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Singh HM, Leber MF, Bossow S, Engeland CE, Dessila J, Grossardt C, Zaoui K, Bell JC, Jäger D, von Kalle C, Ungerechts G. MicroRNA-sensitive oncolytic measles virus for chemovirotherapy of pancreatic cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 21:340-355. [PMID: 34141871 PMCID: PMC8182383 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced pancreatic cancer is characterized by few treatment options and poor outcomes. Oncolytic virotherapy and chemotherapy involve complementary pharmacodynamics and could synergize to improve therapeutic efficacy. Likewise, multimodality treatment may cause additional toxicity, and new agents have to be safe. Balancing both aims, we generated an oncolytic measles virus for 5-fluorouracil-based chemovirotherapy of pancreatic cancer with enhanced tumor specificity through microRNA-regulated vector tropism. The resulting vector encodes a bacterial prodrug convertase, cytosine deaminase-uracil phosphoribosyl transferase, and carries synthetic miR-148a target sites in the viral F gene. Combination of the armed and targeted virus with 5-fluorocytosine, a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil, resulted in cytotoxicity toward both infected and bystander pancreatic cancer cells. In pancreatic cancer xenografts, a single intratumoral injection of the virus induced robust in vivo expression of prodrug convertase. Based on intratumoral transgene expression kinetics, we devised a chemovirotherapy regimen to assess treatment efficacy. Concerted multimodality treatment with intratumoral virus and systemic prodrug administration delayed tumor growth and prolonged survival of xenograft-bearing mice. Our results demonstrate that 5-fluorouracil-based chemovirotherapy with microRNA-sensitive measles virus is an effective strategy against pancreatic cancer at a favorable therapeutic index that warrants future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Martin Singh
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Felix Leber
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ONT, Canada
| | - Sascha Bossow
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine E Engeland
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, Research Group Mechanisms of Oncolytic Immunotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Health/School of Medicine, Institute of Virology and Microbiology, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Straße 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Jan Dessila
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Grossardt
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karim Zaoui
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John C Bell
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ONT, Canada
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof von Kalle
- Berlin Institute of Health and Charité Universitätsmedizin, Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Straße 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany.,Sidra Medical and Research Center, Al Luqta Street, Education City, North Campus, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Guy Ungerechts
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ONT, Canada
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2
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Bankamp B, Takeda M, Zhang Y, Xu W, Rota PA. Genetic characterization of measles vaccine strains. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 1:S533-48. [PMID: 21666210 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete genomic sequences of 9 measles vaccine strains were compared with the sequence of the Edmonston wild-type virus. AIK-C, Moraten, Rubeovax, Schwarz, and Zagreb are vaccine strains of the Edmonston lineage, whereas CAM-70, Changchun-47, Leningrad-4 and Shanghai-191 were derived from 4 different wild-type isolates. Nucleotide substitutions were found in the noncoding regions of the genomes as well as in all coding regions, leading to deduced amino acid substitutions in all 8 viral proteins. Although the precise mechanisms involved in the attenuation of individual measles vaccines remain to be elucidated, in vitro assays of viral protein functions and recombinant viruses with defined genetic modifications have been used to characterize the differences between vaccine and wild-type strains. Although almost every protein contributes to an attenuated phenotype, substitutions affecting host cell tropism, virus assembly, and the ability to inhibit cellular antiviral defense mechanisms play an especially important role in attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Bankamp
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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3
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Dhar P, Muthuchelvan D, Sanyal A, Kaul R, Singh RP, Singh RK, Bandyopadhyay SK. Sequence analysis of the haemagglutinin and fusion protein genes of peste-des-petits ruminants vaccine virus of Indian origin. Virus Genes 2006; 32:71-8. [PMID: 16525737 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-5847-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid composition of the two surface proteins of peste-des-petits ruminants vaccine virus belonging to lineage four from India were deduced from the nucleotide sequence. The fusion (F) protein gene of PPRV Sungri/96 is 2405 nucleotides long and in relation to the length, it is 80 nucleotides longer than that of PPRV Nigeria/75/1 which are found to be present at the 5'UTR of this virus. The complete F gene alignment with other morbillivirus reveals a homology of 89% with PPRV/Nigeria/75/1 and 48-51% with other morbilliviruses. The F protein of PPRV Sungri/96 exhibited characteristics similarity to those of other morbillivirus F proteins. The overall amino acid similarity with its counterpart PPRV Nigeria/75/1 was 96%; with other morbilliviruses it is 65-74%. The PPRV Sungri/96 haemagglutinin (H) protein gene is 1954 nucleotides long and showed a sequence homology of 90.7% with PPRV/Nigeria/75/1 and with other morbilliviruses it ranged from 33% to 45%. At amino acids level, PPRV Sungri/96 showed a homology of 92.3% with PPRV/Nigeria/75/1 and 34-49% with other morbilliviruses. The phylogenetic tree constructed for F and H gene reveals four separate groups which is very similar to that found in other genes. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report describing the F and H genes of an Indian isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dhar
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatanagar, 243 122, Bareilly, India
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4
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Oh S, Stegman B, Pendleton CD, Ota MO, Pan CH, Griffin DE, Burke DS, Berzofsky JA. Protective immunity provided by HLA-A2 epitopes for fusion and hemagglutinin proteins of measles virus. Virology 2006; 352:390-9. [PMID: 16781760 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural infection and vaccination with a live-attenuated measles virus (MV) induce CD8(+) T-cell-mediated immune responses that may play a central role in controlling MV infection. In this study, we show that newly identified human HLA-A2 epitopes from MV hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins induced protective immunity in HLA-A2 transgenic mice challenged with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing F or H protein. HLA-A2 epitopes were predicted and synthesized. Five and four peptides from H and F, respectively, bound to HLA-A2 molecules in a T2-binding assay, and four from H and two from F could induce peptide-specific CD8+ T cell responses in HLA-A2 transgenic mice. Further experiments proved that three peptides from H (H9-567, H10-250, and H10-516) and one from F protein (F9-57) were endogenously processed and presented on HLA-A2 molecules. All peptides tested in this study are common to 5 different strains of MV including Edmonston. In both A2K(b) and HHD-2 mice, the identified peptide epitopes induced protective immunity against recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing H or F. Because F and H proteins induce neutralizing antibodies, they are major components of new vaccine strategies, and therefore data from this study will contribute to the development of new vaccines against MV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- SangKon Oh
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10-Rm 6B-09, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1578, USA.
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5
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Takeda M, Ohno S, Seki F, Nakatsu Y, Tahara M, Yanagi Y. Long untranslated regions of the measles virus M and F genes control virus replication and cytopathogenicity. J Virol 2006; 79:14346-54. [PMID: 16254369 PMCID: PMC1280205 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.22.14346-14354.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is still a major cause of mortality mainly in developing countries. The causative agent, measles virus (MeV), is an enveloped virus having a nonsegmented negative-sense RNA genome, and belongs to the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. One feature of the moribillivirus genomes is that the M and F genes have long untranslated regions (UTRs). The M and F mRNAs of MeV have 426-nucleotide-long 3' and 583-nucleotide-long 5' UTRs, respectively. Though these long UTRs occupy as much as approximately 6.4% of the virus genome, their function remains unknown. To elucidate the role of the long UTRs in the context of virus infection, we used the reverse genetics based on the virulent strain of MeV, and generated a series of recombinant viruses having alterations or deletions in the long UTRs. Our results showed that these long UTRs per se were not essential for MeV replication, but that they regulated MeV replication and cytopathogenicity by modulating the productions of the M and F proteins. The long 3' UTR of the M mRNA was shown to have the ability to increase the M protein production, promoting virus replication. On the other hand, the long 5' UTR of the F mRNA was found to possess the capacity to decrease the F protein production, inhibiting virus replication and yet greatly reducing cytopathogenicity. We speculate that the reduction in cytopathogenicity may be advantageous for MeV fitness and survival in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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6
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Abstract
Co-evolving mechanisms of immune clearance and of immune suppression are among the hallmarks of measles. B cells are major targets cells of measles virus (MV) infection. Virus interactions with B cells result both in immune suppression and a vigorous antibody response. Although antibodies fully protect against (re)infection, their importance during the disease and in the presence of a potent cellular response is less well understood. Specific serum IgM appears with onset of rash and confirms clinical diagnosis. After isotype switching, IgG1 develops and confers life-long protection. The most abundant antibodies are specific for the nucleoprotein, but neutralizing and protective antibodies are solely directed against the two surface glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin and the fusion protein. Major neutralizing epitopes have been mapped mainly on the hemagglutinin protein with monoclonal antibodies, producing an increasingly comprehensive map of functional domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne B Bouche
- Department of Immunology and WHO Collaborating Center for Measles, Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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7
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Ning X, Ayata M, Kimura M, Komase K, Furukawa K, Seto T, Ito N, Shingai M, Matsunaga I, Yamano T, Ogura H. Alterations and diversity in the cytoplasmic tail of the fusion protein of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus strains isolated in Osaka, Japan. Virus Res 2002; 86:123-31. [PMID: 12076836 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We determined the nucleotide sequence of the fusion (F) gene of three strains (Osaka-1, -2, and -3) of nonproductive variants of measles virus (MV). These viral strains were isolated in Osaka, Japan, from brain tissues of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship among the three strains of SSPE virus. The cytoplasmic tail of the F protein, predicted from sequence analysis of the gene, is altered in all three SSPE strains when compared to the MV field strains. However, the extent and mode of alteration are different in each strain. The F protein of the Osaka-1 strain has six nonconservative amino acid substitutions and a 29-residue elongation of its cytoplasmic tail. The F protein of the Osaka-3 strain has two nonconservative substitutions and a 5-residue truncation of its C-terminus. Although the termination codon is not altered in the F protein of the Osaka-2 strain, five or six amino acids are changed in the cytoplasmic tail of the F protein of the two sibling viruses of this strain. The significance of the altered cytoplasmic domain of the SSPE viruses in the SSPE pathogenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Ning
- Department of Virology, Osaka City University Medical School, Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Woelk CH, Pybus OG, Jin L, Brown DWG, Holmes EC. Increased positive selection pressure in persistent (SSPE) versus acute measles virus infections. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:1419-1430. [PMID: 12029157 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the extent of positive selection acting on acute and persistent strains of measles virus (MV). Far stronger positive selection was found in the fusion (F) and haemagglutinin (H) genes from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) compared to acute MV cases. Most of the positively selected sites identified in these surface glycoprotein genes from SSPE cases correspond to structural, functional or antigenic areas, and could not be explained by the effects of cell passaging. The correlations between selected sites and functional studies of MV are discussed in detail with reference to the maintenance of persistent infection. No positive selection was found in the matrix (M) gene from acute cases of MV and the effects of including hypermutated SSPE M gene sequences in phylogenetic inference were also explored. Finally, using H gene data, we estimated the rate of molecular evolution for SSPE strains as 3.4 x 10(-4) substitutions/site/year, which is similar to previous estimates obtained for acute strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Woelk
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK1
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK1
| | - Li Jin
- Enteric, Respiratory and Neurological Virus Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, London NW9 5HT, UK2
| | - David W G Brown
- Enteric, Respiratory and Neurological Virus Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, London NW9 5HT, UK2
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK1
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9
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Takeda M, Sakaguchi T, Li Y, Kobune F, Kato A, Nagai Y. The genome nucleotide sequence of a contemporary wild strain of measles virus and its comparison with the classical Edmonston strain genome. Virology 1999; 256:340-50. [PMID: 10191199 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.9643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The only complete genome nucleotide sequences of measles virus (MeV) reported to date have been for the Edmonston (Ed) strain and derivatives, which were isolated decades ago, passaged extensively under laboratory conditions, and appeared to be nonpathogenic. Partial sequencing of many other strains has identified >/=15 genotypes. Most recent isolates, including those typically pathogenic, belong to genotypes distinct from the Edmonston type. Therefore, the sequence of Ed and related strains may not be representative of those of pathological measles circulating at that or any time in human populations. Taking into account these issues as well as the fact that so many studies have been based upon Ed-related strains, we have sequenced the entire genome of a recently isolated pathogenic strain, 9301B. Between this recent isolate and the classical Ed strain, there were 465 nucleotide differences (2.93%) and 114 amino acid differences (2.19%). Computation of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions in open reading frames as well as direct comparisons of noncoding regions of each gene and extracistronic regulatory regions clearly revealed the regions where changes have been permissible and nonpermissible. Notably, considerable nonsynonymous substitutions appeared to be permissible for the P frame to maintain a high degree of sequence conservation for the overlapping C frame. However, the cause and the effect were largely unclear for any substitution, indicating that there is a considerable gap between the two strains that cannot be filled. The sequence reported here would be useful as a reference of contemporary wild-type MeV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takeda
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai 4-6-1, Tokyo, 108-0071, USA
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10
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Fayolle J, Verrier B, Buckland R, Wild TF. Characterization of a natural mutation in an antigenic site on the fusion protein of measles virus that is involved in neutralization. J Virol 1999; 73:787-90. [PMID: 9847389 PMCID: PMC103890 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.1.787-790.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/1998] [Accepted: 10/08/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although measles virus is an antigenically monotypic virus, nucleotide sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein genes has permitted the differentiation of a number of genotypes. In contrast, the fusion (F) protein is highly conserved; only three amino acid changes have been reported over a 40-year period. We have isolated a measles virus strain which did not react with an anti-F monoclonal antibody (MAb) which we had previously shown to be directed against a dominant antigenic site. This virus strain, Lys-1, had seven amino acid changes compared with the Edmonston strain. We have shown that a single amino acid at position 73 is responsible for its nonreactivity with the anti-F MAb. With the same MAb, antibody-resistant mutants were prepared from the vaccine strain. A single amino acid change at position 73 (R-->W) was observed. The possibility of selecting measles virus variants in vaccinated populations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fayolle
- Unité INSERM 404 "Immunity and Vaccination," Bâtiment Ex-Institut Pasteur de Lyon, 69372 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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11
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Bolt G, Pedersen IR. The role of subtilisin-like proprotein convertases for cleavage of the measles virus fusion glycoprotein in different cell types. Virology 1998; 252:387-98. [PMID: 9878618 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fusion (F) glycoprotein gene of measles virus (MV) encodes a nonfusogenic precursor protein (F0) that is activated by cleavage into the F1 and F2 subunits during transport to the cell surface. The F protein of both the Edmonston strain and a wild-type MV was found to be cleaved in the trans-Golgi cisternae and/or the trans-Golgi network (TGN). In HEp-2 cells, B lymphoblastoid cells, and PBMC, the cleavage process required calcium, and calcium deprivation prevented syncytium formation. The calcium dependence indicated the involvement of the pro-protein convertase (PC) endoprotease family. The expression of the presently recognized members of the PC family in human cell types known to be infected during measles was examined by RT-PCR. Among the PCs residing in the TGN, only furin was expressed in all cells. Soluble secreted human furin produced by a recombinant baculovirus cleaved MV F0 into proteins the exact size of F1 and F2 and increased the titer of MV particles released from calcium-deprived or endoprotease defective infected cells. These results strongly indicate that furin is the most important and maybe the only endoprotease involved in activation of the MV F protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bolt
- Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark.
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12
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Caballero M, Carabaña J, Ortego J, Fernández-Muñoz R, Celma ML. Measles virus fusion protein is palmitoylated on transmembrane-intracytoplasmic cysteine residues which participate in cell fusion. J Virol 1998; 72:8198-204. [PMID: 9733862 PMCID: PMC110167 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.10.8198-8204.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
[3H]palmitic acid was metabolically incorporated into the viral fusion protein (F) of Edmonston or freshly isolated measles virus (MV) during infection of human lymphoid or Vero cells. The uncleaved precursor F0 and the F1 subunit from infected cells and extracellular virus were both labeled, indicating that palmitoylation can take place prior to F0 cleavage and that palmitoylated F protein was incorporated into virus particles. [3H]palmitic acid was released from F protein upon hydroxylamine or dithiothreitol treatment, indicating a thioester linkage. In cells transfected with the cloned MV F gene, in which the cysteines located in the intracytoplasmic and transmembrane domains (Cys 506, 518, 519, 520, and 524) were replaced by serine, a major reduction of [3H]palmitic acid incorporation was observed for F mutated at Cys 506 and, to a lesser extent, at Cys 518 and Cys 524. We also observed incorporation of [3H]palmitic acid in the F1 subunit of canine distemper virus F protein. Cell fusion induced by cotransfection of cells with MV F and H (hemagglutinin) genes was significantly reduced after replacement of Cys 506 or Cys 519 with serine in the MV F gene. Transfection with the F gene with a mutation for Cys 518 abolished cell fusion, although less mutant protein was detected on the cell surface. These results suggest that the F protein transmembrane domain cysteines 506 and 518 participate in structures involved in cell fusion, possibly mediated by palmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caballero
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hospital "Ramón y Cajal" Instituto Nacional de la Salud, Madrid 28034, Spain
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13
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Cleverley DZ, Lenard J. The transmembrane domain in viral fusion: essential role for a conserved glycine residue in vesicular stomatitis virus G protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:3425-30. [PMID: 9520382 PMCID: PMC19852 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.7.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane (TM) domains of viral fusion proteins are required for fusion, but their precise role is unknown. G protein, the fusion protein of vesicular stomatitis virus, was previously shown to lose syncytia-forming ability if six residues (GLIIGL) were deleted from its TM domain. The 20-residue TM domain of wild-type (TM20) G protein was thus changed into a TM domain of 14 residues (TM14). To assess possible sequence specificity for this loss of function, the two Gly residues in TM20 were replaced with either Ala or Leu. Both mutations resulted in complete loss of fusion activity, as measured by fusion-dependent reporter gene transfer. Single substitutions decreased activity by about half. TM14 was weakly active (15%) but reintroduction of a Gly residue into TM14 by a single Ile --> Gly substitution increased activity to 80%. All mutants retained normal hemifusion activity, i.e., lipid mixing between the outer leaflets of the reacting membranes. Thus, at least one TM Gly residue is required for a late step in fusion mediated by G protein. Gly residues were significantly (2.6-fold; P = 0.004) more abundant in the TM domains of viral fusion proteins than in those of nonfusion proteins and were distributed differently within the TM domain. Thus, Gly residues in the TM domain of other viral fusion proteins may also prove to be important for fusion activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Z Cleverley
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway NJ 08854-5635, USA
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14
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Atabani SF, Obeid OE, Chargelegue D, Aaby P, Whittle H, Steward MW. Identification of an immunodominant neutralizing and protective epitope from measles virus fusion protein by using human sera from acute infection. J Virol 1997; 71:7240-5. [PMID: 9311797 PMCID: PMC192064 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.10.7240-7245.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyclonal sera obtained from African children with acute measles were used to screen a panel of 15-mer overlapping peptides representing the sequence of measles virus (MV) fusion (F) protein. An immunodominant antigenic region from the F protein (p32; amino acids 388 to 402) was found to represent an amino acid sequence within the highly conserved cysteine-rich domain of the F protein of paramyxoviruses. Epitope mapping of this peptide indicated that the complete 15-amino-acid sequence was necessary for high-affinity interaction with anti-MV antibodies. Immunization of two strains of mice with the p32 peptide indicated that it was immunogenic and could induce antipeptide antibodies which cross-reacted with and neutralized MV infectivity in vitro. Moreover, passive transfer of antipeptide antibodies conferred significant protection against fatal rodent-adapted MV-induced encephalitis in susceptible mice. These results indicate that this epitope represents a candidate for inclusion in a future peptide vaccine for measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Atabani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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15
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Isaacson SH, Asher DM, Godec MS, Gibbs CJ, Gajdusek DC. Widespread, restricted low-level measles virus infection of brain in a case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Acta Neuropathol 1996; 91:135-9. [PMID: 8787145 DOI: 10.1007/s004010050404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In situ reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplification with labeled-probe hybridization (in situ RT-PCR/LPH) was used to detect measles virus RNA within formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue sections from a patient who died with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Many more infected neurons and oligodendrocytes were detected by in situ RT-PCR/LPH than by immunohistochemistry or by in situ hybridization alone. In addition, infection of vascular endothelial cells was demonstrated only by in situ RT-PCR/LPH. The observation that many cells contained only a few copies of viral RNA without detectable antigen is consistent with a persistent viral infection of the central nervous system. In situ RT-PCR/LPH, combining the sensitivity of PCR with the tissue localization of in situ hybridization, should prove useful in further studies to detect nucleic acids in situ in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Isaacson
- Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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16
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Outlaw MC, Pringle CR. Sequence variation within an outbreak of measles virus in the Coventry area during spring/summer 1993. Virus Res 1995; 39:3-11. [PMID: 8607281 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(95)00060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) was isolated from throat swab samples collected during the spring/summer 1993 in the Coventry area. Viral RNA was reverse transcribed and cDNA prepared using oligo- T primer. Using MV-specific primers the area encoding the external region of the haemagglutinin glycoprotein was amplified using nested PCR and cycle sequenced. Comparisons were made with the Edmonston strain and current MMR vaccine strain. It was found that a high degree of homology existed between all strains examined, but that a majority of clinical samples shared a premature termination signal that potentially shortened the haemagglutinin protein by 35 amino acids. The single clinical sample that lacked this early termination signal appeared to be closely related to the MMR strain and may result form a vaccine-related illness. Truncation of the haemagglutinin protein may have allowed MV to escape the immune response induced by vaccination with the current MMR vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Outlaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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17
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Meyer G, Diallo A. The nucleotide sequence of the fusion protein gene of the peste des petits ruminants virus: the long untranslated region in the 5'-end of the F-protein gene of morbilliviruses seems to be specific to each virus. Virus Res 1995; 37:23-35. [PMID: 7483819 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(95)00013-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
cDNA corresponding to the fusion protein (F) gene of the vaccine strain of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) was cloned and sequenced. The gene was 2321 nucleotides long excluding the poly(A) tail. As with other morbilliviruses, it had a long G/C rich stretch of about 525 nucleotides. There was no start codon before position 489 in the nucleotide sequence. From the 489th nucleotide to the 549th nucleotide, there were 4 ATG codons, two of which were in frame. The fourth ATG codon was in the best context to act as a start codon for encoding a protein which will be composed of 546 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight 59,310 Da. The comparison of the nucleic acid sequences of different morbillivirus F-protein genes revealed that the 5'-end sequence of the mRNA is specific to each virus. This sequence contains a long stretch of nucleotides rich in G/C content. When protein sequences were compared, it appears that, during evolution, substitutions in amino acid occurred in the F-protein of morbilliviruses such that the structure required for the fusion activity remains unchanged. These substitutions appear to have only occurred in the leader and the membrane anchor sequences, probably as an adaptation of the protein to the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Meyer
- CIRAD/EMVT, Maisons-Alfort, France
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18
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Horikami SM, Moyer SA. Structure, transcription, and replication of measles virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1995; 191:35-50. [PMID: 7789161 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-78621-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Horikami
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0266, USA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Rima
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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20
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Wild TF, Buckland R. Functional aspects of envelope-associated measles virus proteins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1995; 191:51-64. [PMID: 7789162 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-78621-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T F Wild
- Inserm U404, Immunité et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France
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21
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Wild TF, Fayolle J, Beauverger P, Buckland R. Measles virus fusion: role of the cysteine-rich region of the fusion glycoprotein. J Virol 1994; 68:7546-8. [PMID: 7933140 PMCID: PMC237199 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.11.7546-7548.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) fusion requires the participation of both the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (H) glycoproteins. The canine distemper virus fusion protein (CDVF) cannot substitute for the measles virus fusion protein (MVF) in this process. Introduction of restriction enzyme sites into the cDNAs of CDVF and MVF by site-directed mutagenesis facilitated the production of chimeric F proteins which were tested for their capacity to give fusion when coexpressed with MVH. Fusion resulted when the amino-terminal half of the MVF cysteine-rich region was transferred to CDVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Wild
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.404, Institut Pasteur de Lyon, France
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22
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Muller CP, Handtmann D, Brons NH, Weinmann M, Wiesmüller KH, Spahn G, Wiesneth M, Schneider F, Jung G. Analysis of antibody response to the measles virus using synthetic peptides of the fusion protein. Evidence of non-random pairing of T and B cell epitopes. Virus Res 1993; 30:271-80. [PMID: 8109160 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(93)90095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The measles virus induces a life-long immune response associated with antibodies specific for the fusion protein. To map the linear immunodominant recognition sites of the fusion (F) protein of the measles virus, we have reacted a complete set of 108 overlapping pentadecapeptides with purified IgG obtained from donor sera with elevated anti-measles titers. The antibodies recognized about 20% of the peptides and generated a characteristic binding pattern, defining about 6 or 7 distinctive regions (31-75; 111-145; 151-165; 191-215; 271-320; 421-440; 481-530) which include the major hydrophobic segment (111-145) of the intersubunit region and the C-terminal Cys-cluster region. The binding sites were located in close proximity of the few experimentally defined T cell epitopes. This pairing of T and B cell epitopes was corroborated by computer-assisted T cell prediction. The significance of a non-random association of T and B cell epitopes for processing and presentation is discussed. It is speculated that in long-term immunity against measles (F protein), B cells of the same sIg specificity play an important role both as antigen presenting cells and as antibody producing cells. In contrast to human sera from late convalescent donors, mouse and rabbit MV antisera with high neutralizing titers as well as neutralizing MV-F specific monoclonal antibodies did not react with the peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Muller
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg
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23
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Godec MS, Asher DM, Murray RS, Shin ML, Greenham LW, Gibbs CJ, Gajdusek DC. Absence of measles, mumps, and rubella viral genomic sequences from multiple sclerosis brain tissue by polymerase chain reaction. Ann Neurol 1992; 32:401-4. [PMID: 1416811 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410320317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We tested for measles, mumps, and rubella viruses in multiple sclerosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using RNA extracted from 19 multiple sclerosis and 8 control brain specimens, nested PCR was performed after reverse transcription (RT) of the RNA to cDNA using primer pairs directed against two regions in the genomes of measles and mumps viruses and one region in the rubella virus genome. Despite enhanced sensitivity of nested RT PCR, measles, mumps, and rubella viral genomic sequences were not found in any brain specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Godec
- Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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24
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Rota JS, Hummel KB, Rota PA, Bellini WJ. Genetic variability of the glycoprotein genes of current wild-type measles isolates. Virology 1992; 188:135-42. [PMID: 1566568 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The glycoprotein coding sequences from three wild-type measles viruses isolated in the United States during 1988-1989 were examined by mRNA templated sequencing to determine whether contemporary strains have undergone genetic changes relative to the vaccine strain, Moraten. These studies revealed variation in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene and, to a far lesser degree, the fusion (F) gene. The F protein coding region was highly conserved with only three predicted amino acid changes. Among the predicted amino acid changes identified in the HA was a new potential glycosylation site at residue 416, located toward the carboxy-terminal end of the HA peptide. Eighty percent of the predicted amino acid changes in the HA shared by the three wild-type isolates were clustered near the five previously identified potential glycosylation sites. A linear pattern of evolutionary change was observed after comparing the predicted amino acid HA changes from the 1988-1989 viruses to those predicted in the HA protein from U.S. wild types isolated in 1977 and 1983.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Rota
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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25
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Wong TC, Ayata M, Ueda S, Hirano A. Role of biased hypermutation in evolution of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus from progenitor acute measles virus. J Virol 1991; 65:2191-9. [PMID: 2016756 PMCID: PMC240566 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.5.2191-2199.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified an acute measles virus (Nagahata strain) closely related to a defective virus (Biken strain) isolated from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). The proteins of Nagahata strain measles virus are antigenically and electrophoretically similar to the proteins of Edmonston strain measles virus. However, the nucleotide sequence of the Nagahata matrix (M) gene is significantly different from the M genes of all the acute measles virus strains studied to date. The Nagahata M gene is strikingly similar to the M gene of Biken strain SSPE virus isolated several years later in the same locale. Eighty percent of the nucleotide differences between the Nagahata and Biken M genes are uridine-to-cytosine transitions known as biased hypermutation, which has been postulated to be caused by a cellular RNA-modifying activity. These biased mutations account for all but one of the numerous missense genetic changes predicted to cause amino acid substitutions. As a result, the Biken virus M protein loses conformation-specific epitopes that are conserved in the M proteins of Nagahata and Edmonston strain acute measles viruses. These conformation-specific epitopes are also absent in the cryptic M proteins encoded by the hypermutated M genes of two other defective SSPE viruses (Niigata and Yamagata strains). Nagahata-like sequences are found in the M genes of at least five other SSPE viruses isolated from three continents. These data indicate that Biken strain SSPE virus is derived from a progenitor closely resembling Nagahata strain acute measles virus and that biased hypermutation is largely responsible for the structural defects in the Biken virus M protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Wong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195
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26
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Swoveland PT. Molecular events in measles virus infection of the central nervous system. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1991; 32:255-75. [PMID: 1864706 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-364932-4.50011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P T Swoveland
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201
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27
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Contribution of measles virus fusion protein in protective immunity: anti-F monoclonal antibodies neutralize virus infectivity and protect mice against challenge. J Virol 1990; 64:5160-2. [PMID: 2398539 PMCID: PMC248009 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.10.5160-5162.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the contribution of the measles virus fusion (F) protein in the immune response, anti-F monoclonal antibodies were prepared by using a vaccinia-measles virus F recombinant. In contrast to previously described anti-F monoclonal antibodies, these antibodies not only neutralized virus infectivity and inhibited fusion but also passively protected mice. Since these monoclonal antibodies recognize a configurational epitope, presentation of the antigen during infection may play an important role in the immune response. These factors are discussed in relation to vaccination.
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28
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Komase K, Haga T, Yoshikawa Y, Sato TA, Yamanouchi K. Molecular analysis of structural protein genes of the Yamagata-1 strain of defective subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus. IV. Nucleotide sequence of the fusion gene. Virus Genes 1990; 4:173-81. [PMID: 1698327 DOI: 10.1007/bf00678408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The full-length cDNA corresponding to the mRNA of the fusion (F) protein of the Yamagata-1 strain of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus was cloned, and its complete nucleotide sequence was determined. The F gene was composed of 2369 nucleotides and contained a single large coding region, which is located between two noncoding regions. The 5'-terminal noncoding region consisted of 584 nucleotides comprising 44.9% cytosine, and had several inverted repetitious sequences. The 3'-terminal noncoding region had a relatively low homology of 91.7% with the MV. The coding region was expanded for nucleotides 585-2189, which encoded 534 amino acids with a molecular weight of 57,963. The homology of the amino acid sequence of the F protein between the MV and SSPE virus was 96.27%, and the positions of cysteine and proline were almost identical in the two viruses. The functional domains of SSPE-virus F protein closely resembled those of MV F protein, including the cleavage site, a signal sequence, the fusion-related stretch, the transmembrane region, and four potential glycosylation sites. Four antigenic epitopes on the MV F protein were also conserved on the SSPE-virus F protein. However, deletion of one nucleotide (position 2155) of the SSPE virus was found when compared with the MV, and shifted the coding frame, causing the substitutions of 27 C-terminal amino acids of the MV F protein with 11 different residues. The variations of the C-terminal region of the F protein were observed with two other SSPE viruses, suggesting that this may be a common property of SSPE virus that differs from MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Komase
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, University of Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Evans SA, Belsham GJ, Barrett T. The role of the 5' nontranslated regions of the fusion protein mRNAs of canine distemper virus and rinderpest virus. Virology 1990; 177:317-23. [PMID: 2353458 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90486-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mRNAs which code for the fusion proteins of the morbilliviruses (measles virus, canine distemper virus, and rinderpest virus) have unusually long 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) which are GC-rich and are capable of folding into extensive secondary structures. In measles virus the first AUG codons in the fusion (F) protein mRNA are in close proximity at nucleotide positions 574 and 583 and protein translation is initiated at the second position. In the canine distemper virus (CDV) and rinderpest virus (RPV) F gene transcripts the analogous initiation codons are preceded by several other AUG codons many nucleotides upstream either in the same reading frame or at the beginning of other short open reading frames. We have studied the effect of deleting these upstream regions on the production of the fusion proteins of both CDV and RPV from cDNA constructs. Within the cells the presence of these regions enhances the production of the F protein while, in contrast, the production of the authentic F protein from in vitro translations using RNA transcripts is inhibited by these sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Evans
- AFRC Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
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30
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Kalland KH, Håvarstein LS, Endresen C, Haukenes G. Stability of the nucleotide sequence of the phosphoprotein gene of measles virus during lytic infections. APMIS 1990; 98:327-35. [PMID: 2354052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1990.tb01040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Three clones with cDNA inserts encoding large portions of the measles virus phosphoprotein mRNA were characterized and compared with a previously published sequence of the Edmonston strain of measles virus. The two cloned viruses were separated by more than 100 passages. Only one out of 1477 nucleotides differed in the two sequences reflecting a very low mutation rate of the phosphoprotein gene during dilute lytic passages. The discovery that a third reading frame in the phosphoprotein gene may code for a novel peptide chain in addition to the P and C peptides may explain some of the high stability of the gene. The new reading frame was accessed by a translational shift caused by insertion of one extra G at a particular site in one of three otherwise identical cDNA sequences. A discrepancy was also found between the presumably high error rate of viral RNA polymerases and the stability of nucleotides in which mutations would not lead to amino acid substitutions. A few errors in the previously published sequence were discovered and the corrections are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Kalland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gade Institute, Bergen, Norway
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31
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Godec MS, Asher DM, Swoveland PT, Eldadah ZA, Feinstone SM, Goldfarb LG, Gibbs CJ, Gajdusek DC. Detection of measles virus genomic sequences in SSPE brain tissue by the polymerase chain reaction. J Med Virol 1990; 30:237-44. [PMID: 2196335 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890300402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was modified to detect RNA genomic sequences by generating cDNA copies of these sequences as a preliminary step. Oligonucleotide primer pairs complementary to sequences in each of the five major structural protein genes of the measles virus (nucleocapsid protein, phosphoprotein, matrix protein, fusion protein, and hemagglutinin protein) were synthesized. PCR products were tentatively identified by visualization of bands of the appropriate size by ethidium bromide staining after gel electrophoresis, and identity was confirmed by subsequent restriction enzyme cleavage of the products at predetermined sites to yield fragments of predicted size. This method successfully amplified 400-500 base regions from each of these five genes in RNA extracts of wild measles virus cultured in Vero cells and in RNA extracted from most of the SSPE brain tissues tested, but not in RNA from any control brain tissues. Measles virus genome was detected in SSPE brain tissues stored frozen for as long as 27 years and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) brain tissues as old as 9 years. This method provides a simple, rapid and highly sensitive means of detecting and identifying sequences of RNA genomes by PCR. The success of this method in detecting measles virus in SSPE brain tissue suggests that PCR is appropriate to investigate the possible presence of RNA viruses in other neurological disorders of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Godec
- Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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32
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Cattaneo R, Schmid A, Spielhofer P, Kaelin K, Baczko K, ter Meulen V, Pardowitz J, Flanagan S, Rima BK, Udem SA. Mutated and hypermutated genes of persistent measles viruses which caused lethal human brain diseases. Virology 1989; 173:415-25. [PMID: 2596022 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Persistent measles viruses (MVs) causing lethal human brain diseases are defective, and the structure of several mutated matrix genes has been elucidated previously. The present study of four persistent MVs revealed a high number of differences from a consensus sequence also in other genes. Amino acid changes accumulated in the carboxyl terminus of the nucleocapsid protein and in the amino terminus of the phosphoprotein, but did not significantly alter these products, which are implicated in viral replication and transcription. The contrary is true for the envelope glycoproteins: In three of four cases, mutations caused partial deletion of the short intracellular domain of the fusion protein, most likely compromising efficient viral budding. Moreover, in the hemagglutinin gene of a strain showing strongly reduced hemadsorption, 20 clustered A to G mutations, resulting in 16 amino acid changes, were detected. This hypermutation might be due to unwinding modification of a part of the MV RNA genome accidentally present in a double-stranded form. Finally, we classified four lytic and seven persistent MV strains on the basis of their sequences. Surprisingly, the four lytic viruses considered belong to the same class. The persistent viruses form more loosely defined groups, which all differ from the vaccine strain Edmonston.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cattaneo
- Institut für Molekularbiologie I, Universität Zürich, Hönggerberg, Switzerland
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33
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Schneider-Schaulies S, Liebert UG, Baczko K, Cattaneo R, Billeter M, ter Meulen V. Restriction of measles virus gene expression in acute and subacute encephalitis of Lewis rats. Virology 1989; 171:525-34. [PMID: 2788328 PMCID: PMC7118891 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) replication in brain tissue of Lewis rats with acute (AE) and subacute (SAME) encephalitis was characterized by biochemical techniques. Messenger RNAs specific for measles virus nucleocapsid (N), phospho (P)-, matrix (M), fusion (F), and haemagglutinin (H) protein were detected in all brain extracts examined. The quantity of the individual MV mRNA species was quite different in comparison to lytically infected Vero cells. A steep gradient of MV transcripts was found in brain tissue which is most likely due to strongly attenuated transcription of mRNAs along the viral genome, representing particularly low transcription of the glycoprotein genes. In addition, in vitro translation assays only revealed synthesis of N and P protein in consistent fashion. The mRNAs for the glycoproteins did not direct the synthesis of detectable viral proteins whereas the M mRNA revealed some activity in animals with AE. The data indicate a strong restriction of the MV envelope gene expression in infected brain tissue, which is independent of the incubation time and type of the central nervous system (CNS) disease. This phenomenon which is similar to the findings observed in measles inclusion body encephalitis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis suggest that host factors may initially be responsible for the initiation of transcriptional and translational alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schneider-Schaulies
- Institut für Virologie und Immunobiologie, Universität Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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34
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Arumugham RG, Seid RC, Doyle S, Hildreth SW, Paradiso PR. Fatty Acid Acylation of the Fusion Glycoprotein of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)81623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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35
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36
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Vainionpää R, Marusyk R, Salmi A. The paramyxoviridae: aspects of molecular structure, pathogenesis, and immunity. Adv Virus Res 1989; 37:211-42. [PMID: 2690597 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Vainionpää
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Finland
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37
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Buckland R, Gerald C, Barker D, Wild F. Cloning and sequencing of the nucleoprotein gene of measles virus (Hallé strain). Nucleic Acids Res 1988; 16:11821. [PMID: 3211755 PMCID: PMC339121 DOI: 10.1093/nar/16.24.11821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Buckland
- CNRS/UMR 5, Faculté Alexis Carrel, Lyon, France
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38
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Crowley JC, Dowling PC, Menonna J, Silverman JI, Schuback D, Cook SD, Blumberg BM. Sequence variability and function of measles virus 3' and 5' ends and intercistronic regions. Virology 1988; 164:498-506. [PMID: 3369090 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sequences critical for the activity of the measles virus (MV) RNA polymerase in transcription and replication were analyzed using a MV genomic cDNA library containing overlapping clones encompassing the entire MV genome. Clones corresponding to the 3' and 5' ends of the MV genome were identified and sequenced, and these sequences were confirmed by primer extension experiments. Neither (+) nor (-) strand leader RNAs were detected in MV-infected cell extracts, using high specific activity riboprobes made form these clones. Clones representing each of the MV gene boundaries were also sequenced, and variations including point mutations, insertions, and deletions were noted. Together with the sequence of the MV L gene region, this report completes the sequence determination of the MV genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Crowley
- Neurology Service, East Orange VA Medical Center, New Jersey 07019
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39
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Drillien R, Spehner D, Kirn A, Giraudon P, Buckland R, Wild F, Lecocq JP. Protection of mice from fatal measles encephalitis by vaccination with vaccinia virus recombinants encoding either the hemagglutinin or the fusion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:1252-6. [PMID: 3422488 PMCID: PMC279745 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.4.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus recombinants encoding the hemagglutinin or fusion protein of measles virus have been constructed. Infection of cell cultures with the recombinants led to the synthesis of authentic measles proteins as judged by their electrophoretic mobility, recognition by antibodies, glycosylation, proteolytic cleavage, and presentation on the cell surface. Mice vaccinated with a single dose of the recombinant encoding the hemagglutinin protein developed antibodies capable of both inhibiting hemagglutination activity and neutralizing measles virus, whereas animals vaccinated with the recombinant encoding the fusion protein developed measles neutralizing antibodies. Mice vaccinated with either of the recombinants resisted a normally lethal intracerebral inoculation of a cell-associated measles virus subacute sclerosing panencephalitis strain.
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40
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