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Villabruna N, Izquierdo-Lara RW, Schapendonk CME, de Bruin E, Chandler F, Thao TTN, Westerhuis BM, van Beek J, Sigfrid L, Giaquinto C, Goossens H, Bielicki JA, Kohns Vasconcelos M, Fraaij PLA, Koopmans MPG, de Graaf M. Profiling of humoral immune responses to norovirus in children across Europe. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14275. [PMID: 35995986 PMCID: PMC9395339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a leading cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis. More than 30 genotypes circulate in humans, some are common, and others are only sporadically detected. Here, we investigated whether serology can be used to determine which genotypes infect children. We established a multiplex protein microarray with structural and non-structural norovirus antigens that allowed simultaneous antibody testing against 30 human GI and GII genotypes. Antibody responses of sera obtained from 287 children aged < 1 month to 5.5 years were profiled. Most specific IgG and IgA responses were directed against the GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, and GII.6 capsid genotypes. While we detected antibody responses against rare genotypes, we found no evidence for wide circulation. We also detected genotype-specific antibodies against the non-structural proteins p48 and p22 in sera of older children. In this study, we show the age-dependent antibody responses to a broad range of norovirus capsid and polymerase genotypes, which will aid in the development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Villabruna
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ray W Izquierdo-Lara
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Erwin de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felicity Chandler
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tran Thi Nhu Thao
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brenda M Westerhuis
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janko van Beek
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louise Sigfrid
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julia A Bielicki
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Malte Kohns Vasconcelos
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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van Loben Sels JM, Meredith LW, Sosnovtsev SV, de Graaf M, Koopmans MP, Lindesmith LC, Baric RS, Green KY, Goodfellow IG. A luciferase-based approach for measuring HBGA blockade antibody titers against human norovirus. J Virol Methods 2021; 297:114196. [PMID: 34019938 PMCID: PMC9924141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noroviruses are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide, yet there is a deficit in the understanding of protective immunity. Surrogate neutralization assays have been widely used that measure the ability of antibodies to block virus-like particle (VLP) binding to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). However, screening large sample sets against multiple antigens using the traditional HBGA blocking assay requires significant investment in terms of time, equipment, and technical expertise, largely associated with the generation of purified VLPs. METHODS To address these issues, a luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay was modified to measure the norovirus-specific HBGA blockade activity of antibodies. The assay (designated LIPS-Blockade) was validated using a panel of well-characterized homotypic and heterotypic hyperimmune sera as well as strain-specific HBGA blocking monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS The LIPS-Blockade assay was comparable in specificity to a standard HBGA blocking protocol performed with VLPs. Using time-ordered patient sera, the luciferase-based approach was also able to detect changes in HBGA blocking titers following viral challenge and natural infection with norovirus. CONCLUSION In this study we developed a rapid, robust, and scalable surrogate neutralization assay for noroviruses that circumvented the need for purified VLPs. This LIPS-Blockade assay should streamline the process of large-scale immunological studies, ultimately aiding in the characterization of protective immunity to human noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. van Loben Sels
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ UK,Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Luke W. Meredith
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ UK
| | - Stanislav V. Sosnovtsev
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Marion P.G. Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, NL
| | - Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
| | - Kim Y. Green
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA,Corresponding author at: Dr. Kim Y. Green, Caliciviruses Section, LID/DIR/NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 50, Room 6318, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA –
| | - Ian G. Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ UK
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3
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Yasmin F, Ali SH, Ullah I. Norovirus outbreak amid COVID-19 in the United Kingdom; priorities for achieving control. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1232-1235. [PMID: 34713915 PMCID: PMC8662166 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus, an enteric virus primarily responsible for gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide, is currently causing outbreaks around the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic. With an already exhausted health care system, the significant burden norovirus can have on the National Health Service, including economic and social burdens, is immense and cannot be tolerated. Primary challenges and priorities to be focused on due to the increase in norovirus outbreaks include a further depletion of health care services, increase cases in schools, nurseries, and care facilities, underreporting of the cases, and no effective vaccine being available. Therefore, it is essential to increase awareness about norovirus and its transmission in public, take necessary precautions, and increase reporting of cases. This article discusses the impact norovirus has during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the challenges, and recommendations to achieve control before it reaches epidemic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Yasmin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hasan Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Department of Community Medicine, Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Zweigart MR, Becker-Dreps S, Bucardo F, González F, Baric RS, Lindesmith LC. Serological Humoral Immunity Following Natural Infection of Children with High Burden Gastrointestinal Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:2033. [PMID: 34696463 PMCID: PMC8538683 DOI: 10.3390/v13102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, resulting in an estimated 440,571 deaths of children under age 5 annually. Rotavirus, norovirus, and sapovirus are leading causes of childhood AGE. A successful rotavirus vaccine has reduced rotavirus hospitalizations by more than 50%. Using rotavirus as a guide, elucidating the determinants, breath, and duration of serological antibody immunity to AGE viruses, as well as host genetic factors that define susceptibility is essential for informing development of future vaccines and improving current vaccine candidates. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of disease burden and serological antibody immunity following natural infection to inform further vaccine development for these three high-burden viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Zweigart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua; (F.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Fredman González
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua; (F.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
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5
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Fang Y, Zhang Y, Wang H, Shi O, Wang W, Hou M, Wang L, Wu J, Zhao Y. Molecular epidemiology of norovirus infections in children with acute gastroenteritis in 2017-2019 in Tianjin, China. J Med Virol 2021; 94:616-624. [PMID: 34528724 PMCID: PMC9292362 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. Globally, the GII.4 Sydney 2012 strain has predominated since 2012, although GII.4 variant strains have caused AGE outbreaks in China. Recent patterns of NoV genotype distributions in 6011 children with AGE in Tianjin, China were investigated. NoV was detected using real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of partial sequences of the viral capsid gene. NoV genotypes were determined, and phylogenetic analysis was conducted. Epidemiological and clinical data were compared between children infected with different NoV genotypes. NoV was detected in 27.6% of the specimens tested. GII.4 strains comprised 49.4% infections, followed by GII.3 at 39.9%. Genotypes GII.2, GII.13, GII.17, GII.1, GII.6, and GII.14 were also detected. NoV was detected during most of the year, with a peak season of cases in the winter. Diarrhea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, and dehydration were present in patients with NoV infection. The main genotypes were GII.4 and GII.3, with a slight increase in GII.2, beginning in March 2017. Among the GII.4 strains, GII.4 Sydney 2012 was the only epidemic strain in Tianjin. Patients with GII.4 genotypes were more likely to present with diarrhea and vomiting than those with GII.3. Children with GII. Others were prone to suffered from dehydration and abdominal pain than those with GII.3. NoV GII has become the main cause of viral AGE in Tianjin, China. The predominant genotypes of NoV were GII.4 and GII.3. Identification of emerging genotypes is crucial for the prevention and control of NoV-caused AGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Fang
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatmen, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanzhi Zhang
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ouyan Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatmen, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengzhu Hou
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatmen, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatmen, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinying Wu
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatmen, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Digestion, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin, China
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Abstract
We report a norovirus GIV outbreak in the United States, 15 years after the last reported outbreak. During May 2016 in Wisconsin, 53 persons, including 4 food handlers, reported being ill. The outbreak was linked to individually prepared fruit consumed as a fruit salad. The virus was phylogenetically classified as a novel GIV genotype.
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Gibory M, Dembinski JL, Flem E, Haltbakk I, Dudman SG. Effect of rotavirus vaccine implementation on the prevalence of coinfections with enteric viruses in Norway. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3151-3156. [PMID: 32410230 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a common illness in both adults and children worldwide and is caused by several microorganisms including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Rotavirus (RV), which is the main cause of AGE, can occur as a mixed infection with other viruses. The aim of this study is to assess the molecular epidemiology of viral enteric viruses and assess RV coinfections with other enteric viruses and their influence on disease severity before and after RV vaccine introduction in children under 5 years of age. A total of 600 samples collected from children hospitalized for AGE in five large hospitals in Norway, and were analyzed for viral gastroenteritis agents by enzyme immunoassay and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Positive results confirmed either by Sanger sequencing or genotyped by multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR. In total, 243 of the 300 (81%) samples, collected from the prevaccine cohort, were positive for at least one of the four viruses tested in this study. RV was most frequently identified in 82.6% of the samples. In the postvaccine cohort, 114 of the 300 (38%) samples were positive for at least one of the viruses tested. RV found in 36.5% of the samples. Coinfections found less frequently in the postvaccine cohort. Among circulating enteric viruses in Norway, RV is the most important cause of viral gastrointestinal infection. As expected, there were fewer RV positive and fewer coinfections after RV vaccine implementation. The results provide valuable data that can aid in further evaluation of the vaccine impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa Gibory
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Elmira Flem
- Department of Infection Epidemiology and Modeling, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ildri Haltbakk
- Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Susanne G Dudman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Labayo HKM, Pajuelo MJ, Tohma K, Ford-Siltz LA, Gilman RH, Cabrera L, Mayta H, Sanchez GJ, Cornejo AT, Bern C, Dapat C, Nochi T, Parra GI, Oshitani H, Saito M. Norovirus-specific immunoglobulin A in breast milk for protection against norovirus-associated diarrhea among infants. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 27:100561. [PMID: 33043286 PMCID: PMC7536734 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus (NV) causes acute gastroenteritis in infants. Humoral and fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses have been correlated with protection against NV; however, the role of breast milk IgA against NV infection and associated diarrhea is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the protective role of NV-specific IgA (NV-IgA) in breast milk. METHODS Ninety-five breast milk samples collected from mothers enrolled in a 2016-2017 Peruvian birth cohort study were tested for total IgA and NV-IgA by ELISA using GII·4 variants and non-GII·4 genotype virus-like particles (VLPs). Breast milk samples were grouped according to the NV infection and diarrheal status of infants: NV positive with diarrhea (NV+D+, n=18); NV positive without diarrhea (NV+D-, n=37); and NV negative without diarrhea (NV-D-, n=40). The percent positivity and titer of NV-IgA were compared among groups. The cross-reactivity was estimated based on the correlation of ratio between NV-IgA against GII·4 variants and non-GII·4 genotype VLPs. FINDINGS NV-IgA had high positivity rates against different VLPs, especially against GII (89-100%). The NV+D- group had higher percent positivity (89% vs. 61%, p=0·03) and median titer (1:100 vs 1:50, p=0·03) of NV-IgA than the NV+D+ group against GI·1 VLPs. A relatively high correlation between different GII·4 variants (0·87) and low correlation between genogroups (0·23-0·37) were observed. INTERPRETATION Mothers with high positivity rates and titers of NV-IgA in breast milk had NV infected infants with reduced diarrheal symptoms. Antigenic relatedness to the genetic diversity of human norovirus was suggested.Funding National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health: 1R01AI108695-01A1 and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Fostering Joint International Research B):19KK0241.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica J. Pajuelo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, School of Science and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Kentaro Tohma
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren A. Ford-Siltz
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Holger Mayta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, School of Science and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Gerardo J. Sanchez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, School of Science and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Anniuska Toledo Cornejo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, School of Science and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Caryn Bern
- University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Clyde Dapat
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- Functional Morphology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Agriculture, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gabriel I. Parra
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, USA
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Corresponding author: Mayuko Saito, M.D., M.P.H., Ph.D., Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan. Tel./Fax: +81-(0)22-717-8211; fax: +81-(0)22-717-8212
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9
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Westerhuis B, Ten Hulscher H, Jacobi R, van Beek J, Koopmans M, Rimmelzwaan G, Meijer A, van Binnendijk R. Specific memory B cell response in humans upon infection with highly pathogenic H7N7 avian influenza virus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3152. [PMID: 32081953 PMCID: PMC7035254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
H7 avian influenza viruses represent a major public health concern, and worldwide outbreaks raise the risk of a potential pandemic. Understanding the memory B cell response to avian (H7) influenza virus infection in humans could provide insights in the potential key to human infection risks. We investigated an epizootic of the highly pathogenic A(H7N7) in the Netherlands, which in 2003 led to infection of 89 persons and one fatal case. Subtype-specificity of antibodies were determined for confirmed H7N7 infected individuals (cases) (n = 19), contacts of these cases (n = 21) and a comparison group controls (n = 16), by microarray, using recombinant hemagglutinin (HA)1 proteins. The frequency and specificity of memory B cells was determined by detecting subtype-specific antibodies in the culture supernatants from in vitro stimulated oligoclonal B cell cultures, from peripheral blood of cases and controls. All cases (100%) had high antibody titers specific for A(H7N7)2003 (GMT > 100), whereas H7-HA1 antigen binding was detected in 29% of contacts and 31% of controls, suggesting that some of the H7 reactivity stems from cross reactive antibodies. To unravel homotypic and heterotypic responses, the frequency and specificity of memory B cells were determined in 2 cases. Ten of 123 HA1 reactive clones isolated from the cases bound to only H7- HA1, whereas 5 bound both H7 and other HA1 antigens. We recovered at least four different epitopal reactivities, though none of the H7 reactive antibodies were able to neutralize H7 infections in vitro. Our study serologically confirms the infection with H7 avian influenza viruses, and shows that H7 infection triggers a mixture of strain -specific and cross-reactive antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Westerhuis
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hinke Ten Hulscher
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Jacobi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Josine van Beek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Hanover, Germany
| | - Adam Meijer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van Binnendijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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10
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Barrios-Hernández ML, Pronk M, Garcia H, Boersma A, Brdjanovic D, van Loosdrecht MC, Hooijmans CM. Removal of bacterial and viral indicator organisms in full-scale aerobic granular sludge and conventional activated sludge systems. WATER RESEARCH X 2020; 6:100040. [PMID: 31909394 PMCID: PMC6940708 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2019.100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the novel aerobic granular sludge (AGS) wastewater treatment technology in removing faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) compared to the conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment system. The work was carried out at two full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in the Netherlands, Vroomshoop and Garmerwolde. Both treatment plants have a CAS and AGS system operated in parallel. The parallel treatment lines are provided with the same influent wastewater. The concentrations of the measured FIOs in the influent of the two WWTPs were comparable with reported literature values as follows: F-specific RNA bacteriophages at 106 PFU/100 mL, and Escherichia coli (E. coli), Enterococci, and Thermotolerant coliforms (TtC) at 105 to 106 CFU/100 mL. Although both systems (CAS and AGS) are different in terms of design, operation, and microbial community, both systems showed similar FIOs removal efficiency. At the Vroomshoop WWTP, Log10 removals for F-specific RNA bacteriophages of 1.4 ± 0.5 and 1.3 ± 0.6 were obtained for the AGS and CAS systems, while at the Garmerwolde WWTP, Log10 removals for F-specific RNA bacteriophages of 1.9 ± 0.7 and 2.1 ± 0.7 were found for the AGS and CAS systems. Correspondingly, E. coli, Enterococci, and TtC Log10 removals of 1.7 ± 0.7 and 1.1 ± 0.7 were achieved for the AGS and CAS systems at Vroomshoop WWTP. For Garmerwolde WWTP Log10 removals of 2.3 ± 0.8 and 1.9 ± 0.7 for the AGS and CAS systems were found, respectively. The measured difference in removal rates between the plants was not significant. Physicochemical water quality parameters, such as the concentrations of organic matter, nutrients, and total suspended solids (TSS) were also determined. Overall, it was not possible to establish a direct correlation between the physicochemical parameters and the removal of FIOs for any of the treatment systems (CAS and AGS). Only the removal of TSS could be positively correlated to the E. coli removal for the AGS technology at the evaluated WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Luz Barrios-Hernández
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601, DA, Delft, the Netherlands
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Mario Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
- Royal HaskoningDHV B.V., P.O Box 1132, 3800, BC, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Hector Garcia
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601, DA, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Arne Boersma
- Royal HaskoningDHV B.V., P.O Box 1132, 3800, BC, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Damir Brdjanovic
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601, DA, Delft, the Netherlands
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mark C.M. van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Christine M. Hooijmans
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601, DA, Delft, the Netherlands
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11
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Haynes J, Perry V, Benson E, Meeks A, Watts G, Watkins H, Braun R. In Depth Breadth Analyses of Human Blockade Responses to Norovirus and Response to Vaccination. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050392. [PMID: 31035476 PMCID: PMC6563306 DOI: 10.3390/v11050392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate and understand the efficacy of vaccine candidates, supportive immunological measures are needed. Critical attributes for a norovirus vaccine are the strength and breadth of antibody responses against the many different genotypes. In the absence of suitable neutralization assays to test samples from vaccine clinical trials, blockade assays offer a method that can measure functional antibodies specific for many of the different norovirus strains. This paper describes development and optimization of blockade assays for an extended panel of 20 different norovirus strains that can provide robust and reliable data needed for vaccine assessment. The blockade assays were used to test a panel of human clinical samples taken before and after vaccination with the Takeda TAK-214 norovirus vaccine. Great variability was evident in the repertoire of blocking antibody responses prevaccination and postvaccination among individuals. Following vaccination with TAK-214, blocking antibody levels were enhanced across a wide spectrum of different genotypes. The results indicate that adults may have multiple exposures to norovirus and that the magnitude and breadth of the complex preexisting antibody response can be boosted and expanded by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Haynes
- Vaccines Discovery Research, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Virginia Perry
- Vaccines Discovery Research, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Evelyn Benson
- Vaccines Discovery Research, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Alisa Meeks
- Vaccines Discovery Research, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Gayle Watts
- Vaccines Discovery Research, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Heather Watkins
- Vaccines Discovery Research, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ralph Braun
- Vaccines Discovery Research, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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12
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Hasing ME, Lee BE, Qiu Y, Xia M, Pabbaraju K, Wong A, Tipples G, Jiang X, Pang XL. Changes in norovirus genotype diversity in gastroenteritis outbreaks in Alberta, Canada: 2012-2018. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:177. [PMID: 30782126 PMCID: PMC6381812 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of norovirus genotype GII.4 variants has been associated with gastroenteritis pandemics worldwide, prompting molecular surveillance for early detection of novel strains. In this study, we aimed to analyze the outbreak activity of norovirus and characterize the norovirus strains circulating in Alberta between July 2012 and February 2018. Methods Stool samples from gastroenteritis outbreaks in Alberta were tested for norovirus at the Provincial Laboratory for Public Health using a multiplex real time-RT PCR assay. The ORF1 and ORF2-genotypes of norovirus positive samples were assigned based on phylogenetic analyses of partial polymerase and capsid sequences, respectively. Results A total of 530 norovirus outbreaks were identified. During July 2012 and June 2017 there was a gradual decrease in the annual number of GII.4 outbreaks, however, outbreak numbers increased from June 2017–February 2018. Four novel strains emerged: GII.17 Kawasaki in July 2014–June 2015, GII.P16/GII.4 Sydney in July 2015–June 2016, GII.P16/GII.2 and GII.P4 New Orleans/GII.4 Sydney in July 2016–June 2017. GII.Pe/GII.4 Sydney was the single predominant strain responsible for the majority (over 50%) of all norovirus outbreaks up to June 2015. Between June 2017 and February 2018, GII.P16/GII.4 Sydney was the leading strain causing 63% of all norovirus outbreaks. Conclusions GII.4 stands as the predominant capsid genotype causing a large majority of the norovirus outbreaks in early 2018. An increase in genotype diversity was observed in the last years, characterized by a high circulation of non-GII.4 strains and GII.4 recombinants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-3792-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Hasing
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bonita E Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kanti Pabbaraju
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (Microbiology), University of Alberta Hospital, WMC 2B4.58, 8440-112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2J2, Canada
| | - Anita Wong
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (Microbiology), University of Alberta Hospital, WMC 2B4.58, 8440-112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2J2, Canada
| | - Graham Tipples
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (Microbiology), University of Alberta Hospital, WMC 2B4.58, 8440-112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2J2, Canada
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoli L Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (Microbiology), University of Alberta Hospital, WMC 2B4.58, 8440-112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2J2, Canada.
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13
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Harris JP, Iturriza-Gomara M, Allen DJ, Kelly S, O’Brien SJ. Norovirus strain types found within the second infectious intestinal diseases (IID2) study an analysis of norovirus circulating in the community. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:87. [PMID: 30683063 PMCID: PMC6346499 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus is the commonest cause of infectious intestinal disease (IID) worldwide. In the UK community incidence of norovirus has been estimated at 59/1000 population, equating to four million cases a year. Whilst norovirus infects people of all ages, a substantial burden occurs in infants and young children. The population of viruses found in sporadic cases among infants has been observed to be more diverse than that associated with outbreaks. In this study, we analysed norovirus-positive specimens collected during the second study of infectious intestinal diseases (IID2 Study) a national community cohort study conducted between April 2008 and August 2009 We examined the data for differences in circulating norovirus strains between two arms of a community cohort, and differences between genotypes and disease outcomes such as illness duration and symptom profiles. METHODS Analysis was conducted to assess genetic diversity of noroviruses in the community. We also assessed differences in the cycle threshold (Ct) value, as a proxy for viral load, between norovirus genogroups and genotypes, and differences in reported symptoms or length of illness in relation to genogroup and genotype. RESULTS There were 477 samples where norovirus was detected. Whilst 85% of people recovered within two days for vomiting; diarrhoea symptoms were reported to day 4 for 83% of the cases, and 10% of people reported symptoms of diarrhoea lasting between five and six days. Both diarrhoea and vomiting symptoms lasted longer in children aged < 5 years compared to adults. There was a significantly higher proportion of GII.4 in samples obtained from the GP arm of the study (chi-square = 17.8, p < 0.001) compared to samples received via post in the self-reporting arm. In the latter group, the prevalence of GII.6 was significantly higher (chi-square = 7.5, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We found that there is a difference in disease severity by age group. Children aged < 5 years had longer duration of illness, with 10% still having diarrhoea at seven days, and vomiting of between four and five days. The duration of illness reported is higher overall than one might expect for cases in the community in otherwise healthy individuals which has implications for infection control. No differences were observed in relation to duration of vomiting and or diarrhoea by genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Harris
- University of Liverpool, Instutue of Population Health Sciences, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR HPRU in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - Miren Iturriza-Gomara
- University of Liverpool Institute of Global Health, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR HPRU in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - David J. Allen
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR HPRU in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - Susan Kelly
- University of Liverpool Institute of Global Health, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sarah J. O’Brien
- University of Liverpool, Instutue of Population Health Sciences, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR HPRU in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, UK
- Modelling, Evidence and Policy Research Group, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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14
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Egorov AI, Griffin SM, Ward HD, Reilly K, Fout GS, Wade TJ. Application of a salivary immunoassay in a prospective community study of waterborne infections. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 142:289-300. [PMID: 29890477 PMCID: PMC6781621 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying sporadic waterborne infections in community settings can be challenging. Salivary antibody immunoassays are a promising non-invasive tool that can be used in prospective studies of common infections, especially those involving children. This study was conducted in a Massachusetts city, which uses a microbiologically contaminated river as its water source, during summer-early winter periods before and after construction of a new drinking water treatment plant. Monthly saliva samples (7480 samples from 1170 children and 816 adults) were analyzed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to recombinant proteins of Cryptosporidium, one genogroup I (GI) and two GII noroviruses. Immunoconversion was defined as at least four-fold increase in specific antibody responses between two monthly samples with a post-conversion response above a flexible age-dependent cut-off. Episodes of gastroenteritis (diarrhea or vomiting or cramps) were associated with 3.2 (95% confidence limits 1.1; 9.5) adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of immunoconversion to Cryptosporidium; episodes of combined diarrhea and vomiting symptoms were associated with 3.5 (0.8; 15.0) and 4.6 (1.7; 12.6) aORs of an immunoconversion to GI and GII noroviruses, respectively. Swimming in natural water bodies or chlorinated pools was associated with 2.3 (0.4; 15.4) and 4.9 (1.6; 15.5) aORs of immunoconversion to Cryptosporidium, respectively. In a subset of study participants who did not use home water filters, consumption of at least some amount of non-boiled tap water reported in a monthly recall survey was associated with 11.1 (1.2; 100.0) and 0.6 (0.1; 2.5) aORs of immunoconversion to Cryptosporidium before and after the new water treatment plant construction, respectively. Among individuals who used home water filters, associations between non-boiled tap water consumption and Cryptosporidium immunoconversion were not significant before and after new plant construction with aORs of 0.8 (0.2; 3.3) and 0.3 (0.1; 1.6), respectively. The interaction effect of study phase and non-boiled tap water consumption on Cryptosporidium immunoconversions was statistically significant in the entire study population with aOR of 5.4 (1.1; 25.6). This was the first study that has used a salivary antibody immunoassay to demonstrate significant associations between gastrointestinal symptoms and Cryptosporidium and norovirus infections, and between water-related exposures and Cryptosporidium infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey I Egorov
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA.
| | - Shannon M Griffin
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Honorine D Ward
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Reilly
- EPA Region 1 (New England), United States Environmental Protection Agency, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Shay Fout
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Timothy J Wade
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
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15
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Tamminen K, Malm M, Vesikari T, Blazevic V. Norovirus-specific mucosal antibodies correlate to systemic antibodies and block norovirus virus-like particles binding to histo-blood group antigens. Clin Immunol 2018; 197:110-117. [PMID: 30244152 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The best acknowledged correlate of protection from norovirus (NoV) infection is the ability of serum antibodies to block binding of NoV virus-like particles (VLPs) to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). We investigated mucosal NoV-specific antibody levels in adult volunteers and used saliva from a single donor to determine whether purified saliva antibodies confer blocking. NoV-specific IgG and IgA levels in saliva and plasma samples were measured against four NoV genotype VLPs. NoV-specific IgG and IgA titers in saliva and plasma samples correlated significantly. Antibodies were detected against all VLPs with the highest level of antibodies directed against ancestral GII.4 99 genotype. Affinity chromatography purified salivary IgA and IgG blocked binding of GII.4 99 VLPs to HBGAs. Saliva sampling is a non-invasive alternative to blood drawing and an excellent biological fluid to study NoV-specific immune responses. Mucosal anti-NoV antibodies block binding of NoV VLPs to HBGAs, and may therefore be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Tamminen
- Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, Tampere FI-33520, Finland.
| | - Maria Malm
- Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, Tampere FI-33520, Finland
| | - Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, Tampere FI-33520, Finland
| | - Vesna Blazevic
- Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, Tampere FI-33520, Finland
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16
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Mans J. Longitudinal Seroprevalence Study Elucidates High Norovirus Burden in Sub-Saharan Africa. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:676-678. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Mans
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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17
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Thorne L, Nalwoga A, Mentzer AJ, de Rougemont A, Hosmillo M, Webb E, Nampiija M, Muhwezi A, Carstensen T, Gurdasani D, Hill AV, Sandhu MS, Elliott A, Goodfellow I. The First Norovirus Longitudinal Seroepidemiological Study From Sub-Saharan Africa Reveals High Seroprevalence of Diverse Genotypes Associated With Host Susceptibility Factors. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:716-725. [PMID: 29912471 PMCID: PMC6057498 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a prominent cause of gastroenteritis, yet fundamental questions remain regarding epidemiology, diversity, and immunity in sub-Saharan African children. We investigated HuNoV seroprevalence and genetic and sociodemographic risk factors in Ugandan children. Methods We randomly screened 797 participants of a longitudinal birth cohort (Entebbe, EMaBS) and 378 from a cross-sectional survey (rural Lake Victoria, LaVIISWA), for antibodies against HuNoV genotypes by ELISA. We used linear regression modeling to test for associations between HuNoV antibody levels and sociodemographic factors, and with the human susceptibility rs601338 FUT2 secretor SNP and histo-blood group antigens (A/B/O). Results Of EMaBS participants, 76.6% were seropositive by age 1, rising to 94.5% by age 2 years. Seroprevalence in 1 year olds of the rural LaVIISWA survey was even higher (95%). In the birth cohort, 99% of seropositive 2 year olds had responses to multiple HuNoV genotypes. We identified associations between secretor status and genogroup GII antibody levels (GII.4 P = 3.1 × 10-52), as well as ABO and GI (GI.2 P = 2.1 × 10-12). Conclusions HuNoVs are highly prevalent in Ugandan children, indicating a substantial burden of diarrhea-associated morbidity with recurrent infections. Public health interventions, including vaccination, and increased surveillance are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Thorne
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, UK
| | - Angela Nalwoga
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Alexis de Rougemont
- Centre National de Référence des Virus Entériques, Laboratoire de Virologie-Sérologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, France
- L'Unité Mixte de Recherche Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, France
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily Webb
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Margaret Nampiija
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Allan Muhwezi
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | | | - Adrian V Hill
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Manj S Sandhu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alison Elliott
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
- School of Public Health, University of Makeni, Sierra Leone
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18
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Wade TJ, Augustine SAJ, Griffin SM, Sams EA, Oshima KH, Egorov AI, Simmons KJ, Eason TN, Dufour AP. Asymptomatic norovirus infection associated with swimming at a tropical beach: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195056. [PMID: 29590196 PMCID: PMC5874074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Swimming in fecally-contaminated waterbodies can result in gastrointestinal infections. However, the pathogenic microorganisms responsible are not well understood because sporadic cases of illness are not reported completely, exposure information is often not collected, and epidemiology studies rely on self-reported symptoms. Noroviruses are considered a likely cause because they are found in high densities in sewage, resistant to wastewater treatment and survive in the environment. In this study, saliva samples were collected from subjects at a beach in Puerto Rico and tested for evidence of norovirus-specific IgG responses as an indicator of incident norovirus infection. Methods Saliva samples were collected from 1298 participants using an oral swab. Samples were collected on the day of the beach visit (S1); after 10–12 days (S2); and after three weeks (S3). Saliva was tested for IgG responses to GI.1 and GII.4 noroviruses using a microsphere based multiplex salivary immunoassay. Immunoconversion was defined as a four-fold increase in median fluorescence intensity (MFI) from S1 to S2 with the S3 sample at least three times above the S1 MFI. Results Thirty-four subjects (2.6%) immunoconverted to GI.1 or GII.4 norovirus. Swimmers who immersed their head in water had a higher rate of immunoconversion (3.4%), compared to either non-swimmers (0.0%, p = 0.003) or waders and non-swimmers combined (0.4%, Odds Ratio: 5.07, 95% Confidence Interval:1.48–17.00). Immunoconversion was not associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate an association between swimming at a beach impacted by fecal contamination and asymptomatic norovirus infection. The findings implicate recreational water as potentially important transmission pathway for norovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Wade
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Swinburne A. J. Augustine
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Shannon M. Griffin
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Sams
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Kevin H. Oshima
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Andrey I. Egorov
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Tarsha N. Eason
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Alfred P. Dufour
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
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19
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Xue C, Pan L, Zhu W, Wang Y, Fu H, Cui C, Lu L, Qiao S, Xu B. Molecular epidemiology of genogroup II norovirus infections in acute gastroenteritis patients during 2014-2016 in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:7. [PMID: 29483945 PMCID: PMC5824483 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus (NoV), a member of the Caliciviridae, is now recognized as the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. Globally, the GII.4 Sydney_2012 variant has predominated in NoV-related AGE since 2012, although the novel variant GII.17 has also been reported as responsible for gastroenteritis outbreaks in East Asia since 2014. This study aimed to disclose the recent genotype patterns of NoV genogroup II (GII) presenting in AGE patients in Pudong New Area of Shanghai through a laboratory-based syndromic surveillance system. The study further aimed to delineate the predominant strains circulating in the population. METHODS Pudong New Area is located in eastern Shanghai and covers 20.89% of the Shanghai population. The laboratory-based syndromic surveillance system is composed of 12 sentinel hospitals among the 68 general hospitals in this area. AGE patients who sought medical care were sampled following an AGE surveillance protocol. Stool samples were collected from participating patients, and a standardized questionnaire was given to each patient by trained nurses to gain information on the disease profiles and demographics of the patients. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to screen the GI nd GII NoV and RT-PCR was used to amplify NoV GII partial capsid protein open reading frame 2 (ORF2). NoV Genotyping Tool (version 1.0, RIVM, MA Bilthoven, Netherlands) was used for genotyping, and a phylogenetic analysis was conducted by MEGA 7.0. RESULTS During 2014-2016, among the 2069 virus-infected AGE cases, 65.88% were caused by NoV. NoV-AGE occurred most frequently in the periods from October to March. The patients with more severe diarrheal symptoms and vomiting were more likely to be infected by NoV. The main genotypes were GII.17 (44.69%) and GII.4 (39.26%), which dominated the NoV-AGE epidemics jointly or in turn, whereas a slight increase in GII.2 was observed beginning in May 2016. The GII.17 strains tended to cluster more with the Hu/JP/2014/GII.P17_GII.17/Kawasaki323 variants, representing novel prevalent strains. Among the GII.4 strains, the GII.4 Sydney_2012 variant was still the predominant strain. CONCLUSIONS NoV GII has become the main cause of virus-infected AGE in Pudong New Area, Shanghai. The predominant genotypes of NoV GII were GII.17 and GII.4. Comprehensive laboratory-based surveillance is important for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Identification of emerging new genotypes is also crucial for the prevention and control of NoV-infected AGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoyi Xue
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3039 Zhangyang Road, Shanghai, 200136 China
- Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136 China
| | - Lifeng Pan
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3039 Zhangyang Road, Shanghai, 200136 China
- Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136 China
| | - Weiping Zhu
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3039 Zhangyang Road, Shanghai, 200136 China
- Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136 China
| | - Yuanping Wang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3039 Zhangyang Road, Shanghai, 200136 China
- Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136 China
| | - Huiqin Fu
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3039 Zhangyang Road, Shanghai, 200136 China
- Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136 China
| | - Chang Cui
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3039 Zhangyang Road, Shanghai, 200136 China
- Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136 China
| | - Lan Lu
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3039 Zhangyang Road, Shanghai, 200136 China
- Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136 China
| | - Sun Qiao
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3039 Zhangyang Road, Shanghai, 200136 China
- Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136 China
| | - Biao Xu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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20
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Siqueira JAM, Bandeira RDS, Oliveira DDS, dos Santos LFP, Gabbay YB. Genotype diversity and molecular evolution of noroviruses: A 30-year (1982-2011) comprehensive study with children from Northern Brazil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178909. [PMID: 28604828 PMCID: PMC5467842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A chronologically comprehensive 30-year study was conducted that involved children living in Belém, in the Amazon region of Northern Brazil, who participated in eight different studies from October 1982 to April 2011. The children were followed either in the community or in health units and hospitals in order to identify the norovirus genotypes involved in infections during this time. A total of 2,520 fecal specimens were obtained and subjected to RT-PCR and nucleotide sequencing for regions A, B, C, D and P2 of the viral genome. An overall positivity of 16.9% (n = 426) was observed, and 49% of the positive samples were genotyped (208/426), evidencing the presence of several genotypes as follows: Polymerase gene (GI.P4, GII.Pa, GII.Pc, GII.Pe, GII.Pg, GII.Pj, GII.P3, GII.P4, GII.P6, GII.P7, GII.P8, GII.P12, GII.P13, GII.P14, GII.P21, GII.P22), and VP1 gene (GI.3, GI.7, GII.1, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.8, GII.10, GII.12, GII.14, GII.17, GII.23). The GII.P4/GII.4 genotype determined by both open reading frames (ORFs) (partial polymerase and VP1 genes) was found for 83 samples, and analyses of the subdomain P2 region showed 10 different variants: CHDC (1970s), Tokyo (1980s), Bristol_1993, US_95/96, Kaiso_2003, Asia_2003, Hunter_2004, Yerseke_2006a, Den Haag_2006b (subcluster “O”) and New Orleans_2009. Recombination events were confirmed in 47.6% (n = 20) of the 42 samples with divergent genotyping by ORF1 and ORF2 and with probable different breakpoints within the viral genome. The evolutionary analyses estimated a rate of evolution of 1.02 x 10−2 and 9.05 x 10−3 subs./site/year using regions C and D from the VP1 gene, respectively. The present research shows the broad genetic diversity of the norovirus that infected children for 30 years in Belém. These findings contribute to our understanding of noroviruses molecular epidemiology and viral evolution and provide a baseline for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jones Anderson Monteiro Siqueira
- Laboratório de Norovírus e outros Vírus Gastroentéricos—LNVE, Seção de Virologia—SAVIR, Instituto Evandro Chagas—IEC, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Renato da Silva Bandeira
- Seção de Virologia–SAVIR, Instituto Evandro Chagas—IEC, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Darleise de Souza Oliveira
- Seção de Virologia–SAVIR, Instituto Evandro Chagas—IEC, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Liann Filiphe Pereira dos Santos
- Laboratório de Norovírus e outros Vírus Gastroentéricos—LNVE, Seção de Virologia—SAVIR, Instituto Evandro Chagas—IEC, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Laboratório de Norovírus e outros Vírus Gastroentéricos—LNVE, Seção de Virologia—SAVIR, Instituto Evandro Chagas—IEC, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
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Buesa J, Rodríguez-Díaz J. Norovirus infection: why are the genogroup II genotype 4 strains so persistent in the population? Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
- Institute for Clinical Research of the Hospital Clínico Universitario (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
- Institute for Clinical Research of the Hospital Clínico Universitario (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
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