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ping Jiang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Ching Wen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Wun-Hao Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Chang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan; School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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Li BY, Hu Y, Li J, Shi K, Shen YF, Zhu B, Wang GX. Ursolic acid from Prunella vulgaris L. efficiently inhibits IHNV infection in vitro and in vivo. Virus Res 2019; 273:197741. [PMID: 31494148 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a fish viral pathogen that causes severe disease and huge economic losses in the salmonid aquaculture industry. However, anti-IHNV drugs currently are scarce. For the purpose of seeking out anti-IHNV drugs, the anti-IHNV activities of 32 medicinal plants were investigated by using epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells. Among these plants, Prunella vulgaris L. (PVL) showed the strongest inhibition on IHNV replication with an inhibitory percentage of 99.3% at the concentration 100 mg/L. Further studies demonstrated that ursolic acid (UA), a major constituent of PVL, also showed a highly effective anti-IHNV activity. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 72 h of UA on IHNV was 8.0 μM. Besides, UA could significantly decrease cytopathic effect (CPE) and the viral titer induced by IHNV in EPC cells. More importantly, UA also showed a strong anti-IHNV activity in vivo, as indicated by increasing the survival rate of rainbow trout and inhibiting viral gene expression. Intraperitoneal injection of UA increased the relative percentage of survival of rainbow trout by 18.9% and inhibited IHNV glycoprotein mRNA expression by > 90.0% in the spleen at the 1st-day post-infection. Altogether, UA was expected to be a therapeutic agent against IHNV infection in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yang Li
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yang Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Kai Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yu-Feng Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Hu Y, Chen WC, Shen YF, Zhu B, Wang GX. Synthesis and antiviral activity of a new arctigenin derivative against IHNV in vitro and in vivo. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:736-745. [PMID: 31284045 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases in aquaculture were challenging because there are few preventative measures and/or treatments. Our previous study indicated that imidazole arctigenin derivatives possessed antiviral activities against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Based on the structure-activity relationship in that study, a new imidazole arctigenin derivative, 4-(8-(2-ethylimidazole)octyloxy)-arctigenin (EOA), was designed, synthesized and its anti-IHNV activity was evaluated. By comparing inhibitory concentration at half-maximal activity (IC50), we found that EOA (IC50 = 0.56 mg/L) possessed a higher antiviral activity than those imidazole arctigenin derivatives in our previous study. Besides, EOA could significantly decrease cytopathic effect (CPE) and viral titer induced by IHNV in epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells. In addition, EOA significantly inhibited apoptosis induced by IHNV in EPC cells. Further data verified that EOA inhibited IHNV replication in rainbow trout, with reducing 32.0% mortality of IHNV-infected fish. The results suggested that EOA was more stable with a prolonged inhibitory half-life in the early stage of virus infection (1-4 days). Consistent with above results, EOA repressed IHNV glycoprotein gene expression in virus sensitive tissues (kidney and spleen) in the early stage of virus infection. Moreover, histopathological evaluation showed that tissues from the spleen and kidney of fish infected with IHNV exhibited pathological changes. But there were no lesions in any of the tissues from the control group and EOA-treaten group. In accordance with the histopathological assay, EOA could elicited anti-inflammation response in non-viral infected rainbow trout by down-regulating the expression of cytokine genes (IL-8, IL-12p40, and TNF-α). Altogether, EOA was expected to be a therapeutic agent against IHNV infection in the field of aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wei-Chao Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yu-Feng Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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6
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Gao P, Zhao Z, Zhang C, Wang C, Long K, Guo L, Li B. The therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine Fusu agent in LPS-induced acute lung injury model rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:3867-3878. [PMID: 30518997 PMCID: PMC6239118 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s181798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common and fatal oxidative stress in the lung, mainly induced by endothelial injury and capillary leakage. In our previous study, “Fusu agent”, a traditional Chinese medicine, was found to exert preventive effect on endothelial damage in lipopoly-saccharide (LPS)-induced ALI model rats partially via inhibiting heparanase1 (HPA1) activation and inhibiting the inflammatory factors. However, it is still unknown whether Fusu agent exerts its therapeutic effect in LPS-induced ALI model rats and its potential mechanism. Materials and methods Rats were injected with LPS (3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) to induced ALI, and the prepared Fusu agent was given (2, 4 or 6 g/kg) 2 hours after LPS challenge. Twenty-four or 48 hours after Fusu agent administration, the biochemical changes in the plasma and lung tissues and the morphological/histological changes in the lung associated with inflammation and injury were evaluated. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were employed to confirm the therapeutic effects of Fusu agent and investigate its mechanisms, that is, affecting ROS accumulation, mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) maintenance and decreasing the expression levels of HPA1. Results Administration of Fusu agent obviously improved the lung injury and recovered vascular endothelium loss and injury. CD31 signal, which is a specific marker for endothelial vascular lesions, was decreased after Fusu agent treatment in LPS-induced ALI model rats, indicating its therapeutic effect against endothelial surface layer injury. Meanwhile, Fusu agent also decreased HPA1 expression and inflammatory responses. In vitro, Fusu agent-medicated serum decreased injury and cell death induced by LPS in HUVECs by stabilizing MTP and decreasing the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase. Consistently, Fusu agent-medicated serum downregulated HPA1 induced by LPS stimulation. Conclusion These findings suggest that Fusu agent exerts its therapeutic effect in both LPS-induced ALI model rats and HUVECs potentially via suppressing HPA1 expression, and thus exerts prosurvival effect via maintaining MTP and attenuating cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyang Gao
- Intensive Care Unit, The Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziyi Zhao
- Central Laboratory, The Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuantao Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, The Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, The Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Kunlan Long
- Intensive Care Unit, The Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Liuxue Guo
- Intensive Care Unit, The Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Baixue Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,
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Cooper AE, Cho JH, Menges S, Masood S, Xie J, Yang J, Klassen H. Immunosuppressive Treatment Can Alter Visual Performance in the Royal College of Surgeons Rat. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 32:296-303. [PMID: 27008099 PMCID: PMC6453503 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunosuppression is frequently employed to enhance survival of xenografted human cells as part of translational proof-of-concept studies. However, the potential effects of this treatment are easily overlooked. METHODS As part of baseline testing in the dark-eyed variant of the dystrophic Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat, we documented the time course of retinal degenerative changes versus Long Evans controls using bright field retinal imaging, fluorescein angiography, and histology and examined the impact of immunosuppression on visual function. Rats received either no treatment or systemic immunosuppression with oral cyclosporine A and injectable dexamethasone and subsequently underwent functional evaluation by optomotor response testing and electroretinography (ERG) at multiple intervals from P45 to P180. RESULTS Immunosuppressed RCS animals demonstrated poorer performance on functional tests than age-matched untreated rats during the earlier stages of degeneration, including significantly lower spatial acuities on optomotor threshold testing and significantly lower b-wave amplitudes on scotopic and photopic ERGs. Retinal imaging documented the progression of degenerative changes in the RCS fundus and histologic evaluation of the RCS retina confirmed progressive thinning of the outer nuclear layer. CONCLUSIONS A standard regimen of cyclosporine A plus dexamethasone, administered to RCS rats, results in demonstrable systemic side effects and depressed scores on behavioral and electrophysiological testing at time points before P90. The source of the functional impairment was not identified. This finding has implications for the interpretation of data generated using this commonly used translational model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E. Cooper
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jang-Hyeon Cho
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Steven Menges
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Sahar Masood
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Jun Xie
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Jing Yang
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Henry Klassen
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California
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Azik FM, Ertem M, Ileri T, Ince EU, Uysal Z, Egin Y, Akar N. Relation of Soluble Endothelial Protein C Receptor and Cytokines After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2009; 17:94-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1076029609343449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) on the expression of soluble endothelial protein C receptor (sEPCR) in the pathogenesis of thrombotic complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Methods: The relationship between plasma concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8) and sEPCR was evaluated in 32 consecutive allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell—transplanted patients prior to conditioning regimen and randomly once between +5 and +30 days after transplantation and compared these results with 20 healthy controls. Results: Soluble endothelial protein C receptor levels did not indicate any significant difference between pre- and posttransplantation period, and sEPCR levels showed a significantly negative correlation between IL-6 and IL-8 (sEPCR and IL-6, r = —.43, P < .01; sEPCR and IL-8, r = —.57, P < .01). There was no correlation between sEPCR levels and TNF-α, IL-1β, or IL-2 (sEPCR and TNF-α, r = —.13, P > .05; sEPCR and IL-1β, r = —.1, P ≥ .05; sEPCR and IL-2, r = —.07, P > .05). Conclusions: Our results suggest that the production of sEPCR was not affected by allogeneic HSCT. Soluble endothelial protein C receptor did not show any positive correlation between these proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8), on the contrary a significantly negative correlation was determined between sEPCR and either IL-6 or IL-8. This negative correlation may be a protective mechanism in the pathway of protein C activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Mehmet Azik
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey,
| | - Mehmet Ertem
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Talia Ileri
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Unal Ince
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zumrut Uysal
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yonca Egin
- Department of Pediatric Molecular Genetics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nejat Akar
- Department of Pediatric Molecular Genetics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Dalmarco EM, Medeiros YS, Fröde TS. Cyclosporin A inhibits CD11a/CD18 adhesion molecules due to inhibition of TNFalpha and IL-1 beta levels in the mouse model of pleurisy induced by carrageenan. Cell Adh Migr 2008; 2:231-5. [PMID: 19262158 DOI: 10.4161/cam.2.4.7251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse model of pleurisy induced by carrageenan is characterized by a significant enhancement of cell migration due to neutrophils 4 h after pleurisy induction. Forty-eight hours after pleurisy induction, a significant increase in cell migration due to mononuclear cells occurs. Recently, studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that cyclosporine A (CsA) inhibits leukocyte migration in the pleural cavity and lungs in the mouse model of pleurisy induced by carrageenan. In the present work we evaluated whether CsA was able to downregulate CD11a/CD18 adhesion molecule in the lungs, as well as TNFalpha and IL-1 beta levels in the fluid leakage of the pleural cavity in this model. Our results showed that CsA significantly decreased CD11a/CD18 in the lungs, as well as TNFalpha and IL-1 beta levels in the fluid leakage of the pleural cavity 4 h and 48 h after pleurisy induction. It is our hypothesis that the inhibitory effect elicited by CsA upon these adhesion molecules may be also be attributed to the downregulation of TNFalpha and IL-1 beta cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Monguilhott Dalmarco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Regional University of Blumenau, Itoupava Seca, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Sun B, Zou X, Chen Y, Zhang P, Shi G. Preconditioning of carbon monoxide releasing molecule-derived CO attenuates LPS-induced activation of HUVEC. Int J Biol Sci 2008; 4:270-8. [PMID: 18726003 PMCID: PMC2519837 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.4.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of preconditioning of tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (III) dimer (CORM-2)-liberated CO on LPS-induced activation of endothelial cells (HUVEC). Methods: HUVEC were pretreated with CORM-2 at the concentration of 50 or 100μM for 2 hrs, washed and stimulated with LPS (10μg/ml) for additional 4 hrs. Activation (oxidative stress) of HUVEC was assessed by measuring intracellular oxidation of DHR 123 or nitration of DAF-FM, specific H2O2 and NO fluorochromes, respectively. The expression of HO-1, iNOS (Western blot) and ICAM-1 (cell ELISA) proteins and activation of inflammation-relevant transcription factor, NF-κB (EMSA) were assessed. In addition, PMN adhesion to HUVEC was also assessed. Results: The obtained data indicate that pretreatment of HUVEC with CORM-2 results in: 1) decrease of LPS-induced production of ROS and NO; 2) up-regulation of HO-1 but decrease in iNOS at the protein levels; 3) inhibition of LPS-induced activation of NF-κB; and 4) downregulation of expression of ICAM-1, and this was accompanied by a decrease of PMN adhesion to LPS-stimulated HUVEC. Conclusions: Preconditioning of CO liberated by CORM-2 elicited its anti-inflammatory effects by interfering with the induction of intracellular oxidative stress. In addition, it also supports the notion that CO is a potent inhibitor of iNOS and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei Sun
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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Lehle K, Schreml S, Kunz-Schughart LA, Rupprecht L, Birnbaum DE, Schmid C, Preuner JG. mTOR Inhibitors and Calcineurin Inhibitors Do Not Affect Adhesion Molecule Expression of Human Macro- and Microvascular Endothelial Cells. J Vasc Res 2008; 45:333-42. [DOI: 10.1159/000119199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Schreml S, Lehle K, Birnbaum DE, Preuner JG. mTOR-inhibitors simultaneously inhibit proliferation and basal IL-6 synthesis of human coronary artery endothelial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:781-90. [PMID: 17466912 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 12/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Divergent results regarding the immunosuppressive effects of mammalian-target-of-rapamycin-(mTOR)-inhibitors on venous endothelial cells (ECs) have highlighted the importance of an accurate EC-model. The purpose of this study was to determine mTOR-inhibitor effects at a specific site of action -- the human coronary-artery-ECs (HCAECs) -- and to compare these data with results gained from cultures of human saphenous vein ECs (HSVECs). This EC-model could enable us to gain insight into site-specific pharmacodynamics and the immunosuppressive management of transplant vasculopathy. ECs were cultivated with rising concentrations of mTOR-inhibitors in the presence/absence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Cell counts, DNA-synthesis, cytotoxicity and concentrations of the cytokine IL-6 as well as the chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1 were measured. Half-maximal inhibitory effects on cell growth were reached after about 30 h incubation and both cell types showed equal responses regarding cell growth and DNA-synthesis after 48 h incubation time. mTOR-inhibitors failed to suppress basal/TNF-induced secretion of IL-8 and MCP-1, but IL-6 synthesis after TNF-induction was reduced to 35%. In contrast to human saphenous vein ECs (HSVECs), mTOR-inhibitors also reduced basal IL-6-secretion of HCAECs (to 55%) and cell proliferation was simultaneously inhibited within the same concentration range. Taking everything into account, we conclude that EC-proliferation is inhibited at concentrations needed to suppress TNF-stimulated IL-6 synthesis. Furthermore, the specific suppression of basal arterial IL-6-secretion and the delayed onset of the mTOR-inhibitor effect on HCAEC-proliferation (maximum reached after about 36 h) might be of relevance for the prevention of transplant vasculopathy at its initial stage, e.g. as a component of cardioplegic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schreml
- Clinic of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Endothelial cells play a vital role in the success or failure of a transplant procedure. The procedure itself can be viewed as a series of insults that damages the endothelium thereby triggering an inflammatory cascade that may, if uncontrolled, drive the proliferative and fibrotic processes characteristic of chronic graft vasculopathy. Unfortunately, many immunosuppressant agents contribute to this process. Glucocorticoids and the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine induce endothelial dysfunction, and although tacrolimus may not have the same disruptive effects on endothelial function as cyclosporine, its endothelial activity is still being established. In contrast, antiproliferative agents slow the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells and so help protect against graft vasculopathy. Researchers agree that endothelial cell dysfunction is a potentially treatable stage in the multifactorial process of graft vasculopathy and rejection. A number of cardiovascular agents (statins, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers), immunoregulatory drugs, and dietary compounds have been shown to have beneficial effects on endothelial function. We briefly review the evidence supporting their use as protection for endothelial cells in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nickel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Germany
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14
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Dichtl W, Stocker EM, Mistlberger K, Debbage P, Yan ZQ, Alber HF, Frick M, Dulak J, Pachinger O, Weidinger F. Countervailing effects of rapamycin (sirolimus) on nuclear factor-κB activities in neointimal and medial smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 2006; 186:321-30. [PMID: 16185698 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Revised: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Local application of rapamycin (sirolimus) by drug-eluting stents prevents lumen obliteration after angioplasty by inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia. The effects of rapamycin on neointimal smooth muscle cells (niSMC) which are responsible for the occurrence of restenosis have not been investigated so far. METHODS AND RESULTS Rat niSMC and medial SMC (mSMC) were obtained from balloon catheter-injured arteries. The niSMC exhibited higher basal NF-kappaB activity and TNF-alpha mRNA levels. Nuclear protein binding to NF-kappaB-DNA was attenuated in niSMC by incubation with rapamycin (0.1 and 1 microg/ml) for 24 and 48 h. In contrast in mSMC, 0.1 microg/ml rapamycin had no effect and at 1 microg/ml even increased nuclear protein binding to NF-kappaB-DNA. After 12 h incubation, rapamycin (0.001-10 microg/ml) induced IkappaB-alpha protein in niSMC, whereas in mSMC it stimulated IkappaB-alpha at much lower levels. Prolonged rapamycin treatment (1 microg/ml for 72 h) had no effect on TNF-alpha mRNA level and NF-kappaB activity in niSMC, whereas it led to their increase in mSMC. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion was higher in mSMC than in niSMC; rapamycin decreased VEGF levels in both cell types. Ultrastructural analysis suggested that rapamycin caused early signs of degeneration in niSMC, but enhanced protein synthesis in mSMC. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that rapamycin influences the inflammatory phenotypes of SMC in opposite directions: it reduces the high basal NF-kappaB activity in niSMC and enhances NF-kappaB activity and TNF-alpha expression in mSMC. In addition, rapamycin inhibits VEGF production regardless of the phenotype of SMC. These findings shed light on molecular mechanisms and structural changes underlying therapeutic applications of rapamycin in prevention of restenosis, inhibition of chronic transplant arteriosclerosis and reduction of secondary malignoma formation due to immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Dichtl
- Clinical Department of Cardiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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15
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Bian C, Zhao K, Tong GX, Zhu YL, Chen P. Immortalization of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with telomerase reverse transcriptase and simian virus 40 large T antigen. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2005; 6:631-6. [PMID: 15973764 PMCID: PMC1389796 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2005.b0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish normally conditionally-immortalized human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by ectopic expression of the human telomerase catalytic enzyme (hTERT) and simian virus 40 large T (SV40 LT) antigen. METHODS Primary HUVECs were transfected with recombinant retrovirus containing hTERT or SV40 LT respectively. Subsequently drug resistant cell clones were screened and expanded for further studies. Endothelial cell biomarkers were confirmed by examination. RESULTS The morphological phenotype of the transfected cells was similar to the non-transfected cells. Von Willebrand factor, hTERT and SV40 LT could be detected in transfected HUVECs. Moreover, higher telomerase activity in transfected cells was maintained for over 50 population doublings compared with only low level of endogenous telomerase transiently at early population doublings in primary HUVECs. When exposed to TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), the expression of E-selectin in transfected cells was significantly up-regulated, but no alteration of endothelial lipase was found. CONCLUSION Ectopic coexpression of hTERT and SV40 LT can effectively immortalize HUVECs without tumorigenicity in vitro. Immortalized HUVECs may be an ideal target of further molecular function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Bian
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310001, China
| | - Guo-xin Tong
- Department of Cardiology, Hangzhou First Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yong-liang Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
- †E-mail:
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Lehle K, Birnbaum DE, Preuner JG. Predominant inhibition of interleukin-6 synthesis in patient-specific endothelial cells by mTOR inhibitors below a concentration range where cell proliferation is affected and mitotic arrest takes place. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:159-61. [PMID: 15808580 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.12.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Organ rejection and inflammation are accompanied by endothelial cell activation. An in vitro model with patient-specific endothelial cells was used to study the impact of mTOR inhibitors on cell growth and release of proinflammatory cytokines. MATERIAL AND METHODS Confluent monolayers of human saphenous vein endothelial cells were pretreated with everolimus or sirolimus followed by induction with tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). RESULTS Incubation with sirolimus or everolimus resulted in a dose-dependent deceleration of cell growth. Compared to control, cell count at high concentrations ceased to increase and remained at 60%. This mitotic arrest was accompanied by a dose-dependent inhibition of the TNF-alpha-induced in situ synthesis and release of interleukin-6 per cell by 60%. CONCLUSIONS Under conditions mimicking cytokine-induced cell activation a predominant inhibitory effect of everolimus compared to sirolimus on endothelial cell proliferation was observed paralleled by an inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines. This might attenuate the acute proinflammatory status after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lehle
- Clinic of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Bernardo A, Ball C, Nolasco L, Moake JF, Dong JF. Effects of inflammatory cytokines on the release and cleavage of the endothelial cell-derived ultralarge von Willebrand factor multimers under flow. Blood 2004; 104:100-6. [PMID: 15026315 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-01-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ADAMTS13 cleaves ultralarge and hyperreactive von Willebrand factor (ULVWF) freshly released from activated endothelial cells to smaller and less active forms. This process may be affected by the amount of ULVWF released and the processing capacity of ADAMTS13, contributing to the development of thrombotic diseases. We examined the effects of inflammatory cytokines on the release and cleavage of ULVWF to evaluate potential links between inflammation and thrombosis. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and the formation of platelet-decorated ULVWF strings was quantitated. IL-8 and TNF-alpha significantly stimulated the release of ULVWF in a dose-dependent manner. IL-6 induced ULVWF release only when it was in complex with the soluble IL-6 receptor. IL-6, but not IL-8 nor TNF-alpha, inhibited the cleavage of ULVWF strings by ADAMTS13 under flowing, but not static, conditions. These results suggest that inflammatory cytokines may stimulate the ULVWF release (IL-8 and TNF-alpha) and inhibit the ULVWF cleavage (IL-6), resulting in the accumulation of hyperreactive ULVWF in plasma and on the surface of endothelial cells to induce platelet aggregation and adhesion on the vascular endothelium. The findings describe a potential linkage between inflammation and thrombosis that may be of therapeutic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey Bernardo
- Thrombosis Research Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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18
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Carrillo A, Monreal Y, Ramírez P, Marin L, Parrilla P, Oliver FJ, Yélamos J. Transcription regulation of TNF-alpha-early response genes by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in murine heart endothelial cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:757-66. [PMID: 14762203 PMCID: PMC373356 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) has been involved in endothelial cell dysfunction associated with various pathophysiological conditions. The intrinsic mechanism of PARP-1-mediated endothelial cell dysfunction could be related to PARP-1 overactivation, NAD(+) consumption and ATP depletion. An alternative way could involve transcription regulation. By using high-density microarrays, we examined early tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-stimulated gene expression profiles in PARP-1(+/+) and PARP-1(-/-) murine heart endothelial cells. TNF-alpha modulated a significant number of genes in both cell types. We have identified a set of genes whose expression in response to TNF-alpha is modulated by PARP-1, whereas the expression of others is PARP-1-independent. Up-regulation of several genes involved in the inflammatory response is hampered in the absence of PARP-1. Moreover, NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional activation is partially inhibited in PARP-1(-/-) compared to PARP-1(+/+) cells. However, we found that PARP-1 might also silence transcription of several NF-kappaB target genes. Overall, our results show that PARP-1 is regulating the expression of genes by the endothelial cells both in a positive and a negative fashion, with the final effects depending on the gene. Individual studies of these genes are now necessary to clarify the intrinsic mechanism by which PARP-1 is controlling transcription and thereby finding out different therapeutic approaches involving PARP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carrillo
- Transplant Unit, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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19
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Schots R, Kaufman L, Van Riet I, Ben Othman T, De Waele M, Van Camp B, Demanet C. Proinflammatory cytokines and their role in the development of major transplant-related complications in the early phase after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Leukemia 2003; 17:1150-6. [PMID: 12764383 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were frequently measured during the first 30 days after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in 84 consecutive adult patients. Major transplant-related complications (MTCs) occurred in 33% of cases and included veno-occlusive liver disease, idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, severe endothelial leakage syndrome and >grade II acute graft-versus-host disease. Compared with patients having minor complications, those with MTCs developed higher levels at times of maximal clinical signs (all cytokines, P<0.001), between days 0-5 post-BMT (IL-6 and IL-8, P<0.05) and days 6-10 (L-6, P<0.001; IL-8 and TNF, P<0.01) post-BMT. We could not discriminate patterns of cytokine release that were specific for any subtype of MTC. Higher levels of IL-8 during days 0-5 were associated (P=0.044) with early (<40 days) death. Multivariate analysis including patient and transplant characteristics as well as post-BMT levels of C-reactive protein showed that high average levels of one or more of the cytokines within the first 10 days post-BMT were independently associated with MTC (Odd's ratio: 2.3 [1.2-4.5], P=0.011). This study shows that systemic release of proinflammatory cytokines contributes to the development of MTC and provides a rationale for pre-emptive anti-inflammatory treatment in selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schots
- BMT-Unit, Academisch Ziekenhuis-Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, Brussels 1090, Belgium
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Myers MJ, Farrell DE, Palmer DC, Post LO. Inflammatory mediator production in swine following endotoxin challenge with or without co-administration of dexamethasone. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:571-9. [PMID: 12689661 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(03)00048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response in swine challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has only been partially characterized. As swine are increasingly used in biomedical research, it is important to determine if they respond to endotoxin challenge in a manner similar to other model systems. Accordingly, 24 Poland China x Landrace barrows were treated with saline, LPS, dexamethasone, or LPS and dexamethasone, with six animals in each treatment group. The kinetics of TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, nitric oxide (nitrate/nitrite), and neopterin production in swine plasma were examined at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 24 h after acute LPS challenge. Lipopolysaccharide increased plasma TNFalpha levels, which peaked 1 h post-challenge. Dexamethasone decreased LPS-induced TNFalpha by approximately 60%. Plasma IL-6 levels peaked 3 h post-LPS challenge, returning to basal levels by 9 h. Swine given both LPS and dexamethasone had minimal IL-6 levels. Control and dexamethasone-only treated animals never exhibited systemic TNFalpha or IL-6 levels. Lipopolysaccharide increased plasma IL-10 1 h after challenge. Dexamethasone did not alter plasma IL-10 levels in LPS-challenged swine. Interleukin-1beta was constitutively present in plasma and was not altered by any combination of treatments. Plasma IL-8 was not observed in any treatment group. Plasma nitrate/nitrite levels were maximal 24 h post-challenge. Dexamethasone treatment prevented increases in plasma nitrate/nitrite levels in LPS-treated animals. Lipopolysaccharide induced levels of neopterin; dexamethasone served to further increase plasma neopterin levels in LPS-challenged animals. The discordant regulation of inflammatory mediators suggests that the immunological responses by swine to LPS are distinct from the responses seen in rodent and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Myers
- Division of Animal Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
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Le Bas-Bernardet S, Hourmant M, Coupel S, Bignon JD, Soulillou JP, Charreau B. Non-HLA-type endothelial cell reactive alloantibodies in pre-transplant sera of kidney recipients trigger apoptosis. Am J Transplant 2003; 3:167-77. [PMID: 12603212 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.00021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium of transplanted organs represents an important target for allograft-directed immune responses. Although HLA antigens expressed on graft endothelial cells (EC) can become targets of the host immune response, the role of other, non-HLA-encoded EC antigens has been proposed but is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of and to characterize anti-EC antibodies (AECA) in 57 kidney transplant recipients according to their HLA-immunization status. Flow cytometry in pretransplant sera was used to detect AECA reactive with surface antigens on ABO and HLA-typed primary cultures of arterial ECs, stimulated or not with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) or interferon-gamma (IFNgamma). FACS analysis revealed the presence of AECA in 47% of HLA-sensitized (PRA = 10%: mostly IgG) vs. 16.0% in nonsensitized patients (PRA < 10%) (p < 0.02). No significant correlation was found between the presence of AECA and acute rejection occurrence and graft outcome. Non-HLA reactive AECA are directed against TNFalpha- and IFNgamma-inducible membrane molecule(s), and react with two predominant antigens of approximately 35 kDa and approximately 50 kDa expressed on ECs but not on B cells. Binding of AECA decreases in vitro EC viability by 50-60% by promoting EC apoptosis, as demonstrated by DNA fragmentation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Le Bas-Bernardet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 437 'Immunointervention en Allo et Xénotransplantation', Nantes, France
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Melgert BN, Weert B, Schellekens H, Meijer DKF, Poelstra K. The pharmacokinetic and biological activity profile of dexamethasone targeted to sinusoidal endothelial and Kupffer cells. J Drug Target 2003; 11:1-10. [PMID: 12852435 DOI: 10.1080/1061186031000072969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dexamethasone (Dexa) was coupled to human serum albumin (Dexa10-HSA) for the targeting of this anti-inflammatory drug to Kupffer cells (KC) and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) in the liver: key players in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammatory liver diseases like fibrosis. Cell-specific delivery of Dexa may increase its efficacy and prevent side effects. We, therefore, studied the pharmacokinetic profile, efficacy, and toxicity of Dexa10-HSA in bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced fibrosis in rats. RESULTS Dexa10-HSA was taken up by scavenger receptors on KC and SEC and was rapidly cleared from the blood stream, with no differences in kinetic parameters between normal and fibrotic rats. KC isolated from livers of rats treated wi th Dexa10-HSA were unresponsive to lipopolysaccharide in contrast to controls. A dose of 0.1 mg kg(-1) three times a week reduced intrahepatic reactive oxygen species production strongly as compared to untreated BDL rats. This dose, however, also stimulated the depositions of collagens I and III. Overdosing of Dexa10-HSA (10 mgkg(-1)) led to a lethal reduction of body and spleen weight. CONCLUSIONS Dexa10-HSA has potent anti-inflammatory effects during BDL at extremely low doses, demonstrating the cell-specific targeting. However, the fibrotic process was not favourably affected. These results indicate a dual role for Dexa; besides blocking the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines it also reduces the release of antifibrotic mediators by SEC and KC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbro N Melgert
- Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Delbrouck C, Kaltner H, Danguy A, Nifant'ev NE, Bovin NV, Vandenhoven G, Gabius HJ, Kiss R, Hassid S. Glucocorticoid-induced differential expression of the sialylated and nonsialylated Lewis(a) epitopes and respective binding sites in human nasal polyps maintained under ex vivo tissue culture conditions. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2002; 111:1097-107. [PMID: 12498371 DOI: 10.1177/000348940211101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the anti-inflammatory effects of budesonide on the expression of adhesion molecules involving Lewis(a) (Le(a)) epitope, its sialylated derivative (sLe(a)), and their respective binding sites in human nasal polyposis. By computer-assisted microscopy, we quantitatively characterized the level of histochemical expression of L- and P-selectins, sialylated and nonsialylated Le(a) epitopes, and their respective binding sites in both surface epithelium and glandular epithelium of human nasal polyps obtained from surgical resection, maintained under ex vivo tissue culture conditions for 24 hours, and treated or not with budesonide. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) were chosen as methodological controls, because data already published in the literature clearly indicated budesonide-mediated effects on ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels of expression. The present data show that budesonide significantly modified the levels of expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and to a lesser extent that of P-selectin, in the surface and glandular epithelia. Budesonide markedly decreased the levels of expression of the binding sites for both Le(a) and sLe(a), while those of Le(a) and sLe(a) remained globally unchanged. In conclusion, the present study documents that glucocorticoid-induced effects can encompass receptors for Le(a) epitopes different from E- and P-selectins on epithelial cells of human nasal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Delbrouck
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
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Rapid Selection of Differentially Expressed Genes in TNFα-activated Endothelial Cells. Mol Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03402166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Pitzalis C, Pipitone N, Perretti M. Regulation of leukocyte-endothelial interactions by glucocorticoids. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 966:108-18. [PMID: 12114265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid molecules endowed with powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Traditionally, the anti-inflammatory action of GC has been largely ascribed to the synthesis of lipocortin-1 (now know as annexin I), while the immunosuppressive effect has been linked to the inhibition of several immune functions and the synthesis of important cytokines and chemokines. In addition to these modes of action, there is a mounting body of evidence suggesting that GCs can also inhibit cell adhesion events, which also play a crucial role in the inflammatory/ immune response. The mechanisms by which GCs modulate cell adhesion are complex and multifactorial. It is now clear that GCs can directly regulate cell adhesion molecule (CAM) gene transactivation through the classical glucocorticoid receptor (GR) pathways. These involve interference with activation/ transcription factors such as AP-1 and NF-kappaB, as well as binding of the GC-GR complex to specific DNA sequences, called glucocorticoid response element "GRE," with ensuing CAM gene inhibition. In addition to these "genomic" mechanisms, there is increasing recognition of alternative modalities of action of GC that are independent from modulating gene expression and for this reason defined as "non-genomic." These are characterized by a rapid response (seconds/minutes) and insensitivity to inhibitors of gene transcription and protein synthesis. The non-genomic effects could be due to direct physicochemical interactions with cell membrane constituents including ion channels and membrane associated proteins. This would lead to inhibition of intracellular signaling pathways involved in CAM activation and cytoskeleton reorganization essential for cell adhesion and locomotion.
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Cho ML, Cho CS, Min SY, Kim SH, Lee SS, Kim WU, Min DJ, Min JK, Youn J, Hwang SY, Park SH, Kim HY. Cyclosporine inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor production in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:1202-9. [PMID: 12115224 DOI: 10.1002/art.10215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the antiangiogenic effect of cyclosporin A (CSA) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS We investigated the effect of CSA on the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were prepared from the synovial tissues of RA patients, and cultured in the presence of CSA. The production of VEGF by FLS was measured in culture supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and activator protein 1 (AP-1) binding activity for VEGF transcription were determined by polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, respectively. RESULTS CSA dose-dependently inhibited both constitutive and transforming growth factor beta-induced VEGF production at the protein and mRNA levels. The suppressive action of CSA on VEGF synthesis was calcineurin dependent, as evidenced by a comparable inhibition by FK-506. Agonists of cAMP, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and N-2-O-dibutyryl-cAMP, mimicked the effect of CSA on VEGF production, while a cAMP antagonist, 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine, abrogated the effect of CSA. A gel mobility shift assay showed that the inhibitory effect of CSA was associated with decreased AP-1 binding activity to the VEGF promoter, in a cAMP-dependent manner. CONCLUSION CSA may exert an antiangiogenic effect by inhibiting AP-1-mediated VEGF expression in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-La Cho
- The Center for Rheumatic Diseases in Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, and Research Institute of Immunobiology, Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Fauvel H, Marchetti P, Obert G, Joulain O, Chopin C, Formstecher P, Nevière R. Protective effects of cyclosporin A from endotoxin-induced myocardial dysfunction and apoptosis in rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:449-55. [PMID: 11850335 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.165.4.2105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial depression can be demonstrated following administration of endotoxin. Proposed mechanisms of endotoxin-induced myocardial dysfunction include the release of proinflammatory mediators, focal myocardial ischemia, and the presence of activated leukocytes within the myocardium. Recently, myocardial caspase activation and mitochondria-related apoptotic events (i.e., release of cytochrome c) were demonstrated in the failing septic heart. Here, we tested the hypothesis that immunosuppressors, cyclosporin A and tacrolimus (FK 506), would improve inflammation, heart nuclear apoptosis, and myocardial dysfunction in endotoxin-treated rats. Myocardial contractility was assessed using an isolated heart preparation. Heart leukocyte infiltration was assessed by measurement of heart myeloperoxidase activity. Leukocyte activation was studied using the intravital microscopy of the mesenteric venule. Apoptosis was detected as myocardial DNA fragmentation, downstream caspase activation, and mitochondrial cytochrome c release. Both cyclosporin A and FK 506 reduced heart leukocyte sequestration and venular adhesion in endotoxin-treated rats. Cyclosporin A, which blocks mitochondrial cytochrome c release, was able to reduce endotoxin-induced myocardial end-stage nuclear apoptosis and heart dysfunction, whereas tacrolimus had no such effects. These effects could be related to the unique properties of cyclosporin A to act on mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Fauvel
- INSERM U459, Faculté de Médecine 1, EA 2689, CHRU and Université de Lille 2, France
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Markovic S, Raab M, Daxecker H, Griesmacher A, Karimi A, Müller MM. In vitro effects of cyclosporin A on the expression of adhesion molecules on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 316:25-31. [PMID: 11750271 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the different factors playing crucial roles in endothelial cell activation, cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) have been reported to demonstrate profound effects on this cell type. It has been shown that the increased release of IFN-alpha/gamma and TNF-alpha causes structural and functional modulations of the endothelial cell. These cytokines participate in the recruitment and activation of the immune system. CsA is an immunosuppressive drug that is necessary at high levels in human recipients of vascularised xenografts. This drug could contribute to a prolonged graft survival by modulation of endothelial cell activation. METHODS The present study deals with the effects of cyclosporin A on adhesion molecule expression (i.e. ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, P-selectin, PECAM-1 and the L-selectin ligand CD 34) on the surface of cytokine stimulated HUVECs. The in vitro model described herein mimics the stimulation of endothelial cells by cytokines as seen during inflammatory processes after transplantation. Therefore, HUVECs were activated either with TNF-alpha, IL-1beta or with a cytokine mixture consisting of those stimulants present at an elevated level in sera of patients during allograft rejection (i.e. IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma). RESULTS The results obtained show that the immunosuppression of CsA is not only achieved by inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation, but also by decreasing the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, which are the first target of the cellular rejection process. CONCLUSION Co-incubation of stimulated endothelial cells with a final CsA concentration of 5 microg/ml revealed a significant down-regulating influence on the surface expression of E-selectin and VCAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Markovic
- Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiothoracic Research, Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Kundratstrasse 3, A-1100 Vienna, Austria
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Sebille F, Guillet M, Brouard S, Gagne K, Petzold T, Blancho G, Vanhove B, Soulillou JP. T-cell-mediated rejection of vascularized xenografts in the absence of induced anti-donor antibody response. Am J Transplant 2001; 1:21-8. [PMID: 12095033 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2001.010106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
T cells are considered to play a major indirect role in the pathogenesis of xenograft vascular rejection, by promoting the induction of anti-donor antibodies that trigger complement- and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. However, how vigorous the T cell xenoresponse is in vivo, and whether, besides their helper function, T cells are capable of directly affecting the graft is still unclear. We have previously shown that cyclosporine A (CsA) withdrawal in accommodated cardiac xenograft recipient allows for a rapid and dense T-cell infiltration, concomitant to an acute graft rejection. In this paper we further characterize the role of T cells in this rejection process and we demonstrate that adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells in irradiated recipients of long-term cardiac xenografts is sufficient to trigger acute rejection, in the absence of any detectable induced anti-hamster antibody response. Therefore, our data suggest that unusually strong T-cell response will be another major barrier to xenotransplantation, even if antibody-mediated vascular rejection is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sebille
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-Unit 437, Immunointervention dans les Allo-et les Xénotransplantations and Institut de Transplantation Et de Recherche en Transplantation, Nantes, France
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30
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Rémy S, Canova C, Daguin-Nerrière V, Martin C, Melchior B, Neveu I, Charreau B, Soulillou JP, Brachet P. Different mechanisms mediate the rejection of porcine neurons and endothelial cells transplanted into the rat brain. Xenotransplantation 2001; 8:136-48. [PMID: 11328584 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3089.2001.00076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the early cellular responses mediating xenograft rejection in the brain, porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC) or porcine fetal mesencephalic neurons (PNEU) were transplanted into the striatum of LEW.1A rats. PAEC were detected with a specific anti-beta1 integrin antibody, and PNEU with an anti-porcine neurofilament antibody, or an antibody recognizing the NeuN antigen. PAEC grafts were massively infiltrated within 24 h by OX42-positive cells, which may correspond to polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells or macrophages. At that moment, the graft contained numerous cells expressing the inducible isoform of NO-synthase (iNOS). Infiltration by ED1-positive macrophages was effective after three days. The beta1-integrin labeling decreased from that time-point to day 7 post-implantation, and vanished after 11 days. Although some OX8-positive cells were present around the graft as soon as 3 days after transplantation, cells expressing the T-cell receptor (TCR)-beta chain infiltrated the graft after 7 days and their number remained low. A strong, diffuse OX8-and ED1-positive immunoreactive material remained in the scar up to the third week. In striking contrast, PNEU grafts remained poorly infiltrated by OX42- or ED1-positive cells during the first two weeks. A massive infiltration by macrophages and TCRbeta-positive lymphocytes occurred after 3 weeks. Natural killer (NK) cells were more scarce. The inflammation territory enlarged, and blood vessels were overloaded with macrophages or lymphocytes. Nevertheless, the graft contained NeuN-positive nuclei and neurites harbouring the porcine neurofilament protein. Hence, rejection was not completed at this time-point. These results suggest that the rapid rejection of PAEC is mainly driven by macrophages and possibly PMN cells, unlike PNEU, whose rejection is delayed and also involves lymphocytes. Differences in immunogenicity of grafted cells and/or patterns of production of pro-inflammatory cytokines may account for these contrasted rejection kinetics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Antigens, Surface
- Avian Proteins
- Basigin
- Blood Proteins
- Brain Tissue Transplantation/adverse effects
- Brain Tissue Transplantation/immunology
- Corpus Striatum/surgery
- Endothelium, Vascular/transplantation
- Graft Rejection/etiology
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Neurons/radiation effects
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Swine
- Transplantation, Heterologous/adverse effects
- Transplantation, Heterologous/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rémy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 437, Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, France
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31
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Abstract
The cell adhesion receptors that participate in the extravasation and migration of leucocytes towards inflammatory foci mainly include the selectins and different members of the integrin and immunoglobulin superfamilies. These adhesion receptors mediate the sequential steps of leucocyte-endothelial cell interaction and, together with chemoattractant molecules (e.g., chemokines), direct the influx of inflammatory cells and define the characteristics of the cell infiltrate. Many different drugs, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, rheumatoid arthritis disease-modifying agents and phosphodiesterase inhibitors, interfere with the expression and/or function of cell adhesion receptors and this effect accounts for, at least in part, their anti-inflammatory activity. In recent years, novel approaches for the modulation of the cell membrane receptors involved in inflammation have been active areas in pharmaceutical research. Upgraded synthetic blocking compounds, chimeric monoclonal antibodies or improved antisense oligonucleotides represent important advances in this field. The proper development of these novel approaches, as well as other alternative strategies, will allow a better and more specific pharmacological modulation of the inflammatory phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sánchez-Madrid
- Sección de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Ballinger A, Smith G. COX-2 inhibitors vs. NSAIDs in gastrointestinal damage and prevention. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2001; 2:31-40. [PMID: 11336566 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit production of protective gastric mucosal prostaglandins and also have a direct topical irritant effect. In some patients this results in dyspepsia and development of gastroduodenal erosions and ulceration. The risk of ulcer complications, such as bleeding, perforation and death is increased approximately 4-fold in NSAID users. Patients at high risk of ulcer complications include the elderly, those taking anticoagulants, steroids and aspirin, those with a previous history of peptic ulceration and patients with concomitant serious medical problems. The interaction of NSAIDs with Helicobacter pylori (the major cause of peptic ulceration in non-NSAID users) is controversial and some studies suggest that H. pylori infection may even protect against NSAID-induced ulceration. Selective inhibitors of the inducible cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme spare COX-1 in the gastric mucosa and, hence, do not inhibit production of mucosal prostaglandins. COX-2-selective inhibitors are associated with a significant reduction in gastroduodenal damage compared with traditional NSAIDs. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are probably the best agents for healing and prevention of NSAID-induced ulcers. Preliminary studies suggest that COX-2 selective inhibitors, like traditional NSAIDs, may prevent lower gastrointestinal cancer. Further studies are needed but they may be useful in individuals at high risk of certain types of lower gastrointestinal malignancy with increased gastrointestinal tolerability and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ballinger
- Digestive Diseases Research Centre, Department of Adult and Paediatric Gastroenterology, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
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Charreau B, Coupel S, Boulday G, Soulillou JP. Cyclosporine inhibits class II major histocompatibility antigen presentation by xenogeneic endothelial cells to human T lymphocytes by altering expression of the class II transcriptional activator gene. Transplantation 2000; 70:354-61. [PMID: 10933163 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200007270-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclosporine (CsA) is currently given to recipients of vascularized xenografts as part of the immunosuppressive regimen required to prevent the hyperacute rejection phase. The effects of CsA on non-lymphoid immune cells, such as endothelial cells (ECs), have not been well characterized and sometimes seem contradictory, because both protective and adverse effects have been reported. In the present study, we investigated in vitro whether CsA could alter the antigenicity of activated porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs) by reducing class I and class II MHC antigen expression. METHODS The effect of CsA on MHC antigen expression during tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha- or lymphocyte-mediated PAEC activation was evaluated in vitro by flow cytometry and correlated to the ability of porcine ECs to promote human T lymphocyte proliferation. The effect of CsA on class II MHC antigen mRNA expression was also analyzed and related to class II transcriptional activator (CIITA) mRNA expression. RESULTS Flow cytometry analysis showed that TNF-alpha-mediated induction of class II MHC antigen expression on PAECs was completely inhibited by CsA, whereas expression of class I MHC was reduced by 50%. The inhibition was dose dependent (at drug concentrations ranging from 2.5 microg/ml to 20.0 microg/ml) and was consistently observed at all time points (24-72 hr) during the activation period. Decreased MHC antigen expression dramatically reduced the ability of PAECs to further promote human T-cell proliferation. Similar levels of inhibition were achieved using an anti-porcine class II MHC blocking monoclonal antibody. Pretreatment of PAECs with CsA for 4 hr before coculture with human peripheral blood leukocytes efficiently blocked the induction on PAECs of E-selectin and class II MHC antigens and inhibited overexpression of class I antigens. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction experiments showed that CsA markedly reduced the steady-state level of porcine class II (SLA-DRA and SLA-DQA) mRNA at 16 hr, compared with PAECs stimulated with TNF-alpha alone. The reduced level of class II MHC mRNA was associated with a lack of CIITA expression at this time point, suggesting that CsA could alter transcription or promote the rapid decay of CIITA mRNA. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that CsA could play a role in preventing porcine MHC antigens being directly presented to human T lymphocytes by xenogeneic ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Charreau
- INSERM U437, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation, C.H.U. de Nantes, France
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