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Bomfim FF, Fares ALB, Melo DGL, Vieira E, Michelan TS. Land use increases macrophytes beta diversity in Amazon streams by favoring amphibious life forms species. COMMUNITY ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42974-023-00139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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2
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Aragão RBDA, Bastos Lima MG, Burns GL, Ross H. To clear or not to clear: Unpacking soy farmers' decision-making on deforestation in Brazil's Cerrado. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.942207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Agriculture-driven deforestation has come to the top of the environmental policy agenda as one of the main sustainability issues of current food systems. A major case is soy production in Brazil, the largest grower and exporter of what has become the world's crop of choice for animal feed protein. Soy expansion has contributed to the continuous erasure of the Brazilian Cerrado, a highly biodiverse savanna with significant underground carbon storage that plays vital hydrological functions but remains mostly unprotected. Much of the remaining Cerrado vegetation is located within private farms and can be cleared legally; therefore, understanding soy farmers' attitudes regarding deforestation is paramount. Hence, this study explores and analyzes Brazilian soy farmers' perspectives, attitudes, and behavior concerning land-use change. We draw from the literature and semi-structured interviews with 24 soy farmers in Tocantins State, part of an agricultural frontier region called Matopiba. Our findings show how soy-farmer behavior follows primarily an economic rationale unconcerned with environmental sustainability. Farmers have moved to the frontier attracted primarily by cheap land prices and mainly occupied degraded pastures. Still, they have cleared vegetation directly for planting soy and show little restraint. Although chiefly interested in increasing yields, Brazil's soy farmers feel entitled to open new areas whenever they have the economic means and motivation. They may also engage in pre-emptive deforestation for fear of more stringent forthcoming regulations. Such attitudes offer a cautionary note to strategies that hope to conserve the Cerrado through voluntary behavioral change, such as adopting “best practices” or focusing on improving production in already-open areas. We argue that greater regulatory stringency and enforcement are much more promising pathways in the context of excessive permissiveness to deforestation in the Cerrado and actors oriented by profit and by what they are allowed to do. Well-enforced public policies that legally restrict their deforestation rights and protect the remaining areas of Cerrado would offer a royal road, but supply-chain actors, too, may need to become stricter about requesting conversion-free soy. We conclude that, without such actions, soy farmers' attitudes promise a continuation of business as usual toward the Cerrado's end.
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Saraiva SO, Rutherfurd ID, Kaufmann PR, Leal CG, Macedo DR, Pompeu PS. Wood stock in neotropical streams: Quantifying and comparing instream wood among biomes and regions. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275464. [PMID: 36197927 PMCID: PMC9534444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Instream wood plays important chemical, physical and ecological functions in aquatic systems, benefiting biota directly and indirectly. However, human activities along river corridors have disrupted wood recruitment and retention, usually leading to reductions in the amount of instream wood. In the tropics, where wood is believed to be more transient, the expansion of agriculture and infrastructure might be reducing instream wood stock even more than in the better studied temperate streams. However, research is needed to augment the small amount of information about wood in different biomes and ecosystems of neotropical streams. Here we present the first extensive assessment of instream wood loads and size distributions in streams of the wet-tropical Amazon and semi-humid-tropical Cerrado (the Brazilian savanna). We also compare neotropical wood stocks with those in temperate streams, first comparing against data from the literature, and then from a comparable dataset from temperate biomes in the USA. Contrary to our expectations, Amazon and Cerrado streams carried similar wood loads, which were lower than the world literature average, but similar to those found in comparable temperate forest and savanna streams in the USA. Our results indicate that the field survey methods and the wood metric adopted are highly important when comparing different datasets. But when properly compared, we found that most of the wood in temperate streams is made-up of a small number of large pieces, whereas wood in neotropical streams is made up of a larger number of small pieces that produce similar total volumes. The character of wood volumes among biomes is linked more to the delivery, transport and decomposition mechanisms than to the total number of pieces. Future studies should further investigate the potential instream wood drivers in neotropical catchments in order to better understand the differences and similarities here detected between biomes and climatic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah O. Saraiva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Ian D. Rutherfurd
- School of Geography, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip R. Kaufmann
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, and Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Cecília G. Leal
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Diego R. Macedo
- Departamento de Geografia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo S. Pompeu
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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4
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Linking land-use and land-cover transitions to their ecological impact in the Amazon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202310119. [PMID: 35759674 PMCID: PMC9271202 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202310119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activities pose a major threat to tropical forest biodiversity and ecosystem services. Although the impacts of deforestation are well studied, multiple land-use and land-cover transitions (LULCTs) occur in tropical landscapes, and we do not know how LULCTs differ in their rates or impacts on key ecosystem components. Here, we quantified the impacts of 18 LULCTs on three ecosystem components (biodiversity, carbon, and soil), based on 18 variables collected from 310 sites in the Brazilian Amazon. Across all LULCTs, biodiversity was the most affected ecosystem component, followed by carbon stocks, but the magnitude of change differed widely among LULCTs and individual variables. Forest clearance for pasture was the most prevalent and high-impact transition, but we also identified other LULCTs with high impact but lower prevalence (e.g., forest to agriculture). Our study demonstrates the importance of considering multiple ecosystem components and LULCTs to understand the consequences of human activities in tropical landscapes.
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5
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Rossi LC, Berenguer E, Lees AC, Barlow J, Ferreira J, França FM, Tavares P, Pizo MA. Predation on artificial caterpillars following understorey fires in human‐modified Amazonian forests. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liana Chesini Rossi
- Departamento de Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
- Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Alexander Charles Lees
- Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca USA
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras MG Brazil
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental Belém PA Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia (PPGECO) e Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Ambientais (PPGCA) Universidade Federal do Pará Belém PA Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Tavares
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia (PPGECO) e Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Ambientais (PPGCA) Universidade Federal do Pará Belém PA Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Pizo
- Departamento de Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
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6
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Berenguer E, Lennox GD, Ferreira J, Malhi Y, Aragão LEOC, Barreto JR, Del Bon Espírito-Santo F, Figueiredo AES, França F, Gardner TA, Joly CA, Palmeira AF, Quesada CA, Rossi LC, de Seixas MMM, Smith CC, Withey K, Barlow J. Tracking the impacts of El Niño drought and fire in human-modified Amazonian forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019377118. [PMID: 34282005 PMCID: PMC8325159 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019377118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With humanity facing an unprecedented climate crisis, the conservation of tropical forests has never been so important - their vast terrestrial carbon stocks can be turned into emissions by climatic and human disturbances. However, the duration of these effects is poorly understood, and it is unclear whether impacts are amplified in forests with a history of previous human disturbance. Here, we focus on the Amazonian epicenter of the 2015-16 El Niño, a region that encompasses 1.2% of the Brazilian Amazon. We quantify, at high temporal resolution, the impacts of an extreme El Niño (EN) drought and extensive forest fires on plant mortality and carbon loss in undisturbed and human-modified forests. Mortality remained higher than pre-El Niño levels for 36 mo in EN-drought-affected forests and for 30 mo in EN-fire-affected forests. In EN-fire-affected forests, human disturbance significantly increased plant mortality. Our investigation of the ecological and physiological predictors of tree mortality showed that trees with lower wood density, bark thickness and leaf nitrogen content, as well as those that experienced greater fire intensity, were more vulnerable. Across the region, the 2015-16 El Niño led to the death of an estimated 2.5 ± 0.3 billion stems, resulting in emissions of 495 ± 94 Tg CO2 Three years after the El Niño, plant growth and recruitment had offset only 37% of emissions. Our results show that limiting forest disturbance will not only help maintain carbon stocks, but will also maximize the resistance of Amazonian forests if fires do occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Berenguer
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom;
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth D Lennox
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém 66095-100, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-10, Brazil
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Rodrigues Barreto
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Paisagens e Conservação, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Fernando Del Bon Espírito-Santo
- Institute of Space and Earth Observation Science at Space Park Leicester, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Axa Emanuelle S Figueiredo
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus 69080-971, Brazil
| | - Filipe França
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carlos A Joly
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Alessandro F Palmeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-10, Brazil
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Quesada
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus 69080-971, Brazil
| | - Liana Chesini Rossi
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil
| | | | - Charlotte C Smith
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Withey
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-900, Brazil
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7
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Nunes CA, Barlow J, França F, Berenguer E, Solar RRC, Louzada J, Leitão RP, Maia LF, Oliveira VHF, Braga RF, Vaz‐de‐Mello FZ, Sayer EJ. Functional redundancy of Amazonian dung beetles confers community‐level resistance to primary forest disturbance. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cássio Alencar Nunes
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras, Minas Gerais Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster, Lancashire UK
| | - Jos Barlow
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras, Minas Gerais Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster, Lancashire UK
- MCTIC/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Belém, Pará Brazil
| | - Filipe França
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster, Lancashire UK
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental Belém Brazil
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster, Lancashire UK
- Environmental Change Institute University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Ricardo R. C. Solar
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Julio Louzada
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras, Minas Gerais Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster, Lancashire UK
| | - Rafael P. Leitão
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Laís F. Maia
- Bio‐Protection Research Centre School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Victor H. F. Oliveira
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Fagundes Braga
- Unidade Divinópolis Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais Divinópolis, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Fernando Z. Vaz‐de‐Mello
- Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Cuiabá, Mato Grosso Brazil
| | - Emma J. Sayer
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster, Lancashire UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Ancon, Panama City Panama
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8
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Barreto JR, Berenguer E, Ferreira J, Joly CA, Malhi Y, de Seixas MMM, Barlow J. Assessing invertebrate herbivory in human-modified tropical forest canopies. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4012-4022. [PMID: 33976790 PMCID: PMC8093672 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the effects of human-driven forest disturbance usually focus on either biodiversity or carbon dynamics but much less is known about ecosystem processes that span different trophic levels. Herbivory is a fundamental ecological process for ecosystem functioning, but it remains poorly quantified in human-modified tropical rainforests.Here, we present the results of the largest study to date on the impacts of human disturbances on herbivory. We quantified the incidence (percentage of leaves affected) and severity (the percentage of leaf area lost) of canopy insect herbivory caused by chewers, miners, and gall makers in leaves from 1,076 trees distributed across 20 undisturbed and human-modified forest plots in the Amazon.We found that chewers dominated herbivory incidence, yet were not a good predictor of the other forms of herbivory at either the stem or plot level. Chewing severity was higher in both logged and logged-and-burned primary forests when compared to undisturbed forests. We found no difference in herbivory severity between undisturbed primary forests and secondary forests. Despite evidence at the stem level, neither plot-level incidence nor severity of the three forms of herbivory responded to disturbance. Synthesis. Our large-scale study of canopy herbivory confirms that chewers dominate the herbivory signal in tropical forests, but that their influence on leaf area lost cannot predict the incidence or severity of other forms. We found only limited evidence suggesting that human disturbance affects the severity of leaf herbivory, with higher values in logged and logged-and-burned forests than undisturbed and secondary forests. Additionally, we found no effect of human disturbance on the incidence of leaf herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rodrigues Barreto
- Setor de Ecologia e ConservaçãoUniversidade Federal de LavrasLavrasBrazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia do Instituto de Biociências da USPUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Erika Berenguer
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentEnvironmental Change InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | | | - Carlos A. Joly
- Departamento de Biologia VegetalInstituto de BiologiaUniversidade Estadual de CampinasCampinasBrazil
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentEnvironmental Change InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Jos Barlow
- Setor de Ecologia e ConservaçãoUniversidade Federal de LavrasLavrasBrazil
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
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9
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Rocha FI, Ribeiro TG, Fontes MA, Schwab S, Coelho MRR, Lumbreras JF, da Motta PEF, Teixeira WG, Cole J, Borsanelli AC, Dutra IDS, Howe A, de Oliveira AP, Jesus EDC. Land-Use System and Forest Floor Explain Prokaryotic Metacommunity Structuring and Spatial Turnover in Amazonian Forest-to-Pasture Conversion Areas. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:657508. [PMID: 33967996 PMCID: PMC8097146 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.657508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancing extensive cattle production is a major threat to biodiversity conservation in Amazonia. The dominant vegetation cover has a drastic impact on soil microbial communities, affecting their composition, structure, and ecological services. Herein, we explored relationships between land-use, soil types, and forest floor compartments on the prokaryotic metacommunity structuring in Western Amazonia. Soil samples were taken in sites under high anthropogenic pressure and distributed along a ±800 km gradient. Additionally, the litter and a root layer, characteristic of the forest environment, were sampled. DNA was extracted, and metacommunity composition and structure were assessed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Prokaryotic metacommunities in the bulk soil were strongly affected by pH, base and aluminum saturation, Ca + Mg concentration, the sum of bases, and silt percentage, due to land-use management and natural differences among the soil types. Higher alpha, beta, and gamma diversities were observed in sites with higher soil pH and fertility, such as pasture soils or fertile soils of the state of Acre. When taking litter and root layer communities into account, the beta diversity was significantly higher in the forest floor than in pasture bulk soil for all study regions. Our results show that the forest floor's prokaryotic metacommunity performs a spatial turnover hitherto underestimated to the regional scale of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Igne Rocha
- Department of Soil, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | | | - Stefan Schwab
- National Agrobiology Research Center, Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - James Cole
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | - Iveraldo dos Santos Dutra
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Adina Howe
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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10
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Rodrigues AF, Latawiec AE, Reid BJ, Solórzano A, Schuler AE, Lacerda C, Fidalgo ECC, Scarano FR, Tubenchlak F, Pena I, Vicente-Vicente JL, Korys KA, Cooper M, Fernandes NF, Prado RB, Maioli V, Dib V, Teixeira WG. Systematic review of soil ecosystem services in tropical regions. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:201584. [PMID: 33959328 PMCID: PMC8074958 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil ecosystem service (SES) approaches evidence the importance of soil for human well-being, contribute to improving dialogue between science and decision-making and encourage the translation of scientific results into public policies. Herein, through systematic review, we assess the state of the art of SES approaches in tropical regions. Through this review, 41 publications were identified; while most of these studies considered SES, a lack of a consistent framework to define SES was apparent. Most studies measured soil natural capital and processes, while only three studies undertook monetary valuation. Although the number of publications increased (from 1 to 41), between 2001 and 2019, the total number of publications for tropical regions is still small. Countries with the largest number of publications were Brazil (n = 8), Colombia (n = 6) and Mexico (n = 4). This observation emphasizes an important knowledge gap pertaining to SES approaches and their link to tropical regions. With global momentum behind SES approaches, there is an opportunity to integrate SES approaches into policy and practice in tropical regions. The use of SES evaluation tools in tropical regions could transform how land use decisions are informed, mitigating soil degradation and protecting the ecosystems that soil underpins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline F. Rodrigues
- Department of Geography and Environment – Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, R. Marquês de São Vicente, 225 – Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22451-000, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Agnieszka E. Latawiec
- Department of Geography and Environment – Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, R. Marquês de São Vicente, 225 – Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22451-000, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Production Engineering, Logistic and Applied Computer Sciences, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 116B, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Brian J. Reid
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Alexandro Solórzano
- Department of Geography and Environment – Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, R. Marquês de São Vicente, 225 – Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22451-000, Brazil
| | - Azeneth E. Schuler
- Embrapa Soils, R. Jardim Botânico, 1024, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22460-000, Brazil
| | - Carine Lacerda
- Department of Geography and Environment – Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, R. Marquês de São Vicente, 225 – Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22451-000, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio R. Scarano
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Brazilian Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services – BPBES, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tubenchlak
- International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Pena
- Department of Geography and Environment – Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, R. Marquês de São Vicente, 225 – Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22451-000, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Katarzyna A. Korys
- International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Miguel Cooper
- Department of Soil Science, University of São Paulo/ESALQ, Pádua Dias Av. 1, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Nelson F. Fernandes
- Department of Geography, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rachel B. Prado
- Embrapa Soils, R. Jardim Botânico, 1024, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22460-000, Brazil
| | - Veronica Maioli
- International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Viviane Dib
- International Institute for Sustainability, R. Dona Castorina 124 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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11
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Alvarenga LRP, Pompeu PS, Leal CG, Hughes RM, Fagundes DC, Leitão RP. Land-use changes affect the functional structure of stream fish assemblages in the Brazilian Savanna. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract We investigated the mechanisms involved in the relationship between land-use changes and aquatic biodiversity, using stream fish assemblages of the Brazilian Savanna (i.e., Cerrado) as a study model. We tested the prediction that landscape degradation would decrease environmental heterogeneity and change predominant physical-habitat types, which in turn would decrease the functional diversity and alter the functional identity of fish assemblages. We sampled fish from 40 streams in the Upper Paraná River basin, and assessed catchment and instream conditions. We then conducted an ecomorphological analysis to functionally characterize all species (36) and quantify different facets of the functional structure of assemblages. We detected multiple pathways of the impacts from landscape changes on the fish assemblages. Catchment degradation reduced the stream-bed complexity and the heterogeneity of canopy shading, decreasing assemblage functional specialization and divergence. Landscape changes also reduced the water volume and the amount of large rocks in streams, resulting in decreased abundances of species with large bodies and with morphological traits that favor swimming in the water column. We conclude that land-use intensification caused significant changes in aquatic biodiversity in the Cerrado, reinforcing the need to pay special attention to this global hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmilla R. P. Alvarenga
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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12
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Metcalf OC, Barlow J, Devenish C, Marsden S, Berenguer E, Lees AC. Acoustic indices perform better when applied at ecologically meaningful time and frequency scales. Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C. Metcalf
- Conservation, Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour (CEEB) Ecology and Environment Research Centre (EERC) Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Jos Barlow
- Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
- MCTIC/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Belém Brazil
| | - Christian Devenish
- Conservation, Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour (CEEB) Ecology and Environment Research Centre (EERC) Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Stuart Marsden
- Conservation, Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour (CEEB) Ecology and Environment Research Centre (EERC) Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Alexander C. Lees
- Conservation, Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour (CEEB) Ecology and Environment Research Centre (EERC) Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
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13
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Leal CG, Lennox GD, Ferraz SFB, Ferreira J, Gardner TA, Thomson JR, Berenguer E, Lees AC, Hughes RM, Mac Nally R, Aragão LEOC, de Brito JG, Castello L, Garrett RD, Hamada N, Juen L, Leitão RP, Louzada J, Morello TF, Moura NG, Nessimian JL, Oliveira-Junior JMB, Oliveira VHF, de Oliveira VC, Parry L, Pompeu PS, Solar RRC, Zuanon J, Barlow J. Integrated terrestrial-freshwater planning doubles conservation of tropical aquatic species. Science 2020; 370:117-121. [PMID: 33004520 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba7580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Conservation initiatives overwhelmingly focus on terrestrial biodiversity, and little is known about the freshwater cobenefits of terrestrial conservation actions. We sampled more than 1500 terrestrial and freshwater species in the Amazon and simulated conservation for species from both realms. Prioritizations based on terrestrial species yielded on average just 22% of the freshwater benefits achieved through freshwater-focused conservation. However, by using integrated cross-realm planning, freshwater benefits could be increased by up to 600% for a 1% reduction in terrestrial benefits. Where freshwater biodiversity data are unavailable but aquatic connectivity is accounted for, freshwater benefits could still be doubled for negligible losses of terrestrial coverage. Conservation actions are urgently needed to improve the status of freshwater species globally. Our results suggest that such gains can be achieved without compromising terrestrial conservation goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília G Leal
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. .,Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Gareth D Lennox
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
| | - Silvio F B Ferraz
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Joice Ferreira
- EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, CEP 66095-100, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Toby A Gardner
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Linegatan 87D, 11523, Stockholm Sweden
| | - James R Thomson
- Department of Environment, Land, Water, and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Vic, Australia
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.,Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander C Lees
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.,Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robert M Hughes
- Amnis Opes Institute, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ralph Mac Nally
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Group (TREES), Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research-INPE, Avenida dos Astronautas, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Janaina G de Brito
- Escola Estadual Maria Miranda Araújo, Secretaria de Educação do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. Aeroporto, s/n, CEP 78336-000, Colniza, MT, Brazil
| | - Leandro Castello
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rachael D Garrett
- Environmental Policy Lab, Departments of Environmental System Science and Humanities, Social, and Political Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Neusa Hamada
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2.936, Petrópolis, CEP 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Leandro Juen
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correia, No. 1, Bairro Guamá, CEP 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rafael P Leitão
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, CP 486, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Julio Louzada
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jorge L Nessimian
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, CEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Max B Oliveira-Junior
- Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Rua Vera Paz, s/n (Unidade Tapajós), Bairro Salé, CEP 68040-255, Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo F Oliveira
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Vívian C de Oliveira
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2.936, Petrópolis, CEP 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Luke Parry
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Paulo S Pompeu
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo R C Solar
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, CP 486, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jansen Zuanon
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2.936, Petrópolis, CEP 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil.,Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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14
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Reconstructing Three Decades of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Brazilian Biomes with Landsat Archive and Earth Engine. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12172735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Brazil has a monitoring system to track annual forest conversion in the Amazon and most recently to monitor the Cerrado biome. However, there is still a gap of annual land use and land cover (LULC) information in all Brazilian biomes in the country. Existing countrywide efforts to map land use and land cover lack regularly updates and high spatial resolution time-series data to better understand historical land use and land cover dynamics, and the subsequent impacts in the country biomes. In this study, we described a novel approach and the results achieved by a multi-disciplinary network called MapBiomas to reconstruct annual land use and land cover information between 1985 and 2017 for Brazil, based on random forest applied to Landsat archive using Google Earth Engine. We mapped five major classes: forest, non-forest natural formation, farming, non-vegetated areas, and water. These classes were broken into two sub-classification levels leading to the most comprehensive and detailed mapping for the country at a 30 m pixel resolution. The average overall accuracy of the land use and land cover time-series, based on a stratified random sample of 75,000 pixel locations, was 89% ranging from 73 to 95% in the biomes. The 33 years of LULC change data series revealed that Brazil lost 71 Mha of natural vegetation, mostly to cattle ranching and agriculture activities. Pasture expanded by 46% from 1985 to 2017, and agriculture by 172%, mostly replacing old pasture fields. We also identified that 86 Mha of the converted native vegetation was undergoing some level of regrowth. Several applications of the MapBiomas dataset are underway, suggesting that reconstructing historical land use and land cover change maps is useful for advancing the science and to guide social, economic and environmental policy decision-making processes in Brazil.
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15
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França FM, Ferreira J, Vaz‐de‐Mello FZ, Maia LF, Berenguer E, Ferraz Palmeira A, Fadini R, Louzada J, Braga R, Hugo Oliveira V, Barlow J. El Niño impacts on human‐modified tropical forests: Consequences for dung beetle diversity and associated ecological processes. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe M. França
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental Belém Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Pará Belém Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental Belém Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Pará Belém Brazil
| | | | - Laís F. Maia
- Bio‐Protection Research Centre School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
- Environmental Change Institute University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | | | - Rodrigo Fadini
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará Santarém Brazil
| | - Júlio Louzada
- Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Braga
- Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras Brazil
- Unidade Divinópolis Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais Divinópolis Brazil
| | | | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
- Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras Brazil
- MCT/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Belém Brazil
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16
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Barbosa DDA, Brasil LS, Azevêdo CASD, Lima LRC. The role of spatial and environmental variables in shaping aquatic insect assemblages in two protected areas in the transition area between Cerrado and Amazônia. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2019-0923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: The distribution of aquatic insects of the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) can be influenced by factors such as water quality, habitat integrity and biogeography. The present study evaluated the structure of EPT assemblages in streams in the Cerrado, a global biodiversity hotspot. Samples were collected from 20 streams in two protected areas: Parque Estadual do Mirador (10 streams) and Parque Nacional da Chapada das Mesas (10 streams). A total of 1987 specimens were collected, representing 46 taxa of EPT. The two study areas did not differ significantly in taxonomic richness of EPT genera (t = -1.119, p = 0.279) and abundance of individuals (t = 0.268, p = 0.791) but did differ in genus composition (Pseudo-F = 2.088, R2 = 0.103, p = 0.015) and environmental variables (Pseudo-F = 2,282, R2 = 0.112, p = 0.014). None of the tested environmental variables were correlated with the community but a spatial filter captured an effect of the spatial distribution of streams. The region of the study is located in MATOPIBA, which is the last agricultural frontier of the Cerrado. Therefore, it is important that there is police and monitoring so that the “Parque Estadual do Mirador” and the “Parque Nacional da Chapada das Mesas” continue to play their role in conserving biodiversity in the future.
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17
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Oliveira-Junior JMB, Dias-Silva K, Teodósio MA, Juen L. The Response of Neotropical Dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) to Local and Regional Abiotic Factors in Small Streams of the Amazon. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10120446. [PMID: 31842353 PMCID: PMC6956063 DOI: 10.3390/insects10120446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the relative role of local and regional abiotic factors on the Odonata diversity in rainforest streams is still poorly understood, we evaluated the effects of these factors on adult Odonata (Insecta) from preserved and altered streams in the Amazonian region. Adult Odonata were sampled in 98 streams in the Eastern Amazon, Pará, Brazil. Six variables were used to measure local environmental factors: habitat integrity index; mean canopy over the channel; and four physical and chemical descriptors of the water. To measure regional environmental factors, six variables were also used: altitude gradient, three bioclimatic variables and two percentage forest variables. In partial redundancy analysis, both abiotic factors (local and regional) were important to explain the variation in the Odonata community. The Odonata community can be influenced by regional and local factors. The relationship between Odonata and the local (e.g., integrity, canopy cover, and physical and chemical descriptors of the water) and regional (e.g., bioclimatic and forest cover variables) environmental variables recorded in this study has important implications for the use of these organisms to monitor small streams of the Eastern Amazon. The scale at which habitat is measured is an important issue in community structuring studies considering the rapid environmental changes. It is of great importance to consider the different scales in studies assessing community structure, once an adequate habitat must meet the ecological needs of all stages of the life of the Odonata.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Max Barbosa Oliveira-Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia (PPGZOOL), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia (PPGECO), Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação (LABECO), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Rua Augusto Correia, N.1, Bairro Guamá, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (K.D.-S.); (L.J.)
- Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), Rua Vera Paz, s/n (Unidade Tapajós) Bairro Salé, Santarém 68040-255, Pará, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +55-93-99196-8990
| | - Karina Dias-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia (PPGZOOL), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia (PPGECO), Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação (LABECO), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Rua Augusto Correia, N.1, Bairro Guamá, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (K.D.-S.); (L.J.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação (PPGBC), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Rua Coronel José Porfírio, N. 2515, Bairro São Sebastião, Altamira 68372-040, Pará, Brazil
| | - Maria Alexandra Teodósio
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Leandro Juen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia (PPGZOOL), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia (PPGECO), Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação (LABECO), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Rua Augusto Correia, N.1, Bairro Guamá, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (K.D.-S.); (L.J.)
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18
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Chen Y, Bakker MM, Ligtenberg A, Bregt AK. External shocks, agent interactions, and endogenous feedbacks — Investigating system resilience with a stylized land use model. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Structuring of Dragonfly Communities (Insecta: Odonata) in Eastern Amazon: Effects of Environmental and Spatial Factors in Preserved and Altered Streams. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10100322. [PMID: 31569784 PMCID: PMC6835646 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of the effects of environmental factors on natural communities has been one of the principal approaches in ecology; although, over the past decade, increasing importance has been given to spatial factors. In this context, we evaluated the relative importance of environmental and spatial factors for the structuring of the local odonate communities in preserved and altered streams. Adult Odonata were sampled in 98 streams in eastern Amazonia, Brazil. The physical features of each stream were evaluated and spatial variables were generated. Only environmental factors accounted for the variation in the Odonata community. The same pattern was observed in the suborder Zygoptera. For Anisoptera, environmental factors alone affect the variation in the community, considering all the environments together, and the altered areas on their own. As the two Odonata suborders presented distinct responses to environmental factors, this partitioning may contribute to an improvement in the precision of studies in biomonitoring. We thus suggest that studies would have a greater explanatory potential if additional variables are included, related to biotic interactions (e.g., competition). This will require further investigation on a finer scale of environmental variation to determine how the Odonata fauna of Amazonian streams behaves under this analytical perspective.
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20
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Oliveira-Junior JMB, Juen L. The Zygoptera/Anisoptera Ratio (Insecta: Odonata): a New Tool for Habitat Alterations Assessment in Amazonian Streams. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:552-560. [PMID: 30767125 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of scientific knowledge is far outstripped by the rate of environmental disturbance from human activities in aquatic habitats. This highlights the need to develop effective proxy measures of aquatic biodiversity that can demonstrate changes in communities associated with human activities. We evaluated whether the relative abundance and species richness of Anisoptera and Zygoptera can be used as a tool to measure environmental impacts on Amazonian streams. Adult of Anisoptera and Zygoptera were sampled in 50 Amazonian streams, in the municipality of Paragominas (Pará state), Brazil, using an entomological handnet. The physical features of each stream were evaluated using an index of environmental integrity (HII). We collected a total of 1769 Odonata specimens, representing 97 species (56 were Zygoptera and 41 were Anisoptera). Habitat modification resulted in an inversion in the proportional abundance and species richness of Anisoptera and Zygoptera, where Zygoptera diversity decreased with the loss of habitat integrity, whereas Anisoptera diversity increased with habitat disturbance. A decline of 0.1 in the habitat integrity index score resulted in an increase of approximately 13 individuals and 11 species of Anisoptera, with the exact opposite effect observed for the Zygoptera. In summary, the Odonata proved to be a useful model for the assessment of Amazonian streams, with sites where more than 54% of the Odonata species were Zygoptera being classified as preserved, and those dominated by Anisoptera species (> 59%) being considered degraded. This approach has clear applications for environmental impact assessments, as it reduces the influence of sampling effort and collector experience on assessment outcomes, and does not rely upon specialist knowledge, given that members of the two suborders are easily distinguished from one and other in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M B Oliveira-Junior
- Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas, Univ Federal do Oeste do Pará, Avenida Mendonça Furtado, no. 2946, Fátima, Santarém, Pará, 68040-470, Brasil.
| | - L Juen
- Lab de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
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21
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Miranda LS, Imperatriz-Fonseca VL, Giannini TC. Climate change impact on ecosystem functions provided by birds in southeastern Amazonia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215229. [PMID: 30973922 PMCID: PMC6459508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the impacts of climate change on biodiversity are increasing worldwide, few studies have attempted to forecast these impacts on Amazon Tropical Forest. In this study, we estimated the impact of climate change on Amazonian avian assemblages considering range shifts, species loss, vulnerability of ecosystem functioning, future effectiveness of current protected areas and potential climatically stable areas for conservation actions. Species distribution modelling based on two algorithms and three different scenarios of climate change was used to forecast 501 avian species, organized on main ecosystem functions (frugivores, insectivores and nectarivores) for years 2050 and 2070. Considering the entire study area, we estimated that between 4 and 19% of the species will find no suitable habitat. Inside the currently established protected areas, species loss could be over 70%. Our results suggest that frugivores are the most sensitive guild, which could bring consequences on seed dispersal functions and on natural regeneration. Moreover, we identified the western and northern parts of the study area as climatically stable. Climate change will potentially affect avian assemblages in southeastern Amazonia with detrimental consequences to their ecosystem functions. Information provided here is essential to conservation practitioners and decision makers to help on planning their actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tereza C. Giannini
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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22
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Lennox GD, Gardner TA, Thomson JR, Ferreira J, Berenguer E, Lees AC, Mac Nally R, Aragão LEOC, Ferraz SFB, Louzada J, Moura NG, Oliveira VHF, Pardini R, Solar RRC, Vaz-de Mello FZ, Vieira ICG, Barlow J. Second rate or a second chance? Assessing biomass and biodiversity recovery in regenerating Amazonian forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:5680-5694. [PMID: 30216600 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Secondary forests (SFs) regenerating on previously deforested land account for large, expanding areas of tropical forest cover. Given that tropical forests rank among Earth's most important reservoirs of carbon and biodiversity, SFs play an increasingly pivotal role in the carbon cycle and as potential habitat for forest biota. Nevertheless, their capacity to regain the biotic attributes of undisturbed primary forests (UPFs) remains poorly understood. Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment of SF recovery, using extensive tropical biodiversity, biomass, and environmental datasets. These data, collected in 59 naturally regenerating SFs and 30 co-located UPFs in the eastern Amazon, cover >1,600 large- and small-stemmed plant, bird, and dung beetles species and a suite of forest structure, landscape context, and topoedaphic predictors. After up to 40 years of regeneration, the SFs we surveyed showed a high degree of biodiversity resilience, recovering, on average among taxa, 88% and 85% mean UPF species richness and composition, respectively. Across the first 20 years of succession, the period for which we have accurate SF age data, biomass recovered at 1.2% per year, equivalent to a carbon uptake rate of 2.25 Mg/ha per year, while, on average, species richness and composition recovered at 2.6% and 2.3% per year, respectively. For all taxonomic groups, biomass was strongly associated with SF species distributions. However, other variables describing habitat complexity-canopy cover and understory stem density-were equally important occurrence predictors for most taxa. Species responses to biomass revealed a successional transition at approximately 75 Mg/ha, marking the influx of high-conservation-value forest species. Overall, our results show that naturally regenerating SFs can accumulate substantial amounts of carbon and support many forest species. However, given that the surveyed SFs failed to return to a typical UPF state, SFs are not substitutes for UPFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth D Lennox
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Toby A Gardner
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - James R Thomson
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Vic, Australia
| | | | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander C Lees
- Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Ralph Mac Nally
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Sunrise Ecological Research Institute, Ocean Grove, Vic, Australia
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Group (TREES), Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research-INPE, Avenida dos Astronautas, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Silvio F B Ferraz
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de Sao Paulo, Esalq/USP, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Julio Louzada
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | - Victor H F Oliveira
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Renata Pardini
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo R C Solar
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Z Vaz-de Mello
- Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiaba, Brazil
| | | | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
- MCTI/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil
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Withey K, Berenguer E, Palmeira AF, Espírito-Santo FDB, Lennox GD, Silva CVJ, Aragão LEOC, Ferreira J, França F, Malhi Y, Rossi LC, Barlow J. Quantifying immediate carbon emissions from El Niño-mediated wildfires in humid tropical forests. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0312. [PMID: 30297469 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildfires produce substantial CO2 emissions in the humid tropics during El Niño-mediated extreme droughts, and these emissions are expected to increase in coming decades. Immediate carbon emissions from uncontrolled wildfires in human-modified tropical forests can be considerable owing to high necromass fuel loads. Yet, data on necromass combustion during wildfires are severely lacking. Here, we evaluated necromass carbon stocks before and after the 2015-2016 El Niño in Amazonian forests distributed along a gradient of prior human disturbance. We then used Landsat-derived burn scars to extrapolate regional immediate wildfire CO2 emissions during the 2015-2016 El Niño. Before the El Niño, necromass stocks varied significantly with respect to prior disturbance and were largest in undisturbed primary forests (30.2 ± 2.1 Mg ha-1, mean ± s.e.) and smallest in secondary forests (15.6 ± 3.0 Mg ha-1). However, neither prior disturbance nor our proxy of fire intensity (median char height) explained necromass losses due to wildfires. In our 6.5 million hectare (6.5 Mha) study region, almost 1 Mha of primary (disturbed and undisturbed) and 20 000 ha of secondary forest burned during the 2015-2016 El Niño. Covering less than 0.2% of Brazilian Amazonia, these wildfires resulted in expected immediate CO2 emissions of approximately 30 Tg, three to four times greater than comparable estimates from global fire emissions databases. Uncontrolled understorey wildfires in humid tropical forests during extreme droughts are a large and poorly quantified source of CO2 emissions.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Withey
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.,Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Alessandro Ferraz Palmeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01, Campus Guamá, Belém, PA CEP: 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Fernando D B Espírito-Santo
- Centre for Landscape and Climate Research (CLCR) and Leicester Institute of Space and Earth Observation (LISEO), School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Gareth D Lennox
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Camila V J Silva
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1.758, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Travessa Dr Enéas Pinheiro, s/n, CP 48, 66095-100 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Filipe França
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.,Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Travessa Dr Enéas Pinheiro, s/n, CP 48, 66095-100 Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, Rodovia Bambuí/Medeiros, Km-05, 38900-000 Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Liana Chesini Rossi
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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The future of hyperdiverse tropical ecosystems. Nature 2018; 559:517-526. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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The Potential of Multisource Remote Sensing for Mapping the Biomass of a Degraded Amazonian Forest. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9060303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Leal CG, Barlow J, Gardner TA, Hughes RM, Leitão RP, Nally RM, Kaufmann PR, Ferraz SFB, Zuanon J, de Paula FR, Ferreira J, Thomson JR, Lennox GD, Dary EP, Röpke CP, Pompeu PS. Is environmental legislation conserving tropical stream faunas? A large-scale assessment of local, riparian and catchment-scale influences on Amazonian fish. J Appl Ecol 2018; 55:1312-1326. [PMID: 32831394 PMCID: PMC7433846 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural expansion and intensification are major threats to tropical biodiversity. In addition to the direct removal of native vegetation, agricultural expansion often elicits other human-induced disturbances, many of which are poorly addressed by existing environmental legislation and conservation programmes. This is particularly true for tropical freshwater systems, where there is considerable uncertainty about whether a legislative focus on protecting riparian vegetation is sufficient to conserve stream fauna.To assess the extent to which stream fish are being effectively conserved in agricultural landscapes, we examined the spatial distribution of assemblages in river basins to identify the relative importance of human impacts at instream, riparian and catchment scales, in shaping observed patterns. We used an extensive dataset on the ecological condition of 83 low-order streams distributed in three river basins in the eastern Brazilian Amazon.We collected and identified 24,420 individual fish from 134 species. Multiplicative diversity partitioning revealed high levels of compositional dissimilarity (DS) among stream sites (DS = 0.74 to 0.83) and river basins (DS = 0.82), due mainly to turnover (77.8% to 81.8%) rather than nestedness. The highly heterogeneous fish faunas in small Amazonian streams underscore the vital importance of enacting measures to protect forests on private lands outside of public protected areas.Instream habitat features explained more variability in fish assemblages (15%-19%) than riparian (2%-12%), catchment (4%-13%) or natural covariates (4%-11%). Although grouping species into functional guilds allowed us to explain up to 31% of their abundance (i.e. for nektonic herbivores), individual riparian - and catchment - scale predictor variables that are commonly a focus of environmental legislation explained very little of the observed variation (partial R2 values mostly <5%).Policy implications. Current rates of agricultural intensification and mechanization in tropical landscapes are unprecedented, yet the existing legislative frameworks focusing on protecting riparian vegetation seem insufficient to conserve stream environments and their fish assemblages. To safeguard the species-rich freshwater biota of small Amazonian streams, conservation actions must shift towards managing whole basins and drainage networks, as well as agricultural practices in already-cleared land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília G. Leal
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Fish Ecology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Robert M. Hughes
- Amnis Opes Institute and Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Rafael P. Leitão
- National Institute for Amazonia Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ralph Mac Nally
- Institute for Applied Ecology, The University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Philip R. Kaufmann
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Silvio F. B. Ferraz
- Forest Hydrology Laboratory (LHF), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jansen Zuanon
- National Institute for Amazonia Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Felipe R. de Paula
- Forest Hydrology Laboratory (LHF), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - James R. Thomson
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Gareth D. Lennox
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Eurizângela P. Dary
- Institute of Natural, Human and Social Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Cristhiana P. Röpke
- Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Institute of Biology, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Paulo S. Pompeu
- Fish Ecology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
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Leitão RP, Zuanon J, Mouillot D, Leal CG, Hughes RM, Kaufmann PR, Villéger S, Pompeu PS, Kasper D, de Paula FR, Ferraz SFB, Gardner TA. Disentangling the pathways of land use impacts on the functional structure of fish assemblages in Amazon streams. ECOGRAPHY 2018. [PMID: 29910537 DOI: 10.illl/ecog.02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural land use is a primary driver of environmental impacts on streams. However, the causal processes that shape these impacts operate through multiple pathways and at several spatial scales. This complexity undermines the development of more effective management approaches, and illustrates the need for more in-depth studies to assess the mechanisms that determine changes in stream biodiversity. Here we present results of the most comprehensive multi-scale assessment of the biological condition of streams in the Amazon to date, examining functional responses of fish assemblages to land use. We sampled fish assemblages from two large human-modified regions, and characterized stream conditions by physical habitat attributes and key landscape-change variables, including density of road crossings (i.e. riverscape fragmentation), deforestation, and agricultural intensification. Fish species were functionally characterized using ecomorphological traits describing feeding, locomotion, and habitat preferences, and these traits were used to derive indices that quantitatively describe the functional structure of the assemblages. Using structural equation modeling, we disentangled multiple drivers operating at different spatial scales, identifying causal pathways that significantly affect stream condition and the structure of the fish assemblages. Deforestation at catchment and riparian network scales altered the channel morphology and the stream bottom structure, changing the functional identity of assemblages. Local deforestation reduced the functional evenness of assemblages (i.e. increased dominance of specific trait combinations) mediated by expansion of aquatic vegetation cover. Riverscape fragmentation reduced functional richness, evenness and divergence, suggesting a trend toward functional homogenization and a reduced range of ecological niches within assemblages following the loss of regional connectivity. These results underscore the often-unrecognized importance of different land use changes, each of which can have marked effects on stream biodiversity. We draw on the relationships observed herein to suggest priorities for the improved management of stream systems in the multiple-use landscapes that predominate in human-modified tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael P Leitão
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jansen Zuanon
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Mouillot
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecília G Leal
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert M Hughes
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip R Kaufmann
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sébastien Villéger
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paulo S Pompeu
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniele Kasper
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Felipe R de Paula
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvio F B Ferraz
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Toby A Gardner
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
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Leitão RP, Zuanon J, Mouillot D, Leal CG, Hughes RM, Kaufmann PR, Villéger S, Pompeu PS, Kasper D, de Paula FR, Ferraz SFB, Gardner TA. Disentangling the pathways of land use impacts on the functional structure of fish assemblages in Amazon streams. ECOGRAPHY 2018; 41:219-232. [PMID: 29910537 PMCID: PMC5998685 DOI: 10.1111/ecog.02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural land use is a primary driver of environmental impacts on streams. However, the causal processes that shape these impacts operate through multiple pathways and at several spatial scales. This complexity undermines the development of more effective management approaches, and illustrates the need for more in-depth studies to assess the mechanisms that determine changes in stream biodiversity. Here we present results of the most comprehensive multi-scale assessment of the biological condition of streams in the Amazon to date, examining functional responses of fish assemblages to land use. We sampled fish assemblages from two large human-modified regions, and characterized stream conditions by physical habitat attributes and key landscape-change variables, including density of road crossings (i.e. riverscape fragmentation), deforestation, and agricultural intensification. Fish species were functionally characterized using ecomorphological traits describing feeding, locomotion, and habitat preferences, and these traits were used to derive indices that quantitatively describe the functional structure of the assemblages. Using structural equation modeling, we disentangled multiple drivers operating at different spatial scales, identifying causal pathways that significantly affect stream condition and the structure of the fish assemblages. Deforestation at catchment and riparian network scales altered the channel morphology and the stream bottom structure, changing the functional identity of assemblages. Local deforestation reduced the functional evenness of assemblages (i.e. increased dominance of specific trait combinations) mediated by expansion of aquatic vegetation cover. Riverscape fragmentation reduced functional richness, evenness and divergence, suggesting a trend toward functional homogenization and a reduced range of ecological niches within assemblages following the loss of regional connectivity. These results underscore the often-unrecognized importance of different land use changes, each of which can have marked effects on stream biodiversity. We draw on the relationships observed herein to suggest priorities for the improved management of stream systems in the multiple-use landscapes that predominate in human-modified tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael P Leitão
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jansen Zuanon
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Mouillot
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecília G Leal
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert M Hughes
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip R Kaufmann
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sébastien Villéger
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paulo S Pompeu
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniele Kasper
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Felipe R de Paula
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvio F B Ferraz
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Toby A Gardner
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
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Bregman TP, Lees AC, MacGregor HEA, Darski B, de Moura NG, Aleixo A, Barlow J, Tobias JA. Using avian functional traits to assess the impact of land-cover change on ecosystem processes linked to resilience in tropical forests. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1289. [PMID: 27928045 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates perform key roles in ecosystem processes via trophic interactions with plants and insects, but the response of these interactions to environmental change is difficult to quantify in complex systems, such as tropical forests. Here, we use the functional trait structure of Amazonian forest bird assemblages to explore the impacts of land-cover change on two ecosystem processes: seed dispersal and insect predation. We show that trait structure in assemblages of frugivorous and insectivorous birds remained stable after primary forests were subjected to logging and fire events, but that further intensification of human land use substantially reduced the functional diversity and dispersion of traits, and resulted in communities that occupied a different region of trait space. These effects were only partially reversed in regenerating secondary forests. Our findings suggest that local extinctions caused by the loss and degradation of tropical forest are non-random with respect to functional traits, thus disrupting the network of trophic interactions regulating seed dispersal by forest birds and herbivory by insects, with important implications for the structure and resilience of human-modified tropical forests. Furthermore, our results illustrate how quantitative functional traits for specific guilds can provide a range of metrics for estimating the contribution of biodiversity to ecosystem processes, and the response of such processes to land-cover change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom P Bregman
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK .,Global Canopy Programme, 23 Park End Street, Oxford OX1 1HU, UK
| | - Alexander C Lees
- Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.,Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.,Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, Belém, Pará CEP 66040-170, Brazil
| | - Hannah E A MacGregor
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Bianca Darski
- Curso de Pós-graduação de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, Belém, Pará CEP 66040-170, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nárgila G de Moura
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.,Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, Belém, Pará CEP 66040-170, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Aleixo
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, Belém, Pará CEP 66040-170, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, Belém, Pará CEP 66040-170, Brazil.,Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Joseph A Tobias
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK .,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
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Pischke EC, Knowlton JL, Phifer CC, Gutierrez Lopez J, Propato TS, Eastmond A, de Souza TM, Kuhlberg M, Picasso Risso V, Veron SR, Garcia C, Chiappe M, Halvorsen KE. Barriers and Solutions to Conducting Large International, Interdisciplinary Research Projects. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 60:1011-1021. [PMID: 28921005 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-017-0939-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Global environmental problems such as climate change are not bounded by national borders or scientific disciplines, and therefore require international, interdisciplinary teamwork to develop understandings of their causes and solutions. Interdisciplinary scientific work is difficult enough, but these challenges are often magnified when teams also work across national boundaries. The literature on the challenges of interdisciplinary research is extensive. However, research on international, interdisciplinary teams is nearly non-existent. Our objective is to fill this gap by reporting on results from a study of a large interdisciplinary, international National Science Foundation Partnerships for International Research and Education (NSF-PIRE) research project across the Americas. We administered a structured questionnaire to team members about challenges they faced while working together across disciplines and outside of their home countries in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. Analysis of the responses indicated five major types of barriers to conducting interdisciplinary, international research: integration, language, fieldwork logistics, personnel and relationships, and time commitment. We discuss the causes and recommended solutions to the most common barriers. Our findings can help other interdisciplinary, international research teams anticipate challenges, and develop effective solutions to minimize the negative impacts of these barriers to their research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessie L Knowlton
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Wheaton College, 26 E. Main Street, Norton, MA, 02766, USA
| | | | | | - Tamara S Propato
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Instituto de Clima y Agua, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Tatiana Martins de Souza
- Conservation International, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | | | - Valentin Picasso Risso
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, MI, USA
- Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago R Veron
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Instituto de Clima y Agua, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Garcia
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
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Quantification of four different post-dispersal seed deposition patterns after dung beetle activity. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467417000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Primary seed dispersal of many rain-forest seeds occurs through defecation by mammals. Dung beetles are attracted to the defecations and through their dung-processing behaviour these insects change the initial pattern of seed deposition. Final seed deposition patterns, i.e. where and how seeds are deposited after dung beetle activity has taken place, may strongly depend on seed size. In this study we addressed the following question: Do different sizes of seeds have different deposition patterns following dung beetle processing? We conducted a field experiment in lowland Amazonian rain forest in Brazil using 200-g dung-piles containing seed mimics of three sizes: 3.5, 8.6 and 15.5 mm long. Seed deposition condition after dung beetle activity was dependent on seed size. Small seeds were more often buried in beetle tunnels, while medium and large seeds more often remained on the soil surface, either clean or still covered by dung. A low proportion of seeds of all sizes remained on the soil surface covered by loose soil excavated by dung beetles. We speculate that the latter deposition pattern, though not very frequent, might be highly favourable for both seed survival and seedling establishment.
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Brasil LS, Vieira TB, de Oliveira-Junior JMB, Dias-Silva K, Juen L. Elements of metacommunity structure in Amazonian Zygoptera among streams under different spatial scales and environmental conditions. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3190-3200. [PMID: 28480018 PMCID: PMC5415516 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An important aspect of conservation is to understand the founding elements and characteristics of metacommunities in natural environments, and the consequences of anthropogenic disturbance on these patterns. In natural Amazonian environments, the interfluves of the major rivers play an important role in the formation of areas of endemism through the historical isolation of species and the speciation process. We evaluated elements of metacommunity structure for Zygoptera (Insecta: Odonata) sampled in 93 Amazonian streams distributed in two distinct biogeographic regions (areas of endemism). Of sampled streams, 43 were considered to have experienced negligible anthropogenic impacts, and 50 were considered impacted by anthropogenic activities. Our hypothesis was that preserved (“negligible impact”) streams would present a Clementsian pattern, forming clusters of distinct species, reflecting the biogeographic pattern of the two regions, and that anthropogenic streams would present random patterns of metacommunity, due to the loss of more sensitive species and dominance of more tolerant species, which have higher dispersal ability and environmental tolerance. In negligible impact streams, the Clementsian pattern reflected a strong biogeographic pattern, which we discuss considering the areas of endemism of Amazonian rivers. As for communities in human‐impacted streams, a biotic homogenization was evident, in which rare species were suppressed and the most common species had become hyper‐dominant. Understanding the mechanisms that trigger changes in metacommunities is an important issue for conservation, because they can help create mitigation measures for the impacts of anthropogenic activities on biological communities, and so should be expanded to studies using other taxonomic groups in both tropical and temperate systems, and, wherever possible, at multiple spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago Bernardi Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação Universidade Federal do Pará Pará Brazil
| | - José Max Barbosa de Oliveira-Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia Universidade Federal do Pará Pará Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará Santarém, Pará Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Juen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia Universidade Federal do Pará Pará Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Pará Pará Brazil
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33
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Soil Organic Matter Responses to Anthropogenic Forest Disturbance and Land Use Change in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Carneiro MS, Campos CCF, Beijo LA, Ramos FN. Anthropogenic Matrices Favor Homogenization of Tree Reproductive Functions in a Highly Fragmented Landscape. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164814. [PMID: 27760218 PMCID: PMC5070737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species homogenization or floristic differentiation are two possible consequences of the fragmentation process in plant communities. Despite the few studies, it seems clear that fragments with low forest cover inserted in anthropogenic matrices are more likely to experience floristic homogenization. However, the homogenization process has two other components, genetic and functional, which have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to verify whether there was homogenization of tree reproductive functions in a fragmented landscape and, if found, to determine how the process was influenced by landscape composition. The study was conducted in eight fragments in southwest Brazil. The study was conducted in eight fragments in southwestern Brazil. In each fragment, all individual trees were sampled that had a diameter at breast height ≥3 cm, in ten plots (0.2 ha) and, classified within 26 reproductive functional types (RFTs). The process of functional homogenization was evaluated using additive partitioning of diversity. Additionally, the effect of landscape composition on functional diversity and on the number of individuals within each RFT was evaluated using a generalized linear mixed model. appeared to be in a process of functional homogenization (dominance of RFTs, alpha diversity lower than expected by chance and and low beta diversity). More than 50% of the RFTs and the functional diversity were affected by the landscape parameters. In general, the percentage of forest cover has a positive effect on RFTs while the percentage of coffee matrix has a negative one. The process of functional homogenization has serious consequences for biodiversity conservation because some functions may disappear that, in the long term, would threaten the fragments. This study contributes to a better understanding of how landscape changes affect the functional diversity, abundance of individuals in RFTs and the process of functional homogenization, as well as how to manage fragmented landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Silva Carneiro
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP-SP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP CEP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Caroline Cambraia Furtado Campos
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, n.700, Alfenas, MG CEP 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Beijo
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas(UNIFAL-MG), Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, n.700, Alfenas, MG CEP 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Flavio Nunes Ramos
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, n.700, Alfenas, MG CEP 37130-000, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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35
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de Carvalho TS, Jesus EDC, Barlow J, Gardner TA, Soares IC, Tiedje JM, Moreira FMDS. Land use intensification in the humid tropics increased both alpha and beta diversity of soil bacteria. Ecology 2016; 97:2760-2771. [PMID: 27859123 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic pressures on tropical forests are rapidly intensifying, but our understanding of their implications for biological diversity is still very limited, especially with regard to soil biota, and in particular soil bacterial communities. Here we evaluated bacterial community composition and diversity across a gradient of land use intensity in the eastern Amazon from undisturbed primary forest, through primary forests varyingly disturbed by fire, regenerating secondary forest, pasture, and mechanized agriculture. Soil bacteria were assessed by paired-end Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments (V4 region). The resulting sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTU) at a 97% similarity threshold. Land use intensification increased the observed bacterial diversity (both OTU richness and community heterogeneity across space) and this effect was strongly associated with changes in soil pH. Moreover, land use intensification and subsequent changes in soil fertility, especially pH, altered the bacterial community composition, with pastures and areas of mechanized agriculture displaying the most contrasting communities in relation to undisturbed primary forest. Together, these results indicate that tropical forest conversion impacts soil bacteria not through loss of diversity, as previously thought, but mainly by imposing marked shifts on bacterial community composition, with unknown yet potentially important implications for ecological functions and services performed by these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teotonio Soares de Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil.,Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA14YQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA14YQ, United Kingdom.,Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Avenida Magalhães Barata, 376, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Toby A Gardner
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Linnégatan 87D, Box 24218, Stockholm, 10451, Sweden
| | - Isaac Carvalho Soares
- Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - James M Tiedje
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
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Barlow J, Lennox GD, Ferreira J, Berenguer E, Lees AC, Nally RM, Thomson JR, Ferraz SFDB, Louzada J, Oliveira VHF, Parry L, Ribeiro de Castro Solar R, Vieira ICG, Aragão LEOC, Begotti RA, Braga RF, Cardoso TM, de Oliveira RC, Souza Jr CM, Moura NG, Nunes SS, Siqueira JV, Pardini R, Silveira JM, Vaz-de-Mello FZ, Veiga RCS, Venturieri A, Gardner TA. Anthropogenic disturbance in tropical forests can double biodiversity loss from deforestation. Nature 2016; 535:144-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nature18326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Bustamante MMC, Roitman I, Aide TM, Alencar A, Anderson LO, Aragão L, Asner GP, Barlow J, Berenguer E, Chambers J, Costa MH, Fanin T, Ferreira LG, Ferreira J, Keller M, Magnusson WE, Morales-Barquero L, Morton D, Ometto JPHB, Palace M, Peres CA, Silvério D, Trumbore S, Vieira ICG. Toward an integrated monitoring framework to assess the effects of tropical forest degradation and recovery on carbon stocks and biodiversity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:92-109. [PMID: 26390852 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests harbor a significant portion of global biodiversity and are a critical component of the climate system. Reducing deforestation and forest degradation contributes to global climate-change mitigation efforts, yet emissions and removals from forest dynamics are still poorly quantified. We reviewed the main challenges to estimate changes in carbon stocks and biodiversity due to degradation and recovery of tropical forests, focusing on three main areas: (1) the combination of field surveys and remote sensing; (2) evaluation of biodiversity and carbon values under a unified strategy; and (3) research efforts needed to understand and quantify forest degradation and recovery. The improvement of models and estimates of changes of forest carbon can foster process-oriented monitoring of forest dynamics, including different variables and using spatially explicit algorithms that account for regional and local differences, such as variation in climate, soil, nutrient content, topography, biodiversity, disturbance history, recovery pathways, and socioeconomic factors. Generating the data for these models requires affordable large-scale remote-sensing tools associated with a robust network of field plots that can generate spatially explicit information on a range of variables through time. By combining ecosystem models, multiscale remote sensing, and networks of field plots, we will be able to evaluate forest degradation and recovery and their interactions with biodiversity and carbon cycling. Improving monitoring strategies will allow a better understanding of the role of forest dynamics in climate-change mitigation, adaptation, and carbon cycle feedbacks, thereby reducing uncertainties in models of the key processes in the carbon cycle, including their impacts on biodiversity, which are fundamental to support forest governance policies, such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Roitman
- Department of Ecology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, CEP 70910900, Brazil
| | - T Mitchell Aide
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, 00931-3360, Puerto Rico
| | - Ane Alencar
- Amazon Environmental Research Institute - IPAM, SHIN CA5 Bl J2 Sala 309, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Liana O Anderson
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters - CEMADEN, Parque Tecnológico de São José dos Campos, Estrada Doutor Altino Bondensan, 500, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
- Environmental Change Institute, ECI, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
| | - Luiz Aragão
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
| | - Gregory P Asner
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, C.P. 399, Belém, Pará, CEP 66040170, Brasil
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Jeffrey Chambers
- Geography Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marcos H Costa
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Thierry Fanin
- Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laerte G Ferreira
- Instituto de Estudos Sócio-Ambientais - IESA, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, C. Postal 48 66017-970, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Michael Keller
- USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- EMBRAPA Monitoramento por Satélite, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - William E Magnusson
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Caixa Postal 2223, Manaus, AM, 69067-971, Brazil
| | - Lucia Morales-Barquero
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Douglas Morton
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 618, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - Jean P H B Ometto
- Earth System Science Centre (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av dos Astronautas, 1758, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Michael Palace
- Earth System Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, UNH, Norwich, UK
| | - Carlos A Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR47TJ, UK
| | - Divino Silvério
- Department of Ecology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, CEP 70910900, Brazil
| | | | - Ima C G Vieira
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, C.P. 399, Belém, Pará, CEP 66040170, Brasil
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38
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How Should Beta-Diversity Inform Biodiversity Conservation? Trends Ecol Evol 2016; 31:67-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Moura NG, Lees AC, Aleixo A, Barlow J, Berenguer E, Ferreira J, Mac Nally R, Thomson JR, Gardner TA. Idiosyncratic responses of Amazonian birds to primary forest disturbance. Oecologia 2015; 180:903-16. [PMID: 26566810 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
As humans continue to alter tropical landscapes across the world, it is important to understand what environmental factors help determine the persistence of biodiversity in modified ecosystems. Studies on well-known taxonomic groups can offer critical insights as to the fate of biodiversity in these modified systems. Here we investigated species-specific responses of 44 forest-associated bird species with different behavioural traits to forest disturbance in 171 transects distributed across 31 landscapes in two regions of the eastern Brazilian Amazon. We investigated patterns of species occurrence in primary forests varyingly disturbed by selective-logging and fire and examined the relative importance of local, landscape and historical environmental variables in determining species occurrences. Within undisturbed and disturbed primary forest transects, we found that distance to forest edge and the biomass of large trees were the most important predictors driving the occurrence of individual species. However, we also found considerable variation in species responses to different environmental variables as well as inter-regional variation in the responses of the same species to the same environmental variables. We advocate the utility of using species-level analyses to complement community-wide responses in order to uncover highly variable and species-specific responses to environmental change that remain so poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nárgila G Moura
- Curso de Pós-Graduação de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, Belém, Pará, CEP 66040-170, Brazil.
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
| | - Alexander C Lees
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
- Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, Belém, Pará, CEP 66040-170, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Aleixo
- Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, Belém, Pará, CEP 66040-170, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, Belém, Pará, CEP 66040-170, Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Setor de Ecologia e Conservação, Lavras, Minas Gerais, CEP 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n, CP 48, Belém, Pará, CEP 66095-100, Brazil
| | - Ralph Mac Nally
- Institute for Applied Ecology, The University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - James R Thomson
- Institute for Applied Ecology, The University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - Toby A Gardner
- Stockholm Environment Institute, 87D Linegatan, Stockholm, Sweden
- International Institute for Sustainability, Rio De Janeiro, CEP 22460-320, Brazil
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Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Melo FPL, Martínez-Ramos M, Bongers F, Chazdon RL, Meave JA, Norden N, Santos BA, Leal IR, Tabarelli M. Multiple successional pathways in human-modified tropical landscapes: new insights from forest succession, forest fragmentation and landscape ecology research. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:326-340. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Antigua Carretera a Patzcuaro 8701, Ex-hacienda de San Jose de la Huerta Morelia 58190 Michoacán Mexico
| | - Felipe P. L. Melo
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Av. Professor Morais Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária Recife Pernambuco 50670-901 Brazil
| | - Miguel Martínez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Antigua Carretera a Patzcuaro 8701, Ex-hacienda de San Jose de la Huerta Morelia 58190 Michoacán Mexico
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences; Wageningen University; P. O. Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Robin L. Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; 75 N. Eagleville Road, Unit 3043 Storrs CT 06269-3043 U.S.A
| | - Jorge A. Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacan Mexico City 04510 Mexico
| | | | - Bráulio A. Santos
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia; Universidade Federal da Paraiba; Campus I, Cidade Universitária João Pessoa Paraiba 58051-900 Brazil
| | - Inara R. Leal
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Av. Professor Morais Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária Recife Pernambuco 50670-901 Brazil
| | - Marcelo Tabarelli
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Av. Professor Morais Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária Recife Pernambuco 50670-901 Brazil
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Ahmed SE, Lees AC, Moura NG, Gardner TA, Barlow J, Ferreira J, Ewers RM. Road networks predict human influence on Amazonian bird communities. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.1742. [PMID: 25274363 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Road building can lead to significant deleterious impacts on biodiversity, varying from direct road-kill mortality and direct habitat loss associated with road construction, to more subtle indirect impacts from edge effects and fragmentation. However, little work has been done to evaluate the specific effects of road networks and biodiversity loss beyond the more generalized effects of habitat loss. Here, we compared forest bird species richness and composition in the municipalities of Santarém and Belterra in Pará state, eastern Brazilian Amazon, with a road network metric called 'roadless volume (RV)' at the scale of small hydrological catchments (averaging 3721 ha). We found a significant positive relationship between RV and both forest bird richness and the average number of unique species (species represented by a single record) recorded at each site. Forest bird community composition was also significantly affected by RV. Moreover, there was no significant correlation between RV and forest cover, suggesting that road networks may impact biodiversity independently of changes in forest cover. However, variance partitioning analysis indicated that RV has partially independent and therefore additive effects, suggesting that RV and forest cover are best used in a complementary manner to investigate changes in biodiversity. Road impacts on avian species richness and composition independent of habitat loss may result from road-dependent habitat disturbance and fragmentation effects that are not captured by total percentage habitat cover, such as selective logging, fire, hunting, traffic disturbance, edge effects and road-induced fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia E Ahmed
- Computational Science Laboratory, Microsoft Research, 21 Station Road, Cambridge CB1 2FB, UK Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Alexander C Lees
- Coordenação de Zoologia Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, CP 399, Avenida Perimetral, 1901, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará 66077-530, Brazil
| | - Nárgila G Moura
- Curso de Pós-Graduação de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, Belém, Pará 66040-170, Brazil
| | - Toby A Gardner
- Stockholm Environment Institute, 87D Linegatan, Stockholm, Sweden International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, Rio de Janeiro 22460-320, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Coordenação de Zoologia Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, CP 399, Avenida Perimetral, 1901, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará 66077-530, Brazil Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 3HE, UK
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Travessa Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n, Caixa Postal 48, Belém, Pará 66095-100, Brazil
| | - Robert M Ewers
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
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Berenguer E, Gardner TA, Ferreira J, Aragão LEOC, Camargo PB, Cerri CE, Durigan M, Oliveira Junior RC, Vieira ICG, Barlow J. Developing Cost-Effective Field Assessments of Carbon Stocks in Human-Modified Tropical Forests. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133139. [PMID: 26308074 PMCID: PMC4550286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the tropics, there is a growing financial investment in activities that aim to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, such as REDD+. However, most tropical countries lack on-the-ground capacity to conduct reliable and replicable assessments of forest carbon stocks, undermining their ability to secure long-term carbon finance for forest conservation programs. Clear guidance on how to reduce the monetary and time costs of field assessments of forest carbon can help tropical countries to overcome this capacity gap. Here we provide such guidance for cost-effective one-off field assessments of forest carbon stocks. We sampled a total of eight components from four different carbon pools (i.e. aboveground, dead wood, litter and soil) in 224 study plots distributed across two regions of eastern Amazon. For each component we estimated survey costs, contribution to total forest carbon stocks and sensitivity to disturbance. Sampling costs varied thirty-one-fold between the most expensive component, soil, and the least, leaf litter. Large live stems (≥10 cm DBH), which represented only 15% of the overall sampling costs, was by far the most important component to be assessed, as it stores the largest amount of carbon and is highly sensitive to disturbance. If large stems are not taxonomically identified, costs can be reduced by a further 51%, while incurring an error in aboveground carbon estimates of only 5% in primary forests, but 31% in secondary forests. For rapid assessments, necessary to help prioritize locations for carbon- conservation activities, sampling of stems ≥20cm DBH without taxonomic identification can predict with confidence (R2 = 0.85) whether an area is relatively carbon-rich or carbon-poor—an approach that is 74% cheaper than sampling and identifying all the stems ≥10cm DBH. We use these results to evaluate the reliability of forest carbon stock estimates provided by the IPCC and FAO when applied to human-modified forests, and to highlight areas where cost savings in carbon stock assessments could be most easily made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Toby A Gardner
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Tropical Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences Group (TREES), Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research-INPE, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Plínio B Camargo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Cerri
- Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz-Esalq, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Durigan
- Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz-Esalq, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; MCT/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Lees AC, Moura NG, de Almeida AS, Vieira ICG. Poor prospects for avian biodiversity in Amazonian oil palm. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122432. [PMID: 25955243 PMCID: PMC4425670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of oil palm plantations across the humid tropics has precipitated massive loss of tropical forest habitats and their associated speciose biotas. Oil palm plantation monocultures have been identified as an emerging threat to Amazonian biodiversity, but there are no quantitative studies exploring the impact of these plantations on the biome's biota. Understanding these impacts is extremely important given the rapid projected expansion of oil palm cultivation in the basin. Here we investigate the biodiversity value of oil palm plantations in comparison with other dominant regional land-uses in Eastern Amazonia. We carried out bird surveys in oil palm plantations of varying ages, primary and secondary forests, and cattle pastures. We found that oil palm plantations retained impoverished avian communities with a similar species composition to pastures and agrarian land-uses and did not offer habitat for most forest-associated species, including restricted range species and species of conservation concern. On the other hand, the forests that the oil palm companies are legally obliged to protect hosted a relatively species-rich community including several globally-threatened bird species. We consider oil palm to be no less detrimental to regional biodiversity than other agricultural land-uses and that political pressure exerted by large landowners to allow oil palm to count as a substitute for native forest vegetation in private landholdings with forest restoration deficits would have dire consequences for regional biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arlete Silva de Almeida
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Pará/ Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém—Pará, Brazil
| | - Ima C. G. Vieira
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Pará/ Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém—Pará, Brazil
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44
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Ochoa-Quintero JM, Gardner TA, Rosa I, Ferraz SFDB, Sutherland WJ. Thresholds of species loss in Amazonian deforestation frontier landscapes. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2015; 29:440-451. [PMID: 25580947 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the Brazilian Amazon, private land accounts for the majority of remaining native vegetation. Understanding how land-use change affects the composition and distribution of biodiversity in farmlands is critical for improving conservation strategies in the face of rapid agricultural expansion. Working across an area exceeding 3 million ha in the southwestern state of Rondônia, we assessed how the extent and configuration of remnant forest in replicate 10,000-ha landscapes has affected the occurrence of a suite of Amazonian mammals and birds. In each of 31 landscapes, we used field sampling and semistructured interviews with landowners to determine the presence of 28 large and medium sized mammals and birds, as well as a further 7 understory birds. We then combined results of field surveys and interviews with a probabilistic model of deforestation. We found strong evidence for a threshold response of sampled biodiversity to landscape level forest cover; landscapes with <30-40% forest cover hosted markedly fewer species. Results from field surveys and interviews yielded similar thresholds. These results imply that in partially deforested landscapes many species are susceptible to extirpation following relatively small additional reductions in forest area. In the model of deforestation by 2030 the number of 10,000-ha landscapes under a conservative threshold of 43% forest cover almost doubled, such that only 22% of landscapes would likely to be able to sustain at least 75% of the 35 focal species we sampled. Brazilian law requires rural property owners in the Amazon to retain 80% forest cover, although this is rarely achieved. Prioritizing efforts to ensure that entire landscapes, rather than individual farms, retain at least 50% forest cover may help safeguard native biodiversity in private forest reserves in the Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Ochoa-Quintero
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing Street CB2 3EJ, Cambridge, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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45
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de Oliveira-Junior JMB, Shimano Y, Gardner TA, Hughes RM, de Marco Júnior P, Juen L. Neotropical dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) as indicators of ecological condition of small streams in the eastern Amazon. AUSTRAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Max Barbosa de Oliveira-Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação; Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso; Br 158, Km 655 CEP: 78690-000 Nova Xavantina Mato Grosso Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia; Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação; Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi; Rua Augusto Correia, N° 1, Bairro Guamá CEP: 66075-110 Belém Pará Brazil
| | - Yulie Shimano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia; Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação; Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi; Rua Augusto Correia, N° 1, Bairro Guamá CEP: 66075-110 Belém Pará Brazil
| | | | - Robert M. Hughes
- Amnis Opes Institute and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife; Oregon State University; Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Paulo de Marco Júnior
- Laboratório de Ecologia Teórica e Síntese; Departamento de Ecologia; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás Brazil
| | - Leandro Juen
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal do Pará; Belém Pará Brazil
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46
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Berenguer E, Ferreira J, Gardner TA, Aragão LEOC, De Camargo PB, Cerri CE, Durigan M, Cosme De Oliveira Junior R, Vieira ICG, Barlow J. A large-scale field assessment of carbon stocks in human-modified tropical forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:3713-26. [PMID: 24865818 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tropical rainforests store enormous amounts of carbon, the protection of which represents a vital component of efforts to mitigate global climate change. Currently, tropical forest conservation, science, policies, and climate mitigation actions focus predominantly on reducing carbon emissions from deforestation alone. However, every year vast areas of the humid tropics are disturbed by selective logging, understory fires, and habitat fragmentation. There is an urgent need to understand the effect of such disturbances on carbon stocks, and how stocks in disturbed forests compare to those found in undisturbed primary forests as well as in regenerating secondary forests. Here, we present the results of the largest field study to date on the impacts of human disturbances on above and belowground carbon stocks in tropical forests. Live vegetation, the largest carbon pool, was extremely sensitive to disturbance: forests that experienced both selective logging and understory fires stored, on average, 40% less aboveground carbon than undisturbed forests and were structurally similar to secondary forests. Edge effects also played an important role in explaining variability in aboveground carbon stocks of disturbed forests. Results indicate a potential rapid recovery of the dead wood and litter carbon pools, while soil stocks (0-30 cm) appeared to be resistant to the effects of logging and fire. Carbon loss and subsequent emissions due to human disturbances remain largely unaccounted for in greenhouse gas inventories, but by comparing our estimates of depleted carbon stocks in disturbed forests with Brazilian government assessments of the total forest area annually disturbed in the Amazon, we show that these emissions could represent up to 40% of the carbon loss from deforestation in the region. We conclude that conservation programs aiming to ensure the long-term permanence of forest carbon stocks, such as REDD+, will remain limited in their success unless they effectively avoid degradation as well as deforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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47
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Moura NG, Lees AC, Aleixo A, Barlow J, Dantas SM, Ferreira J, Lima MDFC, Gardner TA. Two hundred years of local avian extinctions in eastern Amazonia. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2014; 28:1271-1281. [PMID: 24779443 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Local, regional, and global extinctions caused by habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation have been widely reported for the tropics. The patterns and drivers of this loss of species are now increasingly well known in Amazonia, but there remains a significant gap in understanding of long-term trends in species persistence and extinction in anthropogenic landscapes. Such a historical perspective is critical for understanding the status and trends of extant biodiversity as well as for identifying priorities to halt further losses. Using extensive historical data sets of specimen records and results of contemporary surveys, we searched for evidence of local extinctions of a terra firma rainforest avifauna over 200 years in a 2500 km(2) eastern Amazonian region around the Brazilian city of Belém. This region has the longest history of ornithological fieldwork in the entire Amazon basin and lies in the highly threatened Belém Centre of Endemism. We also compared our historically inferred extinction events with extensive data on species occurrences in a sample of catchments in a nearby municipality (Paragominas) that encompass a gradient of past forest loss. We found evidence for the possible extinction of 47 species (14% of the regional species pool) that were unreported from 1980 to 2013 (80% last recorded between 1900 and 1980). Seventeen species appear on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, and many of these are large-bodied. The species lost from the region immediately around Belém are similar to those which are currently restricted to well-forested catchments in Paragominas. Although we anticipate the future rediscovery or recolonization of some species inferred to be extinct by our calculations, we also expect that there are likely to be additional local extinctions, not reported here, given the ongoing loss and degradation of remaining areas of native vegetation across eastern Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nárgila G Moura
- Curso de Pós-Graduação de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, CEP 66040-170, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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48
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Norris D, Fortin MJ, Magnusson WE. Towards monitoring biodiversity in Amazonian forests: how regular samples capture meso-scale altitudinal variation in 25 km2 plots. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106150. [PMID: 25170894 PMCID: PMC4149511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecological monitoring and sampling optima are context and location specific. Novel applications (e.g. biodiversity monitoring for environmental service payments) call for renewed efforts to establish reliable and robust monitoring in biodiversity rich areas. As there is little information on the distribution of biodiversity across the Amazon basin, we used altitude as a proxy for biological variables to test whether meso-scale variation can be adequately represented by different sample sizes in a standardized, regular-coverage sampling arrangement. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used Shuttle-Radar-Topography-Mission digital elevation values to evaluate if the regular sampling arrangement in standard RAPELD (rapid assessments ("RAP") over the long-term (LTER ["PELD" in Portuguese])) grids captured patters in meso-scale spatial variation. The adequacy of different sample sizes (n = 4 to 120) were examined within 32,325 km2/3,232,500 ha (1293×25 km2 sample areas) distributed across the legal Brazilian Amazon. Kolmogorov-Smirnov-tests, correlation and root-mean-square-error were used to measure sample representativeness, similarity and accuracy respectively. Trends and thresholds of these responses in relation to sample size and standard-deviation were modeled using Generalized-Additive-Models and conditional-inference-trees respectively. We found that a regular arrangement of 30 samples captured the distribution of altitude values within these areas. Sample size was more important than sample standard deviation for representativeness and similarity. In contrast, accuracy was more strongly influenced by sample standard deviation. Additionally, analysis of spatially interpolated data showed that spatial patterns in altitude were also recovered within areas using a regular arrangement of 30 samples. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings show that the logistically feasible sample used in the RAPELD system successfully recovers meso-scale altitudinal patterns. This suggests that the sample size and regular arrangement may also be generally appropriate for quantifying spatial patterns in biodiversity at similar scales across at least 90% (≈5 million km2) of the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Norris
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Marie-Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William E. Magnusson
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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49
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Jiménez-Valencia J, Kaufmann PR, Sattamini A, Mugnai R, Baptista DF. Assessing the ecological condition of streams in a southeastern Brazilian basin using a probabilistic monitoring design. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014. [PMID: 24829159 DOI: 10.1007/sl0661-014-3730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Prompt assessment and management actions are required if we are to reduce the current rapid loss of habitat and biodiversity worldwide. Statistically valid quantification of the biota and habitat condition in water bodies are prerequisites for rigorous assessment of aquatic biodiversity and habitat. We assessed the ecological condition of streams in a southeastern Brazilian basin. We quantified the percentage of stream length in good, fair, and poor ecological condition according to benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage. We assessed the risk of finding degraded ecological condition associated with degraded aquatic riparian physical habitat condition, watershed condition, and water quality. We describe field sampling and implementation issues encountered in our survey and discuss design options to remedy them. Survey sample sites were selected using a spatially balanced, stratified random design, which enabled us to put confidence bounds on the ecological condition estimates derived from the stream survey. The benthic condition index indicated that 62 % of stream length in the basin was in poor ecological condition, and 13 % of stream length was in fair condition. The risk of finding degraded biological condition when the riparian vegetation and forests in upstream catchments were degraded was 2.5 and 4 times higher, compared to streams rated as good for the same stressors. We demonstrated that the GRTS statistical sampling method can be used routinely in Brazilian rain forests and other South American regions with similar conditions. This survey establishes an initial baseline for monitoring the condition and trends of streams in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Jiménez-Valencia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-590, Brazil,
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50
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Jiménez-Valencia J, Kaufmann PR, Sattamini A, Mugnai R, Baptista DF. Assessing the ecological condition of streams in a southeastern Brazilian basin using a probabilistic monitoring design. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:4685-4695. [PMID: 24829159 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Prompt assessment and management actions are required if we are to reduce the current rapid loss of habitat and biodiversity worldwide. Statistically valid quantification of the biota and habitat condition in water bodies are prerequisites for rigorous assessment of aquatic biodiversity and habitat. We assessed the ecological condition of streams in a southeastern Brazilian basin. We quantified the percentage of stream length in good, fair, and poor ecological condition according to benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage. We assessed the risk of finding degraded ecological condition associated with degraded aquatic riparian physical habitat condition, watershed condition, and water quality. We describe field sampling and implementation issues encountered in our survey and discuss design options to remedy them. Survey sample sites were selected using a spatially balanced, stratified random design, which enabled us to put confidence bounds on the ecological condition estimates derived from the stream survey. The benthic condition index indicated that 62 % of stream length in the basin was in poor ecological condition, and 13 % of stream length was in fair condition. The risk of finding degraded biological condition when the riparian vegetation and forests in upstream catchments were degraded was 2.5 and 4 times higher, compared to streams rated as good for the same stressors. We demonstrated that the GRTS statistical sampling method can be used routinely in Brazilian rain forests and other South American regions with similar conditions. This survey establishes an initial baseline for monitoring the condition and trends of streams in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Jiménez-Valencia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-590, Brazil,
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