1
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Effect of tree demography and flexible root water uptake for modeling the carbon and water cycles of Amazonia. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.109969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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2
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Tropical tree mortality has increased with rising atmospheric water stress. Nature 2022; 608:528-533. [PMID: 35585230 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Evidence exists that tree mortality is accelerating in some regions of the tropics1,2, with profound consequences for the future of the tropical carbon sink and the global anthropogenic carbon budget left to limit peak global warming below 2 °C. However, the mechanisms that may be driving such mortality changes and whether particular species are especially vulnerable remain unclear3-8. Here we analyse a 49-year record of tree dynamics from 24 old-growth forest plots encompassing a broad climatic gradient across the Australian moist tropics and find that annual tree mortality risk has, on average, doubled across all plots and species over the last 35 years, indicating a potential halving in life expectancy and carbon residence time. Associated losses in biomass were not offset by gains from growth and recruitment. Plots in less moist local climates presented higher average mortality risk, but local mean climate did not predict the pace of temporal increase in mortality risk. Species varied in the trajectories of their mortality risk, with the highest average risk found nearer to the upper end of the atmospheric vapour pressure deficit niches of species. A long-term increase in vapour pressure deficit was evident across the region, suggesting that thresholds involving atmospheric water stress, driven by global warming, may be a primary cause of increasing tree mortality in moist tropical forests.
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3
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De Souza Ferreira Neto G, Ortega JCG, Melo Carneiro F, Souza de Oliveira S, Oliveira R, Beggiato Baccaro F. Productivity correlates positively with mammalian diversity independently of the species’ feeding guild, body mass, or the vertical strata explored by the species. Mamm Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilson De Souza Ferreira Neto
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia / INPA‐V8 INPA – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis Manaus Amazonas69067‐375Brazil
| | - Jean C. G. Ortega
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais Universidade Federal do Acre Rio Branco CEP 69915‐900 Brazil
| | - Fernanda Melo Carneiro
- Universidade Estadual de Goiás (UEG) Campus Anápolis de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Henrique Santillo Anápolis Goiás CEP 75132‐903 Brazil
| | - Sandro Souza de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Goiás Av. Esperança, s/n, Setor Vila Itatiaia Goiânia Goiás CEP 74690‐900 Brazil
| | - Regison Oliveira
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Clima e Ambiente ‐ PPG‐CLIAMB ‐ Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis Manaus Amazonas 69067‐375 Brazil
| | - Fabricio Beggiato Baccaro
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia / INPA‐V8 INPA – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis Manaus Amazonas69067‐375Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal do Amazonas Av. General Rodrigo Octávio, 6200, Coroado I Manaus Amazonas CEP: 69077‐000 Brazil
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4
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Large tree mortality leads to major aboveground biomass decline in a tropical forest reserve. Oecologia 2021; 197:795-806. [PMID: 34613464 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05048-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans are transforming the ecology of the Earth through rapid changes in land use and climate. These changes can affect tropical forest structure, dynamics and diversity. While numerous studies have focused on diversity metrics, other aspects of forest function, such as long-term biomass dynamics, are often less considered. We evaluated plant community structure change (i.e., abundance, diversity, composition, and aboveground biomass) in a 2.25 ha forest dynamics plot located within a ~ 365 ha reserve in southern Costa Rica. We censused, mapped and identified to species all plants ≥ 5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) in three surveys spanning 2010-2020. While there were no changes in late-successional species diversity, there were marked changes in overall species composition and biomass. Abundance of large (≥ 40 cm DBH) old-growth dense-wooded trees (e.g., Lauraceae, Rosaceae) decreased dramatically (27%), leading to major biomass decline over time, possibly driven by recent and recurrent drought events. Gaps created by large trees were colonized by early-successional species, but these recruits did not make up for the biomass lost. Finally, stem abundance increased by 20%, driven by increasing dominance of Hampea appendiculata. While results suggest this reserve may effectively conserve overall plant diversity, this may mask other key shifts such as large aboveground biomass loss. If this pattern is pervasive across tropical forest reserves, it could hamper efforts to preserve forest structure and ecosystem services (e.g., carbon storage). Monitoring programs could better assess carbon trends in reserves over time simply by tracking large tree dynamics.
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5
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Recovery of Logged Tropical Montane Rainforests as Potential Habitats for Hainan Gibbon. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12060711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As the world’s rarest ape, the main threat facing Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) is habitat degradation and loss caused by human disturbances. The insufficient area and continuous human disturbance in most of the existing habitats can hardly maintain the future recovery and development of the gibbon population. A large area of secondary tropical montane rainforest in recovery was retained in Bawangling National Nature Reserve after disturbance. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the recovery of these secondary forests for the protection and restoration of Hainan gibbon habitat. To explore the recovery of secondary tropical rainforests after different disturbances, and whether they have the potential to serve as the future habitats for Hainan gibbon, we calculated four dynamic indexes (including recruitment rate, mortality/loss rate, relative growth rate and turnover rate) of abundance and basal area for the total community and for food plants of Hainan gibbon based on data from two censuses of secondary forests recovered nearly 45 years after different disturbances (clear-cutting and selective-logging) and old-growth forest of tropical montane rainforest. The results are as follows: (1) There were no significant differences in recruitment rates, mortality rates and turnover rates of abundance and basal area between recovered clear-cutting forests, selectively logged forests and old-growth forests. (2) Abundance, basal area and species of small (1 < DBH ≤ 10 cm) and medium (10 ≤ DBH < 30 cm) food plants in the two disturbed forests were higher, while those of large food plants (DBH ≥ 30 cm) in the two forests were lower than in old-growth forests. (3) For the common food species occurring in all three kinds of communities, the relative growth rate of most small trees in clear-cutting forest was higher than that of old-growth forest. Our research demonstrates that the lack of large food plants is the key limiting factor for the development of the secondary mountain rainforest as habitats for Hainan gibbon at present. However, it has great potential to transform into suitable habitats through targeted restoration and management due to the high recruitment rate and relative growth rate of the small- and medium-sized food plants.
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Petter G, Zotz G, Kreft H, Cabral JS. Agent-based modeling of the effects of forest dynamics, selective logging, and fragment size on epiphyte communities. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2937-2951. [PMID: 33767848 PMCID: PMC7981202 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest canopies play a crucial role in structuring communities of vascular epiphytes by providing substrate for colonization, by locally varying microclimate, and by causing epiphyte mortality due to branch or tree fall. However, as field studies in the three-dimensional habitat of epiphytes are generally challenging, our understanding of how forest structure and dynamics influence the structure and dynamics of epiphyte communities is scarce.Mechanistic models can improve our understanding of epiphyte community dynamics. We present such a model that couples dispersal, growth, and mortality of individual epiphytes with substrate dynamics, obtained from a three-dimensional functional-structural forest model, allowing the study of forest-epiphyte interactions. After validating the epiphyte model with independent field data, we performed several theoretical simulation experiments to assess how (a) differences in natural forest dynamics, (b) selective logging, and (c) forest fragmentation could influence the long-term dynamics of epiphyte communities.The proportion of arboreal substrate occupied by epiphytes (i.e., saturation level) was tightly linked with forest dynamics and increased with decreasing forest turnover rates. While species richness was, in general, negatively correlated with forest turnover rates, low species numbers in forests with very-low-turnover rates were due to competitive exclusion when epiphyte communities became saturated. Logging had a negative impact on epiphyte communities, potentially leading to a near-complete extirpation of epiphytes when the simulated target diameters fell below a threshold. Fragment size had no effect on epiphyte abundance and saturation level but correlated positively with species numbers.Synthesis: The presented model is a first step toward studying the dynamic forest-epiphyte interactions in an agent-based modeling framework. Our study suggests forest dynamics as key factor in controlling epiphyte communities. Thus, both natural and human-induced changes in forest dynamics, for example, increased mortality rates or the loss of large trees, pose challenges for epiphyte conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Petter
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & BiogeographyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Functional Ecology GroupInstitute of Biology and Environmental SciencesCarl von Ossietzky University OldenburgOldenburgGermany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboaPanamá
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & BiogeographyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL)University of GöttingenGermany
| | - Juliano Sarmento Cabral
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & BiogeographyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Ecosystem ModelingCenter for Computational and Theoretical Biology (CCTB)University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
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7
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Esteban EJL, Castilho CV, Melgaço KL, Costa FRC. The other side of droughts: wet extremes and topography as buffers of negative drought effects in an Amazonian forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1995-2006. [PMID: 33048346 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a consensus about negative impacts of droughts in Amazonia. Yet, extreme wet episodes, which are becoming as severe and frequent as droughts, are overlooked and their impacts remain poorly understood. Moreover, drought reports are mostly based on forests over a deep water table (DWT), which may be particularly sensitive to dry conditions. Based on demographic responses of 30 abundant tree species over the past two decades, in this study we analyzed the impacts of severe droughts but also of concurrent extreme wet periods, and how topographic affiliation (to shallow - SWTs - or deep - DWTs - water tables), together with species functional traits, mediated climate effects on trees. Dry and wet extremes decreased growth and increased tree mortality, but interactions of these climatic anomalies had the highest and most positive impact, mitigating the simple negative effects. Despite being more drought-tolerant, species in DWT forests were more negatively affected than hydraulically vulnerable species in SWT forests. Interaction of wet-dry extremes and SWT depth modulated tree responses to climate, providing buffers to droughts in Amazonia. As extreme wet periods are projected to increase and at least 36% of the Amazon comprises SWT forests, our results highlight the importance of considering these factors in order to improve our knowledge about forest resilience to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick J L Esteban
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências de Florestas Tropicais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. Ephigênio Sales 2239, Manaus, AM, 69060-20, Brazil
| | - Carolina V Castilho
- EMBRAPA Roraima, Rodovia BR 174, km 8, Distrito Industrial, Boa Vista, RR, 69301-970, Brazil
| | - Karina L Melgaço
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Flávia R C Costa
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. Ephigênio Sales 2239, Manaus, AM, 69060-20, Brazil
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8
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Gorgens EB, Nunes MH, Jackson T, Coomes D, Keller M, Reis CR, Valbuena R, Rosette J, de Almeida DRA, Gimenez B, Cantinho R, Motta AZ, Assis M, de Souza Pereira FR, Spanner G, Higuchi N, Ometto JP. Resource availability and disturbance shape maximum tree height across the Amazon. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:177-189. [PMID: 33118242 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tall trees are key drivers of ecosystem processes in tropical forest, but the controls on the distribution of the very tallest trees remain poorly understood. The recent discovery of grove of giant trees over 80 meters tall in the Amazon forest requires a reevaluation of current thinking. We used high-resolution airborne laser surveys to measure canopy height across 282,750 ha of old-growth and second-growth forests randomly sampling the entire Brazilian Amazon. We investigated how resources and disturbances shape the maximum height distribution across the Brazilian Amazon through the relations between the occurrence of giant trees and environmental factors. Common drivers of height development are fundamentally different from those influencing the occurrence of giant trees. We found that changes in wind and light availability drive giant tree distribution as much as precipitation and temperature, together shaping the forest structure of the Brazilian Amazon. The location of giant trees should be carefully considered by policymakers when identifying important hot spots for the conservation of biodiversity in the Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Gorgens
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruno Gimenez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | | | - Alline Z Motta
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro Assis
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Spanner
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Niro Higuchi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Jean Pierre Ometto
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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9
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Thiel S, Tschapka M, Heymann EW, Heer K. Vertical stratification of seed-dispersing vertebrate communities and their interactions with plants in tropical forests. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:454-469. [PMID: 33140576 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vertical stratification (VS) is a widespread phenomenon in plant and animal communities in forests and a key factor for structuring their species richness and biodiversity, particularly in tropical forests. The organisms composing forest communities adjust and shape the complex three-dimensional structure of their environment and inhabit a large variety of niches along the vertical gradient of the forest. Even though the degree of VS varies among different vertebrate groups, patterns of compositional stratification can be observed across taxa. Communities of birds, bats, primates, and non-flying small mammals are vertically stratified in terms of abundance, species richness, diversity, and community composition. Frugivorous members of these taxa play important roles as seed dispersers and forage on fruit resources that, in turn, vary in quantity and nutritional value along the vertical gradient. As a consequence, plant-seed disperser interaction networks differ among strata, which is manifested in differences in interaction frequencies and the degree of mutual specialization. In general, the canopy stratum is composed of strong links and generalized associations, while the lower strata comprise weaker links and more specialized interactions. Investigating the VS of communities can provide us with a better understanding of species habitat restrictions, resource use, spatial movement, and species interactions. Especially in the face of global change, this knowledge will be important as these characteristics can imply different responses of species and taxa at a fine spatial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Thiel
- Department of Conservation Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco Tschapka
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, Ulm, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Eckhard W Heymann
- Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Heer
- Department of Conservation Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, Marburg, Germany
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10
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Nabe‐Nielsen J, Valencia R. Canopy structure and forest understory conditions in a wet Amazonian forest—No change over the last 20 years. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Renato Valencia
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Quito Ecuador
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11
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Santos TCM, Lopes GP, Rabelo RM, Giannini TC. Bats in Three Protected Areas of The Central Amazon Ecological Corridor in Brazil. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2019.21.2.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerson P. Lopes
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Ecologia de Vertebrados Terrestres, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, 69553-225, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rafael M. Rabelo
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Ecologia de Vertebrados Terrestres, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, 69553-225, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil
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12
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Post-Harvest Stand Dynamics over Five Years in Selectively Logged Production Forests in Bago, Myanmar. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the stand dynamics of tropical production forests is essential for determining the sustainability of a polycyclic selective logging system, but limited related studies have addressed the impacts of illegal logging over time. Myanmar faces the extensive degradation of traditional production forests with a 160-year logging history, but the cause of this degradation and how to balance legal and/or illegal disturbances with recovery in over-logged forests remain unclear. The present study investigated stand structural changes over 5 years after official legal logging operations using two 1-ha (100 × 100 m) sample plots. For 5 years after logging, the volume of trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 20 cm decreased by 46.0% from 121 to 65.1 m3 ha−1, with a significant loss of the first- and second-grade species group (Tectona grandis Linn. f. and Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub.) from 48.3 to 6.8 m3 ha−1. The total tree loss owing to official logging operations, mainly targeting the second- and fourth-grade species group, was 29.3 m3 ha−1. A similar level of total tree loss (28.0 m3 ha−1) was attributed to illegal logging that targeted the first- and second-grade species group. The mean annual recruitment rate of 3.1% was larger than the reported values for tropical forests, but there were no and only 1.5 trees ha−1 recruitments s for T. grandis and X. xylocarpa, respectively. The mean annual mortality rate of 2.5% was within the values reported in the related literature, and the volume loss from the mortality was relatively similar to the gain from the increment of living trees for all species groups. We concluded that the effects of illegal disturbances for 5 years post-harvest were equivalent to those of legal disturbances and larger than those of natural change, and are a major cause of the substantial reduction in stocking levels, especially for commercial species.
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13
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Soong JL, Janssens IA, Grau O, Margalef O, Stahl C, Van Langenhove L, Urbina I, Chave J, Dourdain A, Ferry B, Freycon V, Herault B, Sardans J, Peñuelas J, Verbruggen E. Soil properties explain tree growth and mortality, but not biomass, across phosphorus-depleted tropical forests. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2302. [PMID: 32041976 PMCID: PMC7010742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58913-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We observed strong positive relationships between soil properties and forest dynamics of growth and mortality across twelve primary lowland tropical forests in a phosphorus-poor region of the Guiana Shield. Average tree growth (diameter at breast height) increased from 0.81 to 2.1 mm yr-1 along a soil texture gradient from 0 to 67% clay, and increasing metal-oxide content. Soil organic carbon stocks in the top 30 cm ranged from 30 to 118 tons C ha-1, phosphorus content ranged from 7 to 600 mg kg-1 soil, and the relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ranged from 0 to 50%, all positively correlating with soil clay, and iron and aluminum oxide and hydroxide content. In contrast, already low extractable phosphorus (Bray P) content decreased from 4.4 to <0.02 mg kg-1 in soil with increasing clay content. A greater prevalence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in more clayey forests that had higher tree growth and mortality, but not biomass, indicates that despite the greater investment in nutrient uptake required, soils with higher clay content may actually serve to sustain high tree growth in tropical forests by avoiding phosphorus losses from the ecosystem. Our study demonstrates how variation in soil properties that retain carbon and nutrients can help to explain variation in tropical forest growth and mortality, but not biomass, by requiring niche specialization and contributing to biogeochemical diversification across this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Soong
- Climate and Ecosystem Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA.
- PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium.
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Oriol Grau
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Application, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CIRAD, UMR Ecofog (AgroParisTech, INRAE, CNRS, Univ Antilles, Univ Guyane), Campus Agronomique, 97310, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Olga Margalef
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Application, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Clément Stahl
- INRAE, UMR, Ecofog, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, Université de Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310, Kourou, France
| | - Leandro Van Langenhove
- PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Ifigenia Urbina
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Application, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jerome Chave
- Paul Sabatier University, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Aurelie Dourdain
- CIRAD, UMR Ecofog (AgroParisTech, INRAE, CNRS, Univ Antilles, Univ Guyane), Campus Agronomique, 97310, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Bruno Ferry
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Vincent Freycon
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Herault
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
| | - Jordi Sardans
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Application, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Application, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Erik Verbruggen
- PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
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14
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Carbon Dynamics in a Human-Modified Tropical Forest: A Case Study Using Multi-Temporal LiDAR Data. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tropical forests hold significant amounts of carbon and play a critical role on Earth´s climate system. To date, carbon dynamics over tropical forests have been poorly assessed, especially over vast areas of the tropics that have been affected by some type of disturbance (e.g., selective logging, understory fires, and fragmentation). Understanding the multi-temporal dynamics of carbon stocks over human-modified tropical forests (HMTF) is crucial to close the carbon cycle balance in the tropics. Here, we used multi-temporal and high-spatial resolution airborne LiDAR data to quantify rates of carbon dynamics over a large patch of HMTF in eastern Amazon, Brazil. We described a robust approach to monitor changes in aboveground forest carbon stocks between 2012 and 2018. Our results showed that this particular HMTF lost 0.57 m·yr−1 in mean forest canopy height and 1.38 Mg·C·ha−1·yr−1 of forest carbon between 2012 and 2018. LiDAR-based estimates of Aboveground Carbon Density (ACD) showed progressive loss through the years, from 77.9 Mg·C·ha−1 in 2012 to 53.1 Mg·C·ha−1 in 2018, thus a decrease of 31.8%. Rates of carbon stock changes were negative for all time intervals analyzed, yielding average annual carbon loss rates of −1.34 Mg·C·ha−1·yr−1. This suggests that this HMTF is acting more as a source of carbon than a sink, having great negative implications for carbon emission scenarios in tropical forests. Although more studies of forest dynamics in HMTFs are necessary to reduce the current remaining uncertainties in the carbon cycle, our results highlight the persistent effects of carbon losses for the study area. HMTFs are likely to expand across the Amazon in the near future. The resultant carbon source conditions, directly associated with disturbances, may be essential when considering climate projections and carbon accounting methods.
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15
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Maxwell SL, Evans T, Watson JEM, Morel A, Grantham H, Duncan A, Harris N, Potapov P, Runting RK, Venter O, Wang S, Malhi Y. Degradation and forgone removals increase the carbon impact of intact forest loss by 626. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax2546. [PMID: 31692892 PMCID: PMC6821461 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax2546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Intact tropical forests, free from substantial anthropogenic influence, store and sequester large amounts of atmospheric carbon but are currently neglected in international climate policy. We show that between 2000 and 2013, direct clearance of intact tropical forest areas accounted for 3.2% of gross carbon emissions from all deforestation across the pantropics. However, full carbon accounting requires the consideration of forgone carbon sequestration, selective logging, edge effects, and defaunation. When these factors were considered, the net carbon impact resulting from intact tropical forest loss between 2000 and 2013 increased by a factor of 6 (626%), from 0.34 (0.37 to 0.21) to 2.12 (2.85 to 1.00) petagrams of carbon (equivalent to approximately 2 years of global land use change emissions). The climate mitigation value of conserving the 549 million ha of tropical forest that remains intact is therefore significant but will soon dwindle if their rate of loss continues to accelerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L. Maxwell
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Tom Evans
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - James E. M. Watson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Alexandra Morel
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
- Zoological Society of London, Regent Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Hedley Grantham
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Adam Duncan
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Nancy Harris
- World Resources Institute, 10 G Street NE Suite 800, Washington, DC 20002, USA
| | - Peter Potapov
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Rebecca K. Runting
- School of Geography, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Oscar Venter
- Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
| | - Stephanie Wang
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
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16
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Kwon Y, Doty AC, Huffman ML, Rolland V, Istvanko DR, Risch TS. Implications of forest management practices for sex-specific habitat use by Nycticeius humeralis. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractNorth American bats are experiencing declines in part due to anthropogenic impacts resulting in habitat loss and disturbance. In eastern deciduous forests, bats rely on forest resources for all or part of the year. Therefore, to promote conservation of bats, it is essential to determine whether current forest management techniques are compatible with habitat use by bats. We evaluated the relative effect of landscape characteristics, including forest management variables, on sex-specific foraging habitat of an insectivorous forest-dwelling bat species, the evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis), and predicted areas of suitable habitat for N. humeralis. A total of 18 variables were assessed using a maximum-entropy (Maxent) machine-learning approach: eight land use–land cover classes, three stand types, two topography measures, normalized difference vegetation index, and four forest management variables. Females showed the highest probability of presence closer to stands treated with prescribed fire, whereas males showed the highest probability of presence closer to reforested stands. In general, males exhibited more flexibility than females in their habitat selection. The Maxent model further indicated that habitat associated with suitability of > 70% was ~4 times larger for males than females, and predicted an additional area of suitable foraging habitat where no presence locations had been recorded. Our modeling approach may be suitable for other researchers to derive models appropriate for a wide range of bat species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsang Kwon
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anna C Doty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, USA
| | - Megan L Huffman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, USA
| | - Virginie Rolland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, USA
| | | | - Thomas S Risch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, USA
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17
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Silva CA, Valbuena R, Pinagé ER, Mohan M, Almeida DRA, North Broadbent E, Jaafar WSWM, Papa D, Cardil A, Klauberg C. F
orest
G
ap
R: An
r
Package for forest gap analysis from canopy height models. Methods Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Silva
- Department of Geographical Sciences University of Maryland College Park Maryland
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland
| | | | - Ekena R. Pinagé
- School of Life Sciences University of Technology Sydney Ultimo NSW Australia
- College of Forestry Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon
| | - Midhun Mohan
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Engineering University of Lleida, Av. de l'Alcalde Rovira Roure Lleida Spain
| | - Danilo R. A. Almeida
- Department of Forest Sciences University of São Paulo, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ) Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | - Eben North Broadbent
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, School of Forest Resources and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville Florida
| | | | | | - Adrian Cardil
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Engineering University of Lleida, Av. de l'Alcalde Rovira Roure Lleida Spain
- Tecnosylva. Parque Tecnológico de León. 24009 León Spain
| | - Carine Klauberg
- Federal University of São João Del Rei – UFSJ Sete Lagoas Brazil
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18
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Klarenberg G, Muñoz-Carpena R, Perz S, Baraloto C, Marsik M, Southworth J, Zhu L. A spatiotemporal natural-human database to evaluate road development impacts in an Amazon trinational frontier. Sci Data 2019; 6:93. [PMID: 31209221 PMCID: PMC6572834 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Road construction and paving bring socio-economic benefits to receiving regions but can also be drivers of deforestation and land cover change. Road infrastructure often increases migration and illegal economic activities, which in turn affect local hydrology, wildlife, vegetation structure and dynamics, and biodiversity. To evaluate the full breadth of impacts from a coupled natural-human systems perspective, information is needed over a sufficient timespan to include pre- and post-road paving conditions. In addition, the spatial scale should be appropriate to link local human activities and biophysical system components, while also allowing for upscaling to the regional scale. A database was developed for the tri-national frontier in the Southwestern Amazon, where the Inter-Oceanic Highway was constructed through an area of high biological value and cultural diversity. Extensive socio-economic surveys and botanical field work are combined with remote sensing and reanalysis data to provide a rich and unique database, suitable for coupled natural-human systems research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Klarenberg
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Rafael Muñoz-Carpena
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
| | - Stephen Perz
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew Marsik
- Integrated Data Repository, Clinical and Translational Science Institute and UF Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jane Southworth
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Likai Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation & Environmental Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi, China
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19
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Phillips OL, Sullivan MJP, Baker TR, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Vargas PN, Vásquez R. Species Matter: Wood Density Influences Tropical Forest Biomass at Multiple Scales. SURVEYS IN GEOPHYSICS 2019; 40:913-935. [PMID: 31395992 PMCID: PMC6647473 DOI: 10.1007/s10712-019-09540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The mass of carbon contained in trees is governed by the volume and density of their wood. This represents a challenge to most remote sensing technologies, which typically detect surface structure and parameters related to wood volume but not to its density. Since wood density is largely determined by taxonomic identity this challenge is greatest in tropical forests where there are tens of thousands of tree species. Here, using pan-tropical literature and new analyses in Amazonia with plots with reliable identifications we assess the impact that species-related variation in wood density has on biomass estimates of mature tropical forests. We find impacts of species on forest biomass due to wood density at all scales from the individual tree up to the whole biome: variation in tree species composition regulates how much carbon forests can store. Even local differences in composition can cause variation in forest biomass and carbon density of 20% between subtly different local forest types, while additional large-scale floristic variation leads to variation in mean wood density of 10-30% across Amazonia and the tropics. Further, because species composition varies at all scales and even vertically within a stand, our analysis shows that bias and uncertainty always result if individual identity is ignored. Since sufficient inventory-based evidence based on botanical identification now exists to show that species composition matters biome-wide for biomass, we here assemble and provide mean basal-area-weighted wood density values for different forests across the lowand tropical biome. These range widely, from 0.467 to 0.728 g cm-3 with a pan-tropical mean of 0.619 g cm-3. Our analysis shows that mapping tropical ecosystem carbon always benefits from locally validated measurement of tree-by-tree botanical identity combined with tree-by-tree measurement of dimensions. Therefore whenever possible, efforts to map and monitor tropical forest carbon using remote sensing techniques should be combined with tree-level measurement of species identity by botanists working in inventory plots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tim R. Baker
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | | | - Percy Núñez Vargas
- Universidad de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. de La Cultura 773, 08000 Cuzco, Peru
| | - Rodolfo Vásquez
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Jr. Bolognesi, 19230 Oxapampa, Peru
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20
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Büntgen U, Krusic PJ, Piermattei A, Coomes DA, Esper J, Myglan VS, Kirdyanov AV, Camarero JJ, Crivellaro A, Körner C. Limited capacity of tree growth to mitigate the global greenhouse effect under predicted warming. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2171. [PMID: 31092831 PMCID: PMC6520339 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that animal heartbeat and lifespan are often inversely correlated, however, the relationship between productivity and longevity has not yet been described for trees growing under industrial and pre-industrial climates. Using 1768 annually resolved and absolutely dated ring width measurement series from living and dead conifers that grew in undisturbed, high-elevation sites in the Spanish Pyrenees and the Russian Altai over the past 2000 years, we test the hypothesis of grow fast-die young. We find maximum tree ages are significantly correlated with slow juvenile growth rates. We conclude, the interdependence between higher stem productivity, faster tree turnover, and shorter carbon residence time, reduces the capacity of forest ecosystems to store carbon under a climate warming-induced stimulation of tree growth at policy-relevant timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
- Global Change Research Centre and Masaryk University, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Paul J Krusic
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alma Piermattei
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - David A Coomes
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Jan Esper
- Departmemt of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vladimir S Myglan
- Institute of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kirdyanov
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
- Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alan Crivellaro
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Christian Körner
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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McMahon SM, Arellano G, Davies SJ. The importance and challenges of detecting changes in forest mortality rates. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. McMahon
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 647 Contees Wharf Road Edgewater Maryland 21037 USA
- Center for Tropical Forest Science‐Forest Global Earth Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Washington D.C. 20036 USA
| | - Gabriel Arellano
- Center for Tropical Forest Science‐Forest Global Earth Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Washington D.C. 20036 USA
| | - Stuart J. Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science‐Forest Global Earth Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Washington D.C. 20036 USA
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22
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Dynamics of Tropical Forest Twenty-Five Years after Experimental Logging in Central Amazon Mature Forest. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-term studies of the dynamics of managed forests in tropical regions are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of a tropical forest, over a 25-year period, that was experimentally logged in 1987 and 1988 and submitted to three different cutting intensities. All trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm have been measured annually since 1990. The three logging intensities that were applied were: light (T1)-trees harvested with DBH ≥ 55 cm; medium (T2)-DBH ≥ 50 cm; and heavy (T3)-DBH ≥ 40 cm. Control plots (T0) were also monitored. The highest mean annual mortality rates (1.82% ± 0.38), recruitment rates (2.93% ± 0.77) and diameter increments (0.30 ± 0.02 cm) occurred in the T3 treatment. Shifts in dynamics of the forest were mainly caused by a striking increase in a fast-growing pioneer species and their high mortality rates. The loss in stocking caused by mortality was greater than to that of replacement by recruitment. The results demonstrated that selective logging altered the natural dynamics of the forest through increased: mortality rates, recruitment and growth rates of the residual trees.
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23
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Limiting the high impacts of Amazon forest dieback with no-regrets science and policy action. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11671-11679. [PMID: 30397144 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721770115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large uncertainties still dominate the hypothesis of an abrupt large-scale shift of the Amazon forest caused by climate change [Amazonian forest dieback (AFD)] even though observational evidence shows the forest and regional climate changing. Here, we assess whether mitigation or adaptation action should be taken now, later, or not at all in light of such uncertainties. No action/later action would result in major social impacts that may influence migration to large Amazonian cities through a causal chain of climate change and forest degradation leading to lower river-water levels that affect transportation, food security, and health. Net-present value socioeconomic damage over a 30-year period after AFD is estimated between US dollar (USD) $957 billion (×109) and $3,589 billion (compared with Gross Brazilian Amazon Product of USD $150 billion per year), arising primarily from changes in the provision of ecosystem services. Costs of acting now would be one to two orders of magnitude lower than economic damages. However, while AFD mitigation alternatives-e.g., curbing deforestation-are attainable (USD $64 billion), their efficacy in achieving a forest resilience that prevents AFD is uncertain. Concurrently, a proposed set of 20 adaptation measures is also attainable (USD $122 billion) and could bring benefits even if AFD never occurs. An interdisciplinary research agenda to fill lingering knowledge gaps and constrain the risk of AFD should focus on developing sound experimental and modeling evidence regarding its likelihood, integrated with socioeconomic assessments to anticipate its impacts and evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of mitigation/adaptation options.
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24
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McDowell N, Allen CD, Anderson-Teixeira K, Brando P, Brienen R, Chambers J, Christoffersen B, Davies S, Doughty C, Duque A, Espirito-Santo F, Fisher R, Fontes CG, Galbraith D, Goodsman D, Grossiord C, Hartmann H, Holm J, Johnson DJ, Kassim AR, Keller M, Koven C, Kueppers L, Kumagai T, Malhi Y, McMahon SM, Mencuccini M, Meir P, Moorcroft P, Muller-Landau HC, Phillips OL, Powell T, Sierra CA, Sperry J, Warren J, Xu C, Xu X. Drivers and mechanisms of tree mortality in moist tropical forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:851-869. [PMID: 29451313 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tree mortality rates appear to be increasing in moist tropical forests (MTFs) with significant carbon cycle consequences. Here, we review the state of knowledge regarding MTF tree mortality, create a conceptual framework with testable hypotheses regarding the drivers, mechanisms and interactions that may underlie increasing MTF mortality rates, and identify the next steps for improved understanding and reduced prediction. Increasing mortality rates are associated with rising temperature and vapor pressure deficit, liana abundance, drought, wind events, fire and, possibly, CO2 fertilization-induced increases in stand thinning or acceleration of trees reaching larger, more vulnerable heights. The majority of these mortality drivers may kill trees in part through carbon starvation and hydraulic failure. The relative importance of each driver is unknown. High species diversity may buffer MTFs against large-scale mortality events, but recent and expected trends in mortality drivers give reason for concern regarding increasing mortality within MTFs. Models of tropical tree mortality are advancing the representation of hydraulics, carbon and demography, but require more empirical knowledge regarding the most common drivers and their subsequent mechanisms. We outline critical datasets and model developments required to test hypotheses regarding the underlying causes of increasing MTF mortality rates, and improve prediction of future mortality under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate McDowell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - Kristina Anderson-Teixeira
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Paulo Brando
- Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA, 02450, USA
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental de Amazonia, Lago Norte, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jeff Chambers
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brad Christoffersen
- Department of Biology and School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Stuart Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Chris Doughty
- SICCS, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Departmento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Columbia, Medellín, Columbia
| | | | - Rosie Fisher
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Clarissa G Fontes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David Galbraith
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Devin Goodsman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | | | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jennifer Holm
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Abd Rahman Kassim
- Geoinformation Programme, Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Michael Keller
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Jardin Botanico Sur, 1201 Calle Ceiba, San Juan, 00926, Puerto Rico
- Embrapa Agricultural Informatics, Parque Estacao Biologica, Brasilia DF, 70770, Brazil
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Charlie Koven
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lara Kueppers
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tomo'omi Kumagai
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7 Chome-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA, CREAF, University of Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalenes, 585 08007, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Meir
- Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | | | - Helene C Muller-Landau
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal, 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Oliver L Phillips
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Thomas Powell
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Carlos A Sierra
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - John Sperry
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jeff Warren
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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25
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Vilanova E, Ramírez-Angulo H, Torres-Lezama A, Aymard G, Gámez L, Durán C, Hernández L, Herrera R, van der Heijden G, Phillips OL, Ettl GJ. Environmental drivers of forest structure and stem turnover across Venezuelan tropical forests. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198489. [PMID: 29927972 PMCID: PMC6013196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using data from 50 long-term permanent plots from across Venezuelan forests in northern South America, we explored large-scale patterns of stem turnover, aboveground biomass (AGB) and woody productivity (AGWP), and the relationships between them and with potential climatic drivers. We used principal component analysis coupled with generalized least squares models to analyze the relationship between climate, forest structure and stem dynamics. Two major axes associated with orthogonal temperature and moisture gradients effectively described more than 90% of the environmental variability in the dataset. Average turnover was 1.91 ± 0.10% year-1 with mortality and recruitment being almost identical, and close to average rates for other mature tropical forests. Turnover rates were significantly different among regions (p < 0.001), with the lowland forests in Western alluvial plains being the most dynamic, and Guiana Shield forests showing the lowest turnover rates. We found a weak positive relationship between AGB and AGWP, with Guiana Shield forests having the highest values for both variables (204.8 ± 14.3 Mg C ha-1 and 3.27 ± 0.27 Mg C ha-1 year-1 respectively), but AGB was much more strongly and negatively related to stem turnover. Our data suggest that moisture is a key driver of turnover, with longer dry seasons favoring greater rates of tree turnover and thus lower biomass, having important implications in the context of climate change, given the increases in drought frequency in many tropical forests. Regional variation in AGWP among Venezuelan forests strongly reflects the effects of climate, with greatest woody productivity where both precipitation and temperatures are high. Overall, forests in wet, low elevation sites and with slow turnover stored the greatest amounts of biomass. Although faster stand dynamics are closely associated with lower carbon storage, stem-level turnover rates and woody productivity did not show any correlation, indicating that stem dynamics and carbon dynamics are largely decoupled from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Vilanova
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences (SEFS), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United of States America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hirma Ramírez-Angulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Armando Torres-Lezama
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Gerardo Aymard
- Universidad Experimental de los Llanos Ezequiel Zamora (UNELLEZ), Portuguesa, Venezuela
| | - Luis Gámez
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Cristabel Durán
- Institute of Forest Sciences. Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lionel Hernández
- Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana (UNEG), Bolívar, Venezuela
| | - Rafael Herrera
- Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
- Department of Geography and Regional Research–Geoecology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Gregory J. Ettl
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences (SEFS), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United of States America
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26
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Coelho de Souza F, Dexter KG, Phillips OL, Brienen RJW, Chave J, Galbraith DR, Lopez Gonzalez G, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Pennington RT, Poorter L, Alexiades M, Álvarez-Dávila E, Andrade A, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets EJMM, Aymard C GA, Baraloto C, Barroso JG, Bonal D, Boot RGA, Camargo JLC, Comiskey JA, Valverde FC, de Camargo PB, Di Fiore A, Elias F, Erwin TL, Feldpausch TR, Ferreira L, Fyllas NM, Gloor E, Herault B, Herrera R, Higuchi N, Honorio Coronado EN, Killeen TJ, Laurance WF, Laurance S, Lloyd J, Lovejoy TE, Malhi Y, Maracahipes L, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Mendoza C, Morandi P, Neill DA, Vargas PN, Oliveira EA, Lenza E, Palacios WA, Peñuela-Mora MC, Pipoly JJ, Pitman NCA, Prieto A, Quesada CA, Ramirez-Angulo H, Rudas A, Ruokolainen K, Salomão RP, Silveira M, Stropp J, Ter Steege H, Thomas-Caesar R, van der Hout P, van der Heijden GMF, van der Meer PJ, Vasquez RV, Vieira SA, Vilanova E, Vos VA, Wang O, Young KR, Zagt RJ, Baker TR. Evolutionary heritage influences Amazon tree ecology. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1587. [PMID: 27974517 PMCID: PMC5204144 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineages tend to retain ecological characteristics of their ancestors through time. However, for some traits, selection during evolutionary history may have also played a role in determining trait values. To address the relative importance of these processes requires large-scale quantification of traits and evolutionary relationships among species. The Amazonian tree flora comprises a high diversity of angiosperm lineages and species with widely differing life-history characteristics, providing an excellent system to investigate the combined influences of evolutionary heritage and selection in determining trait variation. We used trait data related to the major axes of life-history variation among tropical trees (e.g. growth and mortality rates) from 577 inventory plots in closed-canopy forest, mapped onto a phylogenetic hypothesis spanning more than 300 genera including all major angiosperm clades to test for evolutionary constraints on traits. We found significant phylogenetic signal (PS) for all traits, consistent with evolutionarily related genera having more similar characteristics than expected by chance. Although there is also evidence for repeated evolution of pioneer and shade tolerant life-history strategies within independent lineages, the existence of significant PS allows clearer predictions of the links between evolutionary diversity, ecosystem function and the response of tropical forests to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle G Dexter
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, 201 Crew Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK.,Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
| | | | | | - Jerome Chave
- Université Paul Sabatier CNRS, UMR 5174 Evolution et Diversité Biologique, bâtiment 4R1, Toulouse 31062, France
| | | | | | - Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Prolongacion Bolognesi Mz. E, Lote 6, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru.,Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. de la Cultura N° 733, Cusco, Peru
| | - R Toby Pennington
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Alexiades
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Marlowe Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK
| | | | - Ana Andrade
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project (INPA & STRI), C.P. 478, Manaus, Amazonas 69.011-970, Brazil
| | - Luis E O C Aragão
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Drive, Exeter, Rennes EX4 4RJ, UK.,National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Eric J M M Arets
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Gerardo A Aymard C
- UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa del Agro y del Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Mesa de Cavacas, Estado Portuguesa 3350, Venezuela
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Jorcely G Barroso
- Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus de Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil
| | - Damien Bonal
- INRA, UMR 1137 'Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestiere', Champenoux 54280, France
| | - Rene G A Boot
- Tropenbos International, PO Box 232, Wageningen 6700 AE, The Netherlands
| | - José L C Camargo
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project (INPA & STRI), C.P. 478, Manaus, Amazonas 69.011-970, Brazil
| | - James A Comiskey
- National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane, Fredericksburg, VA 22405, USA.,Smithsonian Institution, 1100 Jefferson Dr, SW, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | | | - Plínio B de Camargo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, SAC Room 5.150, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Fernando Elias
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Terry L Erwin
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 187, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Drive, Exeter, Rennes EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Leandro Ferreira
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, C.P. 399, 66.040-170, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Emanuel Gloor
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Bruno Herault
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, Inra, U Antilles, U Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou 97310, French Guiana
| | - Rafael Herrera
- Centro de Ecología IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela.,Institut für Geographie und Regionalforschung, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Niro Higuchi
- INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2.936 - Petrópolis - 69.067-375, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Susan Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Jon Lloyd
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst, Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Thomas E Lovejoy
- Environmental Science and Policy, and the Department of Public and International Affairs, George Mason University (GMU), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Leandro Maracahipes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Goias, Goiânia, Goias, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Ben H Marimon-Junior
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Escuela de Ciencias Forestales, Unidad Académica del Trópico, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Sacta, Bolivia
| | - Paulo Morandi
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - David A Neill
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
| | - Percy Núñez Vargas
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. de la Cultura N° 733, Cusco, Peru
| | - Edmar A Oliveira
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Eddie Lenza
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Walter A Palacios
- Universidad Técnica del Norte and Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Casilla 17-21-1787, Av. Río Coca E6-115, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - John J Pipoly
- Broward County Parks and Recreation Division, 950 NW 38th St., Oakland Park, FL 33309, USA
| | - Nigel C A Pitman
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, PO Box 90381, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Doctorado Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad ciol de Colombia, Colombia
| | - Carlos A Quesada
- INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2.936 - Petrópolis - 69.067-375, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Hirma Ramirez-Angulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad de Los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, C.P. 5101, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Agustin Rudas
- Doctorado Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad ciol de Colombia, Colombia
| | - Kalle Ruokolainen
- Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Rafael P Salomão
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, C.P. 399, 66.040-170, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Museu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC 69910-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Stropp
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vondellaan 55, Postbus 9517, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Raquel Thomas-Caesar
- Iwokrama Intertiol Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, 77 High Street Kingston, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Peter van der Hout
- Van der Hout Forestry Consulting, Jan Trooststraat 6, Rotterdam 3078 HP, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J van der Meer
- Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 9001, 6880 GB Velp, The Netherlands
| | - Rodolfo V Vasquez
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Prolongacion Bolognesi Mz. E, Lote 6, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru
| | - Simone A Vieira
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais - NEPAM, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emilio Vilanova
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Vincent A Vos
- Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado - regional Norte Amazónico, C/ Nicanor Gonzalo Salvatierra N° 362, Casilla 16, Riberalta, Bolivia.,Universidad Autónoma del Beni, Campus Universitario, Riberalta, Bolivia
| | - Ophelia Wang
- Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Kenneth R Young
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Roderick J Zagt
- Tropenbos International, PO Box 232, Wageningen 6700 AE, The Netherlands
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27
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Kohyama TS, Kohyama TI, Sheil D. Definition and estimation of vital rates from repeated censuses: Choices, comparisons and bias corrections focusing on trees. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tetsuo I. Kohyama
- Faculty of Environmental Earth ScienceHokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Douglas Sheil
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
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28
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Yepes-Quintero A, Duque-Montoya ÁJ, Navarrete-Encinales D, Phillips-Bernal J, Cabrera-Montenegro E, Corrales-Osorio A, Álvarez-Dávila E, Galindo-García G, García-Dávila MC, Idárraga Á, Vargas-Galvis D. Estimación de las reservas y pérdidas de carbono por deforestación en los bosques del departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. ACTUALIDADES BIOLÓGICAS 2017. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.acbi.14306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Los bosques tropicales almacenan grandes cantidades de carbono en su biomasa, y por ello juegan un papel determinante en el ciclo global de este elemento. Las variables biofísicas determinan la capacidad de almacenamiento de los bosques como reservorios de carbono. No obstante en los últimos años, la deforestación tropical ha hecho que estos ecosistemas se conviertan en fuente de emisiones de dióxico de carbono (CO2) a la atmósfera. El presente estudio quiso evaluar la distribución de la biomasa aérea (BA) y carbono en relación con la variación altitudinal de los bosques naturales del departamento de Antioquia (Colombia), así como las pérdidas potenciales asociadas con la deforestación, durante el periodo 2000-2007. Para ello se empleó información estructural (diámetro, biomasa aérea) proveniente de 16 parcelas permanentes de 1,0 ha, dentro de las cuales se midió la vegetación leñosa arbórea. Se cuantificó la deforestación a nivel departamental usando imágenes de sensores remotos MODIS para el período 2000-2007. Los resultados evidencian que la BA y los contenidos de carbono en los bosques naturales de Antioquia, presentan una relación inversa con la altitud. La CO2promedio fue 244 ± 63 Mg ha-1 y la tasa de deforestación en el período 2000-2007 fue 25.279 ha año-1. Durante este período se perdieron en total 176.950 ha de bosque natural, con las cuales se emitieron potencialmente a la atmósfera 79.161,29 Gg CO2. En Antioquia posiblemente problemáticas como la deforestación, pueden llegar a destruir considerablemente estos ecosistemas, ocasionando la pérdida de servicios ecosistémicos importantes como el almacenamiento de carbono.
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29
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Diniz ÉS, Carvalho WAC, Santos RM, Gastauer M, Garcia PO, Fontes MAL, Coelho PA, Moreira AM, Menino GCO, Oliveira-Filho AT. Long-term monitoring of diversity and structure of two stands of an Atlantic Tropical Forest. Biodivers Data J 2017:e13564. [PMID: 28848371 PMCID: PMC5554867 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.5.e13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to report the long-term monitoring of diversity and structure of the tree community in a protected semideciduous Atlantic Forest in the South of Minas Gerais State, Southeast Brazil. The study was conducted in two stands (B and C), each with 26 and 38 10 m x 30 m plots. Censuses of stand B were conducted in 2000, 2005 and 2011, and stand C in 2001, 2006 and 2011. In both stands, the most abundant and important species for biomass accumulation over the inventories were trees larger than 20 cm of diameter, which characterize advanced successional stage within the forest. New information The two surveyed stands within the studied forest presented differences in structure, diversity and species richness over the time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Écio Souza Diniz
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Plant Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Rubens Manoel Santos
- Science Forest Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Oswaldo Garcia
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Sul de Minas Gerais - Campus Muzambinho, Muzambinho, Brazil
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30
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Zahawi RA, Oviedo-Brenes F, Peterson CJ. A degradation debt? Large-scale shifts in community composition and loss of biomass in a tropical forest fragment after 40 years of isolation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183133. [PMID: 28832611 PMCID: PMC5568379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss and fragmentation are among the biggest threats to tropical biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. We examined forest dynamics in a mid-elevation 365-ha fragment in southern Costa Rica. The fragment was isolated in the mid-1970s and belongs to the Las Cruces Biological Station. A 2.25-ha permanent plot was established in the center of the old-growth forest (>400 m to nearest edge boundary) and all plants >5 cm DBH were censused, mapped, and identified to species in two surveys taken ~5–6 years apart (>3,000 stems/survey). Although the reserve maintains high species richness (>200 spp.), with many rare species represented by only one individual, we document a strong shift in composition with a two-fold increase in the number of soft-wooded pioneer individuals. The dominant late-successional understory tree species, Chrysochlamys glauca (Clusiaceae), and most species in the Lauraceae, declined dramatically. Turnover was high: 22.9% of stems in the first survey were lost, and 27.8% of stems in the second survey represented new recruits. Mean tree diameter decreased significantly and there was a 10% decrease in overall biomass. Such alteration has been documented previously but only in smaller fragments or within ~100 m of an edge boundary. Further penetration into this fragment was perhaps driven by a progressive invasion of disturbance-adapted species into the fragment’s core over time; the loss of once-dominant late successional species could be a contributing factor. The pattern found is of particular concern given that such fragments represent a substantial portion of today’s remaining tropical habitat; further studies in similar-sized fragments that have been isolated for similar prolonged periods are called for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakan A. Zahawi
- Las Cruces Biological Station, Organization for Tropical Studies, San Vito de Coto Brus, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
- * E-mail:
| | - Federico Oviedo-Brenes
- Las Cruces Biological Station, Organization for Tropical Studies, San Vito de Coto Brus, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
| | - Chris J. Peterson
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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31
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Pos E, Guevara Andino JE, Sabatier D, Molino J, Pitman N, Mogollón H, Neill D, Cerón C, Rivas‐Torres G, Di Fiore A, Thomas R, Tirado M, Young KR, Wang O, Sierra R, García‐Villacorta R, Zagt R, Palacios Cuenca W, Aulestia M, ter Steege H. Estimating and interpreting migration of Amazonian forests using spatially implicit and semi-explicit neutral models. Ecol Evol 2017. [PMID: 28649338 PMCID: PMC5478059 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With many sophisticated methods available for estimating migration, ecologists face the difficult decision of choosing for their specific line of work. Here we test and compare several methods, performing sanity and robustness tests, applying to large‐scale data and discussing the results and interpretation. Five methods were selected to compare for their ability to estimate migration from spatially implicit and semi‐explicit simulations based on three large‐scale field datasets from South America (Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and Ecuador). Space was incorporated semi‐explicitly by a discrete probability mass function for local recruitment, migration from adjacent plots or from a metacommunity. Most methods were able to accurately estimate migration from spatially implicit simulations. For spatially semi‐explicit simulations, estimation was shown to be the additive effect of migration from adjacent plots and the metacommunity. It was only accurate when migration from the metacommunity outweighed that of adjacent plots, discrimination, however, proved to be impossible. We show that migration should be considered more an approximation of the resemblance between communities and the summed regional species pool. Application of migration estimates to simulate field datasets did show reasonably good fits and indicated consistent differences between sets in comparison with earlier studies. We conclude that estimates of migration using these methods are more an approximation of the homogenization among local communities over time rather than a direct measurement of migration and hence have a direct relationship with beta diversity. As betadiversity is the result of many (non)‐neutral processes, we have to admit that migration as estimated in a spatial explicit world encompasses not only direct migration but is an ecological aggregate of these processes. The parameter m of neutral models then appears more as an emerging property revealed by neutral theory instead of being an effective mechanistic parameter and spatially implicit models should be rejected as an approximation of forest dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Pos
- Ecology and Biodiversity GroupUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Group of Dynamic BiodiversityNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Nigel Pitman
- The Field MuseumChicagoILUSA
- Center for Tropical ConservationNicholas School of the EnvironmentDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | | | | | - Carlos Cerón
- Escuela de Biología Herbario Alfredo ParedesUniversidad Central Herbario Alfredo ParedesQuitoEcuador
| | - Gonzalo Rivas‐Torres
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales and GalápagosAcademic Institute for the Arts and SciencesUniversidad San Francisco de QuitoQuitoEcuador
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation110 Newins‐Ziegler HallUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32611
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Programme for Rainforest ConservationGeorgetownGuyana
| | | | - Kenneth R. Young
- Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
| | | | | | - Roosevelt García‐Villacorta
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Royal Botanic Garden of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | | | | | - Hans ter Steege
- Group of Dynamic BiodiversityNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Systems EcologyFree University AmsterdamThe Netherlands
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32
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Xia J, Yuan W, Wang YP, Zhang Q. Adaptive Carbon Allocation by Plants Enhances the Terrestrial Carbon Sink. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3341. [PMID: 28611453 PMCID: PMC5469799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon allocation is one of the most important physiological processes to optimize the plant growth, which exerts a strong influence on ecosystem structure and function, with potentially large implications for the global carbon budget. However, it remains unclear how the carbon allocation pattern has changed at global scale and impacted terrestrial carbon uptake. Based on the Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) model, this study shows the increasing partitioning ratios to leaf and wood and reducing ratio to root globally from 1979 to 2014. The results imply the plant optimizes carbon allocation and reaches its maximum growth by allocating more newly acquired photosynthate to leaves and wood tissues. Thus, terrestrial vegetation has absorbed 16% more carbon averagely between 1979 and 2014 through adjusting their carbon allocation process. Compared with the fixed carbon allocation simulation, the trend of terrestrial carbon sink from 1979 to 2014 increased by 34% in the adaptive carbon allocation simulation. Our study highlights carbon allocation, associated with climate change, needs to be mapped and incorporated into terrestrial carbon cycle estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangzhou Xia
- Faculty of Geographical Science, State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Zhuhai Joint Innovative Center for Climate-Environment-Ecosystem and Key Laboratory of Urban Climate and Ecodynamics, Future Earth Research Institute, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875/Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Wenping Yuan
- Faculty of Geographical Science, State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Zhuhai Joint Innovative Center for Climate-Environment-Ecosystem and Key Laboratory of Urban Climate and Ecodynamics, Future Earth Research Institute, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875/Zhuhai, 519087, China.
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 519082, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Oceans and Atmosphere, Private Bag 1, Aspendale, Victoria, 3195, Australia
| | - Quanguo Zhang
- Faculty of Geographical Science, State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Zhuhai Joint Innovative Center for Climate-Environment-Ecosystem and Key Laboratory of Urban Climate and Ecodynamics, Future Earth Research Institute, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875/Zhuhai, 519087, China
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33
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Grau O, Peñuelas J, Ferry B, Freycon V, Blanc L, Desprez M, Baraloto C, Chave J, Descroix L, Dourdain A, Guitet S, Janssens IA, Sardans J, Hérault B. Nutrient-cycling mechanisms other than the direct absorption from soil may control forest structure and dynamics in poor Amazonian soils. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45017. [PMID: 28332608 PMCID: PMC5362906 DOI: 10.1038/srep45017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical forests store large amounts of biomass despite they generally grow in nutrient-poor soils, suggesting that the role of soil characteristics in the structure and dynamics of tropical forests is complex. We used data for >34 000 trees from several permanent plots in French Guiana to investigate if soil characteristics could predict the structure (tree diameter, density and aboveground biomass), and dynamics (growth, mortality, aboveground wood productivity) of nutrient-poor tropical forests. Most variables did not covary with site-level changes in soil nutrient content, indicating that nutrient-cycling mechanisms other than the direct absorption from soil (e.g. the nutrient uptake from litter, the resorption, or the storage of nutrients in the biomass), may strongly control forest structure and dynamics. Ecosystem-level adaptations to low soil nutrient availability and long-term low levels of disturbance may help to account for the lower productivity and higher accumulation of biomass in nutrient-poor forests compared to nutrient-richer forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Grau
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bruno Ferry
- AgroParisTech, ENGREF, UMR, 54000, Nancy, France
| | | | - Lilian Blanc
- CIRAD, UR Forêts et sociétés, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathilde Desprez
- CIRAD, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, 97387, Kourou, French Guiana, France
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200, Miami, USA
| | - Jérôme Chave
- CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Descroix
- ONF Guyane, Réserve de Montabo, 97307, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Aurélie Dourdain
- CIRAD, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, 97387, Kourou, French Guiana, France
| | | | - Ivan A. Janssens
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bruno Hérault
- CIRAD, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, 97387, Kourou, French Guiana, France
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Holm JA, Kueppers LM, Chambers JQ. Novel tropical forests: response to global change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:988-992. [PMID: 28079931 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Holm
- Climate and Ecosystems Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lara M Kueppers
- Climate and Ecosystems Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey Q Chambers
- Climate and Ecosystems Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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35
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Analysing Atmospheric Processes and Climatic Drivers of Tree Defoliation to Determine Forest Vulnerability to Climate Warming. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Piponiot C, Sist P, Mazzei L, Peña-Claros M, Putz FE, Rutishauser E, Shenkin A, Ascarrunz N, de Azevedo CP, Baraloto C, França M, Guedes M, Honorio Coronado EN, d'Oliveira MVN, Ruschel AR, da Silva KE, Doff Sotta E, de Souza CR, Vidal E, West TAP, Hérault B. Carbon recovery dynamics following disturbance by selective logging in Amazonian forests. eLife 2016; 5:e21394. [PMID: 27993185 PMCID: PMC5217754 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
When 2 Mha of Amazonian forests are disturbed by selective logging each year, more than 90 Tg of carbon (C) is emitted to the atmosphere. Emissions are then counterbalanced by forest regrowth. With an original modelling approach, calibrated on a network of 133 permanent forest plots (175 ha total) across Amazonia, we link regional differences in climate, soil and initial biomass with survivors' and recruits' C fluxes to provide Amazon-wide predictions of post-logging C recovery. We show that net aboveground C recovery over 10 years is higher in the Guiana Shield and in the west (21 ±3 Mg C ha-1) than in the south (12 ±3 Mg C ha-1) where environmental stress is high (low rainfall, high seasonality). We highlight the key role of survivors in the forest regrowth and elaborate a comprehensive map of post-disturbance C recovery potential in Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Piponiot
- Université de Guyane, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, Inra, Université des Antilles, Cirad), Kourou, French Guiana
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, Inra, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane), Kourou, French Guiana
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, Inra, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Cirad), Kourou, French Guiana
- Cirad, UR Forests and Societies, Montpellier, France
| | - Plinio Sist
- Cirad, UR Forests and Societies, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marielos Peña-Claros
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Francis E Putz
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | | | - Alexander Shenkin
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nataly Ascarrunz
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Christopher Baraloto
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Center for Tropical Botany, Florida International University, Miami, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edson Vidal
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Thales AP West
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Bruno Hérault
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, Inra, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane), Kourou, French Guiana
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37
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Gonzalez‐Akre E, Meakem V, Eng C, Tepley AJ, Bourg NA, McShea W, Davies SJ, Anderson‐Teixeira K. Patterns of tree mortality in a temperate deciduous forest derived from a large forest dynamics plot. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gonzalez‐Akre
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
| | - Victoria Meakem
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
| | - Cheng‐Yin Eng
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
| | - Alan J. Tepley
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
| | - Norman A. Bourg
- U.S. Geological Survey National Research Program – Eastern Branch Reston Virginia 20192 USA
| | - William McShea
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
| | - Stuart J. Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City 9100 Panama
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Washington D.C. 20013 USA
| | - Kristina Anderson‐Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
- Center for Tropical Forest Science Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City 9100 Panama
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38
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Johnson MO, Galbraith D, Gloor M, De Deurwaerder H, Guimberteau M, Rammig A, Thonicke K, Verbeeck H, von Randow C, Monteagudo A, Phillips OL, Brienen RJW, Feldpausch TR, Lopez Gonzalez G, Fauset S, Quesada CA, Christoffersen B, Ciais P, Sampaio G, Kruijt B, Meir P, Moorcroft P, Zhang K, Alvarez‐Davila E, Alves de Oliveira A, Amaral I, Andrade A, Aragao LEOC, Araujo‐Murakami A, Arets EJMM, Arroyo L, Aymard GA, Baraloto C, Barroso J, Bonal D, Boot R, Camargo J, Chave J, Cogollo A, Cornejo Valverde F, Lola da Costa AC, Di Fiore A, Ferreira L, Higuchi N, Honorio EN, Killeen TJ, Laurance SG, Laurance WF, Licona J, Lovejoy T, Malhi Y, Marimon B, Marimon BH, Matos DCL, Mendoza C, Neill DA, Pardo G, Peña‐Claros M, Pitman NCA, Poorter L, Prieto A, Ramirez‐Angulo H, Roopsind A, Rudas A, Salomao RP, Silveira M, Stropp J, ter Steege H, Terborgh J, Thomas R, Toledo M, Torres‐Lezama A, van der Heijden GMF, Vasquez R, Guimarães Vieira IC, Vilanova E, Vos VA, Baker TR. Variation in stem mortality rates determines patterns of above-ground biomass in Amazonian forests: implications for dynamic global vegetation models. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3996-4013. [PMID: 27082541 PMCID: PMC6849555 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the processes that determine above-ground biomass (AGB) in Amazonian forests is important for predicting the sensitivity of these ecosystems to environmental change and for designing and evaluating dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). AGB is determined by inputs from woody productivity [woody net primary productivity (NPP)] and the rate at which carbon is lost through tree mortality. Here, we test whether two direct metrics of tree mortality (the absolute rate of woody biomass loss and the rate of stem mortality) and/or woody NPP, control variation in AGB among 167 plots in intact forest across Amazonia. We then compare these relationships and the observed variation in AGB and woody NPP with the predictions of four DGVMs. The observations show that stem mortality rates, rather than absolute rates of woody biomass loss, are the most important predictor of AGB, which is consistent with the importance of stand size structure for determining spatial variation in AGB. The relationship between stem mortality rates and AGB varies among different regions of Amazonia, indicating that variation in wood density and height/diameter relationships also influences AGB. In contrast to previous findings, we find that woody NPP is not correlated with stem mortality rates and is weakly positively correlated with AGB. Across the four models, basin-wide average AGB is similar to the mean of the observations. However, the models consistently overestimate woody NPP and poorly represent the spatial patterns of both AGB and woody NPP estimated using plot data. In marked contrast to the observations, DGVMs typically show strong positive relationships between woody NPP and AGB. Resolving these differences will require incorporating forest size structure, mechanistic models of stem mortality and variation in functional composition in DGVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuel Gloor
- School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS6 2QTUK
| | - Hannes De Deurwaerder
- CAVElab Computational & Applied Vegetation EcologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure Links 653B‐9000GentBelgium
| | - Matthieu Guimberteau
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA‐CNRS‐UVSQUniversité Paris‐SaclayF‐91191Gif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
- UMR 7619 METISIPSL, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, CNRS, EPHE75252ParisFrance
| | - Anja Rammig
- TUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanTechnical University MunichHans‐Carl‐von‐Carlowitz‐Platz 285354FreisingGermany
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Telegrafenberg A62PO Box 60 12 03D‐14412PotsdamGermany
| | - Kirsten Thonicke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Telegrafenberg A62PO Box 60 12 03D‐14412PotsdamGermany
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab Computational & Applied Vegetation EcologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure Links 653B‐9000GentBelgium
| | - Celso von Randow
- INPEAv. Dos Astronautas, 1.758, Jd. GranjaCEP: 12227‐010Sao Jose dos CamposSPBrazil
| | - Abel Monteagudo
- Jardín Botánico de MissouriProlongacion Bolognesi Mz.e, Lote 6Oxapampa, PascoPeru
| | | | | | - Ted R. Feldpausch
- GeographyCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterRennes DriveExeterEX4 4RJUK
| | | | - Sophie Fauset
- School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS6 2QTUK
| | | | - Bradley Christoffersen
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FFUK
- Earth and Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryPO Box 1663Los AlamosNM 87545USA
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA‐CNRS‐UVSQUniversité Paris‐SaclayF‐91191Gif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Gilvan Sampaio
- INPEAv. Dos Astronautas, 1.758, Jd. GranjaCEP: 12227‐010Sao Jose dos CamposSPBrazil
| | - Bart Kruijt
- ALTERRAWageningen‐URPO Box 476700 AAWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FFUK
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT0200Australia
| | - Paul Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard University26 Oxford StreetCambridgeMA 02138USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological StudiesUniversity of Oklahoma National Weather Center Suite 2100120 David L. Boren BlvdNormanOK73072USA
| | | | | | - Ieda Amaral
- INPAAv. André Araújo, 2.936CEP 69067‐375Petrópolis, ManausAMBrazil
| | - Ana Andrade
- INPAAv. André Araújo, 2.936CEP 69067‐375Petrópolis, ManausAMBrazil
| | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragao
- Jardín Botánico de MissouriProlongacion Bolognesi Mz.e, Lote 6Oxapampa, PascoPeru
| | - Alejandro Araujo‐Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff MercadoUniversidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene MorenoCasilla 2489, Av. Irala 565Santa CruzBolivia
| | | | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff MercadoUniversidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene MorenoCasilla 2489, Av. Irala 565Santa CruzBolivia
| | - Gerardo A. Aymard
- UNELLEZ‐Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT)Mesa de CavacasEstado Portuguesa3350Venezuela
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- Department of Biological SciencesInternational Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB)Florida International University112200 SW 8th Street, OE 167MiamiFL33199USA
| | - Jocely Barroso
- Universidade Federal do AcreCampus de Cruzeiro do SulRio BrancoBrazil
| | - Damien Bonal
- INRAUMR 1137 “Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestiere”54280ChampenouxFrance
| | - Rene Boot
- Tropenbos InternationalPO Box 2326700 AEWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jose Camargo
- INPAAv. André Araújo, 2.936CEP 69067‐375Petrópolis, ManausAMBrazil
| | - Jerome Chave
- Université Paul Sabatier CNRSUMR 5174 Evolution et Diversité Biologiquebâtiment 4R131062ToulouseFrance
| | - Alvaro Cogollo
- Jardín Botánico de Medellín Joaquín Antonio Uribe Calle 73 # 51 D 14 MedellínCartagenaColombia
| | | | | | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Texas at AustinSAC Room 5.1502201 Speedway Stop C3200AustinTX78712USA
| | - Leandro Ferreira
- Museu Paraense Emilio GoeldiAv. Magalhães Barata, 376 ‐ São BrazCEP: 66040‐170BelémPABrazil
| | - Niro Higuchi
- INPAAv. André Araújo, 2.936CEP 69067‐375Petrópolis, ManausAMBrazil
| | - Euridice N. Honorio
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía PeruanaAv. José Quiñones km 2.5IquitosPerú
| | | | - Susan G. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook UniversityCairnsQld4878Australia
| | - William F. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook UniversityCairnsQld4878Australia
| | - Juan Licona
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación ForestalC.P. 6201Santa Cruz de la SierraBolivia
| | - Thomas Lovejoy
- Environmental Science and Policy Department and the Department of Public and International Affairs at George Mason University (GMU)3351 Fairfax DriveArlingtonWashingtonDCVA 22201USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QYUK
| | - Bia Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato GrossoCampus de Nova XavantinaCaixa Postal 08CEP 78.690‐000Nova XavantinaMTBrazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato GrossoCampus de Nova XavantinaCaixa Postal 08CEP 78.690‐000Nova XavantinaMTBrazil
| | - Darley C. L. Matos
- Museu Paraense Emilio GoeldiAv. Magalhães Barata, 376 ‐ São BrazCEP: 66040‐170BelémPABrazil
| | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR)Av. Final Atahuallpa s/nCasilla 447CochabambaBolivia
| | - David A. Neill
- Facultad de Ingeniería AmbientalUniversidad Estatal AmazónicaPaso lateral km 2 1/2 via NapoPuyoPastazaEcuador
| | - Guido Pardo
- Universidad Autonoma del BeniCampus UniversitarioAv. Ejército Nacional, finalRiberaltaBeniBolivia
| | - Marielos Peña‐Claros
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación ForestalC.P. 6201Santa Cruz de la SierraBolivia
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen UniversityPO Box 47Wageningen6700 AAThe Netherlands
| | - Nigel C. A. Pitman
- Center for Tropical ConservationDuke UniversityBox 90381DurhamNC27708USA
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen UniversityPO Box 47Wageningen6700 AAThe Netherlands
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Doctorado Instituto de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotáColombia
| | - Hirma Ramirez‐Angulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo ForestalUniversidad de Los AndesAvenida Principal Chorros de MillaCampus Universitario ForestalEdificio PrincipalMéridaVenezuela
| | - Anand Roopsind
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development77 High Street KingstonGeorgetownGuyana
| | - Agustin Rudas
- Doctorado Instituto de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotáColombia
| | - Rafael P. Salomao
- Museu Paraense Emilio GoeldiAv. Magalhães Barata, 376 ‐ São BrazCEP: 66040‐170BelémPABrazil
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Museu UniversitárioUniversidade Federal do AcreRio BrancoAC69910‐900Brazil
| | - Juliana Stropp
- Institute of Biological and Health SciencesFederal University of AlagoasAv. Lourival Melo Mota s/nTabuleiro do Martins, MaceióAL 57072‐900Brazil
| | - Hans ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterPO Box 95172300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - John Terborgh
- Center for Tropical ConservationDuke UniversityBox 90381DurhamNC27708USA
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development77 High Street KingstonGeorgetownGuyana
| | - Marisol Toledo
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación ForestalC.P. 6201Santa Cruz de la SierraBolivia
| | - Armando Torres‐Lezama
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo ForestalUniversidad de Los AndesAvenida Principal Chorros de MillaCampus Universitario ForestalEdificio PrincipalMéridaVenezuela
| | | | - Rodolfo Vasquez
- GeographyCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterRennes DriveExeterEX4 4RJUK
| | | | - Emilio Vilanova
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo ForestalUniversidad de Los AndesAvenida Principal Chorros de MillaCampus Universitario ForestalEdificio PrincipalMéridaVenezuela
| | - Vincent A. Vos
- Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado, regional Norte AmazónicoC/Nicanor Gonzalo Salvatierra N° 362Casilla 16RiberaltaBolivia
- Universidad Autónoma del BeniAvenida 6 de Agosto N° 64RiberaltaBolivia
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39
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Johnson MO, Galbraith D, Gloor M, De Deurwaerder H, Guimberteau M, Rammig A, Thonicke K, Verbeeck H, von Randow C, Monteagudo A, Phillips OL, Brienen RJW, Feldpausch TR, Lopez Gonzalez G, Fauset S, Quesada CA, Christoffersen B, Ciais P, Sampaio G, Kruijt B, Meir P, Moorcroft P, Zhang K, Alvarez-Davila E, Alves de Oliveira A, Amaral I, Andrade A, Aragao LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets EJMM, Arroyo L, Aymard GA, Baraloto C, Barroso J, Bonal D, Boot R, Camargo J, Chave J, Cogollo A, Cornejo Valverde F, Lola da Costa AC, Di Fiore A, Ferreira L, Higuchi N, Honorio EN, Killeen TJ, Laurance SG, Laurance WF, Licona J, Lovejoy T, Malhi Y, Marimon B, Marimon BH, Matos DCL, Mendoza C, Neill DA, Pardo G, Peña-Claros M, Pitman NCA, Poorter L, Prieto A, Ramirez-Angulo H, Roopsind A, Rudas A, Salomao RP, Silveira M, Stropp J, Ter Steege H, Terborgh J, Thomas R, Toledo M, Torres-Lezama A, van der Heijden GMF, Vasquez R, Guimarães Vieira IC, Vilanova E, Vos VA, Baker TR. Variation in stem mortality rates determines patterns of above-ground biomass in Amazonian forests: implications for dynamic global vegetation models. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 27082541 DOI: 10.5521/forestplots.net/2016_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the processes that determine above-ground biomass (AGB) in Amazonian forests is important for predicting the sensitivity of these ecosystems to environmental change and for designing and evaluating dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). AGB is determined by inputs from woody productivity [woody net primary productivity (NPP)] and the rate at which carbon is lost through tree mortality. Here, we test whether two direct metrics of tree mortality (the absolute rate of woody biomass loss and the rate of stem mortality) and/or woody NPP, control variation in AGB among 167 plots in intact forest across Amazonia. We then compare these relationships and the observed variation in AGB and woody NPP with the predictions of four DGVMs. The observations show that stem mortality rates, rather than absolute rates of woody biomass loss, are the most important predictor of AGB, which is consistent with the importance of stand size structure for determining spatial variation in AGB. The relationship between stem mortality rates and AGB varies among different regions of Amazonia, indicating that variation in wood density and height/diameter relationships also influences AGB. In contrast to previous findings, we find that woody NPP is not correlated with stem mortality rates and is weakly positively correlated with AGB. Across the four models, basin-wide average AGB is similar to the mean of the observations. However, the models consistently overestimate woody NPP and poorly represent the spatial patterns of both AGB and woody NPP estimated using plot data. In marked contrast to the observations, DGVMs typically show strong positive relationships between woody NPP and AGB. Resolving these differences will require incorporating forest size structure, mechanistic models of stem mortality and variation in functional composition in DGVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Galbraith
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS6 2QT, UK
| | - Manuel Gloor
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS6 2QT, UK
| | - Hannes De Deurwaerder
- CAVElab Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Guimberteau
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- UMR 7619 METIS, IPSL, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, CNRS, EPHE, 75252, Paris, France
| | - Anja Rammig
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Telegrafenberg A62, PO Box 60 12 03, D-14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kirsten Thonicke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Telegrafenberg A62, PO Box 60 12 03, D-14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Celso von Randow
- INPE, Av. Dos Astronautas, 1.758, Jd. Granja, CEP: 12227-010, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Abel Monteagudo
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Prolongacion Bolognesi Mz.e, Lote 6, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru
| | | | | | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | | | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS6 2QT, UK
| | - Carlos A Quesada
- INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2.936, CEP 69067-375, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Bradley Christoffersen
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gilvan Sampaio
- INPE, Av. Dos Astronautas, 1.758, Jd. Granja, CEP: 12227-010, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bart Kruijt
- ALTERRA, Wageningen-UR, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Paul Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, University of Oklahoma, National Weather Center, Suite 2100, 120 David L. Boren Blvd, Norman, OK, 73072, USA
| | | | | | - Ieda Amaral
- INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2.936, CEP 69067-375, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Ana Andrade
- INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2.936, CEP 69067-375, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragao
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Prolongacion Bolognesi Mz.e, Lote 6, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Eric J M M Arets
- ALTERRA, Wageningen-UR, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Gerardo A Aymard
- UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Mesa de Cavacas, Estado Portuguesa, 3350, Venezuela
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB), Florida International University, 112200 SW 8th Street, OE 167, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jocely Barroso
- Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus de Cruzeiro do Sul, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Damien Bonal
- INRA, UMR 1137 "Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestiere", 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Rene Boot
- Tropenbos International, PO Box 232, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jose Camargo
- INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2.936, CEP 69067-375, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Jerome Chave
- Université Paul Sabatier CNRS, UMR 5174 Evolution et Diversité Biologique, bâtiment 4R1, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Alvaro Cogollo
- Jardín Botánico de Medellín Joaquín Antonio Uribe, Calle 73 # 51 D 14 Medellín, Cartagena, Colombia
| | | | | | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, SAC Room 5.150, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Leandro Ferreira
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata, 376 - São Braz, CEP: 66040-170, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Niro Higuchi
- INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2.936, CEP 69067-375, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Euridice N Honorio
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Av. José Quiñones km 2.5, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Tim J Killeen
- World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th St NW, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Susan G Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4878, Australia
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4878, Australia
| | - Juan Licona
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, C.P. 6201, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Thomas Lovejoy
- Environmental Science and Policy Department and the Department of Public and International Affairs at George Mason University (GMU), 3351 Fairfax Drive, Arlington, Washington, DC, VA 22201, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Bia Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, CEP 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, CEP 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Darley C L Matos
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata, 376 - São Braz, CEP: 66040-170, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR), Av. Final Atahuallpa s/n, Casilla 447, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - David A Neill
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Paso lateral km 2 1/2 via Napo, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
| | - Guido Pardo
- Universidad Autonoma del Beni, Campus Universitario, Av. Ejército Nacional, final, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia
| | - Marielos Peña-Claros
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, C.P. 6201, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel C A Pitman
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Box 90381, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Doctorado Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hirma Ramirez-Angulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de Los Andes, Avenida Principal Chorros de Milla, Campus Universitario Forestal, Edificio Principal, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Anand Roopsind
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, 77 High Street Kingston, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Agustin Rudas
- Doctorado Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rafael P Salomao
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata, 376 - São Braz, CEP: 66040-170, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Museu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, 69910-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Stropp
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, Maceió, AL 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John Terborgh
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Box 90381, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, 77 High Street Kingston, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Marisol Toledo
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, C.P. 6201, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Armando Torres-Lezama
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de Los Andes, Avenida Principal Chorros de Milla, Campus Universitario Forestal, Edificio Principal, Mérida, Venezuela
| | | | - Rodolfo Vasquez
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | | | - Emilio Vilanova
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de Los Andes, Avenida Principal Chorros de Milla, Campus Universitario Forestal, Edificio Principal, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Vincent A Vos
- Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado, regional Norte Amazónico, C/Nicanor Gonzalo Salvatierra N° 362, Casilla 16, Riberalta, Bolivia
- Universidad Autónoma del Beni, Avenida 6 de Agosto N° 64, Riberalta, Bolivia
| | - Timothy R Baker
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS6 2QT, UK
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Mundim FM, Bruna EM. Is There a Temperate Bias in Our Understanding of How Climate Change Will Alter Plant-Herbivore Interactions? A Meta-analysis of Experimental Studies. Am Nat 2016; 188 Suppl 1:S74-89. [DOI: 10.1086/687530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Navarrete D, Sitch S, Aragão LEOC, Pedroni L, Duque A. Conversion from forests to pastures in the Colombian Amazon leads to differences in dead wood dynamics depending on land management practices. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 171:42-51. [PMID: 26874613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dead wood, composed of coarse standing and fallen woody debris (CWD), is an important carbon (C) pool in tropical forests and its accounting is needed to reduce uncertainties within the strategies to mitigate climate change by reducing deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). To date, information on CWD stocks in tropical forests is scarce and effects of land-cover conversion and land management practices on CWD dynamics remain largely unexplored. Here we present estimates on CWD stocks in primary forests in the Colombian Amazon and their dynamics along 20 years of forest-to-pasture conversion in two sub-regions with different management practices during pasture establishment: high-grazing intensity (HG) and low-grazing intensity (LG) sub-regions. Two 20-year-old chronosequences describing the forest-to-pasture conversion were identified in both sub-regions. The line-intersect and the plot-based methods were used to estimate fallen and standing CWD stocks, respectively. Total necromass in primary forests was similar between both sub-regions (35.6 ± 5.8 Mg ha(-1) in HG and 37.0 ± 7.4 Mg ha(-1) in LG). An increase of ∼124% in CWD stocks followed by a reduction to values close to those at the intact forests were registered after slash-and-burn practice was implemented in both sub-regions during the first two years of forest-to-pasture conversion. Implementation of machinery after using fire in HG pastures led to a reduction of 82% in CWD stocks during the second and fifth years of pasture establishment, compared to a decrease of 41% during the same period in LG where mechanization is not implemented. Finally, average necromass 20 years after forest-to-pasture conversion decreased to 3.5 ± 1.4 Mg ha(-1) in HG and 9.3 ± 3.5 Mg ha(-1) in LG, representing a total reduction of between 90% and 75% in each sub-region, respectively. These results highlight the importance of low-grazing intensity management practices during ranching activities in the Colombian Amazon to reduce C emissions associated with land-cover change from forest to pasture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Navarrete
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK.
| | - Stephen Sitch
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK; Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, 12227-010, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucio Pedroni
- Carbon Decisions International, Residencial la Castilla, de la primera entrada, 6ta casa a mano derecha, Paraíso de Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
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Dynamic equilibrium and decelerating growth of a seasonal Neotropical gallery forest in the Brazilian savanna. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s026646741600016x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Describing and understanding growth patterns in tropical forests is crucial to assessing their role in carbon balance. Growth and vital rates of a protected gallery forest in central Brazil were estimated, based on six measurement intervals between 1985 and 2009. The sample consisted of all stems ≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height measured in 151 permanent plots (10 × 20 m), distributed in 10 transects perpendicular to the watercourse and 100 m apart from each other. Statistical significance of changes in density, basal area, growth and vital rates were tested using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Vital rates oscillated during the study period. Growth, recruitment and turnover rates fluctuated, but had a net decrease over the whole study period, whereas mortality seemed to be affected by a high disturbance event during the 1994–1999 period. The oscillatory behaviour of growth suggests that the forest is pulsating around a stable state (dynamic equilibrium). Nonetheless, persistence of decelerating growth trends may force the site's carrying capacity to a lower density or biomass state.
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43
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Ecosystem heterogeneity determines the ecological resilience of the Amazon to climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:793-7. [PMID: 26711984 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1511344112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amazon forests, which store ∼ 50% of tropical forest carbon and play a vital role in global water, energy, and carbon cycling, are predicted to experience both longer and more intense dry seasons by the end of the 21st century. However, the climate sensitivity of this ecosystem remains uncertain: several studies have predicted large-scale die-back of the Amazon, whereas several more recent studies predict that the biome will remain largely intact. Combining remote-sensing and ground-based observations with a size- and age-structured terrestrial ecosystem model, we explore the sensitivity and ecological resilience of these forests to changes in climate. We demonstrate that water stress operating at the scale of individual plants, combined with spatial variation in soil texture, explains observed patterns of variation in ecosystem biomass, composition, and dynamics across the region, and strongly influences the ecosystem's resilience to changes in dry season length. Specifically, our analysis suggests that in contrast to existing predictions of either stability or catastrophic biomass loss, the Amazon forest's response to a drying regional climate is likely to be an immediate, graded, heterogeneous transition from high-biomass moist forests to transitional dry forests and woody savannah-like states. Fire, logging, and other anthropogenic disturbances may, however, exacerbate these climate change-induced ecosystem transitions.
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Vaughn NR, Asner GP, Giardina CP. Long-term fragmentation effects on the distribution and dynamics of canopy gaps in a tropical montane forest. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es15-00235.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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45
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Vale VS, Schiavini I, Prado-júnior JA, Oliveira AP, Gusson AE. Rapid changes in tree composition and biodiversity: consequences of dams on dry seasonal forests. REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40693-015-0043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Celebrating with the 'beetle' man: Terry Erwin's 75(th) birthday. Zookeys 2015:1-40. [PMID: 26798278 PMCID: PMC4714375 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.541.7316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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47
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Blundo C, Malizia LR, González-Espinosa M. Distribution of functional traits in subtropical trees across environmental and forest use gradients. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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The demography of a dominant Amazon liana species exhibits little environmental sensitivity. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467415000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Despite its high plant diversity, the Amazon forest is dominated by a limited number of highly abundant, oligarchic tree and liana species. The high diversity can be related to specific habitat requirements in many of the less common species, but fewer studies have investigated the characteristics of the dominant species. To test how environmental variation may contribute to the success of dominant species we investigated whether the vital rates of the abundant liana Machaerium cuspidatum is sensitive to canopy height, topographic steepness, vegetation density, soil components and floristic composition across an Ecuadorian Amazon forest. The population was inventoried in 1998 and in 2009. Plants were divided into seedling-sized individuals, non-climbers and climbers. Out of 448 seedling-sized plants 421 died, 539 of 732 non-climbers died, and 107 of 198 climbers died. There was weak positive effect of dense understorey on the relative growth rate of climbers. The mortality of seedling-sized plants was higher in areas with intermediate slope, but for larger plants mortality was not related to environmental variation. The limited sensitivity of the vital rates to environmental gradients in the area suggests that ecological generalism contributes to the success of this dominant Amazonian liana.
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Chen HYH, Luo Y. Net aboveground biomass declines of four major forest types with forest ageing and climate change in western Canada's boreal forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3675-84. [PMID: 26136379 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomass change of the world's forests is critical to the global carbon cycle. Despite storing nearly half of global forest carbon, the boreal biome of diverse forest types and ages is a poorly understood component of the carbon cycle. Using data from 871 permanent plots in the western boreal forest of Canada, we examined net annual aboveground biomass change (ΔAGB) of four major forest types between 1958 and 2011. We found that ΔAGB was higher for deciduous broadleaf (DEC) (1.44 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) , 95% Bayesian confidence interval (CI), 1.22-1.68) and early-successional coniferous forests (ESC) (1.42, CI, 1.30-1.56) than mixed forests (MIX) (0.80, CI, 0.50-1.11) and late-successional coniferous (LSC) forests (0.62, CI, 0.39-0.88). ΔAGB declined with forest age as well as calendar year. After accounting for the effects of forest age, ΔAGB declined by 0.035, 0.021, 0.032 and 0.069 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) per calendar year in DEC, ESC, MIX and LSC forests, respectively. The ΔAGB declines resulted from increased tree mortality and reduced growth in all forest types except DEC, in which a large biomass loss from mortality was accompanied with a small increase in growth. With every degree of annual temperature increase, ΔAGB decreased by 1.00, 0.20, 0.55 and 1.07 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) in DEC, ESC, MIX and LSC forests, respectively. With every cm decrease of annual climatic moisture availability, ΔAGB decreased 0.030, 0.045 and 0.17 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) in ESC, MIX and LSC forests, but changed little in DEC forests. Our results suggest that persistent warming and decreasing water availability have profound negative effects on forest biomass in the boreal forests of western Canada. Furthermore, our results indicate that forest responses to climate change are strongly dependent on forest composition with late-successional coniferous forests being most vulnerable to climate changes in terms of aboveground biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Y H Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Yong Luo
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
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50
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Groenendijk P, van der Sleen P, Vlam M, Bunyavejchewin S, Bongers F, Zuidema PA. No evidence for consistent long-term growth stimulation of 13 tropical tree species: results from tree-ring analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3762-76. [PMID: 25917997 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The important role of tropical forests in the global carbon cycle makes it imperative to assess changes in their carbon dynamics for accurate projections of future climate-vegetation feedbacks. Forest monitoring studies conducted over the past decades have found evidence for both increasing and decreasing growth rates of tropical forest trees. The limited duration of these studies restrained analyses to decadal scales, and it is still unclear whether growth changes occurred over longer time scales, as would be expected if CO2 -fertilization stimulated tree growth. Furthermore, studies have so far dealt with changes in biomass gain at forest-stand level, but insights into species-specific growth changes - that ultimately determine community-level responses - are lacking. Here, we analyse species-specific growth changes on a centennial scale, using growth data from tree-ring analysis for 13 tree species (~1300 trees), from three sites distributed across the tropics. We used an established (regional curve standardization) and a new (size-class isolation) growth-trend detection method and explicitly assessed the influence of biases on the trend detection. In addition, we assessed whether aggregated trends were present within and across study sites. We found evidence for decreasing growth rates over time for 8-10 species, whereas increases were noted for two species and one showed no trend. Additionally, we found evidence for weak aggregated growth decreases at the site in Thailand and when analysing all sites simultaneously. The observed growth reductions suggest deteriorating growth conditions, perhaps due to warming. However, other causes cannot be excluded, such as recovery from large-scale disturbances or changing forest dynamics. Our findings contrast growth patterns that would be expected if elevated CO2 would stimulate tree growth. These results suggest that commonly assumed growth increases of tropical forests may not occur, which could lead to erroneous predictions of carbon dynamics of tropical forest under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Groenendijk
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Sleen
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, Km 9 carretera al norte, Casilla 6204, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Mart Vlam
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A Zuidema
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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