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Collins CP, Longo DL, Murphy WJ. The immunobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine responses: potential influences of cross-reactive memory responses and aging on efficacy and off-target effects. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345499. [PMID: 38469293 PMCID: PMC10925677 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to both SARS-CoV-2 infection and its associated vaccines have been highly variable within the general population. The increasing evidence of long-lasting symptoms after resolution of infection, called post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or "Long COVID," suggests that immune-mediated mechanisms are at play. Closely related endemic common human coronaviruses (hCoV) can induce pre-existing and potentially cross-reactive immunity, which can then affect primary SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as vaccination responses. The influence of pre-existing immunity from these hCoVs, as well as responses generated from original CoV2 strains or vaccines on the development of new high-affinity responses to CoV2 antigenic viral variants, needs to be better understood given the need for continuous vaccine adaptation and application in the population. Due in part to thymic involution, normal aging is associated with reduced naïve T cell compartments and impaired primary antigen responsiveness, resulting in a reliance on the pre-existing cross-reactive memory cell pool which may be of lower affinity, restricted in diversity, or of shorter duration. These effects can also be mediated by the presence of down-regulatory anti-idiotype responses which also increase in aging. Given the tremendous heterogeneity of clinical data, utilization of preclinical models offers the greatest ability to assess immune responses under a controlled setting. These models should now involve prior antigen/viral exposure combined with incorporation of modifying factors such as age on immune responses and effects. This will also allow for mechanistic dissection and understanding of the different immune pathways involved in both SARS-CoV-2 pathogen and potential vaccine responses over time and how pre-existing memory responses, including potential anti-idiotype responses, can affect efficacy as well as potential off-target effects in different tissues as well as modeling PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P. Collins
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of California (UC) Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dan L. Longo
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - William J. Murphy
- Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of California (UC) Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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2
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Martin-Orozco N, Vale N, Mihic A, Amor T, Reiter L, Arita Y, Samson R, Hu Q, Gingras AC, Sorenson BT, Marcusson EG, Patel P. Phase I randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled study of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine PTX-COVID19-B. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8557. [PMID: 37236995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Access to vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 virus was limited in poor countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, a low-cost mRNA vaccine, PTX-COVID19-B, was produced and evaluated in a Phase 1 trial. PTX-COVID19-B encodes Spike protein D614G variant without the proline-proline (986-987) mutation present in other COVID-19 vaccines. The aim of the study was to evaluate safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of PTX-COVID19-B vaccine in healthy seronegative adults 18-64 years old. The trial design was observer-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, and tested ascending doses of 16-µg, 40-µg, or 100-µg in a total of 60 subjects who received two intramuscular doses, 4 weeks apart. Participants were monitored for solicited and unsolicited adverse events after vaccination and were provided with a Diary Card and thermometer to report any reactogenicity during the trial. Blood samples were collected on baseline, days 8, 28, 42, 90, and 180 for serum analysis of total IgG anti-receptor binding domain (RBD)/Spike titers by ELISA, and neutralizing antibody titers by pseudovirus assay. Titers in BAU/mL were reported as geometric mean and 95% CI per cohort. After vaccination, few solicited adverse events were observed and were mild to moderate and self-resolved within 48 h. The most common solicited local and systemic adverse event was pain at the injection site, and headache, respectively. Seroconversion was observed in all vaccinated participants, who showed high antibody titers against RBD, Spike, and neutralizing activity against the Wuhan strain. Neutralizing antibody titers were also detected against Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants of concerns in a dose dependent manner. All tested doses of PTX-COVID19-B were safe, well-tolerated, and provided a strong immunogenicity response. The 40-µg dose showed fewer adverse reactions than the 100-µg dose, and therefore was selected for a Phase 2 trial, which is currently ongoing.Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT04765436 (21/02/2021). ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04765436 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martin-Orozco
- Providence Therapeutics Holdings, 8832 Blackfoot Trail SE, Ste 120, Calgary, AB, T2J 3J1, Canada.
| | - Noah Vale
- Centricity Research, 2291 Kipling Avenue, Unit 117B, Toronto, ON, M9W 4L6, Canada
| | - Alan Mihic
- Centricity Research, 2291 Kipling Avenue, Unit 117B, Toronto, ON, M9W 4L6, Canada
| | - Talya Amor
- Centricity Research, 2291 Kipling Avenue, Unit 117B, Toronto, ON, M9W 4L6, Canada
| | - Lawrence Reiter
- Providence Therapeutics Holdings, 8832 Blackfoot Trail SE, Ste 120, Calgary, AB, T2J 3J1, Canada
| | - Yuko Arita
- Providence Therapeutics Holdings, 8832 Blackfoot Trail SE, Ste 120, Calgary, AB, T2J 3J1, Canada
| | - Reuben Samson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Cir, Rm 4396, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, 600 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Queenie Hu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, 600 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Cir, Rm 4396, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, 600 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Bradley Thomas Sorenson
- Providence Therapeutics Holdings, 8832 Blackfoot Trail SE, Ste 120, Calgary, AB, T2J 3J1, Canada
| | - Eric Gates Marcusson
- Providence Therapeutics Holdings, 8832 Blackfoot Trail SE, Ste 120, Calgary, AB, T2J 3J1, Canada
| | - Piyush Patel
- Providence Therapeutics Holdings, 8832 Blackfoot Trail SE, Ste 120, Calgary, AB, T2J 3J1, Canada
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3
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Zhu Q, Xu Y, Wang T, Xie F. Innate and adaptive immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection-Current perspectives. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1053437. [PMID: 36505489 PMCID: PMC9727711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1053437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a global pandemic, caused by a novel coronavirus strain with strong infectivity, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). With the in-depth research, the close relationship between COVID-19 and immune system has been dug out. During the infection, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, CD8+ T cells, Th1, Th17, Tfh cells and effector B cells are all involved in the anti-SARS-CoV-2 responses, however, the dysfunctional immune responses will ultimately lead to the excessive inflammation, acute lung injury, even other organ failure. Thus, a detailed understanding of pertinent immune response during COVID-19 will provide insights in predicting disease outcomes and developing appropriate therapeutic approaches. In this review, we mainly clarify the role of immune cells in COVID-19 and the target-vaccine development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiugang Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shangyu People’s Hospital of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shangyu People’s Hospital of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feiting Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Feiting Xie,
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Ruiz MJ, Siracusano G, Cottignies-Calamarte A, Tudor D, Real F, Zhu A, Pastori C, Capron C, Rosenberg AR, Temperton N, Cantoni D, Liao H, Ternette N, Moine P, Godement M, Geri G, Chiche JD, Annane D, Cramer Bordé E, Lopalco L, Bomsel M. Persistent but dysfunctional mucosal SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and low lung IL-1β associate with COVID-19 fatal outcome: A cross-sectional analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842468. [PMID: 36248831 PMCID: PMC9560774 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the mucosal pulmonary antibody response in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcome remains unclear. Here, we found that in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from 48 patients with severe COVID-19-infected with the ancestral Wuhan virus, mucosal IgG and IgA specific for S1, receptor-binding domain (RBD), S2, and nucleocapsid protein (NP) emerged in BAL containing viruses early in infection and persist after virus elimination, with more IgA than IgG for all antigens tested. Furthermore, spike-IgA and spike-IgG immune complexes were detected in BAL, especially when the lung virus has been cleared. BAL IgG and IgA recognized the four main RBD variants. BAL neutralizing titers were higher early in COVID-19 when virus replicates in the lung than later in infection after viral clearance. Patients with fatal COVID-19, in contrast to survivors, developed higher levels of mucosal spike-specific IgA than IgG but lost neutralizing activities over time and had reduced IL-1β in the lung. Altogether, mucosal spike and NP-specific IgG and S1-specific IgA persisting after lung severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) clearance and low pulmonary IL-1β correlate with COVID-19 fatal outcome. Thus, mucosal SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies may have adverse functions in addition to protective neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Julia Ruiz
- Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Siracusano
- Immunobiology of HIV Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andréa Cottignies-Calamarte
- Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Tudor
- Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Fernando Real
- Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Aiwei Zhu
- Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Claudia Pastori
- Immunobiology of HIV Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claude Capron
- AP-HP, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Service d'Hématologie, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Arielle R. Rosenberg
- Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Hanqing Liao
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Ternette
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Moine
- FHU SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to PerSonalize Interventions for Sepsis), RHU RECORDS (Rapid rEcognition of CORticosteroiD resistant or sensitive Sepsis), Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (APHP), Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation – U1173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin – University Paris Saclay, INSERM, Garches, France
| | - Mathieu Godement
- FHU SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to PerSonalize Interventions for Sepsis), RHU RECORDS (Rapid rEcognition of CORticosteroiD resistant or sensitive Sepsis), Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (APHP), Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation – U1173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin – University Paris Saclay, INSERM, Garches, France
| | - Guillaume Geri
- AP-HP, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Service de Réanimation, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Université de Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | | | - Djillali Annane
- FHU SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to PerSonalize Interventions for Sepsis), RHU RECORDS (Rapid rEcognition of CORticosteroiD resistant or sensitive Sepsis), Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (APHP), Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation – U1173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin – University Paris Saclay, INSERM, Garches, France
| | | | - Lucia Lopalco
- Immunobiology of HIV Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Morgane Bomsel,
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5
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Bellusci L, Grubbs G, Zahra FT, Forgacs D, Golding H, Ross TM, Khurana S. Antibody affinity and cross-variant neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.3 following third mRNA vaccination. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4617. [PMID: 35941152 PMCID: PMC9358642 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32298-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited knowledge on durability of neutralization capacity and antibody affinity maturation generated following two versus three doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in naïve versus convalescent individuals (hybrid immunity) against the highly transmissible Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.3 subvariants. Virus neutralization titers against the vaccine-homologous strain (WA1) and Omicron sublineages are measured in a pseudovirus neutralization assay (PsVNA). In addition, antibody binding and antibody affinity against spike proteins from WA1, BA.1, and BA.2 is determined using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The convalescent individuals who after SARS-CoV-2 infection got vaccinated develop hybrid immunity that shows broader neutralization activity and cross-reactive antibody affinity maturation against the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 after either second or third vaccination compared with naïve individuals. Neutralization activity correlates with antibody affinity against Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.2 spikes. Importantly, at four months post-third vaccination the neutralization activity and antibody affinity against the Omicron subvariants is maintained and trended higher for the individuals with hybrid immunity compared with naïve adults. These findings about hybrid immunity resulting in superior immune kinetics, breadth, and durable high affinity antibodies support the need for booster vaccinations to provide effective protection from emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants like the rapidly spreading Omicron subvariants. Here the authors show that a third SARS-CoV-2 vaccination significantly boosts neutralizing antibodies against Omicron subvariants and that hybrid immunity (infection and vaccination) results in broader neutralization activity and cross-reactive antibody affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Bellusci
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20871, USA
| | - Gabrielle Grubbs
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20871, USA
| | - Fatema Tuz Zahra
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20871, USA
| | - David Forgacs
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Hana Golding
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20871, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20871, USA.
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6
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Astakhova EA, Byazrova MG, Yusubalieva GM, Kulemzin SV, Kruglova NA, Prilipov AG, Baklaushev VP, Gorchakov AA, Taranin AV, Filatov AV. Functional Profiling of In Vitro Reactivated Memory B Cells Following Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccination. Cells 2022; 11:1991. [PMID: 35805076 PMCID: PMC9265778 DOI: 10.3390/cells11131991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination have previously been demonstrated to elicit robust, yet somewhat limited immunity against the evolving variants of SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, reports performing side-by-side comparison of immune responses following infection vs. vaccination have been relatively scarce. The aim of this study was to compare B-cell response to adenovirus-vectored vaccination in SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals with that observed in the COVID-19 convalescent patients six months after the first encounter with the viral antigens. We set out to use a single analytical platform and performed comprehensive analysis of serum levels of receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific and virus-neutralizing antibodies, frequencies of RBD-binding circulating memory B cells (MBCs), MBC-derived antibody-secreting cells, as well as RBD-specific and virus-neutralizing activity of MBC-derived antibodies after Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) vaccination and/or natural SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall, natural immunity was superior to Gam-COVID-Vac vaccination. The levels of neutralizing MBC-derived antibodies in the convalescent patients turned out to be significantly higher than those found following vaccination. Our results suggest that after six months, SARS-CoV-2-specific MBC immunity is more robust in COVID-19 convalescent patients than in Gam-COVID-Vac recipients. Collectively, our data unambiguously indicate that natural immunity outperforms Gam-COVID-Vac-induced immunity six months following recovery/vaccination, which should inform healthcare and vaccination decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Astakhova
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.A.); (M.G.B.); (A.G.P.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria G. Byazrova
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.A.); (M.G.B.); (A.G.P.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gaukhar M. Yusubalieva
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia; (G.M.Y.); (V.P.B.)
| | - Sergey V. Kulemzin
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.V.K.); (A.A.G.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Natalia A. Kruglova
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy of Socially Significant Diseases, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey G. Prilipov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.A.); (M.G.B.); (A.G.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Baklaushev
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia; (G.M.Y.); (V.P.B.)
| | - Andrey A. Gorchakov
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.V.K.); (A.A.G.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Alexander V. Taranin
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.V.K.); (A.A.G.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Alexander V. Filatov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.A.); (M.G.B.); (A.G.P.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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The Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) for COVID-19: Depth and Breadth of Serology Assays and Plans for Assay Harmonization. mSphere 2022; 7:e0019322. [PMID: 35703544 PMCID: PMC9429934 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00193-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In October 2020, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) was established to study the immune response to COVID-19, and “to develop, validate, improve, and implement serological testing and associated technologies” (https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/covid-19/coronavirus-research-initiatives/serological-sciences-network). SeroNet is comprised of 25 participating research institutions partnering with the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR) and the SeroNet Coordinating Center. Since its inception, SeroNet has supported collaborative development and sharing of COVID-19 serological assay procedures and has set forth plans for assay harmonization. To facilitate collaboration and procedure sharing, a detailed survey was sent to collate comprehensive assay details and performance metrics on COVID-19 serological assays within SeroNet. In addition, FNLCR established a protocol to calibrate SeroNet serological assays to reference standards, such as the U.S. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serology standard reference material and first WHO international standard (IS) for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (20/136), to facilitate harmonization of assay reporting units and cross-comparison of study data. SeroNet institutions reported development of a total of 27 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods, 13 multiplex assays, and 9 neutralization assays and use of 12 different commercial serological methods. FNLCR developed a standardized protocol for SeroNet institutions to calibrate these diverse serological assays to reference standards. In conclusion, SeroNet institutions have established a diverse array of COVID-19 serological assays to study the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and vaccines. Calibration of SeroNet serological assays to harmonize results reporting will facilitate future pooled data analyses and study cross-comparisons. IMPORTANCE SeroNet institutions have developed or implemented 61 diverse COVID-19 serological assays and are collaboratively working to harmonize these assays using reference materials to establish standardized reporting units. This will facilitate clinical interpretation of serology results and cross-comparison of research data.
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Biological and Immune Responses to Current Anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines beyond Anti-Spike Antibody Production. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:4028577. [PMID: 35607407 PMCID: PMC9124111 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4028577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several vaccine strategies are now available to fight the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Those based on the administration of lipid-complexed messenger(m)RNA molecules represent the last frontiers in terms of technology innovation. mRNA molecules coding for the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein are intramuscularly injected, thereby entering cells by virtue of their encapsulation into synthetic lipid nanovesicles. mRNA-targeted cells express the Spike protein on their plasma membrane in a way that it can be sensed by the immune system, which reacts generating anti-Spike antibodies. Although this class of vaccines appears as the most effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease, their safety and efficiency are challenged by several factors included, but not limited to the following: emergence of viral variants, lack of adequate pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics studies, inability to protect oral mucosa from infection, and antibody waning. Emergence of viral variants can be a consequence of mass vaccination carried out in a pandemic time using suboptimal vaccines against an RNA virus. On the other hand, understanding the remainder flaws could be of some help in designing next generation anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. In this commentary, issues regarding the fate of injected mRNA, the tissue distribution of the induced antiviral antibodies, and the generation of memory B cells are discussed. Careful evaluation of both experimental and clinical observations on these key aspects should be taken into account before planning booster administration, vaccination to non-at-risk population, and social restrictions.
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Tolan NV, Sherman AC, Zhou G, Nabel KG, Desjardins M, Melanson S, Kanjilal S, Moheed S, Kupelian J, Kaufman RM, Ryan ET, LaRocque RC, Branda JA, Dighe AS, Abraham J, Baden LR, Charles RC, Turbett SE. The Effect of Vaccine Type and SARS-CoV-2 Lineage on Commercial SARS-CoV-2 Serologic and Pseudotype Neutralization Assays in mRNA Vaccine Recipients. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0021122. [PMID: 35311584 PMCID: PMC9045317 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00211-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of anti-spike (S) serologic assays as surrogate measurements of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induced immunity will be an important clinical and epidemiological tool. The characteristics of a commercially available anti-S antibody assay (Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S) were evaluated in a cohort of vaccine recipients. Levels were correlated with pseudotype neutralizing antibodies (NAb) across SARS-CoV-2 variants. We recruited adults receiving a two-dose series of mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 and collected serum at scheduled intervals up to 8 months post-first vaccination. Anti-S and NAb levels were measured, and correlation was evaluated by (i) vaccine type and (ii) SARS-CoV-2 variant (wild-type, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and three constructs Day 146*, Day 152*, and RBM-2). Forty-six mRNA vaccine recipients were enrolled. mRNA-1273 vaccine recipients had higher peak anti-S and NAb levels compared with BNT162b2 (P < 0.001 for anti-S levels; P < 0.05 for NAb levels). When anti-S and NAb levels were compared, there was good correlation (all r values ≥ 0.85) in both BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccine recipients across all evaluated variants; however, these correlations were nonlinear in nature. Lower correlation was identified between anti-S and NAb for the Beta variant (r = 0.88) compared with the wild-type (WT) strain (r = 0.94). Finally, the degree of neutralizing activity at any given anti-S level was lower for each variant compared with that of the WT strain, (P < 0.001). Although the Roche anti-S assay correlates well with NAb levels, this association is affected by vaccine type and SARS-CoV-2 variant. These variables must be considered when interpreting anti-S levels. IMPORTANCE We evaluated anti-spike antibody concentrations in healthy mRNA vaccinated individuals and compared these concentrations to values obtained from pseudotype neutralization assays targeting SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern to determine how well anti-spike antibodies correlate with neutralizing titers, which have been used as a marker of immunity from COVID-19 infection. We found high peak anti-spike concentrations in these individuals, with significantly higher levels seen in mRNA-1273 vaccine recipients. When we compared anti-spike and pseudotype neuralization titers, we identified good correlation; however, this correlation was affected by both vaccine type and variant, illustrating the difficulty of applying a "one size fits all" approach to anti-spike result interpretation. Our results support CDC recommendations to discourage anti-spike antibody testing to assess for immunity after vaccination and cautions providers in their interpretations of these results as a surrogate of protection in COVID-vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole V. Tolan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy C. Sherman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guohai Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Michaël Desjardins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stacy Melanson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanjat Kanjilal
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Serina Moheed
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Kupelian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard M. Kaufman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John A. Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anand S. Dighe
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan Abraham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah E. Turbett
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Karger AB, Brien JD, Christen JM, Dhakal S, Kemp TJ, Klein SL, Pinto LA, Premkumar L, Roback JD, Binder RA, Boehme KW, Boppana S, Cordon-Cardo C, Crawford JM, Daiss JL, Dupuis AP, Espino AM, Firpo-Betancourt A, Forconi C, Forrest JC, Girardin RC, Granger DA, Granger SW, Haddad NS, Heaney CD, Hunt DT, Kennedy JL, King CL, Krammer F, Kruczynski K, LaBaer J, Lee FEH, Lee WT, Liu SL, Lozanski G, Lucas T, Mendu DR, Moormann AM, Murugan V, Okoye NC, Pantoja P, Payne AF, Park J, Pinninti S, Pinto AK, Pisanic N, Qiu J, Sariol CA, Simon V, Song L, Steffen TL, Stone ET, Styer LM, Suthar MS, Thomas SN, Thyagarajan B, Wajnberg A, Yates JL, Sobhani K. The Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) for COVID-19: Depth and Breadth of Serology Assays and Plans for Assay Harmonization. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.02.27.22271399. [PMID: 35262095 PMCID: PMC8902887 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.27.22271399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background In October 2020, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) was established to study the immune response to COVID-19, and "to develop, validate, improve, and implement serological testing and associated technologies." SeroNet is comprised of 25 participating research institutions partnering with the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR) and the SeroNet Coordinating Center. Since its inception, SeroNet has supported collaborative development and sharing of COVID-19 serological assay procedures and has set forth plans for assay harmonization. Methods To facilitate collaboration and procedure sharing, a detailed survey was sent to collate comprehensive assay details and performance metrics on COVID-19 serological assays within SeroNet. In addition, FNLCR established a protocol to calibrate SeroNet serological assays to reference standards, such as the U.S. SARS-CoV-2 serology standard reference material and First WHO International Standard (IS) for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (20/136), to facilitate harmonization of assay reporting units and cross-comparison of study data. Results SeroNet institutions reported development of a total of 27 ELISA methods, 13 multiplex assays, 9 neutralization assays, and use of 12 different commercial serological methods. FNLCR developed a standardized protocol for SeroNet institutions to calibrate these diverse serological assays to reference standards. Conclusions SeroNet institutions have established a diverse array of COVID-19 serological assays to study the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 virus and vaccines. Calibration of SeroNet serological assays to harmonize results reporting will facilitate future pooled data analyses and study cross-comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Karger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Jayne M. Christen
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Troy J. Kemp
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ligia A. Pinto
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - John D. Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Raquel A. Binder
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Karl W. Boehme
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Suresh Boppana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - James M. Crawford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | | | - Alan P. Dupuis
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Ana M. Espino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Catherine Forconi
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - J. Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Roxie C. Girardin
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | | | | | - Natalie S. Haddad
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christopher D. Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Danielle T. Hunt
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Joshua L. Kennedy
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Christopher L. King
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kate Kruczynski
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William T. Lee
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Todd Lucas
- Division of Public Health and Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Damodara Rao Mendu
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ann M. Moormann
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Vel Murugan
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Nkemakonam C. Okoye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Petraleigh Pantoja
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Anne F. Payne
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Jin Park
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Swetha Pinninti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ji Qiu
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Carlos A. Sariol
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lusheng Song
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Tara L. Steffen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - E. Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Linda M. Styer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stefani N. Thomas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ania Wajnberg
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer L. Yates
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Kimia Sobhani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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11
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Li L, Muftuoglu M, Liang S, Basyal M, Lv J, Akdogan ME, Chen K, Andreeff M, Parmar S. In-depth analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells reveals diverse differentiation hierarchies in vaccinated individuals. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156559. [PMID: 35230977 PMCID: PMC9057595 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines pose as the most effective approach for mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic. High-degree efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in clinical trials indicates that vaccination invariably induces an adaptive immune response. However, the emergence of breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals suggests that the breadth and magnitude of vaccine-induced adaptive immune response may vary. We assessed vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 T cell response in 21 vaccinated individuals and found that SARS-CoV-2–specific T cells, which were mainly CD4+ T cells, were invariably detected in all individuals but the response was varied. We then investigated differentiation states and cytokine profiles to identify immune features associated with superior recall function and longevity. We identified SARS-CoV-2–specific CD4+ T cells were polyfunctional and produced high levels of IL-2, which could be associated with superior longevity. Based on the breadth and magnitude of vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 response, we identified 2 distinct response groups: individuals with high abundance versus low abundance of SARS-CoV-2–specific T cells. The fractions of TNF-α– and IL-2–producing SARS-CoV-2 T cells were the main determinants distinguishing high versus low responders. Last, we identified that the majority of vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 T cells were reactive against non-mutated regions of mutant S-protein, suggesting that vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 T cells could provide continued protection against emerging variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The Univerisity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Muharrem Muftuoglu
- Department of Leukemia, The Univerisity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Shaoheng Liang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The Univerisity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Mahesh Basyal
- Department of Leukemia, The Univerisity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Jiangxing Lv
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The Univerisity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Mehmet E Akdogan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The Univerisity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of Leukemia, The Univerisity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Simrit Parmar
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The Univerisity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
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12
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Haralambieva IH, Monroe JM, Ovsyannikova IG, Grill DE, Poland GA, Kennedy RB. Distinct Homologous and Variant-Specific Memory B-Cell and Antibody Response Over Time after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:23-31. [PMID: 35137144 PMCID: PMC8903425 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The durability of protective humoral immunity after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection is largely dependent on the generation and persistence of antigen-specific isotype-switched memory B cells (MBCs) and long-lived plasma cells that reside in the bone marrow and secrete high-affinity neutralizing antibodies. The reactivity of vaccine-induced MBCs to emerging clinically significant SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) is largely unknown. In a longitudinal cohort study (up to 6 months following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination) we measured MBCs in concert with other functional antibody measures. We found statistically significant differences between the frequencies of MBCs responding to homologous and VoC receptor-binding domain/RBDs (Beta, Gamma, and Delta) after vaccination that persisted over time. In concert with a waning antibody response, the reduced MBC response to VoCs could translate to a weaker subsequent recall immune response and increased susceptibility to the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant strains after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana H Haralambieva
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jonathon M Monroe
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Diane E Grill
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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13
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BNT162b2 vaccine induces divergent B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 S1 and S2. Nat Immunol 2021; 23:33-39. [PMID: 34848871 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The first ever US Food and Drug Administration-approved messenger RNA vaccines are highly protective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)1-3. However, the contribution of each dose to the generation of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and the degree of protection against novel variants warrant further study. Here, we investigated the B cell response to the BNT162b2 vaccine by integrating B cell repertoire analysis with single-cell transcriptomics pre- and post-vaccination. The first vaccine dose elicits a recall response of IgA+ plasmablasts targeting the S subunit S2. Three weeks after the first dose, we observed an influx of minimally mutated IgG+ memory B cells that targeted the receptor binding domain on the S subunit S1 and likely developed from the naive B cell pool. This response was strongly boosted by the second dose and delivers potently neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and several of its variants.
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14
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Chen J, Vitetta L, Henson JD, Hall S. The intestinal microbiota and improving the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccinations. J Funct Foods 2021; 87:104850. [PMID: 34777578 PMCID: PMC8578005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most COVID-19 cases are mild or asymptomatic and recover well, suggesting that effective immune responses ensue, which successfully eliminate SARS-CoV-2 viruses. However, a small proportion of patients develop severe COVID-19 with pathological immune responses. This indicates that a strong immune system balanced with anti-inflammatory mechanisms is critical for the recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infections. Many vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have now been developed for eliciting effective immune responses to protect from SARS-CoV-2 infections or reduce the severity of the disease if infected. Although uncommon, serious morbidity and mortality have resulted from both COVID-19 vaccine adverse reactions and lack of efficacy, and further improvement of efficacy and prevention of adverse effects are urgently warranted. Many factors could affect efficacy of these vaccines to achieve optimal immune responses. Dysregulation of the gut microbiota (gut dysbiosis) could be an important risk factor as the gut microbiota is associated with the development and maintenance of an effective immune system response. In this narrative review, we discuss the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, how COVID-19 vaccines elicit protective immune responses, gut dysbiosis involvement in inefficacy and adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines and the modulation of the gut microbiota by functional foods to improve COVID-19 vaccine immunisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- Medlab Clinical, Department of Research, Sydney 2015, Australia
| | - Luis Vitetta
- Medlab Clinical, Department of Research, Sydney 2015, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Jeremy D Henson
- Medlab Clinical, Department of Research, Sydney 2015, Australia.,The University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sean Hall
- Medlab Clinical, Department of Research, Sydney 2015, Australia
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15
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Banga Ndzouboukou JL, Zhang YD, Lei Q, Lin XS, Yao ZJ, Fu H, Yuan LY, Fan XL. Human IgM and IgG Responses to an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:1081-1086. [PMID: 34741251 PMCID: PMC8571008 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic warrants accelerated efforts to test vaccine candidates. To explore the influencing factors on vaccine-induced effects, antibody responses to an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy individuals who were not previously infected by COVID-19 were assessed. Methods All subjects aged 18–60 years who did not have SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of screening from June 19, 2021, to July 02, 2021, were approached for inclusion. All participants received two doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Serum IgM and IgG antibodies were detected using a commercial kit after the second dose of vaccination. A positive result was defined as 10 AU/mL or more and a negative result as less than 10 AU/mL. This retrospective study included 97 infection-naïve individuals (mean age 35.6 years; 37.1% male, 62.9% female). Results The seropositive rates of IgM and IgG antibody responses elicited after the second dose of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine were 3.1% and 74.2%, respectively. IgG antibody levels were significantly higher than IgM levels (P<0.0001). Sex had no effect on IgM and IgG antibody response after the second dose. The mean anti-IgG level in older persons (⩾42 years) was significantly lower than that of younger recipients. There was a significantly lower antibody level at > 42 days compared to that at 0–20 days (P<0.05) and 21–31 days (P<0.05) after the second dose. Conclusion IgG antibody response could be induced by inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy individuals (>18 years), which can be influenced by age and detection time after the second dose of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Lewis Banga Ndzouboukou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Yan-di Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Qing Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xiao-song Lin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Zong-jie Yao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Le-yong Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, 518055 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China
| | - Xiong-lin Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
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16
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Robust SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses in Asian COVID-Naïve Subjects 180 Days after Two Doses of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111241. [PMID: 34835172 PMCID: PMC8622758 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Subjects with previous COVID-19 have augmented post-vaccination responses. However, the antibody response in COVID-naïve subjects from Southeast Asia is not well known. Methods: 77 COVID-naïve vaccinees were tested with a full antibody panel [spike antibodies (total (T-Ab), IgG, IgM) and neutralizing antibodies (N-Ab)] pre-vaccination, 10 days after dose 1, and 20/40/60/90/120/150/180 days after dose 2. Results: 10 days after dose 1, 67.6% (48/71)/69.0% (49/71) were T-Ab/IgG positive; only 15.5% (11/71)/14.1% (10/71) were N-Ab/IgM positive. While all (100%) subjects had brisk T-Ab, IgG and N-Ab antibody responses 20 days after complete vaccination, only 79.1% (53/67) were IgM positive. At 180 days (n = 8), T-Ab/IgG/N-Ab were still reactive (lowest T-Ab 186 U/mL, IgG 617 AU/mL, N-Ab 0.39 µg/mL), but IgM was negative in all samples. Spike antibody thresholds of T-Ab 74.1 U/mL (r = 0.95) and IgG 916 AU/mL (r = 0.95) corresponded to N-Ab reactivity (>0.3 µg/mL). Non-linear regression analysis showed that N-Ab would decrease to 0.3 µg/mL by 241 days, whereas T-Ab/IgG would need 470/163 days to reach titers of T-Ab/IgG associated with a N-Ab 0.3 µg/mL (76.4 U/mL and 916 AU/mL respectively). Conclusions: The antibody responses of T-Ab, IgG and N-Ab remain high and durable even at 180 days. N-Ab titers are expected to remain reactive up to 241 days post-vaccination.
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17
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Wheeler SE, Shurin GV, Yost M, Anderson A, Pinto L, Wells A, Shurin MR. Differential Antibody Response to mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Healthy Subjects. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0034121. [PMID: 34346750 PMCID: PMC8552678 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00341-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about development and duration of virus-specific antibodies after COVID-19 vaccination is important for understanding how to limit the pandemic via vaccination in different populations and societies. However, the clinical utility of postvaccination testing of antibody response and selection of targeted SARS-CoV-2 antigen(s) has not been established. The results of such testing from clinical teams independent from vaccine manufacturers are also limited. Here, we report the initial results of an ongoing clinical study on evaluation of antibody response to four different SARS-CoV-2 antigens after first and second dose of Pfizer and Moderna mRNA vaccines and at later time points. We revealed a peak of antibody induction after the vaccine boosting dose with a gradual decline of antibody levels at later time. Anti-nucleocapsid antibody was not induced by spike protein-encoding vaccines and this may continue to serve as a marker of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. No differences between the two vaccines in terms of antibody response were revealed. Age and gender dependencies were determined to be minimal within the healthy adult (but not aged) population. Our results suggest that postvaccination testing of antibody response is an important and feasible tool for following people after vaccination and selecting individuals who might require a third dose of vaccine at an earlier time point or persons who may not need a second dose due to previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. IMPORTANCE Now that authorized vaccines for COVID-19 have been widely used, it is important to understand how they induce antivirus antibodies, which antigens are targeted, how long antibodies circulate, and how personal health conditions and age may affect this humoral immunity. Here, we report induction and time course of multiple anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in healthy individuals immunized with Pfizer and Moderna mRNA vaccines. We also determined the age and gender dependence of the antibody response and compared antibody levels to responses seen in those who have recovered from COVID-19. Our results suggest the importance of screening for antibody response to multiple antigens after vaccination in order to reveal individuals who require early and late additional boosting and those who may not need second dose due to prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Galina V. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary Yost
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam Anderson
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Benicia, California, USA
| | - Lisa Pinto
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Benicia, California, USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael R. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Blazquez-Navarro A, Safi L, Meister TL, Thieme CJ, Kaliszczyk S, Paniskaki K, Stockhausen M, Hörstrup J, Cinkilic O, Flitsch-Kiefner L, Marheinecke C, Steinmann E, Seibert FS, Stervbo U, Westhoff TH, Pfaender S, Roch T, Babel N. Superior cellular and humoral immunity toward SARS-CoV-2 reference and alpha and beta VOC strains in COVID-19 convalescent as compared to the prime boost BNT162b2-vaccinated dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2021; 100:698-700. [PMID: 34273381 PMCID: PMC8277953 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Blazquez-Navarro
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Lema Safi
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Toni L Meister
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Constantin J Thieme
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sviatlana Kaliszczyk
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Krystallenia Paniskaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mara Stockhausen
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Jan Hörstrup
- Berlin Department, KfH Kuratorium für Dialyse und Nierentransplantation e.V., Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Linus Flitsch-Kiefner
- Hagen Department, KfH Kuratorium für Dialyse und Nierentransplantation e.V., Hagen, Germany
| | - Corinna Marheinecke
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Felix S Seibert
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Ulrik Stervbo
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Timm H Westhoff
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Toralf Roch
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany.
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19
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Voss C, Esmail S, Liu X, Knauer MJ, Ackloo S, Kaneko T, Lowes L, Stogios P, Seitova A, Hutchinson A, Yusifov F, Skarina T, Evdokimova E, Loppnau P, Ghiabi P, Haijan T, Zhong S, Abdoh H, Hedley BD, Bhayana V, Martin CM, Slessarev M, Chin-Yee B, Fraser DD, Chin-Yee I, Li SS. Epitope-specific antibody responses differentiate COVID-19 outcomes and variants of concern. JCI Insight 2021; 6:148855. [PMID: 34081630 PMCID: PMC8410046 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDThe role of humoral immunity in COVID-19 is not fully understood, owing, in large part, to the complexity of antibodies produced in response to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. There is a pressing need for serology tests to assess patient-specific antibody response and predict clinical outcome.METHODSUsing SARS-CoV-2 proteome and peptide microarrays, we screened 146 COVID-19 patients' plasma samples to identify antigens and epitopes. This enabled us to develop a master epitope array and an epitope-specific agglutination assay to gauge antibody responses systematically and with high resolution.RESULTSWe identified linear epitopes from the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins and showed that the epitopes enabled higher resolution antibody profiling than the S or N protein antigen. Specifically, we found that antibody responses to the S-811-825, S-881-895, and N-156-170 epitopes negatively or positively correlated with clinical severity or patient survival. Moreover, we found that the P681H and S235F mutations associated with the coronavirus variant of concern B.1.1.7 altered the specificity of the corresponding epitopes.CONCLUSIONEpitope-resolved antibody testing not only affords a high-resolution alternative to conventional immunoassays to delineate the complex humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and differentiate between neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies, but it also may potentially be used to predict clinical outcome. The epitope peptides can be readily modified to detect antibodies against variants of concern in both the peptide array and latex agglutination formats.FUNDINGOntario Research Fund (ORF) COVID-19 Rapid Research Fund, Toronto COVID-19 Action Fund, Western University, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Foundation, and Academic Medical Organization of Southwestern Ontario (AMOSO) Innovation Fund.
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MESH Headings
- Agglutination Tests/methods
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Antibody Specificity/immunology
- COVID-19/blood
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/mortality
- COVID-19 Serological Testing/methods
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral
- Microarray Analysis/methods
- Nucleocapsid/chemistry
- Nucleocapsid/genetics
- Nucleocapsid/immunology
- Peptides/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael J. Knauer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Lori Lowes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Stogios
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Tatiana Skarina
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Evdokimova
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Loppnau
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pegah Ghiabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taraneh Haijan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Husam Abdoh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin D. Hedley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vipin Bhayana
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudio M. Martin
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marat Slessarev
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Douglas D. Fraser
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Chin-Yee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Kardava L, Rachmaninoff N, Lau WW, Buckner CM, Trihemasava K, de Assis FL, Wang W, Zhang X, Wang Y, Chiang CI, Narpala S, Reger R, McCormack GE, Seamon CA, Childs RW, Suffredini AF, Strich JR, Chertow DS, Davey RT, Sneller MC, O’Connell S, Li Y, McDermott A, Chun TW, Fauci AS, Tsang JS, Moir S. Pre-vaccination and early B cell signatures predict antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.07.06.21259528. [PMID: 34268520 PMCID: PMC8282109 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.06.21259528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines are highly effective, although weak antibody responses are seen in some individuals with correlates of immunity that remain poorly understood. Here we longitudinally dissected antibody, plasmablast, and memory B cell (MBC) responses to the two-dose Moderna mRNA vaccine in SARS-CoV-2-uninfected adults. Robust, coordinated IgA and IgG antibody responses were preceded by bursts of spike-specific plasmablasts after both doses, but earlier and more intensely after dose two. Distinct antigen-specific MBC populations also emerged post-vaccination with varying kinetics. We identified antigen non-specific pre-vaccination MBC and post-vaccination plasmablasts after dose one and their spike-specific counterparts early after dose two that correlated with subsequent antibody levels. These baseline and response signatures can thus provide early indicators of serological efficacy and explain response variability in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Rachmaninoff
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William W. Lau
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clarisa M. Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Krittin Trihemasava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Felipe Lopes de Assis
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Chi-I Chiang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Robert Reger
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Genevieve E. McCormack
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Catherine A. Seamon
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard W. Childs
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Anthony F. Suffredini
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Strich
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Daniel S. Chertow
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Richard T. Davey
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael C. Sneller
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Yuxing Li
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John S. Tsang
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIH Center for Human Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Greaney AJ, Loes AN, Gentles LE, Crawford KH, Starr TN, Malone KD, Chu HY, Bloom JD. The SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine elicits more RBD-focused neutralization, but with broader antibody binding within the RBD. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.04.14.439844. [PMID: 33880474 PMCID: PMC8057239 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.14.439844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in key antibody epitopes has raised concerns that antigenic evolution will erode immunity. The susceptibility of immunity to viral evolution is shaped in part by the breadth of epitopes targeted. Here we compare the specificity of antibodies elicited by the mRNA-1273 vaccine versus natural infection. The neutralizing activity of vaccine-elicited antibodies is even more focused on the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) than for infection-elicited antibodies. However, within the RBD, binding of vaccine-elicited antibodies is more broadly distributed across epitopes than for infection-elicited antibodies. This greater binding breadth means single RBD mutations have less impact on neutralization by vaccine sera than convalescent sera. Therefore, antibody immunity acquired by different means may have differing susceptibility to erosion by viral evolution. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY Deep mutational scanning shows the mRNA-1273 RBD-binding antibody response is less affected by single viral mutations than the infection response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J. Greaney
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences & Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington; Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrea N. Loes
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Lauren E. Gentles
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington; Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Katharine H.D. Crawford
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences & Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington; Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tyler N. Starr
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Keara D. Malone
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Helen Y. Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington; Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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