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Garbis DVO, Fortes TS, Brito JM, Silva LDM, Trovão LDO, Oliveira AS, Alves PCS, Vale AAM, Reis AS, Azevedo-Santos APS, Maciel MCG, Guerra RNM, Abreu AG, Silva LA, Berretta AA, Nascimento FRF. Prophylactic use of standardized extract of propolis of Apis mellifera (EPP-AF®) reduces lung inflammation and improves survival in experimental lethal sepsis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 331:118294. [PMID: 38729541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sepsis poses one of the biggest public health problems, necessitating the search for new therapeutic alternatives. For centuries, propolis has been widely used in folk medicine to treat various inflammatory and infectious diseases. Given its extensive use, it has excellent potential as an adjuvant treatment for patients with sepsis. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated prophylactic treatment with standardized propolis extract (EPP-AF®) and followed the prognosis of sepsis induced by ligation and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). METHODS Initially, for survival assessment, Swiss mice were separated into five groups: Sham (false operated), control (PBS), ATB (received antibiotic, 8 mg/kg), P10 (received EPP-AF®, 10 mg/kg), and P100 (received EPP-AF®, 100 mg/kg). The animals received PBS, antibiotic, or EPP-AF® by the subcutaneous route 6 h before the CLP procedure. Animal survival was assessed every 12 h for five days when all of them were euthanized. RESULTS We show that the treatment with EPP-AF® significantly increased the life expectancy of animals with sepsis compared to the control group. Interestingly, prophylactic treatment with EPP-AF® showed no effect on the number of colony-forming units in the peritoneum, blood, or lung. However, there was a decrease in cellular influx in the peritoneum. This alteration was unrelated to the number of bone marrow cells or the differential counting of peripheral blood cells. The coagulogram remained unchanged, including the number of platelets and prothrombin time-activated partial thromboplastin time. However, the inflammatory infiltrate and bleeding in the lung tissue were lower in the animals that received EPP-AF®. CONCLUSION Thus, it was possible to conclude that prophylactic treatment with EPP-AF® preserved the lung parenchyma, resulting in an increased lifespan of mice with sepsis. It can be a helpful adjuvant in prophylactic treatment with antibiotics in presurgical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrius V O Garbis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Thiare S Fortes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Jefferson M Brito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia e Imunoparasitologia (LPI), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Luis Douglas M Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia e Imunoparasitologia (LPI), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Liana de O Trovão
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aluisio S Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C S Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - André A M Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada ao Câncer (LIAC), Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Aramys S Reis
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia e Investigação Terapêutica (LAFIT), Centro de Ciências de Imperatriz, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula S Azevedo-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada ao Câncer (LIAC), Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Marcia C G Maciel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brazil; Departmento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Rosane N M Guerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Afonso G Abreu
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Lucilene A Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia e Imunoparasitologia (LPI), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Andresa A Berretta
- Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento & Inovação, Apis Flora Indl. Coml. Ltda., Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia R F Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.
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Leduc-Gaudet JP, Miguez K, Cefis M, Faitg J, Moamer A, Chaffer TJ, Reynaud O, Broering FE, Shams A, Mayaki D, Huck L, Sandri M, Gouspillou G, Hussain SN. Autophagy ablation in skeletal muscles worsens sepsis-induced muscle wasting, impairs whole-body metabolism, and decreases survival. iScience 2023; 26:107475. [PMID: 37588163 PMCID: PMC10425945 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Septic patients frequently develop skeletal muscle wasting and weakness, resulting in severe clinical consequences and adverse outcomes. Sepsis triggers sustained induction of autophagy, a key cellular degradative pathway, in skeletal muscles. However, the impact of enhanced autophagy on sepsis-induced muscle dysfunction remains unclear. Using an inducible and muscle-specific Atg7 knockout mouse model (Atg7iSkM-KO), we investigated the functional importance of skeletal muscle autophagy in sepsis using the cecal ligation and puncture model. Atg7iSkM-KO mice exhibited a more severe phenotype in response to sepsis, marked by severe muscle wasting, hypoglycemia, higher ketone levels, and a decreased in survival as compared to mice with intact Atg7. Sepsis and Atg7 deletion resulted in the accumulation of mitochondrial dysfunction, although sepsis did not further worsen mitochondrial dysfunction in Atg7iSkM-KO mice. Overall, our study demonstrates that autophagy inactivation in skeletal muscles triggers significant worsening of sepsis-induced muscle and metabolic dysfunctions and negatively impacts survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Leduc-Gaudet
- Research Group in Cellular Signaling, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec À Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montréal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Faculté des sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - Kayla Miguez
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montréal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Marina Cefis
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Faculté des sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - Julie Faitg
- Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Faculté des sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada
- Amazentis SA, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alaa Moamer
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Tomer Jordi Chaffer
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montréal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Olivier Reynaud
- Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Faculté des sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - Felipe E. Broering
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montréal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Anwar Shams
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Taif University, P.O.BOX 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dominique Mayaki
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montréal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Laurent Huck
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montréal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Marco Sandri
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM) and Department of Biomedical Science, Università di Padova, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Gilles Gouspillou
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Faculté des sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - Sabah N.A. Hussain
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Montréal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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de O. Trovão L, dos S. Rodrigues L, Mendes PM, Alves PCS, da S. Oliveira A, Brito JM, Vale AAM, de O. Garbis DV, Simão G, dos Santos APSA, Pereira PVS, Silva LA, Berretta AA, Nascimento FRF, Guerra RNM, Monteiro-Neto V, Fernandes ES, Maciel MCG. The Immunomodulatory Activity of Punica granatum L. Peel Extract Increases the Lifespan of Mice with Lethal Sepsis. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:2868707. [PMID: 37621924 PMCID: PMC10447006 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2868707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is an organ dysfunction syndrome associated with high mortality. To date, no effective treatment is available to combat this disease. Punica granatum L. is a potential alternative treatment due to its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of a hydroalcoholic crude extract from the peels of P. granatum (HCEPg) in mice with lethal sepsis. Lethal polymicrobial sepsis was induced in female Swiss mice via cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Initially, the animals were divided into three groups: Sham (false-operated), CLP-control (phosphate-buffered saline), and CLP-HCEPg (single dose, 5 mg/kg, subcutaneous administration). Treatment was initiated immediately after the induction of sepsis, and survival was evaluated every 12 hr for 5 days. Those who survived were euthanized. Serum cytokine levels were measured using a cytometric bead array Mouse Inflammatory Cytokine Kit. The number of colony-forming units, as well as the number of cells in the lymphoid organs and their activation markers, were analyzed. Results showed that treatment with HCEPg increased lifespan and reduced bacterial counts in the peritoneum, bloodstream, and spleen. HCEPg also decreased hydrogen peroxide secretion by phagocytes and augmented serum IL-10 levels, indicating its systemic anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, treatment with HCEPg attenuated infection-induced lung hemorrhage. Overall, P. granatum extract improved the lifespan of septic mice, possibly due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, thereby regulating bacterial load and translocation, as well as controlling the systemic inflammation induced by sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gisele Simão
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe e Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth S. Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe e Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
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Zhang P, Jiang Y, Ye X, Zhang C, Tang Y. PDK1 inhibition reduces autophagy and cell senescence through the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in a cigarette smoke mouse emphysema model. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:223. [PMID: 37123206 PMCID: PMC10133799 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of previous studies have demonstrated the pivotal role of PI3K/AKT signalling in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced emphysema, where phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) is a critical component of this pathway. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of a PDK1 inhibitor (GSK-2334470) on the expression levels of PI3K, AKT, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16) and LC3B in a CS + CS extract (CSE)-induced mouse emphysema model. CS exposure and intraperitoneal injections of CSE were combined for 4 weeks to establish an emphysema model. Mice (n=35) were randomly divided into the normal control, emphysema (CS), PI3K inhibitor (CS3) and PDK1 inhibitor (CS1) groups. Immunohistochemistry staining of lung tissues was used to measure the expression of the PI3K, PDK1 and AKT proteins in airway epithelial tissues. Immunofluorescence staining was also used to measure the levels of p16 and LC3BII protein expression in the airway epithelial tissues. In addition, PI3K, PDK1, AKT, p16 and LC3B protein expression was semi-quantified using western blotting. The expression of PDK1, PI3K and AKT proteins in the airway epithelial tissues was significantly increased in the CS + CSE group compared with that in the control group. The expression levels of p16 and LC3B were also increased as well in the CS + CSE group compared with those in the control group. The expression levels of PI3K, PDK1, AKT, LC3B and p16 in the airway epithelial tissues of the CS3 group were lower compared with those in the CS + CSE group. A decrease in the expression levels of PDK1, AKT, p16 and LC3B in the airway epithelial tissues of the CS1 group compared with those in the CS + CSE group was also observed. However, there were no significant differences in the expression levels of PI3K between the CS1 and the CS groups. The present study concluded that the inhibition of PDK1 can potentially reduce autophagy and cell senescence by downregulating the expression of PI3K/AKT pathway related proteins in airway epithelial cells, thereby protecting against CS + CSE-induced emphysema in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peibei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Youjun Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Xianwei Ye
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Yiling Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
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Wang J, Liao L, Chen Y, Chen L, Lai Z, Zhang L. A MODIFIED SURGICAL SEPSIS MODEL SATISFYING SEPSIS-3 AND HAVING HIGH CONSISTENCY OF MORTALITY. Shock 2023; 59:673-683. [PMID: 36821415 PMCID: PMC10082063 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background : Cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) is currently considered the criterion standard model of sepsis; however, there are some deficiencies, such as low clinical relevance, inconsistency in severity grading, and an unknown proportion of CLP animals meeting the requirements of sepsis-3. Methods : Adult rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: modified CLP (M-CLP) group, CLP group, and sham group. The vital organ function of rats was evaluated 24 hours postoperatively by blood pressure, behavioral testing, histopathology, and blood test. Cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and T-cell suppression was assessed by flow cytometry. The stability of the model was evaluated by comparing the survival rates of repeated experiments in all groups from day 1 to day 14. Results : More rats in the M-CLP group met Sepsis-3 criteria than those in the CLP group 24 hours postoperatively (53.1% vs. 21.9%, P = 0.01). Rats in the M-CLP group developed more serious hepatic, pulmonary, and renal dysfunction. Similar to human sepsis, rats in the M-CLP group demonstrated more serious immunosuppression and systemic inflammation compared with the CLP group. In addition, disease development and severity, which was indicated by the stable survival rates of model animals, were more stable in the M-CLP group. Conclusions : More rats could meet Sepsis-3 criteria with this novel surgical procedure, which may reduce the number of animals needed in preclinical sepsis experiments. This stable M-CLP model may contribute to the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiebo Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lianming Liao
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan City, China
| | - Liji Chen
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongmeng Lai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangcheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Pre-treatment and continuous administration of simvastatin during sepsis improve metabolic parameters and prevent CNS injuries in survivor rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2657-2667. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Meng XL, Yu MM, Liu YC, Gao YL, Chen XS, Shou ST, Chai YF. Rutin Inhibits Cardiac Apoptosis and Prevents Sepsis-Induced Cardiomyopathy. Front Physiol 2022; 13:834077. [PMID: 35492613 PMCID: PMC9050354 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.834077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rutin is a flavanol-type polyphenol that consists of flavanol quercetin and the disaccharide rutinose, which has been reported to exert various biological effects such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. It is not clear whether rutin has a protective effect on sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC). In this study, we used male C57BL/6 mice and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery to establish the model of SIC. Rutin was precautionarily treated (50, 100, 200 mg/kg per day, 7 days) before CLP. The results showed that rutin pretreatment (100, 200 mg/kg per day, 7 days) reduced the mortality of murine sepsis. We chose the 100 mg/kg dose for further studies. Mice were pretreatment with rutin (100 mg/kg per day, 7 days) before subjected to CLP, and myocardial tissue and blood samples were collected 24 h after CLP. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cTNT decreased, while interleukin-10 (IL-10) increased with rutin pretreatment. The cardiomyocytes apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction were also alleviated with rutin pretreatment. In conclusion, this study confirmed the efficacy of rutin-enriched diet in the prophylaxis of cardiac apoptosis and cardiac injury induced by CLP in mouse model. It provides a potential new approach on SIC prophylaxis in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yan-Cun Liu
- *Correspondence: Yan-Cun Liu, ; Yan-Fen Chai,
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Letson HL, Morris JL, Biros E, Dobson GP. ALM Induces Cellular Quiescence in the Surgical Margin 3 d Following Liver Resection, Hemorrhage, and Shock. J Surg Res 2022; 275:16-28. [PMID: 35219247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The liver has a remarkable capacity to regenerate but not the resected lobe. Our aim was to examine the expression of a number of key genes of metabolism, proliferation, survival, and reprogramming 5 mm inside the resected margin following resuscitation with adenosine, lidocaine, and Mg2+ (ALM) therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anesthetized adult male Sprague-Dawley rats randomly assigned to ALM treatment (n = 10) or Saline controls (n = 10) underwent liver resection (60% left lateral lobe) and uncontrolled bleeding. After 15 min, 3% NaCl ± ALM bolus was administered, and after 60 min, a 4 h 0.9% NaCl ± ALM stabilization 'drip' was commenced. After 72 h monitoring (or high moribund score), histopathology, inflammatory mediators, and relative expression of key genes of tissue repair were measured in the remaining left lateral liver. RESULTS ALM animals survived 72 h compared to 23 h for Saline controls (P = 0.002). In the surgical margin, ALM therapy showed preservation of cellular architecture, whereas controls had increased inflammation and diffuse necrosis. Liver proinflammatory cytokines were also 2- to 4-fold higher in Saline controls. ALM therapy dramatically suppressed (∼70%) gene expression of four adenosine receptors, metabolic signaling, autophagy, apoptosis, and cell proliferation compared to controls, including suppression of the Yamanaka factors by up to 85%. CONCLUSIONS We conclude ALM therapy preserved hepatocyte architecture with less inflammation and necrosis 3 d after resection, hemorrhage, and shock. In addition, ALM induced cellular quiescence in the surgical margin, which may be a strategy for improved barrier protection and healing. Further studies are required to address this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley L Letson
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Jodie L Morris
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Erik Biros
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Geoffrey P Dobson
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
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Letson HL, Biros E, Morris JL, Dobson GP. ALM Fluid Therapy Shifts Sympathetic Hyperactivity to Parasympathetic Dominance in the Rat Model of Non-Compressible Hemorrhagic Shock. Shock 2022; 57:264-273. [PMID: 34798632 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Excessive sympathetic outflow following trauma can lead to cardiac dysfunction, inflammation, coagulopathy, and poor outcomes. We previously reported that buprenorphine analgesia decreased survival after hemorrhagic trauma. Our aim is to examine the underlying mechanisms of mortality in a non-compressible hemorrhage rat model resuscitated with saline or adenosine, lidocaine, magnesium (ALM). Anesthetized adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to Saline control group or ALM therapy group (both n = 10). Hemorrhage was induced by 50% liver resection. After 15 min, 0.7 mL/kg 3% NaCl ± ALM intravenous bolus was administered, and after 60 min, 0.9% NaCl ± ALM was infused for 4 h (0.5 mL/kg/h) with 72 h monitoring. Animals received 6-12-hourly buprenorphine for analgesia. Hemodynamics, heart rate variability, echocardiography, and adiponectin were measured. Cardiac tissue was analyzed for adrenergic/cholinergic receptor expression, inflammation, and histopathology. Four ALM animals and one Saline control survived to 72 h. Mortality was associated with up to 97% decreases in adrenergic (β-1, α-1A) and cholinergic (M2) receptor expression, cardiac inflammation, myocyte Ca2+ loading, and histopathology, indicating heart ischemia/failure. ALM survivors had higher cardiac output and stroke volume, a 30-fold increase in parasympathetic/sympathetic receptor expression ratio, and higher circulating adiponectin compared to Saline controls. Paradoxically, Saline cardiac adiponectin hormone levels were higher than ALM, with no change in receptor expression, indicating intra-cardiac synthesis. Mortality appears to be a "systems failure" associated with CNS dysregulation of cardiac function. Survival involves an increased parasympathetic dominance to support cardiac pump function with reduced myocardial inflammation. Increased cardiac α-1A adrenergic receptor in ALM survivors may be significant, as this receptor is highly protective during heart dysfunction/failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley L Letson
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
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Dos Santos-Junior NN, da Costa LHA, Catalão CHR, Alves Rocha MJ. Corticosterone and Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Secretion Is Recovered after Immune Challenge or Acute Restraint Stress in Sepsis Survivor Animals. Neuroimmunomodulation 2022; 29:306-316. [PMID: 35104823 DOI: 10.1159/000520746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and experimental studies report a dysregulation of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during sepsis that causes impairment in hormone secretion in the late phase contributing for the pathophysiology of the disease. However, it is unclear whether this alteration persists even after the disease remission. METHODS We evaluated the effect of an immune challenge or restraint stress on the hormone secretion of HPA axis in sepsis survivor rats. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation-puncture (CLP) surgery. Naive or animals that survive 5 or 10 days after CLP were submitted to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection or restraint stress. After 60 min, blood was collected for plasma nitrate, cytokines, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and corticosterone (CORT) and brain for synaptophysin and hypothalamic cytokines. RESULTS Five days survivor animals showed increased plasma nitrate (p < 0.001) and interleukin (IL)-1β levels (p < 0.05) that were abolished in the 10 days survivors. In the hypothalamus of both survivors, the reverse was seen with IL-6 increased (p < 0.01), while IL-1β did not show any alteration. Synaptophysin expression was reduced in both survivors and did not change after any stimuli. Only the LPS administration increased plasma and/or inflammatory mediators levels in both groups (survivors and naive) being apparently lower in the survivors. There was no difference in the increased secretion pattern of ACTH and CORT observed in the naive and sepsis survivor animals submitted to immune challenge or restraint stress. CONCLUSION We conclude that the HPA axis is already recovered soon after 5 days of sepsis induction responding with normal secretion of ACTH and CORT when required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Henrique Angenendt da Costa
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Rocha Catalão
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria José Alves Rocha
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Dobson GP, Morris JL, Biros E, Davenport LM, Letson HL. Major surgery leads to a proinflammatory phenotype: Differential gene expression following a laparotomy. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 71:102970. [PMID: 34745602 PMCID: PMC8554464 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The trauma of surgery is a neglected area of research. Our aim was to examine the differential expression of genes of stress, metabolism and inflammation in the major organs of a rat following a laparotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anaesthetised Sprague-Dawley rats were randomised into baseline, 6-hr and 3-day groups (n = 6 each), catheterised and laparotomy performed. Animals were sacrificed at each timepoint and tissues collected for gene and protein analysis. Blood stress hormones, cytokines, endothelial injury markers and coagulation were measured. RESULTS Stress hormone corticosterone significantly increased and was accompanied by significant increases in inflammatory cytokines, endothelial markers, increased neutrophils (6-hr), higher lactate (3-days), and coagulopathy. In brain, there were significant increases in M1 muscarinic (31-fold) and α-1A-adrenergic (39-fold) receptor expression. Cortical expression of metabolic genes increased ∼3-fold, and IL-1β by 6-fold at 3-days. Cardiac β-1-adrenergic receptor expression increased up to 8.4-fold, and M2 and M1 muscarinic receptors by 2 to 4-fold (6-hr). At 3-days, cardiac mitochondrial gene expression (Tfam, Mtco3) and inflammation (IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, MIP-1α, MCP-1) were significantly elevated. Haemodynamics remained stable. In liver, there was a dramatic suppression of adrenergic and muscarinic receptor expression (up to 90%) and increased inflammation. Gut also underwent autonomic suppression with 140-fold increase in IL-1β expression (3-days). CONCLUSIONS A single laparotomy led to a surgical-induced proinflammatory phenotype involving neuroendocrine stress, cortical excitability, immune activation, metabolic changes and coagulopathy. The pervasive nature of systemic and tissue inflammation was noteworthy. There is an urgent need for new therapies to prevent hyper-inflammation and restore homeostasis following major surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey P. Dobson
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
| | - Jodie L. Morris
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
| | - Erik Biros
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
| | - Lisa M. Davenport
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
| | - Hayley L. Letson
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
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12
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Winn CB, Hwang SK, Morin J, Bluette CT, Manickam B, Jiang ZK, Giddabasappa A, Liu CN, Matthews K. Automated monitoring of respiratory rate as a novel humane endpoint: A refinement in mouse metastatic lung cancer models. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257694. [PMID: 34543354 PMCID: PMC8452061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In oncology research, while xenograft tumor models are easily visualized and humane endpoints can be clearly defined, metastatic tumor models are often based on more subjective clinical observations as endpoints. This study aimed at identifying objective non-invasive criteria for predicting imminent distress and mortality in metastatic lung tumor-bearing mice. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with CT26 or B16F10 cells, respectively. The mice were housed in Vium smart cages to continuously monitor and stream respiratory rate and locomotion for up to 28 days until scheduled euthanasia or humane endpoint criteria were met. Body weight and body temperature were measured during the study. On days 11, 14, 17 and 28, lungs of subsets of animals were microCT imaged in vivo to assess lung metastasis progression and then euthanized for lung microscopic evaluations. Beginning at day 21, most tumor-bearing animals developed increased respiratory rates followed by decreased locomotion 1–2 days later, compared with the baseline values. Increases in respiratory rate did not correlate to surface tumor nodule counts or lung weight. Body weight measurement did not show significant changes from days 14–28 in either tumor-bearing or control animals. We propose that increases in respiratory rate (1.3–1.5 X) can be used to provide an objective benchmark to signal the need for increased clinical observations or euthanasia. Adoption of this novel humane endpoint criterion would allow investigators time to collect tissue samples prior to spontaneous morbidity or death and significantly reduce the distress of mice in the terminal stages of these metastatic lung tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B. Winn
- Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Seo-Kyoung Hwang
- Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Morin
- Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Crystal T. Bluette
- Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Balasubramanian Manickam
- Global Pathology and Investigative Toxicology, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ziyue K. Jiang
- Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Anand Giddabasappa
- Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Chang-Ning Liu
- Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kristin Matthews
- Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, San Diego, California, United States of America
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13
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The Influence of Macrophage-Activating Lipopeptide-2 in Regard to Liver-Specific Changes Within a Murine Two-Hit Model. Inflammation 2021; 45:143-155. [PMID: 34396465 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Trauma hemorrhage (TH) and subsequent sepsis are well known to frequently result in severe organ damage. Although macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) has been described to exert beneficial effects on organ damage, and further clinical course after both isolated trauma and sepsis, little is known about the impact of MALP-2 in a clinically realistic two-hit scenario of TH and subsequent sepsis. As the liver represents a key organ for the posttraumatic immune response and development of complications, the effects of MALP-2 on the posttraumatic hepatic immunologic response and tissue damage were investigated in a murine "two-hit" model. In C57BL/6 mice, blood pressure-controlled (35 ± 5 mm Hg) TH was induced. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was performed 48 h after TH. Mice were divided into two control groups (control 1, TH and laparotomy without CLP; control 2, TH and CLP) and three experimental groups (TH + CLP) treated with MALP-2 at different timepoints (ETH, end of TH; ECLP, end of CLP; 6CLP, 6 h after CLP). The observation time lasted for 168 h after induction of TH. Kupffer cells (KC) were isolated and cultured, and MPO activity was analyzed. Cell culture supernatants were taken for cytokine analysis (TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, GM-CSF, IL-10). Histological analysis was performed using the Hepatic Injury Severity Scoring (HISS). Statistical evaluation was carried out using SPSS (version 24.0.0; IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). MPO activity of control 1 group was lowest compared with all the other groups (p < 0.01). MPO activity of control 2 group was significantly higher than that in all experimental groups (ETH (p < 0.01), ECLP (p < 0.01), and 6CLP (p = 0.03)). Within the experimental groups, MPO activity was significantly reduced in the ETH (p = 0.04) and the ECLP (p < 0.01) groups compared with the 6CLP group. Moreover, ETH was also associated with the most pronounced reduction of cytokine expression by KC (p < 0.05). HISS revealed the largest damage in the group control 2. TH and subsequent sepsis lead to a distinct immunologic reaction in the liver with an increase of cytokine expression of KC and pronounced infiltration of granulocytes with associated severe tissue damage. MALP application decreases the hepatic immune response and liver damage, with the most pronounced effects if applied at the end of TH.
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Analgesia and Humane Endpoints for Rodents in Sepsis Research. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34048020 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1488-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Numerous regulatory bodies around the world require analgesics for rodents undergoing surgery to induce sepsis. Well-controlled pain will decrease morbidity. Options for analgesics include NSAIDs, local analgesics, and opioids. Supportive care can also decrease stress to post-operative animals. As well, humane endpoints should be agreed upon before the study commences so as to alleviate unnecessary pain and distress.
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15
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Rocha LS, Silva BPD, Correia TML, Silva RPD, Meireles DDA, Pereira R, Netto LES, Meotti FC, Queiroz RF. Peroxiredoxin AhpC1 protects Pseudomonas aeruginosa against the inflammatory oxidative burst and confers virulence. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102075. [PMID: 34315109 PMCID: PMC8327333 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterium in patients with cystic fibrosis and hospital acquired infections. It presents a plethora of virulence factors and antioxidant enzymes that help to subvert the immune system. In this study, we identified the 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, alkyl-hydroperoxide reductase C1 (AhpC1), as a relevant scavenger of oxidants generated during inflammatory oxidative burst and a mechanism of P. aeruginosa (PA14) escaping from killing. Deletion of AhpC1 led to a higher sensitivity to hypochlorous acid (HOCl, IC50 3.2 ± 0.3 versus 19.1 ± 0.2 μM), hydrogen peroxide (IC50 91.2 ± 0.3 versus 496.5 ± 6.4 μM) and the organic peroxide urate hydroperoxide. ΔahpC1 strain was more sensitive to the killing by isolated neutrophils and less virulent in a mice model of infection. All mice intranasally instilled with ΔahpC1 survived as long as they were monitored (15 days), whereas 100% wild-type and ΔahpC1 complemented with ahpC1 gene (ΔahpC1 attB:ahpC1) died within 3 days. A significantly lower number of colonies was detected in the lung and spleen of ΔahpC1-infected mice. Total leucocytes, neutrophils, myeloperoxidase activity, pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitrite production and lipid peroxidation were much lower in lungs or bronchoalveolar liquid of mice infected with ΔahpC1. Purified AhpC neutralized the inflammatory organic peroxide, urate hydroperoxide, at a rate constant of 2.3 ± 0.1 × 106 M-1s-1, and only the ΔahpC1 strain was sensitive to this oxidant. Incubation of neutrophils with uric acid, the urate hydroperoxide precursor, impaired neutrophil killing of wild-type but improved the killing of ΔahpC1. Hyperuricemic mice presented higher levels of serum cytokines and succumbed much faster to PA14 infection when compared to normouricemic mice. In summary, ΔahpC1 PA14 presented a lower virulence, which was attributed to a poorer ability to neutralize the oxidants generated by inflammatory oxidative burst, leading to a more efficient killing by the host. The enzyme is particularly relevant in detoxifying the newly reported inflammatory organic peroxide, urate hydroperoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Silva Rocha
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago M L Correia
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto Multidisciplinar de Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Diogo de Abreu Meireles
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pereira
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto Multidisciplinar de Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Soares Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavia Carla Meotti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Raphael Ferreira Queiroz
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Brazil.
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16
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Abstract
ABSTRACT The ARRIVE (Animals in Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments) guidelines were endorsed by the Shock Society in 2012, but to date there has been no systematic evaluation of research reporting quality for Shock. We systematically assessed 100 randomly selected animal-based research articles published between 2014 and 2018 for reporting quality and statistical practice, compared with 40 pre-ARRIVE studies. More than half of surveyed papers omitted verifiable ethical oversight information and basic animal descriptive information. Few papers reported best-practice methods, such as sample size justification (10%), randomization (43%), randomization method (7%), blinding (23%). Only one paper reported effect sizes to interpret study results. Most troubling was inadequate reporting of welfare-related information (anesthesia, analgesia, humane endpoints, euthanasia). Almost a decade after ARRIVE endorsement, our findings show that reporting deficiencies have persisted with little sign of correction. There is a clear need for investigators to increase transparency of research methods reporting, and drastically improve skills in experimental design. Improvement in standards and greater attention paid to reporting will lead to improvement in reproducibility, replicability, and research quality. It is incumbent upon the research community to improve reporting practices; accurate and transparent reporting is integral to producing rigorous and ethical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny S Reynolds
- Department of Anesthesiology, Statistics in Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Core, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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17
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McGinn R, Fergusson DA, Stewart DJ, Kristof AS, Barron CC, Thebaud B, McIntyre L, Stacey D, Liepmann M, Dodelet-Devillers A, Zhang H, Renlund R, Lilley E, Downey GP, Brown EG, Côté L, Dos Santos CC, Fox-Robichaud AE, Hussain SNA, Laffey JG, Liu M, MacNeil J, Orlando H, Qureshi ST, Turner PV, Winston BW, Lalu MM. Surrogate Humane Endpoints in Small Animal Models of Acute Lung Injury: A Modified Delphi Consensus Study of Researchers and Laboratory Animal Veterinarians. Crit Care Med 2021; 49:311-323. [PMID: 33332817 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In many jurisdictions, ethical concerns require surrogate humane endpoints to replace death in small animal models of acute lung injury. Heterogenous selection and reporting of surrogate endpoints render interpretation and generalizability of findings between studies difficult. We aimed to establish expert-guided consensus among preclinical scientists and laboratory animal veterinarians on selection and reporting of surrogate endpoints, monitoring of these models, and the use of analgesia. DESIGN A three-round consensus process, using modified Delphi methodology, with researchers who use small animal models of acute lung injury and laboratory animal veterinarians who provide care for these animals. Statements on the selection and reporting of surrogate endpoints, monitoring, and analgesia were generated through a systematic search of MEDLINE and Embase. Participants were asked to suggest any additional potential statements for evaluation. SETTING A web-based survey of participants representing the two stakeholder groups (researchers, laboratory animal veterinarians). Statements were rated on level of evidence and strength of support by participants. A final face-to-face meeting was then held to discuss results. SUBJECTS None. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Forty-two statements were evaluated, and 29 were rated as important, with varying strength of evidence. The majority of evidence was based on rodent models of acute lung injury. Endpoints with strong support and evidence included temperature changes and body weight loss. Behavioral signs and respiratory distress also received support but were associated with lower levels of evidence. Participants strongly agreed that analgesia affects outcomes in these models and that none may be necessary following nonsurgical induction of acute lung injury. Finally, participants strongly supported transparent reporting of surrogate endpoints. A prototype composite score was also developed based on participant feedback. CONCLUSIONS We provide a preliminary framework that researchers and animal welfare committees may adapt for their needs. We have identified knowledge gaps that future research should address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan McGinn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dean A Fergusson
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Duncan J Stewart
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Arnold S Kristof
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Respirology, Departments of Critical Care and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Departments of Anesthesia, Medicine and Physiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre - Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Research Animals Department, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Southwater, United Kingdom
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
- Neurosciences Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, and Keenan Research Center, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School and Medicine and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carly C Barron
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bernard Thebaud
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lauralyn McIntyre
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dawn Stacey
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Liepmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Aurore Dodelet-Devillers
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Departments of Anesthesia, Medicine and Physiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard Renlund
- Keenan Research Centre - Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elliot Lilley
- Research Animals Department, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Southwater, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory P Downey
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Earl G Brown
- Neurosciences Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lucie Côté
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia C Dos Santos
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, and Keenan Research Center, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alison E Fox-Robichaud
- Department of Medicine and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sabah N A Hussain
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Respirology, Departments of Critical Care and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Departments of Anesthesia, Medicine and Physiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre - Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Research Animals Department, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Southwater, United Kingdom
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
- Neurosciences Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, and Keenan Research Center, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School and Medicine and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John G Laffey
- Departments of Anesthesia, Medicine and Physiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Departments of Anesthesia, Medicine and Physiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jenna MacNeil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Holly Orlando
- Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Salman T Qureshi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Respirology, Departments of Critical Care and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Departments of Anesthesia, Medicine and Physiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre - Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Research Animals Department, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Southwater, United Kingdom
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
- Neurosciences Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, and Keenan Research Center, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School and Medicine and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Patricia V Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brent W Winston
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School and Medicine and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Manoj M Lalu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Respirology, Departments of Critical Care and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Departments of Anesthesia, Medicine and Physiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre - Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Research Animals Department, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Southwater, United Kingdom
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
- Neurosciences Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, and Keenan Research Center, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School and Medicine and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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18
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Xu D, Horst K, Wang W, Luo P, Shi Y, Tschernig T, Greven J, Hildebrand F. The Influence of Macrophage-Activating Lipopeptide 2 (MALP-2) on Local and Systemic Inflammatory Response in a Murine Two-Hit Model of Hemorrhagic Shock and Subsequent Sepsis. Inflammation 2021; 44:481-492. [PMID: 33420893 PMCID: PMC7794634 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary complications after severe trauma and sepsis remain to be the main cause for adverse outcome. MALP-2 has been described to exert beneficial effects on organ damage and the further course after isolated trauma and sepsis. However, the impact of MALP-2 on a clinically realistic two-hit scenario of trauma and subsequent sepsis remains unknown. We, therefore, investigated if the systemic inflammatory response and pulmonary immune response and damage are beneficially modulated by MALP-2 in a murine two-hit model. Blood pressure-controlled trauma-hemorrhage (TH) and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) were induced in C57/BL6 mice. Mice were divided into 2 control groups (control 1: TH without CLP; control 2: TH and CLP) and 3 experimental groups treated with MALP-2 at different time points (ETH, end of TH; ECLP, end of CLP; and 6CLP 6 h after CLP). Survival rates were assessed over the observation period of 168 h after the induction of TH. Concentrations of plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (TNF-α, IL-6, MIP-1α, IFN-γ, and IL-10) were assessed, and bacterial clearance of the lungs was determined. Furthermore, pulmonary MPO activity assay to evaluate the infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and histological evaluation were performed. Survival rates were evaluated. Compared with control group 1, the level of TNF-α in the ECLP group showed a significant increase (ECLP, 2.27 pg./ml ± 1.39 vs. control 1: 0.16 pg./ml ± 0.11, p = 0.021). In contrast, levels of IFN-γ were significantly reduced in groups ETH and 6CLP compared with control group 1 (control 1: 8.92 pg./ml ± 4.38 vs. ETH: 1.77 pg./ml ± 4.34, p = 0.026 resp. vs. 6CLP: 1.83 pg./ml ± 4.49, p = 0.014). While systemic concentrations of inflammatory mediators were not affected by MALP-2 treatment, the lung tissue presented with significant alterations. Reduced MPO activity was lowest in group ECLP (ECLP 11,196.77 ± 547.81 vs. ETH 12,773.94 ± 1011.76; p = 0.023 resp. vs. 6CLP 13,155.19 ± 423.99, p = 0.016) in experimental groups. Also, histological damage after MALP-2 application was lowest in ECLP animals (ECLP 0.50 ± 0.08 vs. ETH 0.71 ± 0.05, p = 0.034 resp. vs. 6CLP 0.64 ± 0.08, p = 0.021). Furthermore, MALP-2 treatment was associated with a trend towards improved survival in the ECLP group (ECLP 83.3% vs. ETH 66.7 and 6CLP 58.3%, p > 0.05). Based on our results, MALP-2 might have beneficial effects on the clinical course after hemorrhage and sepsis by reducing pulmonary damage and PMN infiltration. This might also affect survival. According to our data, MALP-2 should be given at the earliest possible time point after the onset of sepsis. However, the optimal dosage and confirmation of our results in larger cohorts need to be the focus of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Ningbo No.6 Hospital, Ningbo, China.
| | - Klemens Horst
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Weikang Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yulong Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Johannes Greven
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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19
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da Costa LHA, Santos-Junior NN, Catalão CHR, Rocha MJA. Microglial Activation Modulates Neuroendocrine Secretion During Experimental Sepsis. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2133-2144. [PMID: 33415683 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis promotes an inflammatory state in the central nervous system (CNS) that may cause autonomic, cognitive, and endocrine changes. Microglia, a resident immune cell of the CNS, is activated in several brain regions during sepsis, suggesting its participation in the central alterations observed in this disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of microglial activation in the neuroendocrine system functions during systemic inflammation. Wistar rats received an intracerebroventricular injection of the microglial activation inhibitor minocycline (100 μg/animal), shortly before sepsis induction by cecal ligation and puncture. At 6 and 24 h after surgery, hormonal parameters, central and peripheral inflammation, and markers of apoptosis and synaptic function in the hypothalamus were analyzed. The administration of minocycline decreased the production of inflammatory mediators and the expression of cell death markers, especially in the late phase of sepsis (24 h). With respect to the endocrine parameters, microglial inhibition caused a decrease in oxytocin and an increase in corticosterone and vasopressin plasma levels in the early phase of sepsis (6 h), while in the late phase, we observed decreased oxytocin and increased ACTH and corticosterone levels compared to septic animals that did not receive minocycline. Prolactin levels were not affected by minocycline administration. The results indicate that microglial activation differentially modulates the secretion of several hormones and that this process is associated with inflammatory mediators produced both centrally and peripherally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Henrique Angenendt da Costa
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Nilton Nascimento Santos-Junior
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Rocha Catalão
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Maria José Alves Rocha
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil. .,Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-904, Brazil. .,Departamento de Biologia Básica e Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil.
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20
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Microbial risk assessment of Nocardia cyriacigeorgica in polluted environments, case of urban rainfall water. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 19:384-400. [PMID: 33489008 PMCID: PMC7787915 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban infiltration basins are a reservoir of a high diversity of Nocardia encompassing both pathogenic and not-pathogenic species. Relative abundance of pathogenic Nocardia species presents a positive correlation with metal trace elements. High infraspecific variability within N. cyriacigeorgica, forming three phylogroups. Environmental N. cyriacigeorgica strains may be as virulent as clinical GUH-2 strain. hsp65 marker can be used by metabarcoding approach for assessment of environmental Nocardia biodiversity.
Urban Infiltration Basins (UIBs) are used to manage urban runoff transfers and feed aquifers. These UIBs can accumulate urban pollutants and favor the growth of potentially pathogenic biological agents as Nocardia. Objectives To assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of pathogenic Nocardia in UIBs and to stablish phylogenetic relationships between clinical and UIB N. cyriacigeorgica strains. To assess pathogenicity associated with environmental N. cyriacigeorgica using an animal model, and to identify genetic elements that may be associated to its virulence. Methods A well-characterized UIB in terms of chemical pollutants from Lyon area was used in this study during a whole year. Cultural and Next-Generation-Sequencing methods were used for Nocardia detection and typing. Clinical and environmental isolates phylogenetic relationships and virulences were compared with Multilocus-Sequence-Analysis study together with a murine model. Results In autumn, N. cyriacigeorgica and N. nova were the pathogenic most prevalent species in the UIB. The complex N. abscessus/asiatica was also detected together with some other non-pathogenic species. The presence of pathogenic Nocardia was positively correlated to metallic trace elements. Up to 1.0 × 103 CFU/g sediment of N. cyriacigeorgica and 6 OTUs splited in two different phylogroups were retrieved and were close to clinical strains. The EML446 tested UIB isolate showed significant infectivity in mice with pulmonary damages similar to clinical clone (GUH-2). Conclusion Hsp65 marker-based metabarcoding approach allowed detecting N. cyriacigeogica as the most abundant Nocardia pathogenic species in a UIB. Metal trace elements-polluted environments can be reservoirs of pathogenic Nocardia which may have a similar virulence to clinical strains.
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21
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Choi EJ, Jeon CH, Park DH, Kwon TH. Allithiamine Exerts Therapeutic Effects on Sepsis by Modulating Metabolic Flux during Dendritic Cell Activation. Mol Cells 2020; 43:964-973. [PMID: 33243937 PMCID: PMC7700841 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted that early enhancement of the glycolytic pathway is a mode of maintaining the pro-inflammatory status of immune cells. Thiamine, a well-known co-activator of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, a gatekeeping enzyme, shifts energy utilization of glucose from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, we hypothesized that thiamine may modulate inflammation by alleviating metabolic shifts during immune cell activation. First, using allithiamine, which showed the most potent anti-inflammatory capacity among thiamine derivatives, we confirmed the inhibitory effects of allithiamine on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and maturation process in dendritic cells. We applied the LPS-induced sepsis model to examine whether allithiamine has a protective role in hyper-inflammatory status. We observed that allithiamine attenuated tissue damage and organ dysfunction during endotoxemia, even when the treatment was given after the early cytokine release. We assessed the changes in glucose metabolites during LPS-induced dendritic cell activation and found that allithiamine significantly inhibited glucose-driven citrate accumulation. We then examined the clinical implication of regulating metabolites during sepsis by performing a tail bleeding assay upon allithiamine treatment, which expands its capacity to hamper the coagulation process. Finally, we confirmed that the role of allithiamine in metabolic regulation is critical in exerting anti-inflammatory action by demonstrating its inhibitory effect upon mitochondrial citrate transporter activity. In conclusion, thiamine could be used as an alternative approach for controlling the immune response in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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Murray J, Bauer C, Vilminot N, Turner PV. Strengthening Workplace Well-Being in Research Animal Facilities. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:573106. [PMID: 33330693 PMCID: PMC7673436 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.573106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increased recognition of the potential cost of caring on the mental well-being of research animal facility personnel. While this issue is considered a normal consequence of caring for others, these stressors must be acknowledged and managed to ensure that the workplace culture remains positive and that employees are engaged. Factors that can contribute to these feelings in those working with animals in research include compassion and moral stress, issues related to staffing and scheduling of work, insufficient communication in the workplace, and public ambivalence toward the use of animals in science. The first step in developing a program is to survey facility personnel about their concerns, either formally (e.g., using a needs analysis) or informally. Two examples are provided to demonstrate different institutional approaches to assessing personnel needs and developing an internal compassion-resiliency program. The best programs are based on the needs and wants of personnel and these can be cost effective and geared at a grassroots level. Social support in the workplace, for example, through peer counseling, can be a highly effective means of helping personnel to build compassion-resiliency. Addressing mental well-being of research animal facility personnel is an important component of ensuring a positive culture of care in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Murray
- Global Animal Welfare and Training, Charles River, Wilmington, MA, United States
| | - Cassondra Bauer
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, Charles River, Ashland, OH, United States
| | - Nicole Vilminot
- Veterinary Services, Charles River, Mattawan, MI, United States
| | - Patricia V Turner
- Global Animal Welfare and Training, Charles River, Wilmington, MA, United States.,Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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23
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Buprenorphine Analgesia Reduces Survival With ALM Resuscitation in a Rat Model of Uncontrolled Hemorrhage: Concerns for Trauma-Related Research. Shock 2020; 55:379-387. [PMID: 32925604 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The effect of analgesia on physiological systems has received little attention in trauma research. Our aim was to examine the effect of two different analgesics, buprenorphine and carprofen, on adenosine, lidocaine, and magnesium (ALM) resuscitation in a rat model of laparotomy and non-compressible hemorrhage. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to Saline Carprieve, ALM Carprieve, Saline Buprenorphine, or ALM Buprenorphine (all n = 10). Anesthetized animals underwent surgical placement of chronic catheters and laparotomy, then hemorrhage was induced by liver resection (60% left lateral lobe). After 15 min, animals received 0.7 mL/kg 3% NaCl ± ALM bolus, and after 60 min, 4 h 0.5 mL/kg/h 0.9% NaCl±ALM drip with 72 h monitoring. Carprieve groups received 5 mg/kg s.c. every 24 h and Buprenorphine groups received 0.05 mg/kg Temgesic every 6 to 12 h. Survival, hemodynamics, blood chemistry, and hematology were measured. ALM Carprieve led to 100% survival compared to 40% survival in ALM Buprenorphine group (P = 0.004). In Saline-treated rats, buprenorphine reduced median survival time by 91% (22 h to 2 h). Recovery of mean arterial pressure (MAP) at 60 min was lower in the buprenorphine versus Carprieve groups (83% vs. 101% for ALM and 62% vs. 95% for Saline groups). Buprenorphine was also associated with higher blood lactates and potassium. No analgesic-related differences were found in total white cells, lymphocytes, platelet count, hyperthermia, weight loss, or pica. We conclude that reduced survival and MAP recovery appears to a buprenorphine effect on cardiovascular function. Until the underlying mechanisms can be elucidated, buprenorphine should be used with caution in small and possibly large models of trauma and shock.
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Simvastatin Prevents Long-Term Cognitive Deficits in Sepsis Survivor Rats by Reducing Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:871-886. [PMID: 32524380 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy causes brain dysfunction that can result in cognitive impairments in sepsis survivor patients. In previous work, we showed that simvastatin attenuated oxidative stress in brain structures related to memory in septic rats. However, there is still a need to evaluate the long-term impact of simvastatin administration on brain neurodegenerative processes and cognitive damage in sepsis survivors. Here, we investigated the possible neuroprotective role of simvastatin in neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration conditions of brain structures related to memory in rats at 10 days after sepsis survival. Male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were submitted to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP, n = 42) or remained as non-manipulated (naïve, n = 30). Both groups were treated (before and after the surgery) by gavage with simvastatin (20 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of saline and observed for 10 days. Simvastatin-treated rats that survived to sepsis showed a reduction in the levels of nitrate, IL1-β, and IL-6 and an increase in Bcl-2 protein expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and synaptophysin only in the hippocampus. Immunofluorescence revealed a reduction of glial activation, neurodegeneration, apoptosis, and amyloid aggregates confirmed by quantification of GFAP, Iba-1, phospho Ser396-tau, total tau, cleaved caspase-3, and thioflavin-S in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In addition, treated animals presented better performance in tasks involving habituation memory, discriminative, and aversive memory. These results suggest that statins exert a neuroprotective role by upregulation of the Bcl-2 and gliosis reduction, which may prevent the cognitive deficit observed in sepsis survivor animals.
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Abstract
Regulatory guidelines mandate housing for laboratory mice at temperatures below their thermoneutral zone, creating chronic cold stress. However, increases in housing temperature could alter immune responses. We hypothesized housing mice at temperatures within their thermoneutral zone would improve sepsis survival and alter immune responses. Male C57BL/6 mice were housed at 22°C or 30°C after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) for 10 days. Survival of mice housed at 30°C (78%) after CLP was significantly increased compared with mice housed at 22°C (40%). Experimental groups were repeated with mice euthanized at 0, 12, 24, and 48 h post-surgery to examine select immune parameters. Raising housing temperature minimally altered systemic, peritoneal, or splenic cell counts. However, IL-6 levels in plasma and peritoneal lavage fluid were significantly lower at 12 h post-surgery in mice housed at 30°C compared with 22°C. Bacterial colony counts from peritoneal lavage fluid were significantly lower in mice housed at 30°C and in vivo studies suggested this was the result of increased phagocytosis by neutrophils. As previously demonstrated, adoptive transfer of fibrocytes significantly increased sepsis survival compared with saline at 22°C. However, there was no additive effect when adoptive transfer was performed at 30°C. Overall, the results demonstrated that thermoneutral housing improves survival after CLP by increasing local phagocytic activity and technical revisions may be necessary to standardize the severity of the model across different housing temperatures. These findings stress the pronounced impact housing temperature has on the CLP model and the importance of reporting housing temperature.
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26
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Pike DP, Vogel MJ, McHowat J, Mikuzis PA, Schulte KA, Ford DA. 2-Chlorofatty acids are biomarkers of sepsis mortality and mediators of barrier dysfunction in rats. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1115-1127. [PMID: 32376642 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as the systemic, dysregulated host immune response to an infection that leads to injury to host organ systems and, often, death. Complex interactions between pathogens and their hosts elicit microcirculatory dysfunction. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) is critical for combating pathogens, but MPO-derived hypochlorous acid (HOCl) can react with host molecular species as well. Plasmalogens are targeted by HOCl, leading to the production of 2-chlorofatty acids (2-CLFAs). 2-CLFAs are associated with human sepsis mortality, decrease in vitro endothelial barrier function, and activate human neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Here, we sought to examine 2-CLFAs in an in vivo rat sepsis model. Intraperitoneal cecal slurry sepsis with clinically relevant rescue therapies led to ∼73% mortality and evidence of microcirculatory dysfunction. Plasma concentrations of 2-CLFAs assessed 8 h after sepsis induction were lower in rats that survived sepsis than in nonsurvivors. 2-CLFA levels were elevated in kidney, liver, spleen, lung, colon, and ileum in septic animals. In vivo, exogenous 2-CLFA treatments increased kidney permeability, and in in vitro experiments, 2-CLFA also increased epithelial surface expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and decreased epithelial barrier function. Collectively, these studies support a role of free 2-CLFAs as biomarkers of sepsis mortality, potentially mediated, in part, by 2-CLFA-elicited endothelial and epithelial barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Pike
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Michael J Vogel
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Jane McHowat
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Paul A Mikuzis
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Kevin A Schulte
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104. mailto:
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Cazuza RA, Santos-Júnior NN, da Costa LHA, Catalão CHR, Mendes-Gomes J, da Rocha MJA, Leite-Panissi CRA. Sepsis-induced encephalopathy impairs descending nociceptive pathways in rats. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 342:577198. [PMID: 32120082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a significant problem in patients with sepsis, and it is associated with a decrease in cognitive and sensitivity capability induced by systemic inflammation. SAE is implicated in reversible brain damage of several regions related to cognition, emotion, and sensation; however, it is not well established if it could affect brain regions associated with nociceptive modulation. Here were evaluated the nociceptive thresholds in rats with systemic inflammation induced by cecal ligation puncture (CLP). After 24 h of CLP, it was observed an increase in nociceptive threshold in all tests. Periaqueductal gray, rostroventral medulla, critical regions for descending nociceptive modulation, were evaluated and showed enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as glial activation. These results suggest that systemic inflammation could compromise descending facilitatory pathways, impairing nociceptive sensory functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Alves Cazuza
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Science and Literature of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilton Nascimento Santos-Júnior
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto Dentistry Faculty, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil
| | - Luís Henrique Angenendt da Costa
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto Dentistry Faculty, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil; Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Rocha Catalão
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto Dentistry Faculty, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil; Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Joyce Mendes-Gomes
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Science and Literature of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, SP, Brazil; UNIFADRA-FUNDEC Medical School, Dracena 17900-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria José Alves da Rocha
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto Dentistry Faculty, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil
| | - Christie Ramos Andrade Leite-Panissi
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Science and Literature of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, SP, Brazil.
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Wu C, Xu J, Jin X, Chen Q, Lu X, Qian A, Wang M, Li Z, Zhang M. Effects of therapeutic hypothermia on cerebral tissue oxygen saturation in a swine model of post-cardiac arrest. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1189-1196. [PMID: 32010288 PMCID: PMC6966162 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of therapeutic hypothermia (TH), trends have changed in the monitoring indicators used during and after cardiac arrest. During hypothermia, the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen is reduced, which leads to uncertainty in regional cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (SctO2). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of TH on changes in SctO2 using near-infrared spectroscopy. A total of 23 male domestic pigs were randomized into three groups: TH (n=9), normothermia (NT; n=9) and control (n=5). Animals in the control group underwent surgical preparation only. The animal models were established using 8 min of ventricular fibrillation and 5 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In the TH group, at 5 min after resuscitation, the animals were cooled with a cooling blanket and ice packs for 24 h. SctO2 was recorded throughout the experiment. In all groups, The mean arterial pressure, arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure, arterial oxygen partial pressure, lactate, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100B were measured at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 30 h after resuscitation. SctO2 significantly decreased after ventricular fibrillation, compared with the baseline. Following resuscitation, the SctO2 values gradually increased to 55.6±3.8% of baseline in the TH group and 51.2±3.5% in the NT group (P=0.039). Significant differences between the two groups were observed, starting at 6 h after cardiac arrest. Throughout the hypothermic period, NSE and S100B showed an increasing trend, then decreased during rewarming in the TH and NT groups. NSE and S100B showed greater improvement in the TH group compared with the NT group at 6 and 24 h after resuscitation. Following cardiac arrest, therapeutic hypothermia could increase SctO2 after resuscitation and could improve neurological outcome. In conclusion, SctO2 may be a feasible marker for use in the early assessment of brain damage during and after cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunshuang Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Institute of Emergency Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Jiefeng Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Institute of Emergency Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Yuyao People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315400, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Jin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Institute of Emergency Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Wenling People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317500, P.R. China
| | - Qijiang Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Institute of Emergency Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Ninghai People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315500, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Institute of Emergency Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Anyu Qian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Institute of Emergency Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Moli Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yuyao People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315400, P.R. China
| | - Zilong Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yuyao People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315400, P.R. China
| | - Mao Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Institute of Emergency Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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Kaolin-induced hydrocephalus causes acetylcholinesterase activity dysfunction following hypothalamic damage in infant rats. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146408. [PMID: 31465772 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In hydrocephalus, the progressive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) causes dilatation of the lateral ventricles affecting the third ventricle and diencephalic structures such as the hypothalamus. These structures play a key role in the regulation of several neurovegetative functions by the production of the hormones. Since endocrine disturbances are commonly observed in hydrocephalic children, we investigated the impact of progressive ventricular dilation on the hypothalamus of infant rats submitted to kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. Seven-day-old infant rats were submitted to hydrocephalus induction by kaolin 20% injection method. After 14 days, the animals were decapitated and brain was collected to analyze mitochondrial function, neuronal activity by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, oxidative damage, glial activation, and, neurotransmission-related proteins and anti-apoptotic processes in the hypothalamus. The hydrocephalic animals showed reduction in respiratory rates in the States of phosphorylation (P < 0.01) and non-phosphorylation (P < 0.05); increase in AChE activity in both the cytosol (P < 0.05) and the membrane (P < 0.01); decrease in synaptophysin (P < 0.05) and Bcl-2 (P < 0.05) contents and; increase in protein carbonyl (P < 0.01), GFAP (P < 0.01) and Iba-1 (P < 0.05) levels. The results demonstrate that ventricular dilation causes hypothalamic damage characterized by cholinergic dysfunction and suggests further investigation of the synthesis and secretion of hormones to generate new approaches and to assist in the treatment of hydrocephalic patients with hormonal alterations.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of sepsis has attained exponential growth. Yet, the pillars of its care remain antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, and physiologic support of failing organ systems. The inability to bring biologic breakthroughs to the bedside is not for lack of effort. Over 60 clinical trials of novel therapies, each heavily supported by the momentum of biologic data suggesting clinical utility, have been conducted and have failed to identify benefit. This mass of "negative" clinical data abut an equally towering mound of knowledge of sepsis biology, which collectively have led investigators to ask, "what happened?" DATA SOURCES Review of published scientific literature via MEDLINE searches using key terms related to the article topics. STUDY SELECTION Original articles, review articles, and systematic reviews were considered. DATA EXTRACTION Articles were selected for inclusion based upon author consensus. DATA SYNTHESIS Here, we present a synthetic review of some of the challenges in translating experimental animal models of sepsis to the bedside. We commence with the concept that the heterogeneity in the kinetics of the sepsis response serves as an important, often underappreciated but surmountable, source of translational impedance. Upon this groundwork, we discuss distinctions between animal experimentation and clinical trial design in the elements for hypothesis testing: cohort selection, power and sample size, randomization and blinding, and timing of intervention. From this concept, we develop a contextual framework for advancing the paradigm of animal-based investigations to facilitate science that transitions from molecule to medicine. CONCLUSIONS A persistent divide exists between the laboratory and clinical research arenas, which may be addressable via systematic targeting of identified translational gaps.
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Validation of Predicted Virulence Factors in Listeria monocytogenes Identified Using Comparative Genomics. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090508. [PMID: 31480280 PMCID: PMC6783856 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular facultative pathogen that causes listeriosis, a foodborne zoonotic infection. There are differences in the pathogenic potential of L. monocytogenes subtypes and strains. Comparison of the genome sequences among L. monocytogenes pathogenic strains EGD-e and F2365 with nonpathogenic L. innocua CLIP1182 and L. monocytogenes strain HCC23 revealed a set of proteins that were present in pathogenic strains and had no orthologs among the nonpathogenic strains. Among the candidate virulence factors are five proteins: putrescine carbamoyltransferase; InlH/InlC2 family class 1 internalin; phosphotransferase system (PTS) fructose transporter subunit EIIC; putative transketolase; and transcription antiterminator BglG family. To determine if these proteins have a role in adherence and invasion of intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells and/or contribute to virulence, five mutant strains were constructed. F2365ΔinlC2, F2365Δeiic, and F2365Δtkt exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in adhesion to Caco-2 cells compared to parent F2365 strain. The invasion of F2365ΔaguB, F2365ΔinlC2, and F2365ΔbglG decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared with the parent strain. Bacterial loads in mouse liver and spleen infected by F2365 was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than it was for F2365ΔaguB, F2365ΔinlC2, F2365Δeiic, F2365Δtkt, and F2365ΔbglG strains. This study demonstrates that aguB, inlC2, eiic, tkt, and bglG play a role in L. monocytogenes pathogenicity.
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Luan HH, Wang A, Hilliard BK, Carvalho F, Rosen CE, Ahasic AM, Herzog EL, Kang I, Pisani MA, Yu S, Zhang C, Ring AM, Young LH, Medzhitov R. GDF15 Is an Inflammation-Induced Central Mediator of Tissue Tolerance. Cell 2019; 178:1231-1244.e11. [PMID: 31402172 PMCID: PMC6863354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral infections. We found that inflammation induced GDF15, and that GDF15 was necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance. Indeed, we found that GDF15 was required for hepatic sympathetic outflow and triglyceride metabolism. Failure to defend the lower limit of plasma triglyceride levels was associated with impaired cardiac function and maintenance of body temperature, effects that could be rescued by exogenous administration of lipids. Together, we show that GDF15 coordinates tolerance to inflammatory damage through regulation of triglyceride metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harding H Luan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Andrew Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Brandon K Hilliard
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Fernando Carvalho
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Connor E Rosen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Amy M Ahasic
- Department of Medicine (Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Erica L Herzog
- Department of Medicine (Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Insoo Kang
- Department of Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Margaret A Pisani
- Department of Medicine (Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shuang Yu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Cuiling Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Aaron M Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lawrence H Young
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Adenosine, lidocaine, and Mg2+ fluid therapy leads to 72-hour survival after hemorrhagic shock: A model for studying differential gene expression and extending biological time. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2019; 87:606-613. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jeong H, Cha BG, Kang D, Kim DY, Yang W, Ki S, Kim SI, Han J, Kim CK, Kim J, Lee S. Ceria Nanoparticles Fabricated with 6-Aminohexanoic Acid that Overcome Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801548. [PMID: 30843374 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is self-destructive and uncontrollable inflammatory response of the whole body triggered by infection, trauma, or a variety of severe injuries. Although reactive oxygen species play a pivotal role in the development of SIRS, the trials with conventional antioxidants have failed to improve patient outcome. Ceria nanoparticles (CeNPs) have potent, autocatalytic reactive oxygen species scavenging activities, which may have sufficient therapeutic effects for SIRS. Herein, 3 nm CeNPs are fabricated totally in aqueous phase by using 6-aminohexanoic acid (6-AHA) and their Ce3+ to Ce4+ ratio is increased to enhance antioxidative properties. The obtained 6-AHA-CeNPs demonstrate strong antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in various biofluids and inflammatory cells. In SIRS animal models, 6-AHA-CeNPs are demonstrated to reduce multiple organ injuries and inflammation. Moreover, 6-AHA-CeNPs decrease mortality and improve clinical scores of SIRS models. These findings suggest that 6-AHA-CeNPs have potential as a therapeutic nanomedicine for SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han‐Gil Jeong
- Laboratory of Innovative NanobiotechnologyBiomedical institute, and Department of NeurologySeoul National University Hospital 101 Daehak‐ro Jongno‐gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Geun Cha
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong‐Wan Kang
- Laboratory of Innovative NanobiotechnologyBiomedical institute, and Department of NeurologySeoul National University Hospital 101 Daehak‐ro Jongno‐gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
- Cenyx Biotech Inc. Seoul Republic of Korea
- Korean Cerebrovascular Research Institute Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yeon Kim
- Laboratory of Innovative NanobiotechnologyBiomedical institute, and Department of NeurologySeoul National University Hospital 101 Daehak‐ro Jongno‐gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
- Cenyx Biotech Inc. Seoul Republic of Korea
- Korean Cerebrovascular Research Institute Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Wookjin Yang
- Laboratory of Innovative NanobiotechnologyBiomedical institute, and Department of NeurologySeoul National University Hospital 101 Daehak‐ro Jongno‐gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
- Cenyx Biotech Inc. Seoul Republic of Korea
- Korean Cerebrovascular Research Institute Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seul‐Ki Ki
- Laboratory of Innovative NanobiotechnologyBiomedical institute, and Department of NeurologySeoul National University Hospital 101 Daehak‐ro Jongno‐gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
- Cenyx Biotech Inc. Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Song I Kim
- Laboratory of Innovative NanobiotechnologyBiomedical institute, and Department of NeurologySeoul National University Hospital 101 Daehak‐ro Jongno‐gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
- Cenyx Biotech Inc. Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Han
- Laboratory of Innovative NanobiotechnologyBiomedical institute, and Department of NeurologySeoul National University Hospital 101 Daehak‐ro Jongno‐gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
- Cenyx Biotech Inc. Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Kyung Kim
- Department of NeurologyKorea University Guro Hospital and Korea University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyun Kim
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologySamsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology (SAIHST) and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS)Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung‐Hoon Lee
- Laboratory of Innovative NanobiotechnologyBiomedical institute, and Department of NeurologySeoul National University Hospital 101 Daehak‐ro Jongno‐gu Seoul 03080 Republic of Korea
- Cenyx Biotech Inc. Seoul Republic of Korea
- Korean Cerebrovascular Research Institute Seoul Republic of Korea
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Panpetch W, Somboonna N, Palasuk M, Hiengrach P, Finkelman M, Tumwasorn S, Leelahavanichkul A. Oral Candida administration in a Clostridium difficile mouse model worsens disease severity but is attenuated by Bifidobacterium. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210798. [PMID: 30645630 PMCID: PMC6333342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut fungi may influence the course of Clostridium difficile infection either positively or negatively for the host. Fungi are not prominent in the mouse gut, and C. albicans, the major human gastrointestinal commensal yeast, is in low abundance or absent in mice. Bifidobacterium is one of the probiotics that may attenuate the severity of C. difficile infection. Inflammatory synergy between C. albicans and C. difficile, in gut, may provide a state that more closely resembles human infection and be more suitable for testing probiotic effects. We performed fecal mycobiota analysis and administered C. albicans at 1 day prior to C. difficile dosing. Fecal eukaryotic 18S rDNA analysis demonstrated the presence of Ascomycota, specifically, Candida spp., after oral antibiotics, despite negative fecal fungal culture. C. albicans administration enhanced the severity of the C. difficile infection model as determined by mortality rate, weight loss, gut leakage (FITC-dextran assay), and serum and intestinal tissue cytokines. This occurred without increased fecal C. difficile or bacteremia, in comparison with C. difficile gavage alone. Candida lysate with C. difficile increased IL-8 production from HT-29 and Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cell-lines. Bifidobacterium attenuated the disease severity of the C. difficile plus Candida model. The reduced severity was associated with decreased Candida burdens in feces. In conclusion, gut C. albicans worsened C. difficile infection, possibly through exacerbation of inflammation. Hence, a mouse model of Clostridium difficile infection with C. albicans present in the gut may better model the human patient condition. Gut fungal mycobiome investigation in patients with C. difficile is warranted and may suggest therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wimonrat Panpetch
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naraporn Somboonna
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Matanee Palasuk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pratsanee Hiengrach
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Somying Tumwasorn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Zingarelli B, Coopersmith CM, Drechsler S, Efron P, Marshall JC, Moldawer L, Wiersinga WJ, Xiao X, Osuchowski MF, Thiemermann C. Part I: Minimum Quality Threshold in Preclinical Sepsis Studies (MQTiPSS) for Study Design and Humane Modeling Endpoints. Shock 2019; 51:10-22. [PMID: 30106874 PMCID: PMC6296871 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical animal studies are mandatory before new treatments can be tested in clinical trials. However, their use in developing new therapies for sepsis has been controversial because of limitations of the models and inconsistencies with the clinical conditions. In consideration of the revised definition for clinical sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3), a Wiggers-Bernard Conference was held in Vienna in May 2017 to propose standardized guidelines on preclinical sepsis modeling. The participants conducted a literature review of 260 most highly cited scientific articles on sepsis models published between 2003 and 2012. The review showed, for example, that mice were used in 79% and euthanasia criteria were defined in 9% of the studies. Part I of this report details the recommendations for study design and humane modeling endpoints that should be addressed in sepsis models. The first recommendation is that survival follow-up should reflect the clinical time course of the infectious agent used in the sepsis model. Furthermore, it is recommended that therapeutic interventions should be initiated after the septic insult replicating clinical care. To define an unbiased and reproducible association between a new treatment and outcome, a randomization and blinding of treatments as well as inclusion of all methodological details in scientific publications is essential. In all preclinical sepsis studies, the high standards of animal welfare must be implemented. Therefore, development and validation of specific criteria for monitoring pain and distress, and euthanasia of septic animals, as well as the use of analgesics are recommended. A set of four considerations is also proposed to enhance translation potential of sepsis models. Relevant biological variables and comorbidities should be included in the study design and sepsis modeling should be extended to mammalian species other than rodents. In addition, the need for source control (in case of a defined infection focus) should be considered. These recommendations and considerations are proposed as "best practices" for animal models of sepsis that should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basilia Zingarelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Susanne Drechsler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip Efron
- Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - John C Marshall
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lyle Moldawer
- Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, The Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xianzhong Xiao
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Chagnsha, Hunan, China
| | - Marcin F Osuchowski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Thiemermann
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Herrmann K, Flecknell P. The Application of Humane Endpoints and Humane Killing Methods in Animal Research Proposals: A Retrospective Review. Altern Lab Anim 2018; 46:317-333. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291804600606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Refinement refers to the use of methods that help to minimise animal suffering in the laboratory. Research in this area has increased significantly over the past two decades. However, the extent to which refinements are applied in practice is uncertain. To provide an indication of the implementation and awareness of refinements, we reviewed the experimental techniques for 684 surgical interventions described in 506 animal research applications sent to the German competent authorities for approval in 2010. In this paper, we describe and discuss the appropriateness of the proposed humane endpoints and killing methods. We found that, when the investigators included humane endpoints in their application, these were often lacking in detail and/or were to be implemented at a late stage of suffering. In addition, the choice of method to kill the animals could be improved in the majority of the applications. We provide recommendations for future improvements, based on the recent literature. To ensure scientific rigour, avoid needless animal suffering and enable an accurate harm–benefit analysis, animal researchers have to be knowledgeable about refinement methods and apply them effectively. To assess compliance and ensure that only those studies in which potential benefits outweigh the harms are carried out, reviews such as ours — as well as retrospective assessments of actual harms and benefits — should be conducted widely and regularly, and the findings should be published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Herrmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Flecknell
- Newcastle University, The Medical School, Comparative Biology Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Experimental sepsis induces sustained inflammation and acetylcholinesterase activity impairment in the hypothalamus. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 324:143-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Mai SHC, Sharma N, Kwong AC, Dwivedi DJ, Khan M, Grin PM, Fox-Robichaud AE, Liaw PC. Body temperature and mouse scoring systems as surrogate markers of death in cecal ligation and puncture sepsis. Intensive Care Med Exp 2018; 6:20. [PMID: 30054760 PMCID: PMC6063809 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-018-0184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite increasing ethical standards for conducting animal research, death is still often used as an endpoint in mouse sepsis studies. Recently, the Murine Sepsis Score (MSS), Mouse Clinical Assessment Score for Sepsis (M-CASS), and Mouse Grimace Scale (MGS) were developed as surrogate endpoint scoring systems for assessing pain and disease severity in mice. The objective of our study was to compare the effectiveness of these scoring systems and monitoring of body temperature for predicting disease progression and death in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis model, in order to better inform selection of surrogate endpoints for death in experimental sepsis. Methods C57Bl/6J mice were subjected to control sham surgery, or moderate or severe CLP sepsis. All mice were monitored every 4 h for surrogate markers of death using modified versions of the MSS, M-CASS, and MGS scoring systems until 24 h post-operatively, or until endpoint (inability to ambulate) and consequent euthanasia. Results Thirty percent of mice subjected to moderate severity CLP reached endpoint by 24 h post-CLP, whereas 100% undergoing severe CLP reached endpoint within 20 h. Modified MSS, M-CASS, and MGS scores all increased, while body temperature decreased, in a time-dependent and sepsis severity-dependent manner, although modified M-CASS scores showed substantial variability. Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrate that the last recorded body temperature (AUC = 0.88; 95% CI 0.77–0.99), change in body temperature (AUC = 0.89; 95% CI 0.78–0.99), modified M-CASS (AUC = 0.93; 95% CI 0.85–1.00), and modified MSS (AUC = 0.95; 95% CI 0.88–1.01) scores are all robust for predicting death in CLP sepsis, whereas modified MGS (AUC = 0.78; 95% CI 0.63–0.92) is less robust. Conclusions The modified MSS and body temperature are effective markers for assessing disease severity and predicting death in the CLP model, and should thus be considered as valid surrogate markers to replace death as an endpoint in mouse CLP sepsis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiah H C Mai
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (TaARI), McMaster University, 237 Barton St. E., DBRI Room C5-107, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Neha Sharma
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (TaARI), McMaster University, 237 Barton St. E., DBRI Room C5-107, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Andrew C Kwong
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (TaARI), McMaster University, 237 Barton St. E., DBRI Room C5-107, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Dhruva J Dwivedi
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (TaARI), McMaster University, 237 Barton St. E., DBRI Room C5-107, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Momina Khan
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (TaARI), McMaster University, 237 Barton St. E., DBRI Room C5-107, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Peter M Grin
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (TaARI), McMaster University, 237 Barton St. E., DBRI Room C5-107, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alison E Fox-Robichaud
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (TaARI), McMaster University, 237 Barton St. E., DBRI Room C5-107, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Patricia C Liaw
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (TaARI), McMaster University, 237 Barton St. E., DBRI Room C5-107, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Tomlinson JE, Žygelytė E, Grenier JK, Edwards MG, Cheetham J. Temporal changes in macrophage phenotype after peripheral nerve injury. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:185. [PMID: 29907154 PMCID: PMC6003127 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play a key role in peripheral nerve repair and demonstrate complex phenotypes that are highly dependent on microenvironmental cues. METHODS We determined temporal changes in macrophage gene expression over time using RNA sequencing after fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) macrophage populations from injured peripheral nerve. We identified key upstream regulators and dominant pathways using ingenuity pathway analysis and confirmed these changes with NanoString technology. We then investigate the effects of extreme polarizers of macrophage phenotype (IL4 and IFNγ) on nerve regeneration. We determined macrophage gene expression in vivo at the site of peripheral nerve injury with NanoString technology, and assessed recovery from sciatic nerve injury by cranial tibial muscle weights and retrograde labeling motor neurons in mice with deletion of IL4 or IFNγ receptors. RESULTS We demonstrate that IL4R and IFNγR deletions provide complementary responses to polarization, and alter expression of genes associated with angiogenesis and axonal extension, but do not influence recovery from peripheral nerve transection at 8 weeks after repair. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study provides a framework to evaluate the phenotype of macrophages over time, and provides a broader and more precise assessment of gene expression changes than has previously been commonly used. This data suggests ways in which polarization may be modulated to improve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy E. Tomlinson
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Emilija Žygelytė
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY USA
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Wozniak A, Scioscia N, García PC, Dale JB, Paillavil BA, Legarraga P, Salazar-Echegarai FJ, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Protective immunity induced by an intranasal multivalent vaccine comprising 10 Lactococcus lactis strains expressing highly prevalent M-protein antigens derived from Group A Streptococcus. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:395-404. [PMID: 29704396 PMCID: PMC6013395 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus) causes diseases ranging from mild pharyngitis to severe invasive infections. The N-terminal fragment of streptococcal M protein elicits protective antibodies and is an attractive vaccine target. However, this N- terminal fragment is hypervariable: there are more than 200 different M types. In this study, an intranasal live bacterial vaccine comprising 10 strains of Lactococcus lactis, each expressing one N-terminal fragment of M protein, has been developed. Live bacterial-vectored vaccines cost less to manufacture because the processes involved are less complex than those required for production of protein subunit vaccines. Moreover, intranasal administration does not require syringes or specialized personnel. Evaluation of individual vaccine types (M1, M2, M3, M4, M6, M9, M12, M22, M28 and M77) showed that most of them protected mice against challenge with virulent S. pyogenes. All 10 strains combined in a 10-valent vaccine (M×10) induced serum and bronchoalveolar lavage IgG titers that ranged from three- to 10-fold those of unimmunized mice. After intranasal challenge with M28 streptococci, survival of M×10-immunized mice was significantly higher than that of unimmunized mice. In contrast, when mice were challenged with M75 streptococci, survival of M×10-immunized mice did not differ significantly from that of unimmunized mice. Mx-10 immunized mice had significantly less S. pyogenes in oropharyngeal washes and developed less severe disease symptoms after challenge than did unimmunized mice. Our L. lactis-based vaccine may provide an alternative solution to development of broadly protective group A streptococcal vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal/methods
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/classification
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/classification
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Body Weight
- Carrier Proteins/classification
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Immunity
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Lactococcus lactis/immunology
- Lactococcus lactis/pathogenicity
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Streptococcal Infections/immunology
- Streptococcal Infections/microbiology
- Streptococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Streptococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Streptococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Streptococcus pyogenes/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniela Wozniak
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Natalia Scioscia
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Patricia C. García
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - James B. Dale
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee, TN 38163, USA
| | - Braulio A. Paillavil
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Paulette Legarraga
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Francisco J. Salazar-Echegarai
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
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Liu WC, Yang MC, Wu YY, Chen PH, Hsu CM, Chen LW. Lactobacillus plantarum reverse diabetes-induced Fmo3 and ICAM expression in mice through enteric dysbiosis-related c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathways. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196511. [PMID: 29851956 PMCID: PMC5978885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by increased fatality associated with the atherogenetic process. Circulating trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels are closely associated with atherosclerosis. The flavin mono-oxygenase family (Fmo) members oxidize trimethylamine (TMA) to TMAO. The effect and the regulatory mechanism of intestinal microflora on diabetes-induced Fmo3 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) expression were examined in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice (STZDM) and Akita mice (C57BL/6J-Ins2Akita). STZDM-JNK1-/- and Ins2Akita-JNK1-/- mice were produced and used to study the role of pJNK in the regulatory mechanisms. Diabetic mice exhibited decreased Lactobacilli growth and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the intestinal mucosa; increased levels of pJNK and iNOS proteins in the intestinal mucosa; increased levels of serum nitrate, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression in Kupffer cells; increased Fmo3 expression in the liver; and increased ICAM expression in the aorta. Reversal of diabetes-induced enteric dysbiosis by prebiotic (FOS) or probiotic (dead L. plantarum) treatment decreased diabetes-induced pJNK and iNOS expression in the intestine, Fmo3 expression in the liver, IL-1β expression in Kupffer cells, and ICAM expression in the aorta and liver. Ins2Akita-JNK1-/- and STZDM-JNK1-/- mice demonstrated decreased levels of serum NO, IL-1β expression in Kupffer cells, Fmo3 expression in the liver, and ICAM expression in the aorta. GF mice cohoused with DM mice demonstrated an increase in ICAM expression in the liver. In conclusion, diabetes induced the expression of both Fmo3 and ICAM expression and possible vascular impairment through enteric dysbiosis. Diabetes-induced Fmo3 and ICAM expression could be reversed by pJNK inhibition or by correcting enteric dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chung Liu
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chieh Yang
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ying Wu
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mei Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Wei Chen
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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43
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Santos-Junior NN, Catalão CH, Costa LH, Rossignoli BB, Dos-Santos RC, Malvar D, Mecawi AS, Rocha MJ. Alterations in hypothalamic synaptophysin and death markers may be associated with vasopressin impairment in sepsis survivor rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12604. [PMID: 29717520 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The impairment in arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion during sepsis is described in clinical and experimental studies and has been associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, and diminished activation of hypothalamic neurons. Few studies have, however, assessed these abnormalities in sepsis survivors. Here we performed two sets of experiments on Wistar rats that had been subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or nonmanipulated (naive) as control. In the first set, tissues and blood were collected from survivor rats 10 days after CLP to quantify hypothalamic Bcl-2, cleaved caspase- 3 and synaptophysin content, and bacterial load. In the second set, survivor rats were submitted to an acute osmotic stimulus (hypertonic saline), and after 30 minutes the water intake and AVP secretion were analyzed. The sepsis-surviving rats did not show bacterial load in tissues, but their hypothalamic synaptophysin and Bcl-2 levels were decreased, and the cleaved caspase- 3 level was increased when compared with the control group. However, AVP secretion was significantly attenuated in the CLP survivor animals submitted to an acute osmotic stimulus. These results suggest that the persistent AVP impairment in sepsis survivor animals may be due to a hypothalamic dysfunction associated with a synaptic deficit and decreased anti-apoptotic protein expression. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Santos-Junior
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - C H Catalão
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - L H Costa
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - B B Rossignoli
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - R C Dos-Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - D Malvar
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - A S Mecawi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - M J Rocha
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
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Lewis AJ, Rosengart MR. Bench-to-Bedside: A Translational Perspective on Murine Models of Sepsis. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2018; 19:137-141. [PMID: 29394153 PMCID: PMC5815447 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2017.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable research effort has focused on the development of novel therapies for the treatment of sepsis, yet after decades of clinical trials, few significant advances have been achieved. This limitation persists despite a wealth of data yielded by basic science that has expanded our knowledge of the biology of this disease exponentially. METHOD Review of the English-language literature. RESULTS Translational researchers may address the resultant gap between the basic science laboratory and clinical research worlds. Herein, we review potential causes for the challenges of translating basic laboratory discovery into clinical benefit. CONCLUSION We propose conceptual platforms to further the development of translational sepsis research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Lewis
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew R. Rosengart
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Chen X, Feng Y, Shen X, Pan G, Fan G, Gao X, Han J, Zhu Y. Anti-sepsis protection of Xuebijing injection is mediated by differential regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory Th17 and T regulatory cells in a murine model of polymicrobial sepsis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 211:358-365. [PMID: 28987599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xuebijing injection (XBJ), a Chinese herbal medicine containing extracts from 5 herbs, is frequently used as an add-on with standard therapies to treat sepsis or septic shock with fewer side effects in China. Nonetheless, its mechanism of action on septic shock remains to be unveiled. We explored the differential effects of XBJ on subtypes of CD4+ T cell differentiation and septic shock protection in a murine model to understand the contribution of XBJ to regulation of the inflammation-immune axis function. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro T cell differentiation assays were performed to determine the effect of XBJ on CD4+ regulatory T cell and T helper cell differentiation. Besides, 2ml/kg, 6ml/kg- and 18ml/kg of XBJ were administered to different groups of septic mice once/day for 5 days after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgeries. 36h after CLP, serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-6 were determined with Elisa. Frequencies of CD4+ T cells were analyzed after staining with Tregs and T helper cell lineage specific antibodies by flow cytometer. RESULTS XBJ at 18ml/kg stimulated Treg differentiation and moderately inhibited Th17 differentiation in vitro. Accordingly, 18ml/kg XBJ facilitated the expansion of IL-10+ Tregs and normalized pro-inflammatory Th17 population in septic mice. This regimen also significantly reduced serum levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in septic mice. Additionally, 18ml/kg XBJ injection effectively prevented neutrophil infiltration into the lung and kidney and improved survival in this septic shock model. CONCLUSIONS In summary, XBJ improves survival in septic shock partially through preventing cytokine storm, inhibiting inflammation and regulating the balance of Tregs and Th17 cells. Thus, higher dose of XBJ is a potential regimen to benefit septic shock patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuxin Feng
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiya Shen
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guixiang Pan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Guanwei Fan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jihong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China; Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Jeger V, Hauffe T, Nicholls-Vuille F, Bettex D, Rudiger A. Analgesia in clinically relevant rodent models of sepsis. Lab Anim 2018; 50:418-426. [PMID: 27909191 DOI: 10.1177/0023677216675009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative analgesia in rodent sepsis models has been considerably neglected in the past. However, intentions to model clinical practice, increasing awareness of animal ethics, efforts to apply the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement), and stricter legislation argue for a change in this respect. In this review, we describe different concepts of analgesia in rodent models of sepsis focusing on opioid agonists as well as non-opioid analgesics. Advantages and pitfalls in study design and side-effects are discussed. Score sheets should be used to adapt analgesia or to terminate experiments using humane endpoints. Further research is needed to differentiate behavioral changes caused by sepsis and pain or as a consequence of analgesia. Information on the efficacy of analgesia in sepsis models is scarce. Hence, studies are needed to identify the best ways to reduce suffering of research animals and thereby optimize the clinically relevant rodent models of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Jeger
- Institute for Anesthesiology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Till Hauffe
- Department of Medicine, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flora Nicholls-Vuille
- Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Bettex
- Institute for Anesthesiology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alain Rudiger
- Institute for Anesthesiology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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da Silva LS, Catalão CHR, Felippotti TT, de Oliveira- Pelegrin GR, Petenusci S, de Freitas LAP, Rocha MJA. Curcumin suppresses inflammatory cytokines and heat shock protein 70 release and improves metabolic parameters during experimental sepsis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:269-276. [PMID: 27927067 PMCID: PMC6130593 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1260598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Curcumin has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hypoglycaemic properties, besides reducing mortality in sepsis. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the biological activities of a curcumin dispersion formulated by spray-drying in experimental sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were subjected to sepsis by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP), controls were sham operated. The animals were treated with curcumin dispersion (100 mg/kg, p.o.) or water for 7 days prior to CLP and at 2 h after surgery. One group was used to analyze curcumin absorption through HPLC; another had the survival rate assessed during 48 h; and from a third group, blood was collected by decapitation to analyze metabolic and inflammatory parameters. RESULTS The plasma curcumin levels reached 2.5 ng/mL at 4 h, dropped significantly (p < 0.001) at 6 h (1.2 ng/mL), and were undetectable at 24 h in both groups. Curcumin temporarily increased the survival rate of the septic rats by 20%. Moreover, it attenuated glycaemia (p < 0.05) and volemia (p < 0.05) alterations typically observed during sepsis, and decreased the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 in plasma (p < 0.001) and peritoneal lavage fluid (p < 0.05) of septic rats. Serum HSP70 levels were decreased (p < 0.01) at 24 h after CLP. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our results show that the curcumin dispersion dose employed was not detrimental to the septic rats. In fact, it temporarily increased their survival rate, improved important metabolic parameters, reduced proinflammatory cytokines and HSP70 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letycia Silvano da Silva
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Rocha Catalão
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Tocchini Felippotti
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sérgio Petenusci
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Alexandre Pedro de Freitas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria José Alves Rocha
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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48
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Modeling Acute Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock Injury: Challenges and Guidelines for Preclinical Studies. Shock 2017; 48:610-623. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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49
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Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants SkQ1 and MitoTEMPO Failed to Exert a Long-Term Beneficial Effect in Murine Polymicrobial Sepsis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6412682. [PMID: 29104729 PMCID: PMC5625755 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6412682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species have been deemed an important contributor in sepsis pathogenesis. We investigated whether two mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (mtAOX; SkQ1 and MitoTEMPO) improved long-term outcome, lessened inflammation, and improved organ homeostasis in polymicrobial murine sepsis. 3-month-old female CD-1 mice (n = 90) underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and received SkQ1 (5 nmol/kg), MitoTEMPO (50 nmol/kg), or vehicle 5 times post-CLP. Separately, 52 SkQ1-treated CLP mice were sacrificed at 24 h and 48 h for additional endpoints. Neither MitoTEMPO nor SkQ1 exerted any protracted survival benefit. Conversely, SkQ1 exacerbated 28-day mortality by 29%. CLP induced release of 10 circulating cytokines, increased urea, ALT, and LDH, and decreased glucose but irrespectively of treatment. Similar occurred for CLP-induced lymphopenia/neutrophilia and the NO blood release. At 48 h post-CLP, dying mice had approximately 100-fold more CFUs in the spleen than survivors, but this was not SkQ1 related. At 48 h, macrophage and granulocyte counts increased in the peritoneal lavage but irrespectively of SkQ1. Similarly, hepatic mitophagy was not altered by SkQ1 at 24 h. The absence of survival benefit of mtAOX may be due to the extended treatment and/or a relatively moderate-risk-of-death CLP cohort. Long-term effect of mtAOX in abdominal sepsis appears different to sepsis/inflammation models arising from other body compartments.
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50
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Roewe J, Higer M, Riehl DR, Gericke A, Radsak MP, Bosmann M. Neuroendocrine Modulation of IL-27 in Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2503-2514. [PMID: 28835457 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heterodimeric IL-27 (p28/EBV-induced gene 3) is an important member of the IL-6/IL-12 cytokine family. IL-27 is predominantly synthesized by mononuclear phagocytes and exerts immunoregulatory functional activities on lymphocytic and nonlymphocytic cells during infection, autoimmunity or neoplasms. There is a great body of evidence on the bidirectional interplay between the autonomic nervous system and immune responses during inflammatory disorders, but so far IL-27 has not been defined as a part of these multifaceted neuroendocrine networks. In this study, we describe the role of catecholamines (as mediators of the sympathetic nervous system) related to IL-27 production in primary mouse macrophages. Noradrenaline and adrenaline dose-dependently suppressed the release of IL-27p28 in LPS/TLR4-activated macrophages, which was independent of α1 adrenoceptors. Instead, β2 adrenoceptor activation was responsible for mediating gene silencing of IL-27p28 and EBV-induced gene 3. The β2 adrenoceptor agonists formoterol and salbutamol mediated suppression of IL-27p28 production, when triggered by zymosan/TLR2, LPS/TLR4, or R848/TLR7/8 activation, but selectively spared the polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid/TLR3 pathway. Mechanistically, β2 adrenergic signaling reinforced an autocrine feedback loop of macrophage-derived IL-10 and this synergized with inhibition of the JNK pathway for limiting IL-27p28. The JNK inhibitors SP600125 and AEG3482 strongly decreased intracellular IL-27p28 in F4/80+CD11b+ macrophages. In endotoxic shock of C57BL/6J mice, pharmacologic activation of β2 adrenoceptors improved the severity of shock, including hypothermia and decreased circulating IL-27p28. Conversely, IL-27p28 was 2.7-fold increased by removal of the catecholamine-producing adrenal glands prior to endotoxic shock. These data suggest a novel role of the sympathetic neuroendocrine system for the modulation of IL-27-dependent acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Roewe
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Higer
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dennis R Riehl
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Adrian Gericke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; and
| | - Markus P Radsak
- Third Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
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