1
|
Li M, Zhang R, Zhou J, Du J, Li X, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Wang Y, Lin Y, Zhang Y, He W, Wang X, Xiong A, Luo Y, Tang H. Comprehensive analysis of HSF genes from celery ( Apium graveolens L.) and functional characterization of AgHSFa6-1 in response to heat stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1132307. [PMID: 37223803 PMCID: PMC10202177 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1132307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
High temperature stress is regarded as one of the significant abiotic stresses affecting the composition and distribution of natural habitats and the productivity of agriculturally significant plants worldwide. The HSF family is one of the most important transcription factors (TFs) families in plants and capable of responding rapidly to heat and other abiotic stresses. In this study, 29 AgHSFs were identified in celery and classified into three classes (A, B, and C) and 14 subgroups. The gene structures of AgHSFs in same subgroups were conserved, whereas in different classes were varied. AgHSF proteins were predicted to be involved in multiple biological processes by interacting with other proteins. Expression analysis revealed that AgHSF genes play a significant role in response to heat stress. Subsequently, AgHSFa6-1, which was significantly induced by high temperature, was selected for functional validation. AgHSFa6-1 was identified as a nuclear protein, and can upregulate the expression of certain downstream genes (HSP98.7, HSP70-1, BOB1, CPN60B, ADH2, APX1, GOLS1) in response to high-temperature treatment. Overexpression of AgHSFa6-1 in yeast and Arabidopsis displayed higher thermotolerance, both morphologically and physiologically. In response to heat stress, the transgenic plants produced considerably more proline, solute protein, antioxidant enzymes, and less MDA than wild-type (WT) plants. Overall, this study revealed that AgHSF family members perform a key role in response to high temperature, and AgHSFa6-1 acts as a positive regulator by augmenting the ROS-scavenging system to maintain membrane integrity, reducing stomatal apertures to control water loss, and upregulating the expression level of heat-stress sensitive genes to improve celery thermotolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiageng Du
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanxiu Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aisheng Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Modification of Growth and Physiological Response of Coastal Dune Species Anthyllis maritima to Sand Burial by Rhizobial Symbiosis and Salinity. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122584. [PMID: 34961054 PMCID: PMC8704325 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish an experimental system in controlled conditions to study the physiological effect of abiotic/biotic interaction using a rare wild leguminous plant species from coastal sand dunes, Anthyllis maritima. The particular hypothesis tested was that there is an interaction between sand burial, rhizobial symbiosis and salt treatment at the level of physiological responses. Experiment in controlled conditions included 18 treatment combinations of experimental factors, with two intensities of sand burial, rhizobial inoculation and two types of NaCl treatment (soil irrigation and foliar spray). Shoot biomass was significantly affected both by burial and by inoculation, and by interaction between burial and NaCl in the case of shoot dry mass. For plants sprayed with NaCl, burial had a strong significant positive effect on shoot growth irrespective of inoculation. General effect of inoculation with rhizobia on shoot growth of plants without NaCl treatment was negative except for the plants buried 2 cm with sand, where significant stimulation of shoot dry mass by inoculant was found. The positive effect of burial on shoot growth was mainly associated with an increase in leaf petiole height and number of leaves. Performance index significantly increased in buried plants in all treatment combinations, and leaf chlorophyll concentration increased in buried plants independently on burial depth, and only in plants not treated with NaCl. Inoculation led to significant increase of leaf peroxidase activity in all treatment combinations except NaCl-irrigated plants buried for 2 cm by sand. Sand burial stimulated peroxidase activity, mostly in non-inoculated plants, as inoculation itself led to increased enzyme activity. In conclusion, strong interaction between sand burial and NaCl treatment was evident, as the latter significantly affected the effect of burial on growth and physiological indices. Moreover, rhizobial symbiosis had a significant effect on physiological processes through interaction with both sand burial and NaCl treatment, but the effect was rather controversial; it was positive for photosynthesis-related parameters but negative for growth and tissue integrity indices.
Collapse
|
3
|
de Abreu LGF, Silva NV, Ferrari AJR, de Carvalho LM, Fiamenghi MB, Carazzolle MF, Fill TP, Pilau EJ, Pereira GAG, Grassi MCB. Metabolite profiles of energy cane and sugarcane reveal different strategies during the axillary bud outgrowth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:504-516. [PMID: 34425395 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Commercial cultivation of sugarcane is usually carried out by planting culm segments (sett) carrying buds in their internodes. However, this is an inefficient practice due to high sprouting irregularity. In this work, we inspect the first stages of the physiological preparation of the culm for sprouting, trying to identify compounds that actively participate in this process. We compared, during the first 48 h, the metabolic profile of sugarcane against energy cane, a cultivar known to have higher sprouting speed and consistency. In fact, during this short period it was possible to observe that energy cane already had a higher physiological activity than sugarcane, with significant changes in the catabolism of amino acids, increased levels of reducing sugars, lipids and metabolic activity in the phenylpropanoid pathway. On the other hand, sugarcane samples had just begun their activity during this same period, with an increase in the level of glutamate as the most significant change, which may be linked to the strategy of these cultivars to develop their roots before leaves, opposite of what is seen for energy cane. These results contribute to the development of strategies for increasing the efficiency of sprouting in sugarcane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Guilherme F de Abreu
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-864, SP, Brazil
| | - Nicholas V Silva
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-864, SP, Brazil
| | - Allan Jhonathan R Ferrari
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-864, SP, Brazil; Center for Computing in Engineering and Sciences. Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-861, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas M de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-864, SP, Brazil; Center for Computing in Engineering and Sciences. Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-861, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus B Fiamenghi
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-864, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Carazzolle
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-864, SP, Brazil
| | - Taícia P Fill
- Laboratory of Biology Chemical Microbial (LaBioQuiMi). Institute of Chemistry, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J Pilau
- Laboratory of Biomolecules and Mass Spectrometry (LabioMass). Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Gonçalo Amarante G Pereira
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-864, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Carolina B Grassi
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-864, SP, Brazil; Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB), Impact Hub Geneva, Rue Fendt 1, 1201, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chu S, Zhang X, Xiao J, Chen R. Dynamic nutrient removal potential of a novel submerged macrophyte Rotala rotundifolia, and its growth and physiological response to reduced light available. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 293:112965. [PMID: 34102497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rotala rotundifolia is a novel submerged macrophyte able to survive across the winter under temperature as low as 4 °C. Dynamic nutrient removal potential of R. rotundifolia was estimated using the Eco-tank system simulating natural eutrophic waters. The growth and physiological response of R. rotundifolia by cutting and division propagation to light (100%, 60%, and 20% natural light) were investigated. The results showed that R. rotundifolia was superior in removing N and P from eutrophic waters. As influent concentrations of NH4+-N and total phosphorus (TP) were 4.81-5.87 and 0.61-0.78 mg L-1, effluent concentrations of NH4+-N, total nitrogen (TN), and TP were separately 0.06-1.10, 0.40-1.59, and 0.05-0.17 mg L-1, with removal efficiencies of 93.6%, 84.6%, and 82.5% at a flow rate of 200 L d-1. The growth and morphology of the plant under two propagation patterns were influenced by light and the responses were quite different. The biomass of the plant by cutting was higher at low light conditions, and the plant allocated more biomass on above ground. However, there was no significant difference in the height. By division, the plant preferred to high light. The biomass and height were significantly higher at 100% natural light. The peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and root activities of plant by cutting showed a trend of decrease and followed by an increase with light reduction, while by division, they increased with reduced light available. Variations of chlorophyll and soluble protein of the plant by cutting and division were contrary to the changes of POD activity. These results suggest that R. rotundifolia can be used to effectively remove nitrogen and phosphorus in eutrophic waters, and high light promotes the growth of the plant by division, while suitable shade is needed for the plant by cutting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Chu
- Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Xiaying Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jibo Xiao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Ruihuan Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fu X, Ma L, Gui R, Ashraf U, Li Y, Yang X, Zhang J, Imran M, Tang X, Tian H, Mo Z. Differential response of fragrant rice cultivars to salinity and hydrogen rich water in relation to growth and antioxidative defense mechanisms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2021; 23:1203-1211. [PMID: 33617358 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2021.1889963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Salinity negatively effects the growth and productivity of crop plants; however, the effects of hydrogen rich water (HRW) on the early growth of fragrant rice under salinity stress are rarely investigated. In present study, two HRW treatments: foliar application (F-HRW) and irrigation (I-HRW) were applied on the two fragrant rice cultivars, Yuxiangyouzhan and Xiangyaxiangzhan, grown under normal and salt stress conditions, i.e., 0 and 150 mmol NaCl L-1, respectively. Plants without HRW application were grown as control (CK). Results showed that the dry weight per unit plant height (mg cm-1) was increased by 12.6% and 23.0% in F-HRW and I-HRW, respectively under salt stress as compared with CK. Application of HRW, regardless of the application method, modulated the antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) while reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) contents under salt stress. Moreover, significant and positive relations were observed among total dry weight and shoot dry weight, dry weight per unit plant height, SOD and CAT activity in root. Overall, F-HRW application modulated the early growth and related physiological attributes in fragrant rice under salt stress whereas I-HRW was found to mitigate salt stress. Novelty statement: Involvement of endogenous H2 in plants for regulating various physiological functions is of great importance to stimulate and/or activate the antioxidant defense responses against oxidative stress; however, there is a lack of research in this aspect. The present study investigated the effects of hydrogen rich water (HRW) on the growth and physiological attributes of two fragrant rice cultivars grown under salt-stress. It was noteworthy to find that application of HRW either foliar application or irrigation improved the morphological characters, i.e., dry weight per unit plant height and enhanced the activities of antioxidants, i.e., peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase whilst decreased the malonaldehyde content. Overall, the application of HRW modulates plant growth and physiological attributes in fragrant rice cultivars under salt-stress conditions. This study will be helpful in improving the early growth and/or stand establishment of fragrant rice nursery under saline conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runfei Gui
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Umair Ashraf
- Department of Botany, University of Education, Division of Science and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yuzhan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Jianwen Zhang
- Yunfu Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yunfu, China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaowen Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Duan AQ, Tao JP, Jia LL, Tan GF, Liu JX, Li T, Chen LZ, Su XJ, Feng K, Xu ZS, Xiong AS. AgNAC1, a celery transcription factor, related to regulation on lignin biosynthesis and salt tolerance. Genomics 2020; 112:5254-5264. [PMID: 32976976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The NAC transcription factor participates in various biotic and abiotic stress responses and plays a critical role in plant development. Lignin is a water-insoluble dietary fiber, but it is second only to cellulose in abundance. Celery is the main source of dietary fiber, but its quality and production are limited by various abiotic stresses. Here, AgNAC1 containing the NAM domain was identified from celery. AgNAC1 was found to be a nuclear protein. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants hosting AgNAC1 have longer root lengths and stomatal axis lengths than the wide type (WT). The evidence from lignin determination and expression levels of lignin-related genes indicated that AgNAC1 plays a vital role in lignin biosynthesis. Furthermore, the results of the physiological characterization and the drought and salt treatments indicate that AgNAC1-overexpressing plants are significantly resistive to salt stress. Under drought and salt treatments, the AgNAC1 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants presented increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and size of stomatal apertures relatively to the WT plants. The AgNAC1 served as a positive regulator in inducing the expression of stress-responsive genes. Overall, the overexpressing AgNAC1 enhanced the plants' resistance to salt stress and played a regulatory role in lignin accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ao-Qi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian-Ping Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Li-Li Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guo-Fei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 55006, China
| | - Jie-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Long-Zheng Chen
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Su
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang Y, Zhang X, Xiao J, Chu S, Huang Z. Nutrient removal by Rotala rotundifolia: a superior candidate for ecosystem remediation at low temperatures. RSC Adv 2020; 10:29139-29146. [PMID: 35521131 PMCID: PMC9055945 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03405c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is an extremely important factor affecting the nutrient (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus) removal of aquatic macrophytes. A novel submersed Rotala rotundifolia was separately cultivated at room and low temperatures to investigate its ability for nutrient removal. The physiological metabolism was analyzed to explore the mechanism of removing nutrients under a wide temperature range. The results showed that the removal efficiency (RE) of nutrients at low temperature was competitive with that obtained at normal temperature, demonstrating that temperature exerted no obvious influence on the nutrient removal by R. rotundifolia. The root vitality at 5 °C rose from the initial 0.26 to 1.5 mg g−1 h−1, whereas it fell by 38.66% at 10 °C, 28.74% at 20 °C and 5.15% at 30 °C. The peroxidase (POD) activity at 5 °C showed the maximum value on day 7 followed by a notable decline on day 21. All the peak values of soluble sugar and protein as well as MDA showed up at 5 °C and they were 5.5, 437.9 and 10.1 mg g−1, respectively. Chlorophyll a and b reached 8.4 and 4.4 mg g−1 on day 28, respectively, with a total chlorophyll content (a plus b) of 12.4 mg g−1 at 5 °C, all of which were higher than that at 30 °C. These results validated that R. rotundifolia could be a superior candidate suitable for in situ application. Temperature is an extremely important factor affecting the nutrient (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus) removal of aquatic macrophytes.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Science
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- China
| | - Xiaying Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Science
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- China
| | - Jibo Xiao
- College of Life and Environmental Science
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- China
- Wenzhou Chuangyuan Environment Technology Co. Ltd
| | - Shuyi Chu
- Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Wenzhou 325006
- China
| | - Zhida Huang
- Wenzhou Institute of Industry & Science
- Wenzhou 325028
- China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu J, Zheng AQ, Xing XJ, Chen L, Fu XY, Peng RH, Tian YS, Yao QH. Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants Expressing Grape Glutathione S-Transferase Gene (VvGSTF13) Show Enhanced Tolerance to Abiotic Stress. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:755-765. [PMID: 30195332 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918060135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although glutathione S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) is thought to play important roles in abiotic stress, limited information is available regarding the function of its gene in grapes. In this study, a GST gene from grape, VvGSTF13, was cloned and functionally characterized. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants containing this gene were normal in terms of growth and maturity compared with control plants but had enhanced resistance to salt, drought, and methyl viologen stress. The increased tolerance of the transgenic plants correlated with changes in activities of antioxidative enzymes. Our results indicate that the gene from grape plays a positive role in improving tolerance to salinity, drought, and methyl viologen stresses in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Ai-Qing Zheng
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Ri-He Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China.
| | - Quan-Hong Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Moreno-Ortega B, Fort G, Muller B, Guédon Y. Identifying Developmental Zones in Maize Lateral Root Cell Length Profiles using Multiple Change-Point Models. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1750. [PMID: 29123533 PMCID: PMC5662930 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the limits between the cell division, elongation and mature zones in the root apex is still a matter of controversy when methods based on cellular features, molecular markers or kinematics are compared while methods based on cell length profiles have been comparatively underexplored. Segmentation models were developed to identify developmental zones within a root apex on the basis of epidermal cell length profiles. Heteroscedastic piecewise linear models were estimated for maize lateral roots of various lengths of both wild type and two mutants affected in auxin signaling (rtcs and rum-1). The outputs of these individual root analyses combined with morphological features (first root hair position and root diameter) were then globally analyzed using principal component analysis. Three zones corresponding to the division zone, the elongation zone and the mature zone were identified in most lateral roots while division zone and sometimes elongation zone were missing in arrested roots. Our results are consistent with an auxin-dependent coordination between cell flux, cell elongation and cell differentiation. The proposed segmentation models could extend our knowledge of developmental regulations in longitudinally organized plant organs such as roots, monocot leaves or internodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Moreno-Ortega
- LEPSE, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Inria, Virtual Plants, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Fort
- LEPSE, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Bertrand Muller
- LEPSE, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yann Guédon
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- Inria, Virtual Plants, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sprangers K, Avramova V, Beemster GTS. Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves. J Vis Exp 2016:54887. [PMID: 28060300 PMCID: PMC5226352 DOI: 10.3791/54887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth analyses are often used in plant science to investigate contrasting genotypes and the effect of environmental conditions. The cellular aspect of these analyses is of crucial importance, because growth is driven by cell division and cell elongation. Kinematic analysis represents a methodology to quantify these two processes. Moreover, this technique is easy to use in non-specialized laboratories. Here, we present a protocol for performing a kinematic analysis in monocotyledonous maize (Zea mays) leaves. Two aspects are presented: (1) the quantification of cell division and expansion parameters, and (2) the determination of the location of the developmental zones. This could serve as a basis for sampling design and/or could be useful for data interpretation of biochemical and molecular measurements with high spatial resolution in the leaf growth zone. The growth zone of maize leaves is harvested during steady-state growth. Individual leaves are used for meristem length determination using a DAPI stain and cell-length profiles using DIC microscopy. The protocol is suited for emerged monocotyledonous leaves harvested during steady-state growth, with growth zones spanning at least several centimeters. To improve the understanding of plant growth regulation, data on growth and molecular studies must be combined. Therefore, an important advantage of kinematic analysis is the possibility to correlate changes at the molecular level to well-defined stages of cellular development. Furthermore, it allows for a more focused sampling of specified developmental stages, which is useful in case of limited budget or time.
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu J, Tian YS, Xing XJ, Peng RH, Zhu B, Gao JJ, Yao QH. Over-expression of AtGSTU19 provides tolerance to salt, drought and methyl viologen stresses in Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 156:164-175. [PMID: 25975461 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific tau class of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) is often highly stress-inducible and expressed in a tissue-specific manner, thereby suggesting its important protective roles. Although activities associated with the binding and transport of reactive metabolites have been proposed, little is known about the regulatory functions of GSTs. Expression of AtGSTU19 is induced by several stimuli, but the function of this GST remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that transgenic over-expressing (OE) plants showed enhanced tolerance to different abiotic stresses and increased percentage of seed germination and cotyledon emergence. Transgenic plants exhibited an increased level of proline and activities of antioxidant enzymes, along with decreased malonyldialdehyde level under stress conditions. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses revealed that the expression levels of several stress-regulated genes were altered in AtGSTU19 OE plants. These results indicate that AtGSTU19 plays an important role in tolerance to salt/drought/methyl viologen stress in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Ri-He Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Jian-Jie Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Quan-Hong Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alvarez S, Naldrett MJ. Plant Structure and Specificity - Challenges and Sample Preparation Considerations for Proteomics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 919:63-81. [PMID: 27975213 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41448-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants are considered as a simple structured organism when compared to humans and other vertebrates. The number of organs and tissue types is very limited. Instead the origin of the complexity comes from the high number and variety of plant species that exist, with >300,000 compared to 5000 in mammals. Proteomics, defined as the large-scale study of the proteins present in a tissue, cell or cellular compartment at a defined time point, was introduced in 1994. However, the first publications reported in the plant proteomics field only appeared at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Since these early years, the increase of proteomic studies in plants has only followed a linear trend. The main reason for this stems from the challenges specific to studying plants, those of protein extraction from cells with variously strengthened cellulosic cell walls, and a high abundance of interfering compounds, such as phenolic compounds and pigments located in plastids throughout the plant. Indeed, the heterogeneity between different organs and tissue types, between species and different developmental stages, requires the use of optimized plant protein extraction methods as described in this section. The second bottleneck of plant proteomics, which will not be discussed or reviewed here, is the lack of genomic information. Without sequence databases of the >300,000 species, proteomic studies of plants, especially of those that are not considered economically relevant, are impossible to accomplish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Alvarez
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| | - Michael J Naldrett
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Balasubramaniyam A, Harvey PJ. Scanning electron microscopic investigations of root structural modifications arising from growth in crude oil-contaminated sand. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:12651-12661. [PMID: 24958531 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The choice of plant for phytoremediation success requires knowledge of how plants respond to contaminant exposure, especially their roots which are instrumental in supporting rhizosphere activity. In this study, we investigated the responses of plants with different architectures represented by beetroot (Beta vulgaris), a eudicot with a central taproot and many narrower lateral roots, and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), a monocot possessing a mass of threadlike fibrous roots to grow in crude oil-treated sand. In this paper, scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate modifications to plant root structure caused by growth in crude oil-contaminated sand. Root structural disorders were evident and included enhanced thickening in the endodermis, increased width of the root cortical zone and smaller diameter of xylem vessels. Inhibition in the rate of root elongation correlated with the increase in cell wall thickening and was dramatically pronounced in beetroot compared to the roots of treated fescue. The latter possessed significantly fewer (p < 0.001) and significantly shorter (p < 0.001) root hairs compared to control plants. Possibly, root hairs that absorb the hydrophobic contaminants may prevent contaminant absorption into the main root and concomitant axile root thickening by being sloughed off from roots. Tall fescue exhibited greater root morphological adaptability to growth in crude oil-treated sand than beetroot and, thus, a potential for long-term phytoremediation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Oh SA, Kim JS, Park JY, Han SH, Dimkpa C, Anderson AJ, Kim YC. The RpoS Sigma Factor Negatively Regulates Production of IAA and Siderophore in a Biocontrol Rhizobacterium, Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 29:323-9. [PMID: 25288959 PMCID: PMC4174801 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.nt.01.2013.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The stationary-phase sigma factor, RpoS, influences the expression of factors important in survival of Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 in the rhizosphere. A partial proteomic profile of a rpoS mutant in P. chlororaphis O6 was conducted to identify proteins under RpoS regulation. Five of 14 differentially regulated proteins had unknown roles. Changes in levels of proteins in P. chlororaphis O6 rpoS mutant were associated with iron metabolism, and protection against oxidative stress. The P. chlororaphis O6 rpoS mutant showed increased production of a pyoverdine-like siderophore, indole acetic acid, and altered isozyme patterns for peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase. Consequently, sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide exposure increased in the P. chlororaphis O6 rpoS mutant, compared with the wild type. Taken together, RpoS exerted regulatory control over factors important for the habitat of P. chlororaphis O6 in soil and on root surfaces. The properties of several of the proteins in the RpoS regulon are currently unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang A Oh
- Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Ji Soo Kim
- Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Park
- Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Song Hee Han
- Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | | | | | - Young Cheol Kim
- Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
- Corresponding author. Phone) +82-62-530-2071, FAX) +82-62-530-0208, E-mail)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shoresh M, Spivak M, Bernstein N. Involvement of calcium-mediated effects on ROS metabolism in the regulation of growth improvement under salinity. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1221-34. [PMID: 21466848 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Salinity reduces Ca(2+) availability, transport, and mobility to growing regions of the plant and supplemental Ca(2+) is known to reduce salinity damages. This study was undertaken to unravel some of the ameliorative mechanisms of Ca(2+) on salt stress at the cellular and tissue levels. Zea mays L. plants were grown in nutrient solution containing 1 or 80 mM NaCl with various Ca(2+) levels. Measurements of growth and physiological parameters, such as ion imbalance, indicated that the Ca(2+)-induced alleviation mechanisms differed between plant organs. Under salinity, H(2)O(2) levels increased in the leaf-growing tissue with increasing levels of supplemental Ca(2+) and reached the levels of control plants, whereas superoxide levels remained low at all Ca(2+) levels, indicating that Ca(2+) affected growth by increasing H(2)O(2) but not superoxide levels. Salinity completely abolished apoplastic peroxidase activity. Supplemental Ca(2+) increased its activity only slightly. However, under salinity, polyamine oxidase (PAO) activity was shifted toward the leaf base probably as an adaptive mechanism aimed at restoring normal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the expansion zone where NADPH oxidase could no longer provide the required ROS for growth. Interestingly, addition of Ca(2+) shifted the PAO-activity peak back to its original location in addition to its enhancement. The increase in PAO activity in conjunction with low levels of apoplastic peroxidase is supportive of cellular growth via nonenzymatic wall loosening derived by the increase in H(2)O(2) and less supportive of the peroxidase-mediated cross-linking of wall material. Thus extracellular Ca(2+) can modulate ROS levels at specific tissue localization and developmental stages thereby affecting cellular extension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Shoresh
- Institute of Soil, Water, and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50–250, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hadži-Tašković Šukalović V, Vuletić M, Veljović-Jovanović S, Vučinić Z. The effects of manganese and copper in vitro and in vivo on peroxidase catalytic cycles. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 167:1550-1557. [PMID: 20691497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Here we present the results of in vitro and in vivo studies of the influence of Mn²+ and Cu²+ on the peroxidative and oxidative catalytic functions of class III peroxidase. Complex peroxidase catalysis by intermediates generated in the reaction was analyzed by utilizing the activating effect of Mn²+ and the inhibitory effect of Cu²+ on the oxidative reaction in vitro. p-Coumaric acid was used as an enzyme substrate in the peroxidative reaction and as a cofactor in the oxidative reaction. In order to correlate the observed in vitro effects with the in vivo situation, we exposed maize plants to excess concentrations of Mn²+ and Cu²+ in the hydroponic solutions. Copper severely arrested plant growth, while manganese exerted no significant effect. The effects on peroxidase activity and isoforms profile of root soluble and cell wall bound fractions were studied. Inhibition of the peroxidase oxidative function by copper was reversible, localized in the cell wall, and accompanied by disappearance of some and appearance of new cationic isoforms. Copper-mediated changes were suppressed by the presence of manganese, although Mn²+ treatment per se did not affect the activity of the peroxidase enzyme. The results on the peroxidase activity in maize roots grown with excess Mn²+ and Cu²+ point to the coupling between the oxidative cycle, root growth and different peroxidase isoforms.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bohler S, Sergeant K, Lefèvre I, Jolivet Y, Hoffmann L, Renaut J, Dizengremel P, Hausman JF. Differential impact of chronic ozone exposure on expanding and fully expanded poplar leaves. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 30:1415-32. [PMID: 21030406 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpq082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Populus tremula L. × Populus alba L. (Populus ×c anescens (Aiton) Smith) - clone INRA 717-1-B4 saplings (50 cm apex to base and carrying 19 leaves on average) - were followed for 28 days. Half of the trees were grown in charcoal-filtered air while the other half were exposed to 120 ppb ozone for 11 h a day during the light period. The expanding leaf number 4 was tagged at the beginning of the experiment and finished expansion between 7 and 14 days. These leaves were harvested weekly for biochemical and proteome analyses using quantitative bidimensional electrophoresis (DiGE). Independent of the ozone treatment, all the analyses allowed a distinction between expanding and adult leaves. The results indicate that during the expansion phase (Days 0-7) the enzymatic machinery of the leaves is set up, and remains dynamically stable in the adult leaves (Days 14-28). Although ozone had no apparent effect on expanding leaves, the metabolic stability in fully expanded leaves observed in ozone-free plants was disturbed after 2 weeks of exposure and a stress-induced response became apparent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Bohler
- Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, CRP-Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, GD Luxembourg
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rodríguez AA, Maiale SJ, Menéndez AB, Ruiz OA. Polyamine oxidase activity contributes to sustain maize leaf elongation under saline stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:4249-62. [PMID: 19717530 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The possible involvement of apoplastic reactive oxygen species produced by the oxidation of free polyamines in the leaf growth of salinized maize has been studied here. Salt treatment increased the apoplastic spermine and spermidine levels, mainly in the leaf blade elongation zone. The total activity of polyamine oxidase was up to 20-fold higher than that of the copper-containing amine oxidase. Measurements of H(2)O(2), *O(2)(-), and HO* production in the presence or absence of the polyamine oxidase inhibitors 1,19-bis-(ethylamine)-5,10,15 triazanonadecane and 1,8-diamino-octane suggest that, in salinized plants, the oxidation of free apoplastic polyamines by polyamine oxidase by would be the main source of reactive oxygen species in the elongation zone of maize leaf blades. This effect is probably due to increased substrate availability. Incubation with 200 microM spermine doubled segment elongation, whereas the addition of 1,19-bis-(ethylamine)-5,10,15 triazanonadecane and 1,8-diamino-octane to 200 microM spermine attenuated and reversed the last effect, respectively. Similarly, the addition of MnCl(2) (an *O(2)(-) dismutating agent) or the HO* scavenger sodium benzoate along with spermine, annulled the elongating effect of the polyamine on the salinized segments. As a whole, the results obtained here demonstrated that, under salinity, polyamine oxidase activity provides a significant production of reactive oxygen species in the apoplast which contributes to 25-30% of the maize leaf blade elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Alberto Rodríguez
- Unidad de Biotecnología 1, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (IIB-INTECH/CONICET-UNSAM), Camino de Circunvalación Laguna, Chascomús, Argentina.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Taleisnik E, Rodríguez AA, Bustos D, Erdei L, Ortega L, Senn ME. Leaf expansion in grasses under salt stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:1123-40. [PMID: 19467732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Restriction of leaf growth is among the earliest visible effects of many stress conditions, including salinity. Because leaves determine radiation interception and are the main photosynthetic organs, salinity effects on leaf expansion and function are directly related to yield constraints under saline conditions. The expanding zone of leaf blades spans from the meristem to the region in which cells reach their final length. Kinematic methods are used to describe cell division and cell expansion activities. Analyses of this type have indicated that the reduction in leaf expansion by salinity may be exerted through effects on both cell division and expansion. In turn, the components of vacuole-driven cell expansion may be differentially affected by salinity, and examination of salinity effects on osmotic and mechanical constraints to cell expansion have gradually led to the identification of the gene products involved in such control. The study of how reactive oxygen species affect cell expansion is an emerging topic in the study of salinity's regulation of leaf growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith Taleisnik
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina), Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tamás L, Valentovicová K, Halusková L, Huttová J, Mistrík I. Effect of cadmium on the distribution of hydroxyl radical, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in barley root tip. PROTOPLASMA 2009; 236:67-72. [PMID: 19543794 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-009-0057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the alteration of reactive oxygen species production along the longitudinal axis of barley root tips during Cd treatment. In unstressed barley root tips, H(2)O(2) production decreased from the root apex towards the differentiation zone where again, a slight increase was observed towards the more mature region of root. An opposite pattern was observed for O(2)(*-) and OH(*) generation. The amount of both O(2)(*-) and OH(*) was highest in the elongation zone, decreased in the root apex and at the differentiation zone of root, then increased again towards the more mature region of root. An elevated Cd-induced O(2)(*-) production started in the elongation zone and increased further along the differentiation zone of barley root tip. In contrast, Cd-induced H(2)O(2) production was localised to the root elongation zone and to the beginning of the differentiation zone. In contrast to Cd-induced H(2)O(2) and O(2)(*-) production, Cd reduced OH(*) production along the whole barley root tip. Our results suggest that not only an increase but also the spatial distribution of reactive oxygen species production is involved in the Cd-induced stress response of barley root tip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Tamás
- Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 14, SK-84523, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mastrangelo LI, Lenucci MS, Piro G, Dalessandro G. Evidence for intra- and extra-protoplasmic feruloylation and cross-linking in wheat seedling roots. PLANTA 2009; 229:343-355. [PMID: 18974998 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The sub-cellular feruloylation and oxidative coupling sites of cell wall polysaccharides were investigated in planta by monitoring the kinetics of appearance of arabinosyl- and feruloyl-radiolabelled polysaccharides in the protoplasmic compartment and their secretion in the wall either in the presence or absence of brefeldin A (BFA). By using root apical segments excised from wheat seedlings (Triticum durum Desf.), incubated with trans-[U-(14)C]cinnamic acid, we demonstrated that [14C]ferulate, likely [14C]diferulate, as well as trimers and larger products of ferulate are incorporated into the protoplasmic polysaccharides very rapidly within 1-3 min of [14C]cinnamate feeding. This agrees with the assumption that (glucurono)arabinoxylans [(G)AX] feruloylation and oxidative coupling occur intracellularly, likely in the Golgi apparatus. Simultaneously, polymer bound radioactive hydroxycinnamic acids appeared to be incorporated into the cell wall of root apical segments as early as 2 min after trans-[U-(14)C]cinnamic acid feeding. On the contrary, starting from L-[1-(14)C]arabinose as tracer, the secretion of the pentose-containing polymers into the wall was between 5 to 10 min. These results indicated that (G)AX feruloylation and oxidative coupling occur both intra-protoplasmically and in muro. The occurrence of in muro feruloylation and oxidative coupling was confirmed by the use of BFA a well known inhibitor of secretion. The drug caused a strong inhibition of the synthesis and secretion into the wall of the 14C-pentosyl-labelled polymers as well as of 14C-feruloyl-polymers. In spite of this, the total amount of 14C-feruloyl-polymers incorporated into the wall was only slightly affected by BFA. This indicates the existence of a mechanism involved into secretion of the activated hydroxycinnamoyl precursors to the wall, alternative to that involved in polysaccharide secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ilenia Mastrangelo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, via prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Aguirrezabal L, Bouchier-Combaud S, Radziejwoski A, Dauzat M, Cookson SJ, Granier C. Plasticity to soil water deficit in Arabidopsis thaliana: dissection of leaf development into underlying growth dynamic and cellular variables reveals invisible phenotypes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:2216-27. [PMID: 17081254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variability in the plasticity of leaf area expansion in response to water deficit has been reported in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, the objective was to identify the underlying dynamic and cellular processes involved in this variability. Twenty-five accessions were subjected to identical soil water deficit treatments. In all accessions, the plasticity of leaf production was low compared with that of individual leaf expansion. A subset of accessions was selected for further dissection of individual leaf expansion into its underlying variables: the rate and duration of leaf expansion and epidermal cell number and area. In all accessions, water deficit had opposite effects on the rate and duration of leaf expansion. The accumulation of these effects was reflected in changes in final leaf area. At the cellular level, moderate water deficits had opposite effects on cell number and cell size, but more severe ones reduced both variables. The importance of these opposing effects is highlighted by the behaviour of the accession An-1, for which the compensation between the decrease in leaf expansion rate and the increase in the duration of expansion is total. This dynamic plasticity in response to water deficit is not detectable when only final measurements are done.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Aguirrezabal
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux UMR 759, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie, Place Viala, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fecht-Christoffers MM, Führs H, Braun HP, Horst WJ. The role of hydrogen peroxide-producing and hydrogen peroxide-consuming peroxidases in the leaf apoplast of cowpea in manganese tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 140:1451-63. [PMID: 16489137 PMCID: PMC1435823 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.070474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The apoplast is considered the leaf compartment decisive for manganese (Mn) toxicity and tolerance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Particularly apoplastic peroxidases (PODs) were proposed to be key enzymes in Mn toxicity-induced processes. The presented work focuses on the characterization of the role of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-producing (NADH peroxidase) and H2O2-consuming peroxidase (guaiacol POD) in the apoplastic washing fluid (AWF) of leaves for early stages of Mn toxicity and genotypic differences in Mn tolerance of cowpea. Leaf AWF of the Mn-sensitive cultivar (cv) TVu 91 but not of the Mn-tolerant cv 1987 showed an increase of guaiacol-POD and NADH-peroxidase activities at elevated AWF Mn concentrations. two-dimensional resolutions of AWF proteins revealed that cv TVu 91 expressed more and additional proteins at high Mn treatment, whereas Mn-tolerant cv TVu 1987 remained nearly unaffected. In both cultivars, NADH-peroxidase activity and accompanied H2O2 formation rate in vitro were significantly affected by Mn2+, p-coumaric acid, and metabolites occurring in the AWF. The total phenol concentration in the AWF was indicative of advanced stages of Mn toxicity but was rather unrelated to early stages of Mn toxicity and genotypic differences in Mn tolerance. The NADH oxidation by AWF PODs was significantly delayed or enhanced in the presence of the protein-free AWF from cv TVu 1987 or cv TVu 91, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of AWF indicates the presence of phenols in cv TVu 1987 not observed in cv TVu 91. We conclude from our studies that the H2O2-producing NADH peroxidase and its modulation by stimulating or inhibiting phenolic compounds in the leaf apoplast play a major role for Mn toxicity and Mn tolerance in cowpea.
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhu J, Chen S, Alvarez S, Asirvatham VS, Schachtman DP, Wu Y, Sharp RE. Cell wall proteome in the maize primary root elongation zone. I. Extraction and identification of water-soluble and lightly ionically bound proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 140:311-25. [PMID: 16377746 PMCID: PMC1326053 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.070219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Revised: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall proteins (CWPs) play important roles in various processes, including cell elongation. However, relatively little is known about the composition of CWPs in growing regions. We are using a proteomics approach to gain a comprehensive understanding of the identity of CWPs in the maize (Zea mays) primary root elongation zone. As the first step, we examined the effectiveness of a vacuum infiltration-centrifugation technique for extracting water-soluble and loosely ionically bound (fraction 1) CWPs from the root elongation zone. The purity of the CWP extract was evaluated by comparing with total soluble proteins extracted from homogenized tissue. Several lines of evidence indicated that the vacuum infiltration-centrifugation technique effectively enriched for CWPs. Protein identification revealed that 84% of the CWPs were different from the total soluble proteins. About 40% of the fraction 1 CWPs had traditional signal peptides and 33% were predicted to be nonclassical secretory proteins, whereas only 3% and 11%, respectively, of the total soluble proteins were in these categories. Many of the CWPs have previously been shown to be involved in cell wall metabolism and cell elongation. In addition, maize has type II cell walls, and several of the CWPs identified in this study have not been identified in previous cell wall proteomics studies that have focused only on type I walls. These proteins include endo-1,3;1,4-beta-D-glucanase and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase, which act on the major polysaccharides only or mainly present in type II cell walls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhu
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Miller CD, Rangel D, Braga GUL, Flint S, Kwon SI, Messias CL, Roberts DW, Anderson AJ. Enzyme activities associated with oxidative stress in Metarhizium anisopliae during germination, mycelial growth, and conidiation and in response to near-UV irradiation. Can J Microbiol 2004; 50:41-9. [PMID: 15052320 DOI: 10.1139/w03-097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metarhizium anisopliae isolates have a wide insect host range, but an impediment to their commercial use as a biocontrol agent of above-ground insects is the high susceptibility of spores to the near-UV present in solar irradiation. To understand stress responses in M. anisopliae, we initiated studies of enzymes that protect against oxidative stress in two strains selected because their spores differed in sensitivity to UV-B. Spores of the more near-UV resistant strain in M. anisopliae 324 displayed different isozyme profiles for catalase-peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase when compared with the less resistant strain 2575. A transient loss in activity of catalase-peroxidase and glutathione reductase was observed during germination of the spores, whereas the intensity of isozymes displaying superoxide dismutase did not change as the mycelium developed. Isozyme composition for catalase-peroxidases and glutathione reductase in germlings changed with growth phase. UV-B exposure from lamps reduced the activity of isozymes displaying catalase-peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities in 2575 more than in 324. The major effect of solar UV-A plus UV-B also was a reduction in catalase-peroxidases isozyme level, a finding confirmed by measurement of catalase specific activity. Impaired growth of M. anisopliae after near-UV exposure may be related to reduced abilities to handle oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Miller
- Department of Bioloogy, Utah State University, Logan 84322-5305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Miller CD, Kim YC, Anderson AJ. Competitiveness in root colonization by Pseudomonas putida requires the rpoS gene. Can J Microbiol 2004; 47:41-8. [PMID: 15049448 DOI: 10.1139/w00-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The rpoS gene in Pseudomonas putida was essential for plant root colonization under competitive conditions from other microbes. The RpoS- mutant survived less well than the wild-type strain in culture medium, and unlike the wild-type, failed to colonize the roots in a peat matrix containing an established diverse microflora. The RpoS-deficient P. putida isolate was generated by insertion of a glucuronidase-npt cassette into the rpoS gene. The RpoS mutant had dose-dependent increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and produced Mn-superoxide dismutase activity earlier than the parent. While extracts from wild-type P. putida stationary-phase cells contained three isozymes of catalase (CatA, CatB, and CatC), the sigma38-deficient P. putida lacked CatB. These results are consistent with previous findings that CatB is induced in stationary-phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C D Miller
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84522-5305, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kerr EM, Fry SC. Extracellular cross-linking of xylan and xyloglucan in maize cell-suspension cultures: the role of oxidative phenolic coupling. PLANTA 2004; 219:73-83. [PMID: 14872243 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell-suspension cultures of maize ( Zea mays L.) released soluble extracellular polysaccharides (SEPs) into their medium. Some or all of the SEPs had feruloyl ester groups. Pulse-labelling with [(3)H]arabinose was used to monitor changes in the SEPs' M(r) (estimated by gel-permeation chromatography) with time after synthesis. Newly released (3)H-SEPs were 1.3-1.6 MDa, but between 2 days and 3 days after radiolabelling (in one experiment) or between 5 days and 6 days (in another), the (3)H-SEPs abruptly increased to approximately 17 MDa, indicating extensive cross-linking. The cross-linking involved both [(3)H]xylan and [(3)H]xyloglucan components of the SEPs. The cross-links could be cleaved by alkali, returning the SEPs to their original M(r). In 0.1 M NaOH at 37 degrees C, 58% cleavage was effected within 24 h. The requirement for such prolonged alkali treatment indicates that ester-bonded (e.g. diferuloyl) groups were not solely responsible for the cross-linking. Bonds cleaved only by relatively severe alkali could include benzyl ether linkages formed between sugar residues and oxidised phenolics that had quinone methide structures. The ability of alkali to cleave the cross-links was independent of the age of the (3)H-SEP molecules. Cross-linking of (3)H-SEPs in vivo was delayed (up to approx. 7 days after radiolabelling) by exogenous sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid or rutin-agents predicted to compete with the oxidative coupling of feruloyl-polysaccharides. The cross-linking was promoted by exogenous ferulic acid or l-tyrosine, possibly because these compounds acted as precursors for polysaccharide feruloylation, thus providing additional partner substrates for the oxidative coupling of previously formed (3)H-SEPs. The ability of certain phenolics to prevent the cross-linking of (3)H-SEPs supports the idea that the cross-linking involved phenolic oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Kerr
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, EH9 3JH, Edinburgh, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kang BR, Cho BH, Anderson AJ, Kim YC. The global regulator GacS of a biocontrol bacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 regulates transcription from the rpoS gene encoding a stationary-phase sigma factor and affects survival in oxidative stress. Gene 2004; 325:137-43. [PMID: 14697518 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2003.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The global regulator, GacS (global activator for antibiotics and cyanide sensor kinase), of the rhizosphere bacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 (Pc O6) was required for increased resistance to hydrogen peroxide as cultures mature. Specific bands of peroxidase and catalase activity were absent in the stationary-phase cells of the Pc O6 gacS mutant, whereas a manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) isozyme was expressed earlier and to a greater extent than in the wild-type. In the wild-type cell, transcript accumulation of rpoS was higher in late logarithmic (log)-phase cells than cells from mid log-phase or stationary-phase. Transcript abundance from rpoS was reduced in the gacS mutant throughout the growth phase compared to the wild-type expression. The sequence of a small RNA, rsmZ, found downstream of rpoS in other pseudomonads was lacking in Pc O6. This RNA is implicated in the control of genes activated by the GacS system. Thus, the mechanism by which GacS mediates the activation of genes under its control requires further investigation in Pc O6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beom Ryong Kang
- Agricultural Plant Stress Research Center and Institute of Agriculture Science, and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fecht-Christoffers MM, Braun HP, Lemaitre-Guillier C, VanDorsselaer A, Horst WJ. Effect of manganese toxicity on the proteome of the leaf apoplast in cowpea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 133:1935-46. [PMID: 14605229 PMCID: PMC300745 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.029215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2003] [Revised: 07/21/2003] [Accepted: 08/27/2003] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Excess manganese (Mn) supply causes formation of visible brown depositions in the cell walls of leaves of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), which consist of oxidized Mn and oxidized phenols. Because oxidation of Mn and phenolic compounds in the leaf apoplast was proposed to be catalyzed by apoplastic peroxidases (PODs), induction of these enzymes by Mn excess was investigated. POD activity increased upon prolonged Mn treatment in the leaf tissue. Simultaneously, a significant increase in the concentration of soluble apoplastic proteins in "apoplastic washing fluid" was observed. The identity of the released proteins was systematically characterized by analysis of the apoplast proteome using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Some of the identified proteins exhibit sequence identity to acidic PODs from other plants. Several other proteins show homologies to pathogenesis-related proteins, e.g. glucanase, chitinase, and thaumatin-like proteins. Because pathogenesis-related-like proteins are known to be induced by various other abiotic and biotic stresses, a specific physiological role of these proteins in response to excess Mn supply remains to be established. The specific role of apoplastic PODs in the response of plants to Mn stress is discussed.
Collapse
|
30
|
Jung HJG. Maize stem tissues: ferulate deposition in developing internode cell walls. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 63:543-549. [PMID: 12809714 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(03)00221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that ferulates are only deposited in the primary cell wall of grasses. To test this hypothesis, the fourth elongating, above-ground internode of maize (Zea mays l.) was sampled from three maize hybrids throughout development. Cell wall composition was determined by the Uppsala Dietary Fibre method. Ester- and ether-linked ferulates were determined by HPLC analysis of ferulic acid released from the internodes by low and high temperature alkaline treatments. Internode length increased from 9 to 152 mm over 96 days of growth, with elongation being complete in the first 12 days. More than half of the cell wall material in the maize internodes accumulated after elongation had ended. Deposition of cell wall material appeared to reach its maximum extent 40 days after sampling began, well before physiological maturity of the maize plants. Galactose and arabinose began to accumulate early in cell wall development which was presumed to be associated with primary wall growth during internode elongation. The major secondary wall constituents (analyzed as glucose, xylose, and Klason lignin) did not begin to accumulate rapidly until shortly before internode elongation ended. Ferulate ester deposition began before ferulate ethers were observed in the cell wall, but both forms of ferulate continued to accumulate in secondary cell walls, long after internode elongation had ceased. These data clearly show that contrary to the hypothesis, ferulate deposition was not restricted to the primary wall and that active lignin/polysaccharide cross-linking mediated by ferulates occurs in the secondary wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim G Jung
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rodríguez AA, Grunberg KA, Taleisnik EL. Reactive oxygen species in the elongation zone of maize leaves are necessary for leaf extension. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 129:1627-32. [PMID: 12177475 PMCID: PMC166750 DOI: 10.1104/pp.001222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2001] [Revised: 02/20/2002] [Accepted: 04/26/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The production and role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the expanding zone of maize (Zea mays) leaf blades were investigated. ROS release along the leaf blade was evaluated by embedding intact seedlings in 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-containing agar and examining the distribution of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence along leaf 4, which was exposed by removing the outer leaves before embedding the seedling. Fluorescence was high in the expanding region, becoming practically non-detectable beyond 65 mm from the ligule, indicating high ROS production in the expansion zone. Segments obtained from the elongation zone of leaf 4 were used to assess the role of ROS in leaf elongation. The distribution of cerium perhydroxide deposits in electron micrographs indicated hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) presence in the apoplast. 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescein fluorescence and apoplastic H(2)O(2) accumulation were inhibited with diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), which also inhibited O*(2)(-) generation, suggesting a flavin-containing enzyme activity such as NADPH oxidase was involved in ROS production. Segments from the elongation zone incubated in water grew 8% in 2 h. KI treatments, which scavenged H(2)O(2) but did not inhibit O*(2)(-) production, did not modify growth. DPI significantly inhibited segment elongation, and the addition of H(2)O(2) (50 or 500 microM) to the incubation medium partially reverted the inhibition caused by DPI. These results indicate that a certain concentration of H(2)O(2) is necessary for leaf elongation, but it could not be distinguished whether H(2)O(2), or other ROS, are the actual active agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés A Rodríguez
- Instituto de Fitopatologia y Fisiologia Vegetal-Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Camino a 60 Cuadras Km 5 1/2, 5119 Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Reidy B, Nösberger J, Fleming A. Differential expression of XET-related genes in the leaf elongation zone of F. pratensis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2001; 52:1847-1856. [PMID: 11520873 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/52.362.1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Festuca pratensis Huds. is a forage grass with the ability to withstand harsh climatic conditions. However, its potential agronomic use is limited by its poor competitive ability, which can be traced to limitations in leaf growth. In order to characterize this process and to identify genes which might function as markers for leaf growth, three XET-related genes in the leaf elongation zone (LEZ) of F. pratensis are reported. A detailed expression analysis is presented of the three genes in two F. pratensis genotypes with contrasting leaf growth characteristics grown under two nitrogen levels. By means of a detailed spatial analysis of growth and XET encoding transcript pattern along the LEZ, a specific correlation is shown between FpXET1 expression and tissue elongation that is maintained under the different growth conditions, while the two other XETs expressed in the LEZ show different transcript dynamics. Tissue localization of FpXET1 and FpXET2 transcripts indicate an accumulation throughout young tissue, which is consistent with the encoded proteins playing roles in cell wall modification processes during growth. It is proposed that FpXET1 is a potential marker for tissue elongation and leaf growth in F. pratensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Reidy
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lin CC, Kao CH. Abscisic acid induced changes in cell wall peroxidase activity and hydrogen peroxide level in roots of rice seedlings. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2001; 160:323-329. [PMID: 11164604 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The changes in the activity of peroxidase (POD) extracted from the cell wall and the level of H(2)O(2) of rice seedling roots treated with abscisic acid (ABA) and their correlation with root growth were investigated. Increasing concentrations of ABA from 3 to 18 µM progressively reduce root growth and increase POD activities (using guaiacol or ferulic acid as a substrate) extracted from the cell wall of rice roots. The reduction of root growth by ABA is also correlated with an increase in H(2)O(2) level. Both diamine oxidase (DAO) and NADH peroxidase (NADH-POD) are known to be responsible for the generation of H(2)O(2). ABA treatment increased NADH-POD and DAO activities in roots of rice seedlings, suggesting that NADH-POD and DAO contribute to the generation of H(2)O(2) in the cell wall of ABA-treated roots. An increase in the level of H(2)O(2) and the activity of POD extracted from the cell wall of rice roots preceded root growth reduction caused by ABA. An increase in DAO and NADH-POD activities coincided with an increase in H(2)O(2) in roots caused by ABA. Since DAO catalyzes the oxidation of putrescine, the results that ABA increases the activity of DAO in roots is consistent with those that ABA decreases the level of putrescine. In conclusion, cell wall stiffening catalyzed by POD is possibly involved in the regulation of root growth reduction caused by ABA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C. Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, PR China
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
PIRES NÁDJADEMOURA, SOUZA ISABELREGINAPRAZERES, PRATES HÉLIOTEIXEIRA, FARIA TRÍCIACRISTINALESSADE, PEREIRA FILHO ISRAELALEXANDRE, MAGALHÃES PAULOCÉSAR. Efeito do extrato aquoso de leucena sobre o desenvolvimento, índice mitótico e atividade da peroxidase em plântulas de milho. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-31312001000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A leucena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit), quando usada como cobertura no solo, apresenta a propriedades de controlar plantas daninhas, sendo esse efeito resultante da presença de aleloquímicos, principalmente mimosina, encontrados na parte aérea da planta. A maioria dos estudos em alelopatia refere-se apenas ao efeito do aleloquímico sobre a germinação e o crescimento da planta-teste, sem considerar os eventos celulares relacionados às mudanças fisiológicas. Com este trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do extrato aquoso da leucena sobre o desenvolvimento, índice mitótico radicular e atividade da peroxidase e suas isoformas na parte aérea e raízes de plântulas de milho. Os bioensaios foram conduzidos em casa-de-vegetação utilizando-se sementes de milho híbrido desenvolvidas nas concentrações 0; 0,4; 0,8; 1,6; 3,2 e 6,4 % do extrato aquoso de leucena. Verificaram-se inibição do crescimento de raízes e redução do índice mitótico proporcional ao incremento na dose do extrato, não sendo observada divisão celular a partir da concentração de 1,6 %. A atividade da peroxidase, tanto em raízes como em folhas, cresceu com o aumento da concentração do extrato, sem, contudo, apresentar diferença nos zimogramas de suas isoformas. A maior atividade dessa enzima, nas raízes, foi correlacionada com a presença das isoformas aniônicas, pI 4,99 e 4,86, o que possivelmente esteja contribuindo para maior espessamento das raízes, o que foi verificado nas doses elevadas do extrato. As análises por HPLC revelaram teor de mimosina crescente com aumentos na concentração do extrato, sugerindo o envolvimento desse aleloquímico no desenvolvimento das plântulas.
Collapse
|
35
|
Wu Y, Cosgrove DJ. Adaptation of roots to low water potentials by changes in cell wall extensibility and cell wall proteins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2000; 51:1543-53. [PMID: 11006305 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/51.350.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is common for the root/shoot ratio of plants to increase when water availability is limiting. This ratio increases because roots are less sensitive than shoots to growth inhibition by low water potentials. The physiological and molecular mechanisms that assist root growth under drought conditions are reviewed, with a focus on changes in cell walls. Maize seedlings adapt to low water potential by making the walls in the apical part of the root more extensible. In part, this is accomplished by increases in expansin activity and in part by other, more complex changes in the wall. The role of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase, peroxidase and other wall enzymes in root adaptation to low water potential is evaluated and some of the complications in the field of study are listed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Piqueras A, Debergh PC. The evolution of photosynthetic capacity and the antioxidant enzymatic system during acclimatization of micropropagated Calathea plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2000; 155:59-66. [PMID: 10773340 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects of an increased PPFD on photosynthesis, the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus and the response of the antioxidant enzymatic system were studied during the ex vitro establishment of micropropagated Calathea 'Maui Queen' plantlets. Measured chlorophyll and carotenoids contents in ex vitro formed leaves were almost three times higher compared to the in vitro formed ones. At the end of the acclimatization, an inverse relation between PPFD and the chlorophyll (a+b)/carotenoids ratio was observed. During the first days after transplantation Calathea plants are not photosynthetically active, as is illustrated by the photosynthetic light response curves. With the appearance of new leaves, higher photosynthetic capacities were observed and light saturation point increased (days 17 and 25). Also the maximal photosynthetic efficiency enlarged as shown by the increased initial slope of the curves. F(v)/F(m) decreased directly after transplantation of the micropropagated plantlets, afterwards a recovery was observed, but highest F(v)/F(m) values were observed in low light (LL) plants. The photochemical quenching coefficient increased gradually during the first two weeks of the acclimatization. In high light (HL) plants, q(P) decreased directly after transfer, while this was not observed in LL and medium light (ML). During the acclimatization period to increasing light intensities significant changes in the activity of the antioxidant enzymatic system were observed. A decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured during the first half of the acclimatization period followed by a recovery in ML and HL plants by day 35. Dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activity decreased during acclimatization. At the end of the experimental period the lowest levels were measured in ML plants. Catalase (CAT) activity increased significantly during the first two weeks after transfer, a clear inverse relationship to PPFD was detected. The relation between the adquisition of full photosynthetic capacity and the activation of the enzymatic antioxidant system in the leaves of calathea plants during ex vitro acclimatization is discussed.
Collapse
|
37
|
Bishop DL, Levine HG, Kropp BR, Anderson AJ. Seedborne fungal contamination: consequences in space-grown wheat. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 1997; 87:1125-1133. [PMID: 11540734 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.1997.87.11.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants grown in microgravity are subject to many environmental stresses that may promote microbial growth and result in disease symptoms. Wheat (cv. Super Dwarf) recovered from an 8-day mission aboard a NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) space shuttle showed disease symptoms, including girdling of leaf sheaths and chlorosis and necrosis of leaf and root tissues. A Neotyphodium species was isolated from the seed and leaf sheaths of symptomatic wheat used in the spaceflight mission. Certain isozymes of a peroxidase unique to extracts from the microgravity-grown plants were observed in extracts from earth-grown Neotyphodium-infected plants but were not present in noninfected wheat. The endophytic fungus was eliminated from the wheat seed by prolonged heat treatment at 50 degrees C followed by washes with water at 50 degrees C. Plants from wheat seed infected with the Neotyphodium endophyte were symptomless when grown under greenhouse conditions, whereas symptoms appeared after only 4 days of growth in closed containers. Disease spread from an infected plant to noninfected plants in closed containers. Dispersion via spores was found on asymptomatic plants at distances of 7 to 18 cm from infected plants. The size and shape of the conidia, mycelia, and phialide-bearing structures and the ability to grow rapidly on carbohydrates, especially xylose, resembled the characteristics of N. chilense, which is pathogenic on orchard grass, Doctylis glomerati. The Neotyphodium wheat isolate caused disease symptoms on other cereals (wheat cv. Malcolm, orchard grass, barley, and maize) grown in closed containers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Bishop
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan 84322-5305, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
The chemical structures of the primary cell walls of the grasses and their progenitors differ from those of all other flowering plant species. They vary in the complex glycans that interlace and cross-link the cellulose microfibrils to form a strong framework, in the nature of the gel matrix surrounding this framework, and in the types of aromatic substances and structural proteins that covalently cross-link the primary and secondary walls and lock cells into shape. This review focuses on the chemistry of the unique polysaccharides, aromatic substances, and proteins of the grasses and how these structural elements are synthesized and assembled into dynamic and functional cell walls. Despite wide differences in wall composition, the developmental physiology of grasses is similar to that of all flowering plants. Grass cells respond similarly to environmental cues and growth regulators, exhibit the same alterations in physical properties of the wall to allow cell growth, and possess similar patterns of wall biogenesis during the development of specific cell and tissue types. Possible unifying mechanisms of growth are suggested to explain how grasses perform the same wall functions as other plants but with different constituents and architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. Carpita
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ben-Haj-Salah H, Tardieu F. Temperature Affects Expansion Rate of Maize Leaves without Change in Spatial Distribution of Cell Length (Analysis of the Coordination between Cell Division and Cell Expansion). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1995; 109:861-870. [PMID: 12228638 PMCID: PMC161387 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.3.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have analyzed the way in which temperature affects leaf elongation rate of maize (Zea mays L.) leaves, while spatial distributions (observed at a given time) of cell length and of proportion of cells in DNA replication are unaffected. We have evaluated, in six growth chamber experiments with constant temperatures (from 13 to 34[deg]C) and two field experiments with fluctuating temperatures, (a) the spatial distributions of cell length and of leaf elongation rate, and (b) the distribution of cell division, either by using the continuity equation or by flow cytometry. Leaf elongation rate was closely related to meristem temperature, with a common relationship in the field and in the growth chamber. Cell division and cell elongation occurred in the first 20 and 60 mm after the ligule, respectively, at all temperatures. Similar quantitative responses to temperature were observed for local cell division and local tissue expansion rates (common x intercept and normalized slope), and both responses were spatially uniform over the whole expanding zone (common time courses in thermal time). As a consequence, faster cell elongation matched faster cell division rate and faster elongation was compensated for by faster cell displacement, resulting in temperature-invariant profiles of cell length and of proportion of dividing cells. Cell-to-cell communication, therefore, was not necessary to account for coordination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Ben-Haj-Salah
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chaloupková K, Smart CC. The abscisic acid induction of a novel peroxidase is antagonized by cytokinin in Spirodela polyrrhiza L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 105:497-507. [PMID: 8066130 PMCID: PMC159387 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.2.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The growth regulator abscisic acid (ABA) can be used to induce dormant bud structures (turions) in the duckweed Spirodela polyrrhiza L. In this paper we show that during this process, ABA rapidly induces elevated levels of mRNA transcripts encoding a novel basic peroxidase. In addition, we show that in the presence of the cytokinin kinetin the maintained increase is attenuated. Kinetin not only totally inhibits the induction of turions by ABA but also alleviates ABA-induced growth inhibition. This antagonism of an ABA-induced gene by a cytokinin correlates with an easily observable antagonistic effect of these two hormones on plant morphogenesis. These data contribute to a growing body of evidence linking growth regulators with changes in peroxidase gene expression and to the concept of pairs of hormones playing antagonistic roles during plant development. Finally, we discuss the possible functions that peroxidases could have during ABA-induced turion formation and growth inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Chaloupková
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zimmerlin A, Wojtaszek P, Bolwell GP. Synthesis of dehydrogenation polymers of ferulic acid with high specificity by a purified cell-wall peroxidase from French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Biochem J 1994; 299 ( Pt 3):747-53. [PMID: 8192663 PMCID: PMC1138084 DOI: 10.1042/bj2990747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A cationic (pI 8.3) wall-bound peroxidase has been purified to homogeneity from suspension-cultured cells of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The enzyme was a glycoprotein and its M(r) was 46,000 as determined by SDS/Page and h.p.l.c. gel filtration. It was localized biochemically to microsomes and the cell wall, and the latter subcellular distribution was confirmed by immunogold techniques. The native enzyme showed absorption maxima at 403, 500 and 640 nm, with an RZ (A405/A280) of 3.3. The peroxidase oxidized guaïacol and natural phenolic acids. By desorption-chemical-ionization mass spectrometry the enzyme was found to oxidize the model compound, ferulic acid, into dehydrodiferulic acid. Kinetics studies indicated an apparent Km of 113.3 +/- 22.9 microM and a Vmax of 144 mumol.min-1.nmol-1 of protein at an H2O2 concentration of 100 microM. In comparison with a second French-bean peroxidase (FBP) and horseradish peroxidase, as a model, it acted with a 6-10-fold higher specificity in this capacity. It is a member of the peroxidase superfamily of bacterial, fungal and plant haem proteins by virtue of its highly conserved amino acid sequence within the proximal and distal haem-binding sites. This is good evidence that this particular FBP may function in constructing covalent cross-linkages in the wall during development and response to pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Zimmerlin
- Department of Biochemistry, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London, Egham, Surrey, U.K
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mohan R, Vijayan P, Kolattukudy PE. Developmental and tissue-specific expression of a tomato anionic peroxidase (tap1) gene by a minimal promoter, with wound and pathogen induction by an additional 5'-flanking region. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 22:475-90. [PMID: 8329686 DOI: 10.1007/bf00015977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The tomato anionic peroxidase genes (tap1 and tap2) are induced by wounding and pathogen attack. The 5'-flanking region of tap1 confers wound- and pathogen-inducible beta-glucuronidase (GUS) expression in tobacco plants transformed with a tap1/GUS chimeric fusion gene construct. A series of nested 5' promoter deletions in the tap1/GUS fusion gene construct was created, and introduced into tobacco protoplasts via polyethylene glycol-mediated DNA transfer. A -202 construct (where the transcriptional start site is denoted +1) and larger tap1 promoter constructs showed constitutive GUS expression. A 2-fold increase in GUS expression over the high constitutive levels was observed with -358 bp and larger tap1 constructs when protoplasts were incubated with elicitor preparations from Verticillium albo-atrum. In tobacco plants transformed with the tap1 promoter deletion/GUS fusion gene constructs, wounding caused induction of GUS expression by 20 h that increased 6- to 18-fold by 72 h. The region between -202 and -358 of the tap1 promoter conferred wound responsiveness. GUS was also found to be expressed in the epidermis and trichomes in the aerial parts of transgenic plants. High-level GUS expression was observed in the nodal region of stems that was associated with the leaf traces. GUS that was absent in very young flower buds was found in the subsequent developmental stages in the pistils, ovaries and anthers. The developmentally regulated tissue-specific expression of GUS was found with all constructs containing the -202 and larger promoters whereas wound and pathogen induction required -358 or larger promoter. These results suggest that the tap1 gene, which was heretofore thought to be expressed only upon wounding or pathogen attack, plays a role in normal developmental processes of the plant and this gene acquired additional 5'-flanking promoter for the purpose of responding to wounding and fungal attack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Mohan
- Ohio State Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Macadam JW, Nelson CJ, Sharp RE. Peroxidase activity in the leaf elongation zone of tall fescue : I. Spatial distribution of ionically bound peroxidase activity in genotypes differing in length of the elongation zone. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 99:872-8. [PMID: 16669014 PMCID: PMC1080558 DOI: 10.1104/pp.99.3.872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cessation of cell expansion has been associated with cell wall cross-linking reactions catalyzed by peroxidase. This study utilized two genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) that differ in length of the leaf elongation zone to investigate the relationship between ionically bound peroxidase activity and the spatial distribution of leaf elongation. Peroxidase activity was also localized histochemically in transverse sections of the leaf blade using 3,3' -diaminobenzidine. Soluble or soluble plus ionically bound peroxidase activities were extracted from homogenized segments of the elongating leaf blade and assayed spectrophotometrically. Activity of the ionically bound fraction, expressed per milligram fresh weight or per microgram protein, increased as cells were displaced through the distal half of the elongation zone, corresponding to the region in which the elongation rate declined. In both genotypes, the initial increase in activity preceded the onset of growth deceleration by about 10 hours. In the basal region where elongation began, histochemical localization showed that peroxidase activity was found only in vascular tissues. As cells were displaced farther through the elongation zone, peroxidase activity appeared in walls of other longitudinally continuous tissues such as the epidermis and bundle sheaths. Increase in ionically bound peroxidase activity and changes in localization of peroxidase activity occurred at comparable developmental stages in the two genotypes. The results indicate that cessation of elongation followed an increase in cell wall peroxidase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Macadam
- Department of Agronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | | | | |
Collapse
|