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Sharma D, Sharma S, Akojwar N, Dondulkar A, Yenorkar N, Pandita D, Prasad SK, Dhobi M. An Insight into Current Treatment Strategies, Their Limitations, and Ongoing Developments in Vaccine Technologies against Herpes Simplex Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020206. [PMID: 36851084 PMCID: PMC9966607 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, the most prevalent viral infection that typically lasts for a lifetime, is associated with frequent outbreaks of oral and genital lesions. Oral herpes infection is mainly associated with HSV-1 through oral contact, while genital herpes originates due to HSV-2 and is categorized under sexually transmitted diseases. Immunocompromised patients and children are more prone to HSV infection. Over the years, various attempts have been made to find potential targets for the prevention of HSV infection. Despite the global distress caused by HSV infections, there are no licensed prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines available on the market against HSV. Nevertheless, there are numerous promising candidates in the pre-clinical and clinical stages of study. The present review gives an overview of two herpes viruses, their history, and life cycle, and different treatments adopted presently against HSV infections and their associated limitations. Majorly, the review covers the recent investigations being carried out globally regarding various vaccine strategies against oral and genital herpes virus infections, together with the recent and advanced nanotechnological approaches for vaccine development. Consequently, it gives an insight to researchers as well as people from the health sector about the challenges and upcoming solutions associated with treatment and vaccine development against HSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Supriya Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Natasha Akojwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Ayusha Dondulkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Nikhil Yenorkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Deepti Pandita
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi 110017, India
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (S.K.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Satyendra K. Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (S.K.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Mahaveer Dhobi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi 110017, India
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (S.K.P.); (M.D.)
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Abstract
This article describes procedures for two preclinical animal models for genital herpes infection. The guinea pig model shares many features of genital herpes in humans, including a natural route of inoculation, self-limiting primary vulvovaginitis, spontaneous recurrences, symptomatic and subclinical shedding of HSV-2, and latent infection of the associated sensory ganglia (lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia, DRG). Many humoral and cytokine responses to HSV-2 infection in the guinea pig have been characterized; however, due to the limited availability of immunological reagents, assessments of cellular immune responses are lacking. In contrast, the mouse model has been important in assessing cellular immune responses to herpes infection. Both the mouse and guinea pig models have been extremely useful for evaluating preventative and immunotherapeutic approaches for controlling HSV infection and recurrent disease. In this article, we describe procedures for infecting guinea pigs and mice with HSV-2, scoring subsequent genital disease, and measuring replicating virus to confirm infection. We also provide detailed protocols for dissecting and isolating DRG (the site of HSV-2 latency), quantifying HSV-2 genomic copies in DRG, and assessing symptomatic and subclinical shedding of HSV-2 in the vagina. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Primary and recurrent genital herpes infection in the guinea pig model Support Protocol 1: Blood collection via lateral saphenous vein or by cardiac puncture after euthanasia Support Protocol 2: Dissection and isolation of dorsal root ganglia from guinea pigs Support Protocol 3: PCR amplification and quantification of HSV-2 genomic DNA from samples Basic Protocol 2: Primary genital herpes infection in the mouse model Alternate Protocol: Flank infection with HSV-2 in the mouse model Support Protocol 4: Dissection and isolation of mouse dorsal root ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Hook
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Harvey M Friedman
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sita Awasthi
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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3
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St. Leger AJ, Koelle DM, Kinchington PR, Verjans GMGM. Local Immune Control of Latent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Ganglia of Mice and Man. Front Immunol 2021; 12:723809. [PMID: 34603296 PMCID: PMC8479180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.723809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a prevalent human pathogen. HSV-1 genomes persist in trigeminal ganglia neuronal nuclei as chromatinized episomes, while epithelial cells are typically killed by lytic infection. Fluctuations in anti-viral responses, broadly defined, may underlay periodic reactivations. The ganglionic immune response to HSV-1 infection includes cell-intrinsic responses in neurons, innate sensing by several cell types, and the infiltration and persistence of antigen-specific T-cells. The mechanisms specifying the contrasting fates of HSV-1 in neurons and epithelial cells may include differential genome silencing and chromatinization, dictated by variation in access of immune modulating viral tegument proteins to the cell body, and protection of neurons by autophagy. Innate responses have the capacity of recruiting additional immune cells and paracrine activity on parenchymal cells, for example via chemokines and type I interferons. In both mice and humans, HSV-1-specific CD8 and CD4 T-cells are recruited to ganglia, with mechanistic studies suggesting active roles in immune surveillance and control of reactivation. In this review we focus mainly on HSV-1 and the TG, comparing and contrasting where possible observational, interventional, and in vitro studies between humans and animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. St. Leger
- Department of Ophthalmology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Paul R. Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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4
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Assessment of Two Novel Live-Attenuated Vaccine Candidates for Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) in Guinea Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030258. [PMID: 33805768 PMCID: PMC7999511 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment to ameliorate the symptoms of infection with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) and to suppress reactivation has been available for decades. However, a safe and effective preventative or therapeutic vaccine has eluded development. Two novel live-attenuated HSV-2 vaccine candidates (RVx201 and RVx202) have been tested preclinically for safety. Hartley guinea pigs were inoculated vaginally (n = 3) or intradermally (n = 16) with either vaccine candidate (2 × 107 PFU) and observed for disease for 28 days. All animals survived to study end without developing HSV-2-associated disease. Neither vaccine candidate established latency in dorsal root or sacral sympathetic ganglia, as determined by viral DNA quantification, LAT expression, or explant reactivation. Infectious virus was shed in vaginal secretions for three days following vaginal inoculation with RVx202, but not RVx201, although active or latent HSV-2 was not detected at study end. In contrast, guinea pigs inoculated with wild-type HSV-2 MS (2 × 105 PFU) vaginally (n = 5) or intradermally (n = 16) developed acute disease, neurological signs, shed virus in vaginal secretions, experienced periodic recurrences throughout the study period, and had latent HSV-2 in their dorsal root and sacral sympathetic ganglia at study end. Both vaccine candidates generated neutralizing antibody. Taken together, these findings suggest that these novel vaccine candidates are safe in guinea pigs and should be tested for efficacy as preventative and/or therapeutic anti-HSV-2 vaccines.
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Marchese V, Dal Zoppo S, Quaresima V, Rossi B, Matteelli A. Vaccines for STIs: Present and Future Directions. Sex Transm Infect 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02200-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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6
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Marshak JO, Dong L, Koelle DM. The Murine Intravaginal HSV-2 Challenge Model for Investigation of DNA Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2060:429-454. [PMID: 31617196 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9814-2_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have been licensed in veterinary medicine and have promise for humans. This format is relatively immunogenic in mice and guinea pigs, the two principle HSV-2 animal models, permitting rapid assessment of vectors, antigens, adjuvants, and delivery systems. Limitations include the relatively poor immunogenicity of naked DNA in humans and the profound differences in HSV-2 pathogenesis between host species. Herein, we detail lessons learned investigating candidate DNA vaccines in the progesterone-primed female mouse vaginal model of HSV-2 infection as a guide to investigators in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O Marshak
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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7
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Ramchandani MS, Jing L, Russell RM, Tran T, Laing KJ, Magaret AS, Selke S, Cheng A, Huang ML, Xie H, Strachan E, Greninger AL, Roychoudhury P, Jerome KR, Wald A, Koelle DM. Viral Genetics Modulate Orolabial Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Shedding in Humans. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:1058-1066. [PMID: 30383234 PMCID: PMC6420167 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orolabial herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection has a wide spectrum of severity in immunocompetent persons. To study the role of viral genotype and host immunity, we characterized oral HSV-1 shedding rates and host cellular response, and genotyped viral strains, in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. METHODS A total of 29 MZ and 22 DZ HSV-1-seropositive twin pairs were evaluated for oral HSV-1 shedding for 60 days. HSV-1 strains from twins were genotyped as identical or different. CD4+ T-cell responses to HSV-1 proteins were studied. RESULTS The median per person oral HSV shedding rate was 9% of days that a swab was obtained (mean, 10.2% of days). A positive correlation between shedding rates was observed within all twin pairs, and in the MZ and DZ twins. In twin subsets with sufficient HSV-1 DNA to genotype, 15 had the same strain and 14 had different strains. Viral shedding rates were correlated for those with the same but not different strains. The median number of HSV-1 open reading frames recognized per person was 16. The agreement in the CD4+ T-cell response to specific HSV-1 open reading frames was greater between MZ twins than between unrelated persons (P = .002). CONCLUSION Viral strain characteristics likely contribute to oral HSV-1 shedding rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ronnie M Russell
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tran Tran
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amalia S Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anqi Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eric Strachan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alex L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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8
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Gottlieb SL, Giersing BK, Hickling J, Jones R, Deal C, Kaslow DC. Meeting report: Initial World Health Organization consultation on herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccine preferred product characteristics, March 2017. Vaccine 2017; 37:7408-7418. [PMID: 29224963 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of vaccines against herpes simplex virus (HSV) is an important global goal for sexual and reproductive health. A key priority to advance development of HSV vaccines is the definition of preferred product characteristics (PPCs), which provide strategic guidance on World Health Organization (WHO) preferences for new vaccines, specifically from a low- and middle-income country (LMIC) perspective. To start the PPC process for HSV vaccines, the WHO convened a global stakeholder consultation in March 2017, to define the priority public health needs that should be addressed by HSV vaccines and discuss the key considerations for HSV vaccine PPCs, particularly for LMICs. Meeting participants outlined an initial set of overarching public health goals for HSV vaccines in LMICs, which are: to reduce the acquisition of HIV associated with HSV-2 infection in high HIV-prevalence populations and to reduce the burden of HSV-associated disease, including mortality and morbidity due to neonatal herpes and impacts on sexual and reproductive health. Participants also considered the role of prophylactic versus therapeutic vaccines, whether both HSV-2 and HSV-1 should be targeted, important target populations, and infection and disease endpoints for clinical trials. This article summarizes the main discussions from the consultation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carolyn Deal
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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9
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Liu W, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Su W, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Gao F, Jiang C, Kong W. Evaluation of recombinant adenovirus vaccines based on glycoprotein D and truncated UL25 against herpes simplex virus type 2 in mice. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 61:176-184. [PMID: 28378925 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infections in humans necessitates the development of a safe and effective vaccine that will need to induce vigorous T-cell responses to control viral infection and transmission. We designed rAd-gD2, rAd-gD2ΔUL25, and rAd-ΔUL25 to investigate whether recombinant replication-defective adenoviruses vaccine could induce specific T-cell responses and protect mice against intravaginal HSV-2 challenge compared with FI-HSV-2. In the present study, recombinant adenovirus-based HSV-2 showed higher reductions in mortality and stronger antigen-specific T-cell responses compared with FI-HSV-2 and the severity of genital lesions in mice immunized with rAd-gD2ΔUL25 was significantly decreased by eliciting IFN-γ-secreting T-cell responses compared with rAd-gD2 and rAd-ΔUL25 groups. Our results demonstrated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant adenovirus vaccines in acute HSV-2 infection following intravaginal challenge in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Jilin Medical University, Jilin 13201, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ziyan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zeqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qizhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Weiheng Su
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yan Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Feng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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10
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Johnston C, Magaret A, Roychoudhury P, Greninger AL, Cheng A, Diem K, Fitzgibbon MP, Huang ML, Selke S, Lingappa JR, Celum C, Jerome KR, Wald A, Koelle DM. Highly conserved intragenic HSV-2 sequences: Results from next-generation sequencing of HSV-2 U L and U S regions from genital swabs collected from 3 continents. Virology 2017; 510:90-98. [PMID: 28711653 PMCID: PMC5565707 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the variability in circulating herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) genomic sequences is critical to the development of HSV-2 vaccines. METHODS Genital lesion swabs containing ≥ 107log10 copies HSV DNA collected from Africa, the USA, and South America underwent next-generation sequencing, followed by K-mer based filtering and de novo genomic assembly. Sites of heterogeneity within coding regions in unique long and unique short (UL_US) regions were identified. Phylogenetic trees were created using maximum likelihood reconstruction. RESULTS Among 46 samples from 38 persons, 1468 intragenic base-pair substitutions were identified. The maximum nucleotide distance between strains for concatenated UL_US segments was 0.4%. Phylogeny did not reveal geographic clustering. The most variable proteins had non-synonymous mutations in < 3% of amino acids. CONCLUSIONS Unenriched HSV-2 DNA can undergo next-generation sequencing to identify intragenic variability. The use of clinical swabs for sequencing expands the information that can be gathered directly from these specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA.
| | - Amalia Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
| | | | | | - Anqi Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, USA
| | - Kurt Diem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, USA
| | - Matthew P Fitzgibbon
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, USA
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, USA
| | - Jairam R Lingappa
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, USA
| | - Connie Celum
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, USA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA; Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Zhou Y, Wang Z, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Hua R, Liu W, Jiang C, Chen Y, Yang W, Kong W. Optimized DNA Vaccine Enhanced by Adjuvant IL28B Induces Protective Immune Responses Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in Mice. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:601-614. [PMID: 28650722 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific immune responses determine the efficacy of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) vaccines. To optimize the immunogenicity of the antigen gD2, we developed the gD2ΔUL25 DNA vaccine encoding HSV-2 glycoprotein D and UL25 gene encoding viral capsid vertex proteins in this study. The gD2 and gD2ΔUL25 DNA vaccines were compared with formalin-inactivated HSV-2 (FI-HSV-2), and results showed a greater protective immune response induced by gD2ΔUL25 than by gD2. Therefore, gD2ΔUL25 was chosen to evaluate further using the IL28B adjuvant. Immunization with gD2ΔUL25/IL28B elicited stronger humoral and T cell immune responses than with gD2ΔUL25 alone. Compared with controls, gD2ΔUL25/IL28B decreased HSV-2 viral loads and induced protective effects against genital tract lesions generated by HSV-2. These findings demonstrated that the prophylactic DNA vaccine gD2ΔUL25 with IL28B adjuvant could enhance the humoral and T cell immune responses, and improve the protective immune response against HSV-2 in female mice compared with FI-HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- 1 National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
- 2 Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Ziyan Wang
- 1 National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Yongqing Xu
- 1 National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Zeqiang Zhang
- 1 National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
- 2 Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Rui Hua
- 3 Hepatic Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Wei Liu
- 1 National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
- 4 Department of Biotechnology, Jilin Medical University , Jilin, China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- 1 National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
- 2 Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Yan Chen
- 1 National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
- 2 Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Wenying Yang
- 5 Gastroenterol Department, Jilin Province People's Hospital , Changchun, China
| | - Wei Kong
- 1 National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
- 2 Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
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12
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Retamal-Díaz AR, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM, González PA. A Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Deleted for Glycoprotein D Enables Dendritic Cells to Activate CD4 + and CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:904. [PMID: 28848543 PMCID: PMC5553038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is highly prevalent in the human population producing significant morbidity, mainly because of the generation of genital ulcers and neonatal encephalitis. Additionally, HSV-2 infection significantly increases the susceptibility of the host to acquire HIV and promotes the shedding of the latter in the coinfected. Despite numerous efforts to create a vaccine against HSV-2, no licensed vaccines are currently available. A long-standing strategy, based on few viral glycoproteins combined with adjuvants, recently displayed poor results in a Phase III clinical study fueling exploration on the development of mutant HSV viruses that are attenuated in vivo and elicit protective adaptive immune components, such as antiviral antibodies and T cells. Importantly, such specialized antiviral immune components are likely induced and modulated by dendritic cells, professional antigen presenting cells that process viral antigens and present them to T cells. However, HSV interferes with several functions of DCs and ultimately induces their death. Here, we propose that for an attenuated mutant virus to confer protective immunity against HSV in vivo based on adaptive immune components, such virus should also be attenuated in dendritic cells to promote a robust and effective antiviral response. We provide a background framework for this idea, considerations, as well as the means to assess this hypothesis. Addressing this hypothesis may provide valuable insights for the development of novel, safe, and effective vaccines against herpes simplex viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angello R Retamal-Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Gilbert PB, Excler JL, Tomaras GD, Carpp LN, Haynes BF, Liao HX, Montefiori DC, Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, Kaewkungwal J, Kijak GH, Tovanabutra S, Francis DP, Lee C, Sinangil F, Berman PW, Premsri N, Kunasol P, O’Connell RJ, Michael NL, Robb ML, Morrow R, Corey L, Kim JH. Antibody to HSV gD peptide induced by vaccination does not protect against HSV-2 infection in HSV-2 seronegative women. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176428. [PMID: 28493891 PMCID: PMC5426618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the HIV-1 vaccine trial RV144, ALVAC-HIV prime with an AIDSVAX® B/E boost reduced HIV-1 acquisition by 31% at 42 months post first vaccination. The bivalent AIDSVAX® B/E vaccine contains two gp120 envelope glycoproteins, one from the subtype B HIV-1 MN isolate and one from the subtype CRF01_AE A244 isolate. Each envelope glycoprotein harbors a highly conserved 27-amino acid HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) tag sequence that shares 93% sequence identity with the HSV-2 gD sequence. We assessed whether vaccine-induced anti-gD antibodies protected females against HSV-2 acquisition in RV144. METHODS Of the women enrolled in RV144, 777 vaccine and 807 placebo recipients were eligible and randomly selected according to their pre-vaccination HSV-1 and HSV-2 serostatus for analysis. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA responses to gD were determined by a binding antibody multiplex assay and HSV-2 serostatus was determined by Western blot analysis. Ninety-three percent and 75% of the vaccine recipients had anti-gD IgG and IgA responses two weeks post last vaccination, respectively. There was no evidence of reduction in HSV-2 infection by vaccination compared to placebo recipients over 78 weeks of follow-up. The annual incidence of HSV-2 infection in individuals who were HSV-2 negative at baseline or HSV-1 positive and HSV-2 indeterminate at baseline were 4.38/100 person-years (py) and 3.28/100 py in the vaccine and placebo groups, respectively. Baseline HSV-1 status did not affect subsequent HSV-2 acquisition. Specifically, the estimated odds ratio of HSV-2 infection by Week 78 for female placebo recipients who were baseline HSV-1 positive (n = 422) vs. negative (n = 1120) was 1.14 [95% confidence interval 0.66 to 1.94, p = 0.64)]. No evidence of reduction in the incidence of HSV-2 infection by vaccination was detected. CONCLUSIONS AIDSVAX® B/E containing gD did not confer protection from HSV-2 acquisition in HSV-2 seronegative women, despite eliciting anti-gD serum antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B. Gilbert
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jean-Louis Excler
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute and the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute and the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute and the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Punnee Pitisuttithum
- Vaccine Trial Center, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gustavo H. Kijak
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Donald P. Francis
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Carter Lee
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Phillip W. Berman
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Nakorn Premsri
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Prayura Kunasol
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Robert J. O’Connell
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rhoda Morrow
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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14
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Odegard JM, Flynn PA, Campbell DJ, Robbins SH, Dong L, Wang K, Ter Meulen J, Cohen JI, Koelle DM. A novel HSV-2 subunit vaccine induces GLA-dependent CD4 and CD8 T cell responses and protective immunity in mice and guinea pigs. Vaccine 2015; 34:101-9. [PMID: 26571309 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES There is currently no licensed prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine for HSV-2 infection. METHODS We developed a novel preclinical vaccine candidate, G103, consisting of three recombinantly expressed HSV-2 proteins (gD and the UL19 and UL25 gene products) adjuvanted with the potent synthetic TLR4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA) formulated in stable emulsion. The vaccine was tested for immunogenicity and efficacy in pre-clinical models for preventative and therapeutic vaccination. RESULTS Vaccination of mice with G103 elicited antigen-specific binding and neutralizing antibody responses, as well as robust CD4 and CD8 effector and memory T cells. The T cell responses were further boosted by subsequent challenge with live virus. Prophylactic immunization completely protected against lethal intravaginal HSV-2 infection in mice, with only transient replication of virus in the genital mucosa and sterilizing immunity in dorsal root ganglia. Supporting the use of G103 therapeutically, the vaccine expanded both CD4 and CD8 T cells induced in mice by previous infection with HSV-2. In the guinea pig model of recurrent HSV-2 infection, therapeutic immunization with G103 was approximately 50% effective in reducing the number of lesions per animal as well as the overall lesions score. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the data show that G103 is a viable candidate for development of a novel prophylactic and therapeutic HSV-2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Kening Wang
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
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15
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A Dual-Modality Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Vaccine for Preventing Genital Herpes by Using Glycoprotein C and D Subunit Antigens To Induce Potent Antibody Responses and Adenovirus Vectors Containing Capsid and Tegument Proteins as T Cell Immunogens. J Virol 2015; 89:8497-509. [PMID: 26041292 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01089-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated a genital herpes prophylactic vaccine containing herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) glycoproteins C (gC2) and D (gD2) to stimulate humoral immunity and UL19 (capsid protein VP5) and UL47 (tegument protein VP13/14) as T cell immunogens. The HSV-2 gC2 and gD2 proteins were expressed in baculovirus, while the UL19 and UL47 genes were expressed from replication-defective adenovirus vectors. Adenovirus vectors containing UL19 and UL47 stimulated human and murine CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. Guinea pigs were either (i) mock immunized; (ii) immunized with gC2/gD2, with CpG and alum as adjuvants; (iii) immunized with the UL19/UL47 adenovirus vectors; or (iv) immunized with the combination of gC2/gD2-CpG/alum and the UL19/UL47 adenovirus vectors. Immunization with gC2/gD2 produced potent neutralizing antibodies, while UL19 and UL47 also stimulated antibody responses. After intravaginal HSV-2 challenge, the mock and UL19/UL47 adenovirus groups developed severe acute disease, while 2/8 animals in the gC2/gD2-only group and none in the combined group developed acute disease. No animals in the gC2/gD2 or combined group developed recurrent disease; however, 5/8 animals in each group had subclinical shedding of HSV-2 DNA, on 15/168 days for the gC2/gD2 group and 13/168 days for the combined group. Lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia were positive for HSV-2 DNA and latency-associated transcripts for 5/8 animals in the gC2/gD2 group and 2/8 animals in the combined group. None of the differences comparing the gC2/gD2-only group and the combined group were statistically significant. Therefore, adding the T cell immunogens UL19 and UL47 to the gC2/gD2 vaccine did not significantly reduce genital disease and vaginal HSV-2 DNA shedding compared with the excellent protection provided by gC2/gD2 in the guinea pig model. IMPORTANCE HSV-2 infection is a common cause of genital ulcer disease and a significant public health concern. Genital herpes increases the risk of transmission and acquisition of HIV-1 infection 3- to 4-fold. A herpes vaccine that prevents genital lesions and asymptomatic genital shedding will have a substantial impact on two epidemics, i.e., both the HSV-2 and HIV-1 epidemics. We previously reported that a vaccine containing HSV-2 glycoprotein C (gC2) and glycoprotein D (gD2) reduced genital lesions and asymptomatic HSV-2 genital shedding in guinea pigs, yet the protection was not complete. We evaluated whether adding the T cell immunogens UL19 (capsid protein VP5) and UL47 (tegument protein VP13/14) would enhance the protection provided by the gC2/gD2 vaccine, which produces potent antibody responses. Here we report the efficacy of a combination vaccine containing gC2/gD2 and UL19/UL47 for prevention of genital disease, vaginal shedding of HSV-2 DNA, and latent infection of dorsal root ganglia in guinea pigs.
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16
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Srivastava R, Khan AA, Spencer D, Vahed H, Lopes PP, Thai NTU, Wang C, Pham TT, Huang J, Scarfone VM, Nesburn AB, Wechsler SL, BenMohamed L. HLA-A02:01-restricted epitopes identified from the herpes simplex virus tegument protein VP11/12 preferentially recall polyfunctional effector memory CD8+ T cells from seropositive asymptomatic individuals and protect humanized HLA-A*02:01 transgenic mice against ocular herpes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2232-48. [PMID: 25617474 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The HSV type 1 tegument virion phosphoprotein (VP) 11/12 (VP11/12) is a major Ag targeted by CD8(+) T cells from HSV-seropositive individuals. However, whether and which VP11/12 epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells play a role in the "natural" protection seen in seropositive healthy asymptomatic (ASYMP) individuals (who have never had clinical herpes disease) remain to be determined. In this study, we used multiple prediction computer-assisted algorithms to identify 10 potential HLA-A*02:01-restricted CD8(+) T cell epitopes from the 718-aa sequence of VP11/12. Three of 10 epitopes exhibited high-to-moderate binding affinity to HLA-A*02:01 molecules. In 10 sequentially studied HLA-A*02:01-positive and HSV-1-seropositive ASYMP individuals, the most frequent, robust, and polyfunctional effector CD8(+) T cell responses, as assessed by a combination of tetramer frequency, granzyme B, granzyme K, perforin, CD107(a/b) cytotoxic degranulation, IFN-γ, and multiplex cytokines assays, were predominantly directed against three epitopes: VP11/1266-74, VP11/12220-228, and VP11/12702-710. Interestingly, ASYMP individuals had a significantly higher proportion of CD45RA(low)CCR7(low)CD44(high)CD62L(low)CD27(low)CD28(low)CD8(+) effector memory CD8(+) T cells (TEMs) specific to the three epitopes, compared with symptomatic individuals (with a history of numerous episodes of recurrent ocular herpetic disease). Moreover, immunization of HLA-A*02:01 transgenic mice with the three ASYMP CD8(+) TEM cell epitopes induced robust and polyfunctional epitope-specific CD8(+) TEM cells that were associated with a strong protective immunity against ocular herpes infection and disease. Our findings outline phenotypic and functional features of protective HSV-specific CD8(+) T cells that should guide the development of an effective T cell-based herpes vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Arif A Khan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Doran Spencer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Hawa Vahed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Patricia P Lopes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Nhi Thi Uyen Thai
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Christine Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Thanh T Pham
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jiawei Huang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Vanessa M Scarfone
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Anthony B Nesburn
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Steven L Wechsler
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697; Virology Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697; Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697; and Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
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17
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Marshak JO, Dong L, Koelle DM. The murine intravaginal HSV-2 challenge model for investigation of DNA vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1144:305-27. [PMID: 24671693 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0428-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have been licensed in veterinary medicine and have promise for humans. This format is relatively immunogenic in mice and guinea pigs, the two principle HSV-2 animal models, permitting rapid assessment of vectors, antigens, adjuvants, and delivery systems. Limitations include the relatively poor immunogenicity of naked DNA in humans and the profound differences in HSV-2 pathogenesis between host species. Herein, we detail lessons learned over the last few years investigating candidate DNA vaccines in the progesterone-primed female mouse vaginal model of HSV-2 infection as a guide to investigators in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O Marshak
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Room E651, Mail Stop 35806, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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18
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Dutton JL, Li B, Woo WP, Marshak JO, Xu Y, Huang ML, Dong L, Frazer IH, Koelle DM. A novel DNA vaccine technology conveying protection against a lethal herpes simplex viral challenge in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76407. [PMID: 24098493 PMCID: PMC3789751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While there are a number of licensed veterinary DNA vaccines, to date, none have been licensed for use in humans. Here, we demonstrate that a novel technology designed to enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines protects against lethal herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) challenge in a murine model. Polynucleotides were modified by use of a codon optimization algorithm designed to enhance immune responses, and the addition of an ubiquitin-encoding sequence to target the antigen to the proteasome for processing and to enhance cytotoxic T cell responses. We show that a mixture of these codon-optimized ubiquitinated and non-ubiquitinated constructs encoding the same viral envelope protein, glycoprotein D, induced both B and T cell responses, and could protect against lethal viral challenge and reduce ganglionic latency. The optimized vaccines, subcloned into a vector suitable for use in humans, also provided a high level of protection against the establishment of ganglionic latency, an important correlate of HSV reactivation and candidate endpoint for vaccines to proceed to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Li
- Coridon Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wai-Ping Woo
- Coridon Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua O. Marshak
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yan Xu
- Coridon Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meei-li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- Coridon Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Platt RJ, Khodai T, Townend TJ, Bright HH, Cockle P, Perez-Tosar L, Webster R, Champion B, Hickling TP, Mirza F. CD8+ T Lymphocyte Epitopes From The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 ICP27, VP22 and VP13/14 Proteins To Facilitate Vaccine Design And Characterization. Cells 2013; 2:19-42. [PMID: 24709642 PMCID: PMC3972665 DOI: 10.3390/cells2010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells have the potential to control HSV-2 infection. However, limited information has been available on CD8+ T cell epitopes or the functionality of antigen specific T cells during infection or following immunization with experimental vaccines. Peptide panels from HSV-2 proteins ICP27, VP22 and VP13/14 were selected from in silico predictions of binding to human HLA-A*0201 and mouse H-2Kd, Ld and Dd molecules. Nine previously uncharacterized CD8+ T cell epitopes were identified from HSV-2 infected BALB/c mice. HSV-2 specific peptide sequences stabilized HLA-A*02 surface expression with intermediate or high affinity binding. Peptide specific CD8+ human T cell lines from peripheral blood lymphocytes were generated from a HLA-A*02+ donor. High frequencies of peptide specific CD8+ T cell responses were elicited in mice by DNA vaccination with ICP27, VP22 and VP13/14, as demonstrated by CD107a mobilization. Vaccine driven T cell responses displayed a more focused immune response than those induced by viral infection. Furthermore, vaccination with ICP27 reduced viral shedding and reduced the clinical impact of disease. In conclusion, this study describes novel HSV-2 epitopes eliciting strong CD8+ T cell responses that may facilitate epitope based vaccine design and aid immunomonitoring of antigen specific T cell frequencies in preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Platt
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Tansi Khodai
- New Opportunities Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 -9NJ, UK.
| | - Tim J Townend
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Helen H Bright
- New Opportunities Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 -9NJ, UK.
| | - Paul Cockle
- Vaccine Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Luis Perez-Tosar
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Rob Webster
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Brian Champion
- Vaccine Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Timothy P Hickling
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Fareed Mirza
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
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20
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Bright H, Perez DL, Christy C, Cockle P, Eyles JE, Hammond D, Khodai T, Lang S, West K, Loudon PT. The efficacy of HSV-2 vaccines based on gD and gB is enhanced by the addition of ICP27. Vaccine 2012; 30:7529-35. [PMID: 23103198 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines expressing HSV-2 gD, gB, ICP27, VP22 and VP13/14 were shown to be immunogenic in mice; gD and gB elicited neutralising antibody, and all five antigens induced T cell responses measured by IFNγ ELISPOT. In murine HSV-2 challenge studies, gD and gB provided moderate to high levels of protection while ICP27 provided a lower level of protection depending on the model (intravaginal or intranasal) and the challenge dose. Combining vaccines expressing gB or gD with vaccines expressing ICP27 provided greater protection than any antigen alone. We conclude that the addition of ICP27 to enhance the anti-viral T cell response can improve the efficacy of gD- and gB-based vaccines.
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21
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Veselenak RL, Shlapobersky M, Pyles RB, Wei Q, Sullivan SM, Bourne N. A Vaxfectin(®)-adjuvanted HSV-2 plasmid DNA vaccine is effective for prophylactic and therapeutic use in the guinea pig model of genital herpes. Vaccine 2012; 30:7046-51. [PMID: 23041125 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe studies in the guinea pig model of genital herpes to evaluate a novel plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccine encoding the HSV-2 glycoprotein D and UL46 and UL47 genes encoding tegument proteins VP11/12 and VP 13/14 (gD2/UL46/UL47), formulated with a cationic lipid-based adjuvant Vaxfectin(®). Prophylactic immunization with Vaxfectin(®)-gD2/UL46/UL47 significantly reduced viral replication in the genital tract, provided complete protection against both primary and recurrent genital skin disease following intravaginal HSV-2 challenge, and significantly reduced latent HSV-2 DNA in the dorsal root ganglia compared to controls. We also examined the impact of therapeutic immunization of HSV-2 infected animals. Here, Vaxfectin(®)-gD2/UL46/UL47 immunization significantly reduced both the frequency of recurrent disease and viral shedding into the genital tract compared to controls. This novel adjuvanted pDNA vaccine has demonstrated both prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in the guinea pig model of genital herpes and warrants further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L Veselenak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA
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22
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Luo C, Goshima F, Kamakura M, Mutoh Y, Iwata S, Kimura H, Nishiyama Y. Immunization with a highly attenuated replication-competent herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant, HF10, protects mice from genital disease caused by herpes simplex virus type 2. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:158. [PMID: 22557998 PMCID: PMC3339446 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes is an intractable disease caused mainly by herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 (HSV-2), and is a major concern in public health. A previous infection with HSV type 1 (HSV-1) enhances protection against primary HSV-2 infection to some extent. In this study, we evaluated the ability of HF10, a naturally occurring replication-competent HSV-1 mutant, to protect against genital infection in mice caused by HSV-2. Subcutaneous inoculation of HF10-immunized mice against lethal infection by HSV-2, and attenuated the development of genital ulcer diseases. Immunization with HF10 inhibited HSV-2 replication in the mouse vagina, reduced local inflammation, controlled emergence of neurological dysfunctions of HSV-2 infection, and increased survival. In HF10-immunized mice, we observed rapid and increased production of interferon-γ in the vagina in response to HSV-2 infection, and numerous CD4+ and a few CD8+ T cells localized to the infective focus. CD4+ T cells invaded the mucosal subepithelial lamina propria. Thus, the protective effect of HF10 was related to induction of cellular immunity, mediated primarily by Th1 CD4+ cells. These data indicate that the live attenuated HSV-1 mutant strain HF10 is a promising candidate antigen for a vaccine against genital herpes caused by HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhong Luo
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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23
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Dervillez X, Gottimukkala C, Kabbara KW, Nguyen C, Badakhshan T, Kim SM, Nesburn AB, Wechsler SL, Benmohamed L. Future of an "Asymptomatic" T-cell Epitope-Based Therapeutic Herpes Simplex Vaccine. Future Virol 2012; 7:371-378. [PMID: 22701511 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Considering the limited success of the recent herpes clinical vaccine trial [1], new vaccine strategies are needed. Infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 & HSV-2) in the majority of men and women are usually asymptomatic and results in lifelong viral latency in neurons of sensory ganglia (SG). However, in a minority of men and women HSV spontaneous reactivation can cause recurrent disease (i.e., symptomatic individuals). Our recent findings show that T cells from symptomatic and asymptomatic men and women (i.e. those with and without recurrences, respectively) recognize different herpes epitopes. This finding breaks new ground and opens new doors to assess a new vaccine strategy: mucosal immunization with HSV-1 & HSV-2 epitopes that induce strong in vitro CD4 and CD8 T cell responses from PBMC derived from asymptomatic men and women (designated here as "asymptomatic" protective epitopes") could boost local and systemic "natural" protective immunity, induced by wild-type infection. Here we highlight the rationale and the future of our emerging "asymptomatic" T cell epitope-based mucosal vaccine strategy to decrease recurrent herpetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Dervillez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
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24
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Shlapobersky M, Marshak JO, Dong L, Huang ML, Wei Q, Chu A, Rolland A, Sullivan S, Koelle DM. Vaxfectin-adjuvanted plasmid DNA vaccine improves protection and immunogenicity in a murine model of genital herpes infection. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1305-1315. [PMID: 22398318 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.040055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) envelope glycoprotein (gD2) was evaluated as a potential antigen candidate for a plasmid DNA (pDNA)-based HSV-2 vaccine. The pDNA was formulated with Vaxfectin, a cationic lipid-based adjuvant, and tested in a murine HSV-2 lethal challenge model. gD2 was expressed as full-length (FL) and secreted (S) gD2 forms. A 0.1 µg pDNA dose was tested to distinguish treatment conditions for survival and a 100 µg pDNA dose was tested to distinguish treatment conditions for reduction in vaginal and latent HSV-2 copies. Vaxfectin-formulated gD2 pDNA significantly increased serum IgG titres and survival for both FL gD2 and S gD2 compared with gD2 pDNA alone. Mice immunized with FL gD2 formulated with Vaxfectin showed reduction in vaginal and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) HSV-2 copies. The stringency of this protection was further evaluated by testing Vaxfectin-formulated FL gD2 pDNA at a high 500 LD(50) inoculum. At this high viral challenge, the 0.1 µg dose of FL gD2 Vaxfectin-formulated pDNA yielded 80 % survival compared with no survival for FL gD2 pDNA alone. Vaxfectin-formulated FL gD2 pDNA, administered at a 100 µg pDNA dose, significantly reduced HSV-2 DNA copy number, compared with FL gD2 DNA alone. In addition, 40 % of mice vaccinated with adjuvanted FL pDNA had no detectable HSV-2 viral genomes in the DRG, whereas all mice vaccinated with gD2 pDNA alone were positive for HSV-2 viral genomes. These results show the potential contribution of Vaxfectin-gD2 pDNA to a future multivalent HSV-2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Shlapobersky
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Joshua O Marshak
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Qun Wei
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Alice Chu
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Alain Rolland
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Sean Sullivan
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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25
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Tang Q, Qin D, Lv Z, Zhu X, Ma X, Yan Q, Zeng Y, Guo Y, Feng N, Lu C. Herpes simplex virus type 2 triggers reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus from latency and collaborates with HIV-1 Tat. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31652. [PMID: 22347501 PMCID: PMC3276581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection was necessary but not sufficient for Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) development without other cofactors. Previously, we identified that both human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) Tat and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) were important cofactors reactivating KSHV from latency. Here, we further investigated the potential of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) to influence KSHV replication and examined the role of Tat in this procedure. We demonstrated that HSV-2 was a potentially important factor in the pathogenesis of KS, as determined by production of lytic phase mRNA transcripts, viral proteins and infectious viral particles in BCBL-1 cells. These results were further confirmed by an RNA interference experiment using small interfering RNA targeting KSHV Rta and a luciferase reporter assay testing Rta promoter-driven luciferase activity. Mechanistic studies showed that HSV-2 infection activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Inhibition of NF-κB pathway enhanced HSV-2-mediated KSHV activation, whereas activation of NF-κB pathway suppressed KSHV replication in HSV-2-infected BCBL-1 cells. Additionally, ectopic expression of Tat enhanced HSV-2-induced KSHV replication. These novel findings suggest a role of HSV-2 in the pathogenesis of KS and provide the first laboratory evidence that Tat may participate HSV-2-mediated KSHV activation, implying the complicated pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related KS (AIDS-KS) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Qin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Lv
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Official Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinting Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Bose, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ninghan Feng
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Laing KJ, Dong L, Sidney J, Sette A, Koelle DM. Immunology in the Clinic Review Series; focus on host responses: T cell responses to herpes simplex viruses. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:47-58. [PMID: 22132884 PMCID: PMC3248086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes virus infections are chronic and co-exist with acquired immune responses that generally prevent severe damage to the host, while allowing periodic shedding of virus and maintenance of its transmission in the community. Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) are typical in this regard and are representative of the viral subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, which has a tropism for neuronal and epithelial cells. This review will emphasize recent progress in decoding the physiologically important CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses to HSV in humans. The expanding data set is discussed in the context of the search for an effective HSV vaccine as therapy for existing infections and to prevent new infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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27
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Kask AS, Chen X, Marshak JO, Dong L, Saracino M, Chen D, Jarrahian C, Kendall MA, Koelle DM. DNA vaccine delivery by densely-packed and short microprojection arrays to skin protects against vaginal HSV-2 challenge. Vaccine 2010; 28:7483-91. [PMID: 20851091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
There is an unmet medical need for a prophylactic vaccine against herpes simplex virus (HSV). DNA vaccines and cutaneous vaccination have been tried for many applications, but few reports combine this vaccine composition and administration route. We compared DNA administration using the Nanopatch™, a solid microprojection device coated with vaccine comprised of thousands of short (110 μm) densly-packed projections (70 μm spacing), to standard intramuscular DNA vaccination in a mouse model of vaginal HSV-2 infection. A dose-response relationship was established for immunogenicity and survival in both vaccination routes. Appropriate doses administered by Nanopatch™ were highly immunogenic and enabled mouse survival. Vaginal HSV-2 DNA copy number day 1 post challenge correlated with survival, indicating that vaccine-elicited acquired immune responses can act quickly and locally. Solid, short, densely-packed arrays of microprojections applied to the skin are thus a promising route of administration for DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Shaulov Kask
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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28
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Diversity in CD8(+) T cell function and epitope breadth among persons with genital herpes. J Clin Immunol 2010; 30:703-22. [PMID: 20635156 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-010-9441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells are known to be important in clearing herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. However, investigating the specific antiviral mechanisms employed by HSV-2-specific T cell populations is limited by a lack of reagents such as CD8(+) T cell epitopes and specific tetramers. Using a combination of intracellular cytokine staining flow cytometry and ELISpot methods, we functionally characterized peripheral HSV-2-specific CD8(+) T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) that recognize 14 selected HSV-2 open-reading frames (ORFs) from 55 HSV-2 seropositive persons; within these ORFs, we subsequently identified more than 20 unique CD8(+) T cell epitopes. CD8(+) T cells to HSV-2 exhibited significant heterogeneity in their functional characteristics, proliferation, production of inflammatory cytokines, and potential to degranulate ex vivo. The diversity in T cell response in these ex vivo assessments offers the potential of defining immune correlates of HSV-2 reactivation in humans.
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29
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Farley N, Bernstein DI, Bravo FJ, Earwood J, Sawtell N, Cardin RD. Recurrent vaginal shedding of herpes simplex type 2 virus in the mouse and effects of antiviral therapy. Antiviral Res 2010; 86:188-95. [PMID: 20167236 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.02.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A mouse model of recurrent herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) would improve our understanding of the immunobiology of recurrent disease and provide a useful model for evaluating antiviral treatments. We developed a model to evaluate recurrent vaginal HSV-2 shedding using high-dose acyclovir (ACV) therapy beginning at 3 days post infection (dpi). Treatment with 150mg/kg of ACV for 10 days increased survival to 80% following vaginal challenge with HSV-2 strain 186 and to 100% after challenge with strain MS. We then evaluated recurrent vaginal HSV-2 shedding in surviving mice. Although infectious virus was not detected in vaginal samples after 21dpi, viral DNA was detectable by PCR in 80% of mice (47/59) on at least 1 day, while no animal was positive for virus on every day. ACV therapy administered from day 21 to 31 significantly reduced recurrent virus shedding during this period from 7.3% (8/109 swabs) to 0.8% (1/126 swabs) (p=0.013). Lastly, ACV-rescued HSV-2-infected mice treated with cyclophosphamide at 35 and 38dpi rapidly succumbed, indicating that this model can be used to study immune control of the persistent infection. Thus, this model provides an inexpensive model for evaluating therapeutic strategies and immune control of persistent HSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Farley
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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30
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Dasgupta G, Chentoufi AA, Nesburn AB, Wechsler SL, BenMohamed L. New concepts in herpes simplex virus vaccine development: notes from the battlefield. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:1023-35. [PMID: 19627185 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery that T cells recognize different sets of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 epitopes from seropositive symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals might lead to a fundamental immunologic advance in vaccine development against herpes infection and diseases. The newly introduced needle-free mucosal (i.e., topical ocular and intravaginal) lipopeptide vaccines provide a novel strategy that might target ocular and genital herpes and possibly provide 'heterologous protection' from HIV-1. Indeed, mucosal self-adjuvanting lipopeptide vaccines are easy to manufacture, simple to characterize, extremely pure, cost-effective, highly immunogenic and safe. In this review, we bring together recent published and unpublished data that illuminates the status of epitope-based herpes vaccine development and present an overview of our recent approach to an 'asymptomatic epitope'-based lipopeptide vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Dasgupta
- The Gavin S Herbert Eye Institute, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4375, USA.
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