1
|
McCarthy JS, Brown KE, King CK, Nielsen UN, Plaisted K, Wallace SMN, Reichman SM. Population growth of two limno-terrestrial Antarctic microinvertebrates in different aqueous soil media. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:33086-33097. [PMID: 38676867 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Terrestrial microinvertebrates provide important carbon and nutrient cycling roles in soil environments, particularly in Antarctica where larger macroinvertebrates are absent. The environmental preferences and ecology of rotifers and tardigrades in terrestrial environments, including in Antarctica, are not as well understood as their temperate aquatic counterparts. Developing laboratory cultures is critical to provide adequate numbers of individuals for controlled laboratory experimentation. In this study, we explore aspects of optimising laboratory culturing for two terrestrially sourced Antarctic microinvertebrates, a rotifer (Habrotrocha sp.) and a tardigrade (Acutuncus antarcticus). We tested a soil elutriate and a balanced salt solution (BSS) to determine their suitability as culturing media. Substantial population growth of rotifers and tardigrades was observed in both media, with mean rotifer population size increasing from 5 to 448 ± 95 (soil elutriate) and 274 ± 78 (BSS) individuals over 60 days and mean tardigrade population size increasing from 5 to 187 ± 65 (soil elutriate) and 138 ± 37 (BSS) over 160 days. We also tested for optimal dilution of soil elutriate in rotifer cultures, with 20-80% dilutions producing the largest population growth with the least variation in the 40% dilution after 36 days. Culturing methods developed in this study are recommended for use with Antarctica microinvertebrates and may be suitable for similar limno-terrestrial microinvertebrates from other regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S McCarthy
- Centre for Anthropogenic Pollution Impact and Management (CAPIM), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Brown
- Environmental Stewardship Program, Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Catherine K King
- Environmental Stewardship Program, Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Uffe N Nielsen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2750, Australia
| | - Katie Plaisted
- Centre for Anthropogenic Pollution Impact and Management (CAPIM), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Stephanie M N Wallace
- Centre for Anthropogenic Pollution Impact and Management (CAPIM), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Suzie M Reichman
- Centre for Anthropogenic Pollution Impact and Management (CAPIM), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang A, Song H, Liu Z, Cui H, Ding H, Chen S, Xiao S, An L, Cardoso P. Effects of plant taxonomic position on soil nematode communities in Antarctica. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024:e14264. [PMID: 38563105 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Antarctica terrestrial ecosystems are facing the most threats from global climate change, which is altering plant composition greatly. These transformations may cause major reshuffling of soil community composition, including functional traits and diversity, and therefore affect ecosystem processes in Antarctica. We used high-throughput sequencing analysis to investigate soil nematodes under 3 dominant plant functional groups (lichens, mosses, and vascular plants) and bare ground in the Antarctic region. We calculated functional diversity of nematodes based on their diet, life histories, and body mass with kernel density n-dimensional hypervolumes. We also calculated taxonomic and functional beta diversity of the nematode communities based on Jaccard dissimilarity. The presence of plants had no significant effect on the taxonomic richness of nematodes but significantly increased nematode functional richness. The presence of plants also significantly decreased taxonomic beta diversity (homogenization). Only mosses and vascular plants decreased nematode functional beta diversity, which was mostly due to a decreased effect of the richness difference component. The presence of plants also increased the effect of deterministic processes potentially because environmental filtering created conditions favorable to nematodes at low trophic levels with short life histories and small body size. Increasing plant cover in the Antarctic due to climate change may lead to increased diversity of nematode species that can use the scarce resources and nematode taxonomic and functional homogenization. In a future under climate change, community restructuring in the region is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongxian Song
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ziyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hanwen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haitao Ding
- Antarctic Great Wall Ecology National Observation and Research Station, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sa Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lizhe An
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Elshishka M, Mladenov A, Lazarova S, Peneva V. Terrestrial nematodes from the Maritime Antarctic. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e102057. [PMID: 37809281 PMCID: PMC10552655 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Soil nematodes are one of the most important terrestrial faunal groups in Antarctica, as they are a major component of soil micro-food webs. Despite their crucial role in soil processes, knowledge of their species diversity and distribution is still incomplete. Taxonomic studies of Antarctic nematodes are fragmented, which prevents assessment of the degree of endemicity and distribution of the species, as well as other aspects of biogeography. New information The present study is focused on the nematode fauna of one of the three Antarctic sub-regions, the Maritime Antarctic and summarises all findings published up to April 2023. A species list that includes 44 species, belonging to 21 genera, 16 families and eight orders is provided. A review of the literature on terrestrial nematodes inhabiting the Maritime Antarctic showed that the sites are unevenly studied. Three islands (Signy, King George and Livingston Islands) revealed highest species richness, probably due to the highest rates of research effort. Most species and four genera (Antarctenchus, Pararhyssocolpus, Amblydorylaimus and Enchodeloides) are endemic, proving that nematode fauna of the Maritime Antarctic is autochthonous and unique. Several groups of islands/sites have been revealed, based on their nematode fauna. The study showed that species with a limited distribution prevailed, while only two species (Plectusantarcticus and Coomansusgerlachei) have been found in more than 50% of the sites. Based on the literature data, details on species localities, microhabitat distribution, plant associations and availability of DNA sequences are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milka Elshishka
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113, Sofia, BulgariaInstitute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113SofiaBulgaria
| | - Aleksandar Mladenov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113, Sofia, BulgariaInstitute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113SofiaBulgaria
| | - Stela Lazarova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113, Sofia, BulgariaInstitute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113SofiaBulgaria
| | - Vlada Peneva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113, Sofia, BulgariaInstitute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113SofiaBulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Raclariu-Manolică AC, Mauvisseau Q, Paranaiba R, De Boer HJ, Socaciu C. Authentication of milk thistle commercial products using UHPLC-QTOF-ESI + MS metabolomics and DNA metabarcoding. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:257. [PMID: 37480124 PMCID: PMC10360273 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk thistle is one of the most popular hepatoprotectants, and is often sold in combination with other ingredients. Botanical supplements are known to be vulnerable to contamination and adulteration, and emerging technologies show promise to improve their quality control. METHODS Untargeted and semi-targeted metabolomics based on UHPLC-QTOF-ESI+MS techniques, UV spectrometry, and DNA metabarcoding using Illumina MiSeq were used to authenticate eighteen milk thistle botanical formulations (teas, capsules, tablets, emulsion). RESULTS Untargeted metabolomics separated 217 molecules and by multivariate analysis the discrimination between the different preparations was established. The semi-targeted metabolomics focused on 63 phytochemicals, mainly silymarin flavonolignans and flavonoids, that may be considered as putative biomarkers of authenticity. All formulations contained molecules from silymarin complexes at different levels. The quantitative evaluation of silybins was done using in parallel UV spectrometry and UHPLC-QTOF-ESI+MS and their correlations were compared. DNA metabarcoding detected milk thistle in eleven out of sixteen retained preparations, whereas two others had incomplete evidence of milk thistle despite metabolomics validating specific metabolites, e.g., silymarin complex, identified and quantified in all samples. Meanwhile, the DNA metabarcoding provided insights into the total species composition allowing the interpretation of the results in a broad context. CONCLUSION Our study emphasizes that combining spectroscopic, chromatographic, and genetic techniques bring complementary information to guarantee the quality of the botanical formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ancuța Cristina Raclariu-Manolică
- Stejarul Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Alexandru cel Bun Street, 6, Piatra Neamț, 610004, Romania.
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, Oslo, 0318, Norway.
| | - Quentin Mauvisseau
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, Oslo, 0318, Norway
| | - Renato Paranaiba
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, 70910-900, Brazil
- DNA Laboratory, National Institute of Criminalistics, Brazilian Federal Police, SAIS Quadra 7, Lote 23, Brasília, DF, 70610-200, Brazil
| | - Hugo J De Boer
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, Oslo, 0318, Norway
| | - Carmen Socaciu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Mănăştur Street, nr. 3-5, Cluj Napoca, 400372, Romania
- BIODIATECH- Research Center for Applied Biotechnology in Diagnosis and Molecular Therapy, Trifoiului Street 12G, Cluj-Napoca, 400478, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang J, Hu X, Ji X, Chen H. High throughput sequencing technology facility research of genomic modification crop cultivation influencing soil microbe. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1208111. [PMID: 37324715 PMCID: PMC10264764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1208111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
|
6
|
Robinson CM, Hansen LD, Xue X, Adams BJ. Temperature Response of Metabolic Activity of an Antarctic Nematode. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010109. [PMID: 36671801 PMCID: PMC9855363 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Because of climate change, the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica (MCM) have experienced an increase in the frequency and magnitude of summer pulse warming and surface ice and snow melting events. In response to these environmental changes, some nematode species in the MCM have experienced steady population declines over the last three decades, but Plectus murrayi, a mesophilic nematode species, has responded with a steady increase in range and abundance. To determine how P. murrayi responds to increasing temperatures, we measured metabolic heat and CO2 production rates and calculated O2 consumption rates as a function of temperature at 5 °C intervals from 5 to 50 °C. Heat, CO2 production, and O2 consumption rates increase approximately exponentially up to 40 °C, a temperature never experienced in their polar habitat. Metabolic rates decline rapidly above 40 °C and are irreversibly lost at 50 °C due to thermal stress and mortality. Caenorhabditis elegans, a much more widespread nematode that is found in more temperate environments reaches peak metabolic heat rate at just 27 °C, above which it experiences high mortality due to thermal stress. At temperatures from 10 to 40 °C, P. murrayi produces about 6 times more CO2 than the O2 it consumes, a respiratory quotient indicative of either acetogenesis or de novo lipogenesis. No potential acetogenic microbes were identified in the P. murrayi microbiome, suggesting that P. murrayi is producing increased CO2 as a byproduct of de novo lipogenesis. This phenomenon, in conjunction with increased summer temperatures in their polar habitat, will likely lead to increased demand for carbon and subsequent increases in CO2 production, population abundance, and range expansion. If such changes are not concomitant with increased carbon inputs, we predict the MCM soil ecosystems will experience dramatic declines in functional and taxonomic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Michael Robinson
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(385)-216-7228
| | - Lee D. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Xia Xue
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Byron J. Adams
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang S, Xie Z, Dou Y, Sun X, Chang L, Wu D. Warming in Cold Seasons Increases the Abundance of Ground-Dwelling Collembola in Permafrost Wetlands. INSECTS 2022; 14:33. [PMID: 36661961 PMCID: PMC9864308 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The consideration of environmental factors has long been crucial to developing theories about the spatial variability of species diversity. However, the effects of global warming on Collembola, in permafrost wetlands, are largely unknown. Understanding how Collembola are affected by climate warming is important as they directly affect the community assembly and decomposition processes of plant litter within soil ecosystems. A peatland area in a cold temperate monsoon climate zone in the Great Hing'an Mountains of Northeast China was selected as the study area. Collembola were captured using an aspirator after five years of simulated warming using open top chambers (OTCs). Sampling in different growth seasons showed different characteristics in the control (CK) and warming (OTCs) treatment. Further, the results showed that (1) warming treatment increased the species richness and abundance of Collembola in the different seasons, except in May, (2) warming increased Collembola abundance in permafrost wetlands, and the warming effect was more significant during the cold season (about eight times in April), (3) species composition differed significantly in the control and warming treatment in May and September, and (4) the Collembola species composition in permafrost wetlands was mainly determined by air humidity, indicating different responses of Collembola species to the indirect effect of warming on water availability. We found that warming was the primary factor positively affecting the abundance of Collembola. An increase of Collembola abundance and community alteration to warming could have profound cascading effects on the microbes and plants they feed on in permafrost wetlands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130012, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Zhijing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yongjing Dou
- Department of Geography, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030621, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Liang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130012, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Donghui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130012, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee JR, Waterman MJ, Shaw JD, Bergstrom DM, Lynch HJ, Wall DH, Robinson SA. Islands in the ice: Potential impacts of habitat transformation on Antarctic biodiversity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5865-5880. [PMID: 35795907 PMCID: PMC9542894 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Antarctic biodiversity faces an unknown future with a changing climate. Most terrestrial biota is restricted to limited patches of ice-free land in a sea of ice, where they are adapted to the continent's extreme cold and wind and exploit microhabitats of suitable conditions. As temperatures rise, ice-free areas are predicted to expand, more rapidly in some areas than others. There is high uncertainty as to how species' distributions, physiology, abundance, and survivorship will be affected as their habitats transform. Here we use current knowledge to propose hypotheses that ice-free area expansion (i) will increase habitat availability, though the quality of habitat will vary; (ii) will increase structural connectivity, although not necessarily increase opportunities for species establishment; (iii) combined with milder climates will increase likelihood of non-native species establishment, but may also lengthen activity windows for all species; and (iv) will benefit some species and not others, possibly resulting in increased homogeneity of biodiversity. We anticipate considerable spatial, temporal, and taxonomic variation in species responses, and a heightened need for interdisciplinary research to understand the factors associated with ecosystem resilience under future scenarios. Such research will help identify at-risk species or vulnerable localities and is crucial for informing environmental management and policymaking into the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine R. Lee
- British Antarctic SurveyNERCCambridgeUK
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biology and Environmental ScienceQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Melinda J. Waterman
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Justine D. Shaw
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biology and Environmental ScienceQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Dana M. Bergstrom
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of AgricultureWater and the EnvironmentKingstonTASAustralia
- Global Challenges ProgramUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Heather J. Lynch
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Diana H. Wall
- Department of Biology and School of Global Environmental SustainabilityColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Sharon A. Robinson
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
- Global Challenges ProgramUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Beet CR, Hogg ID, Cary SC, McDonald IR, Sinclair BJ. The Resilience of Polar Collembola (Springtails) in a Changing Climate. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:100046. [PMID: 36683955 PMCID: PMC9846479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2022.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the resilience of polar biota to climate change is essential for predicting the effects of changing environmental conditions for ecosystems. Collembola are abundant in terrestrial polar ecosystems and are integral to food-webs and soil nutrient cycling. Using available literature, we consider resistance (genetic diversity; behavioural avoidance and physiological tolerances; biotic interactions) and recovery potential for polar Collembola. Polar Collembola have high levels of genetic diversity, considerable capacity for behavioural avoidance, wide thermal tolerance ranges, physiological plasticity, generalist-opportunistic feeding habits and broad ecological niches. The biggest threats to the ongoing resistance of polar Collembola are increasing levels of dispersal (gene flow), increased mean and extreme temperatures, drought, changing biotic interactions, and the arrival and spread of invasive species. If resistance capacities are insufficient, numerous studies have highlighted that while some species can recover from disturbances quickly, complete community-level recovery is exceedingly slow. Species dwelling deeper in the soil profile may be less able to resist climate change and may not recover in ecologically realistic timescales given the current rate of climate change. Ultimately, diverse communities are more likely to have species or populations that are able to resist or recover from disturbances. While much of the Arctic has comparatively high levels of diversity and phenotypic plasticity; areas of Antarctica have extremely low levels of diversity and are potentially much more vulnerable to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare R. Beet
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato - University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Ian D. Hogg
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato - University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Canadian High Arctic Research Station, Polar Knowledge Canada, Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada
| | - S. Craig Cary
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato - University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Ian R. McDonald
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato - University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Brent J. Sinclair
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
McCarthy JS, Wallace SMN, Brown KE, King CK, Nielsen UN, Allinson G, Reichman SM. Preliminary investigation of effects of copper on a terrestrial population of the antarctic rotifer Philodina sp. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134413. [PMID: 35385763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial microinvertebrates in Antarctica are potentially exposed to contaminants due to the concentration of human activity on ice-free areas of the continent. As such, knowledge of the response of Antarctic microinvertebrates to contaminants is important to determine the extent of anthropogenic impacts. Antarctic Philodina sp. were extracted from soils and mosses at Casey station, East Antarctica and exposed to aqueous Cu for 96 h. The Philodina sp. was sensitive to excess Cu, with concentrations of 36 μg L-1 Cu (48 h) and 24 μg L-1 Cu (96 h) inhibiting activity by 50%. This is the first study to be published describing the ecotoxicologically derived sensitivity of a rotifer from a terrestrial population to metals, and an Antarctic rotifer to contaminants. It is also the first study to utilise bdelloid rotifer cryptobiosis (chemobiosis) as a sublethal ecotoxicological endpoint. This preliminary investigation highlights the need for further research into the responses of terrestrial Antarctic microinvertebrates to contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S McCarthy
- Centre for Anthropogenic Pollution Impact and Management (CAPIM), University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, 3010, Australia; School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Stephanie M N Wallace
- Centre for Anthropogenic Pollution Impact and Management (CAPIM), University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, 3010, Australia; School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Kathryn E Brown
- Environmental Protection Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston TAS, 7050, Australia.
| | - Catherine K King
- Environmental Protection Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston TAS, 7050, Australia.
| | - Uffe N Nielsen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Graeme Allinson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Suzie M Reichman
- Centre for Anthropogenic Pollution Impact and Management (CAPIM), University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, 3010, Australia; School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Houghton M, Terauds A, Shaw J. Rapid range expansion of an invasive flatworm, Kontikia andersoni, on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
12
|
Devlin JJ, Unfried L, Lecheta MC, McCabe EA, Gantz J, Kawarasaki Y, Elnitsky MA, Hotaling S, Michel AP, Convey P, Hayward SAL, Teets NM. Simulated winter warming negatively impacts survival of Antarctica's only endemic insect. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack J. Devlin
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | - Laura Unfried
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | | | | | - Josiah D. Gantz
- Department of Biology and Health Sciences Hendrix College Conway AR USA
| | - Yuta Kawarasaki
- Department of Biology Gustavus Adolphus College Saint Peter MN USA
| | | | - Scott Hotaling
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Pullman WA USA
| | - Andrew P. Michel
- Department of Entomology The Ohio State University Wooster OH USA
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
- Department of Zoology University of Johannesburg Auckland Park South Africa
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Robinson SI, O’Gorman EJ, Frey B, Hagner M, Mikola J. Soil organic matter, rather than temperature, determines the structure and functioning of subarctic decomposer communities. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3929-3943. [PMID: 35263490 PMCID: PMC9310844 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of climate change on ecosystem structure and functioning are likely to be strongest at high latitudes due to the adaptation of biota to relatively low temperatures and nutrient levels. Soil warming is widely predicted to alter microbial, invertebrate, and plant communities, with cascading effects on ecosystem functioning, but this has largely been demonstrated over short-term (<10 year) warming studies. Using a natural soil temperature gradient spanning 10-35°C, we examine responses of soil organisms, decomposition, nitrogen cycling, and plant biomass production to long-term warming. We find that decomposer organisms are surprisingly resistant to chronic warming, with no responses of bacteria, fungi, or their grazers to temperature (fungivorous nematodes being an exception). Soil organic matter content instead drives spatial variation in microorganism abundances and mineral N availability. The few temperature effects that appear are more focused: root biomass and abundance of root-feeding nematodes decrease, and nitrification increases with increasing soil temperature. Our results suggest that transient responses of decomposers and soil functioning to warming may stabilize over time following acclimation and/or adaptation, highlighting the need for long-term, ecosystem-scale studies that incorporate evolutionary responses to soil warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinikka I. Robinson
- Ecosystems and Environment Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Beat Frey
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marleena Hagner
- Ecosystems and Environment Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)JokioinenFinland
| | - Juha Mikola
- Ecosystems and Environment Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)HelsinkiFinland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Franco ALC, Adams BJ, Diaz MA, Lemoine NP, Dragone NB, Fierer N, Lyons WB, Hogg I, Wall DH. Response of Antarctic soil fauna to climate-driven changes since the Last Glacial Maximum. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:644-653. [PMID: 34657350 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how terrestrial biotic communities have responded to glacial recession since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) can inform present and future responses of biota to climate change. In Antarctica, the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM) have experienced massive environmental changes associated with glacial retreat since the LGM, yet we have few clues as to how its soil invertebrate-dominated animal communities have responded. Here, we surveyed soil invertebrate fauna from above and below proposed LGM elevations along transects located at 12 features across the Shackleton Glacier region. Our transects captured gradients of surface ages possibly up to 4.5 million years and the soils have been free from human disturbance for their entire history. Our data support the hypothesis that soils exposed during the LGM are now less suitable habitats for invertebrates than those that have been exposed by deglaciation following the LGM. Our results show that faunal abundance, community composition, and diversity were all strongly affected by climate-driven changes since the LGM. Soils more recently exposed by the glacial recession (as indicated by distances from present ice surfaces) had higher faunal abundances and species richness than older exposed soils. Higher abundances of the dominant nematode Scottnema were found in older exposed soils, while Eudorylaimus, Plectus, tardigrades, and rotifers preferentially occurred in more recently exposed soils. Approximately 30% of the soils from which invertebrates could be extracted had only Scottnema, and these single-taxon communities occurred more frequently in soils exposed for longer periods of time. Our structural equation modeling of abiotic drivers highlighted soil salinity as a key mediator of Scottnema responses to soil exposure age. These changes in soil habitat suitability and biotic communities since the LGM indicate that Antarctic terrestrial biodiversity throughout the TAM will be highly altered by climate warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André L C Franco
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Byron J Adams
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, and Monte L. Bean Museum Provo, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Melisa A Diaz
- School of Earth Sciences, Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center Columbus, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nathan P Lemoine
- Department of Biological Sciences Milwaukee, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Milwaukee Public Museum Department of Zoology Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nicholas B Dragone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Noah Fierer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - W Berry Lyons
- School of Earth Sciences, Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center Columbus, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ian Hogg
- Canadian High Arctic Research Station, Polar Knowledge Canada, Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Diana H Wall
- Department of Biology & School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Beest FM, Beumer LT, Andersen AS, Hansson SV, Schmidt NM. Rapid shifts in Arctic tundra species' distributions and inter‐specific range overlap under future climate change. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Floris M. Beest
- Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Roskilde Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Larissa T. Beumer
- Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Roskilde Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | - Sophia V. Hansson
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (UMR‐5245) CNRS, Université de Toulouse Castanet Tolosan France
| | - Niels M. Schmidt
- Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Roskilde Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Raclariu-Manolică AC, Anmarkrud JA, Kierczak M, Rafati N, Thorbek BLG, Schrøder-Nielsen A, de Boer HJ. DNA Metabarcoding for Quality Control of Basil, Oregano, and Paprika. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:665618. [PMID: 34149762 PMCID: PMC8213367 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.665618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Herbs and spices are some of the most vulnerable products in terms of fraud and adulteration in the food sector. Although standard analytical methods are accurate for quality control of specific lead or marker compounds, they cannot accurately assess the entire species composition of many marketed products. Complementary analytical approaches are thus often used for comprehensive screening of herbs and spices. In this study we evaluate DNA metabarcoding for the identification and authentication of 62 products, containing basil, oregano, and paprika collected from different retailers and importers in Norway. Our results show varying degrees of discrepancy between the constituent species and those listed on the product labels, despite high product authenticity. We suggest the false positives result from the sensitivity of DNA metabarcoding and filtering thresholds should be integrated into protocols to reduce false positives. Our results highlight how integrating DNA metabarcoding into the toolbox of analytical methods for quality control of fresh and/or processed plant-based food can improve product quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ancuţa Cristina Raclariu-Manolică
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Stejarul Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mimicking climate warming effects on Alaskan soil microbial communities via gradual temperature increase. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8533. [PMID: 32444824 PMCID: PMC7244726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change can trigger shifts in community structure and may therefore pose a severe threat to soil microbial communities, especially in high northern latitudes such as the Arctic. Arctic soils are covered by snow and ice throughout most of the year. This insulation shields them from high temperature variability and low surface temperatures. If this protective layer thaws, these soils are predicted to warm up at 1.5x to 4x the rate of other terrestrial biomes. In this study, we sampled arctic soils from sites with different elevations in Alaska, incubated them for 5 months with a simulated, gradual or abrupt temperature increase of +5 °C, and compared bacterial and fungal community compositions after the incubation. We hypothesized that the microbial communities would not significantly change with a gradual temperature treatment, whereas an abrupt temperature increase would decrease microbial diversity and shift community composition. The only differences in community composition that we observed were, however, related to the two elevations. The abrupt and gradual temperature increase treatments did not change the microbial community composition as compared to the control indicating resistance of the microbial community to changes in temperature. This points to the potential importance of microbial dormancy and resting stages in the formation of a “buffer” against elevated temperatures. Microbial resting stages might heavily contribute to microbial biomass and thus drive the responsiveness of arctic ecosystems to climate change.
Collapse
|
18
|
Kudrin AA, Konakova TN, Taskaeva AA. Communities of Soil Nematodes of Various Tundra Phytocenoses Differing in the Development Level of the Shrub Layer. RUSS J ECOL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413619060092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
Prather HM, Casanova-Katny A, Clements AF, Chmielewski MW, Balkan MA, Shortlidge EE, Rosenstiel TN, Eppley SM. Species-specific effects of passive warming in an Antarctic moss system. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190744. [PMID: 31827828 PMCID: PMC6894601 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polar systems are experiencing rapid climate change and the high sensitivity of these Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems make them especially vulnerable to accelerated ecological transformation. In Antarctica, warming results in a mosaic of ice-free terrestrial habitats dominated by a diverse assemblage of cryptogamic plants (i.e. mosses and lichens). Although these plants provide key habitat for a wide array of microorganisms and invertebrates, we have little understanding of the interaction between trophic levels in this terrestrial ecosystem and whether there are functional effects of plant species on higher trophic levels that may alter with warming. Here, we used open top chambers on Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica, to examine the effects of passive warming and moss species on the abiotic environment and ultimately on higher trophic levels. For the dominant mosses, Polytrichastrum alpinum and Sanionia georgicouncinata, we found species-specific effects on the abiotic environment, including moss canopy temperature and soil moisture. In addition, we found distinct shifts in sexual expression in P. alpinum plants under warming compared to mosses without warming, and invertebrate communities in this moss species were strongly correlated with plant reproduction. Mosses under warming had substantially larger total invertebrate communities, and some invertebrate taxa were influenced differentially by moss species. However, warmed moss plants showed lower fungal biomass than control moss plants, and fungal biomass differed between moss species. Our results indicate that continued warming may impact the reproductive output of Antarctic moss species, potentially altering terrestrial ecosystems dynamics from the bottom up. Understanding these effects requires clarifying the foundational, mechanistic role that individual plant species play in mediating complex interactions in Antarctica's terrestrial food webs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Prather
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments and Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, SRTC Room 246, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Angélica Casanova-Katny
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega 03694, Temuco, Chile
| | - Andrew F. Clements
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments and Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, SRTC Room 246, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Matthew W. Chmielewski
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments and Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, SRTC Room 246, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Mehmet A. Balkan
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments and Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, SRTC Room 246, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Erin E. Shortlidge
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments and Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, SRTC Room 246, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Todd N. Rosenstiel
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments and Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, SRTC Room 246, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Sarah M. Eppley
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments and Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, SRTC Room 246, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
eDNA-based monitoring of parasitic plant (Sapria himalayana). Sci Rep 2019; 9:9161. [PMID: 31235792 PMCID: PMC6591406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sapria himalayana Griffith., is a root parasitic plant that is exceptionally beautiful and odd-looking and found in Southeast Asia. Now these plants are at risk of extinction as they face a large number of different threats. Appropriate measures and conservation plans are needed and one crucial key for successful conservation is species monitoring. The flower is the only part of S. himalayana that is visible during a short period of time of the year. Thus, conducting a visual survey in the field at the other times of the year would be difficult. DNA from living organisms could be found accumulating in environment and so-called environmental DNA (eDNA). Here, an eDNA-based method was developed to specifically monitor S. himalayana in nature. Detecting the specifically generated amplicons allowed us to monitor the presence of S. himalayana at any time of the year. This developed method would increase the conservation success of the S. himalayana.
Collapse
|
21
|
Niederberger TD, Bottos EM, Sohm JA, Gunderson T, Parker A, Coyne KJ, Capone DG, Carpenter EJ, Cary SC. Rapid Microbial Dynamics in Response to an Induced Wetting Event in Antarctic Dry Valley Soils. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:621. [PMID: 31019494 PMCID: PMC6458288 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cold deserts of the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV), Antarctica, host a high level of microbial diversity. Microbial composition and biomass in arid vs. ephemerally wetted regions are distinctly different, with wetted communities representing hot spots of microbial activity that are important zones for biogeochemical cycling. While climatic change is likely to cause wetting in areas not historically subject to wetting events, the responses of microorganisms inhabiting arid soils to water addition is unknown. The purpose of this study was to observe how an associated, yet non-wetted microbial community responds to an extended addition of water. Water from a stream was diverted to an adjacent area of arid soil with changes in microbial composition and activities monitored via molecular and biochemical methods over 7 weeks. The frequency of genetic signatures related to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms adapted to MDV aquatic conditions increased during the limited 7 week period, indicating that the soil community was transitioning into a typical "high-productivity" MDV community. This work is consistent with current predictions that MDV microbial communities in arid regions are highly sensitive to climate change, and further supports the notion that changes in community structure and associated biogeochemical cycling may occur much more rapidly than predicted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Niederberger
- College Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, United States
| | - Eric M Bottos
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.,Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC, Canada
| | - Jill A Sohm
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Troy Gunderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alex Parker
- Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA, United States
| | - Kathryn J Coyne
- College Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, United States
| | - Douglas G Capone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Edward J Carpenter
- Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA, United States
| | - Stephen Craig Cary
- College Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, United States.,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Caruso T, Hogg ID, Nielsen UN, Bottos EM, Lee CK, Hopkins DW, Cary SC, Barrett JE, Green TGA, Storey BC, Wall DH, Adams BJ. Nematodes in a polar desert reveal the relative role of biotic interactions in the coexistence of soil animals. Commun Biol 2019; 2:63. [PMID: 30793042 PMCID: PMC6377602 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic factors are major determinants of soil animal distributions and their dominant role is pronounced in extreme ecosystems, with biotic interactions seemingly playing a minor role. We modelled co-occurrence and distribution of the three nematode species that dominate the soil food web of the McMurdo Dry Valleys (Antarctica). Abiotic factors, other biotic groups, and autocorrelation all contributed to structuring nematode species distributions. However, after removing their effects, we found that the presence of the most abundant nematode species greatly, and negatively, affected the probability of detecting one of the other two species. We observed similar patterns in relative abundances for two out of three pairs of species. Harsh abiotic conditions alone are insufficient to explain contemporary nematode distributions whereas the role of negative biotic interactions has been largely underestimated in soil. The future challenge is to understand how the effects of global change on biotic interactions will alter species coexistence. Tancredi Caruso et al. analyze biodiversity survey data from the McMurdo Dry Valleys, an extreme desert ecosystem in Antarctica in which abiotic factors are thought to determine species distributions. Focusing on three nematode species, they find that abiotic factors alone cannot explain the data and interaction between species have been historically underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tancredi Caruso
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Ian D Hogg
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Canadian High Arctic Research Station, Polar Knowledge Canada, 1 Uvajuk Road, Cambridge Bay, NU, X0B 0C0, Canada
| | - Uffe N Nielsen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, NSW, Australia
| | - Eric M Bottos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, V2C 3A6, BC, Canada
| | - Charles K Lee
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - David W Hopkins
- SRUC - Scotland's Rural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - S Craig Cary
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - John E Barrett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24061, VA, USA
| | - T G Allan Green
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Bryan C Storey
- Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Diana H Wall
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, CO, USA
| | - Byron J Adams
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, and the Monte L. Bean Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee CK, Laughlin DC, Bottos EM, Caruso T, Joy K, Barrett JE, Brabyn L, Nielsen UN, Adams BJ, Wall DH, Hopkins DW, Pointing SB, McDonald IR, Cowan DA, Banks JC, Stichbury GA, Jones I, Zawar-Reza P, Katurji M, Hogg ID, Sparrow AD, Storey BC, Allan Green TG, Cary SC. Biotic interactions are an unexpected yet critical control on the complexity of an abiotically driven polar ecosystem. Commun Biol 2019; 2:62. [PMID: 30793041 PMCID: PMC6377621 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic factors control ecosystem biodiversity, but their relative contributions remain unclear. The ultraoligotrophic ecosystem of the Antarctic Dry Valleys, a simple yet highly heterogeneous ecosystem, is a natural laboratory well-suited for resolving the abiotic and biotic controls of community structure. We undertook a multidisciplinary investigation to capture ecologically relevant biotic and abiotic attributes of more than 500 sites in the Dry Valleys, encompassing observed landscape heterogeneities across more than 200 km2. Using richness of autotrophic and heterotrophic taxa as a proxy for functional complexity, we linked measured variables in a parsimonious yet comprehensive structural equation model that explained significant variations in biological complexity and identified landscape-scale and fine-scale abiotic factors as the primary drivers of diversity. However, the inclusion of linkages among functional groups was essential for constructing the best-fitting model. Our findings support the notion that biotic interactions make crucial contributions even in an extremely simple ecosystem. Charles Lee, Daniel Laughlin et al. use structural equation modeling to analyze ecological data from more than 500 sites in the Antarctic Dry Valleys. They find that although abiotic factors are the primary drivers of biodiversity variation, biotic interactions are needed to explain the data fully and may play previously underestimated roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Lee
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Daniel C Laughlin
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Eric M Bottos
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Department of Biology, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Tancredi Caruso
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Kurt Joy
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - John E Barrett
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Lars Brabyn
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,School of Social Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Uffe N Nielsen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Byron J Adams
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, and Monte L. Bean Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Diana H Wall
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Department of Biology & School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - David W Hopkins
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,SRUC - Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Stephen B Pointing
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Yale-NUS College and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 138527, Singapore
| | - Ian R McDonald
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Don A Cowan
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Jonathan C Banks
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Cawthron Institute, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Glen A Stichbury
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Irfon Jones
- Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Peyman Zawar-Reza
- Centre for Atmospheric Research, Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Marwan Katurji
- Centre for Atmospheric Research, Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Ian D Hogg
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Polar Knowledge Canada, Canadian High Arctic Research Station, Cambridge, Bay, X0B 0C0, Nunavut, Canada
| | | | - Bryan C Storey
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - T G Allan Green
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - S Craig Cary
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand. .,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand. .,College of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19958, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Eitzinger B, Abrego N, Gravel D, Huotari T, Vesterinen EJ, Roslin T. Assessing changes in arthropod predator–prey interactions through
DNA
‐based gut content analysis—variable environment, stable diet. Mol Ecol 2018; 28:266-280. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Eitzinger
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Nerea Abrego
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologie Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Quebec Canada
| | - Tea Huotari
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Eero J Vesterinen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Biodiversity Unit University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Koltz AM, Schmidt NM, Høye TT. Differential arthropod responses to warming are altering the structure of Arctic communities. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171503. [PMID: 29765633 PMCID: PMC5936898 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic is experiencing some of the fastest rates of warming on the planet. Although many studies have documented responses to such warming by individual species, the idiosyncratic nature of these findings has prevented us from extrapolating them to community-level predictions. Here, we leverage the availability of a long-term dataset from Zackenberg, Greenland (593 700 specimens collected between 1996 and 2014), to investigate how climate parameters influence the abundance of different arthropod groups and overall community composition. We find that variation in mean seasonal temperatures, winter duration and winter freeze-thaw events is correlated with taxon-specific and habitat-dependent changes in arthropod abundances. In addition, we find that arthropod communities have exhibited compositional changes consistent with the expected effects of recent shifts towards warmer active seasons and fewer freeze-thaw events in NE Greenland. Changes in community composition are up to five times more extreme in drier than wet habitats, with herbivores and parasitoids generally increasing in abundance, while the opposite is true for surface detritivores. These results suggest that species interactions and food web dynamics are changing in the Arctic, with potential implications for key ecosystem processes such as decomposition, nutrient cycling and primary productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Koltz
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 30338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, Box 1137, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Author for correspondence: Amanda M. Koltz e-mail:
| | - Niels M. Schmidt
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK-8000 AarhusC, Denmark
| | - Toke T. Høye
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK-8000 AarhusC, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, DK-8000 AarhusC, Denmark
- Department of Bioscience Kalø, Aarhus University, DK-8410 Rønde, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
The importance of understanding annual and shorter-term temperature patterns and variation in the surface levels of polar soils for terrestrial biota. Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
27
|
Colesie C, Büdel B, Hurry V, Green TGA. Can Antarctic lichens acclimatize to changes in temperature? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:1123-1135. [PMID: 29143417 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Antarctic Peninsula, a tundra biome dominated by lichens and bryophytes, is an ecozone undergoing rapid temperature shifts. Such changes may demand a high physiological plasticity of the local lichen species to maintain their role as key drivers in this pristine habitat. This study examines the response of net photosynthesis and respiration to increasing temperatures for three Antarctic lichen species with different ecological response amplitudes. We hypothesize that negative effects caused by increased temperatures can be mitigated by thermal acclimation of respiration and/or photosynthesis. The fully controlled growth chamber experiment simulated intermediate and extreme temperature increases over the time course of 6 weeks. Results showed that, in contrast to our hypothesis, none of the species was able to down-regulate temperature-driven respiratory losses through thermal acclimation of respiration. Instead, severe effects on photobiont vitality demonstrated that temperatures around 15°C mark the upper limit for the two species restricted to the Antarctic, and when mycobiont demands exceeded the photobiont capacity they could not survive within the lichen thallus. In contrast, the widespread lichen species was able to recover its homoeostasis by rapidly increasing net photosynthesis. We conclude that to understand the complete lichen response, acclimation processes of both symbionts, the photo- and the mycobiont, have to be evaluated separately. As a result, we postulate that any acclimation processes in lichen are species-specific. This, together with the high degree of response variability and sensitivity to temperature in different species that co-occur spatially close, complicates any predictions regarding future community composition in the Antarctic. Nevertheless, our results suggest that species with a broad ecological amplitude may be favoured with on-going changes in temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Colesie
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Burkhard Büdel
- Department of Plant Ecology and Systematics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Vaughan Hurry
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas George Allan Green
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Robinson SI, McLaughlin ÓB, Marteinsdóttir B, O'Gorman EJ. Soil temperature effects on the structure and diversity of plant and invertebrate communities in a natural warming experiment. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:634-646. [PMID: 29368345 PMCID: PMC6849623 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is predicted to significantly alter species physiology, biotic interactions and thus ecosystem functioning, as a consequence of coexisting species exhibiting a wide range of thermal sensitivities. There is, however, a dearth of research examining warming impacts on natural communities. Here, we used a natural warming experiment in Iceland to investigate the changes in above‐ground terrestrial plant and invertebrate communities along a soil temperature gradient (10°C–30°C). The α‐diversity of plants and invertebrates decreased with increasing soil temperature, driven by decreasing plant species richness and increasing dominance of certain invertebrate species in warmer habitats. There was also greater species turnover in both plant and invertebrate communities with increasing pairwise temperature difference between sites. There was no effect of temperature on percentage cover of vegetation at the community level, driven by contrasting effects at the population level. There was a reduction in the mean body mass and an increase in the total abundance of the invertebrate community, resulting in no overall change in community biomass. There were contrasting effects of temperature on the population abundance of various invertebrate species, which could be explained by differential thermal tolerances and metabolic requirements, or may have been mediated by changes in plant community composition. Our study provides an important baseline from which the effect of changing environmental conditions on terrestrial communities can be tracked. It also contributes to our understanding of why community‐level studies of warming impacts are imperative if we are to disentangle the contrasting thermal responses of individual populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinikka I Robinson
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK.,Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Órla B McLaughlin
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Bryndís Marteinsdóttir
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,The Soil Conservation Service of Iceland, Hella, Iceland
| | - Eoin J O'Gorman
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cross-disciplinarity in the advance of Antarctic ecosystem research. Mar Genomics 2018; 37:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
30
|
Andriuzzi WS, Adams BJ, Barrett JE, Virginia RA, Wall DH. Observed trends of soil fauna in the Antarctic Dry Valleys: early signs of shifts predicted under climate change. Ecology 2018; 99:312-321. [PMID: 29315515 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Long-term observations of ecological communities are necessary for generating and testing predictions of ecosystem responses to climate change. We investigated temporal trends and spatial patterns of soil fauna along similar environmental gradients in three sites of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, spanning two distinct climatic phases: a decadal cooling trend from the early 1990s through the austral summer of February 2001, followed by a shift to the current trend of warming summers and more frequent discrete warming events. After February 2001, we observed a decline in the dominant species (the nematode Scottnema lindsayae) and increased abundance and expanded distribution of less common taxa (rotifers, tardigrades, and other nematode species). Such diverging responses have resulted in slightly greater evenness and spatial homogeneity of taxa. However, total abundance of soil fauna appears to be declining, as positive trends of the less common species so far have not compensated for the declining numbers of the dominant species. Interannual variation in the proportion of juveniles in the dominant species was consistent across sites, whereas trends in abundance varied more. Structural equation modeling supports the hypothesis that the observed biological trends arose from dissimilar responses by dominant and less common species to pulses of water availability resulting from enhanced ice melt. No direct effects of mean summer temperature were found, but there is evidence of indirect effects via its weak but significant positive relationship with soil moisture. Our findings show that combining an understanding of species responses to environmental change with long-term observations in the field can provide a context for validating and refining predictions of ecological trends in the abundance and diversity of soil fauna.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W S Andriuzzi
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - B J Adams
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, and Monte L. Bean Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
| | - J E Barrett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - R A Virginia
- Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, USA
| | - D H Wall
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA.,School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kleinteich J, Hildebrand F, Bahram M, Voigt AY, Wood SA, Jungblut AD, Küpper FC, Quesada A, Camacho A, Pearce DA, Convey P, Vincent WF, Zarfl C, Bork P, Dietrich DR. Pole-to-Pole Connections: Similarities between Arctic and Antarctic Microbiomes and Their Vulnerability to Environmental Change. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
32
|
The detritus-based microbial-invertebrate food web contributes disproportionately to carbon and nitrogen cycling in the Arctic. Polar Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
33
|
Alatalo JM, Jägerbrand AK, Juhanson J, Michelsen A, Ľuptáčik P. Impacts of twenty years of experimental warming on soil carbon, nitrogen, moisture and soil mites across alpine/subarctic tundra communities. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44489. [PMID: 28295022 PMCID: PMC5353735 DOI: 10.1038/srep44489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High-altitude and alpine areas are predicted to experience rapid and substantial increases in future temperature, which may have serious impacts on soil carbon, nutrient and soil fauna. Here we report the impact of 20 years of experimental warming on soil properties and soil mites in three contrasting plant communities in alpine/subarctic Sweden. Long-term warming decreased juvenile oribatid mite density, but had no effect on adult oribatids density, total mite density, any major mite group or the most common species. Long-term warming also caused loss of nitrogen, carbon and moisture from the mineral soil layer in mesic meadow, but not in wet meadow or heath or from the organic soil layer. There was a significant site effect on the density of one mite species, Oppiella neerlandica, and all soil parameters. A significant plot-scale impact on mites suggests that small-scale heterogeneity may be important for buffering mites from global warming. The results indicated that juvenile mites may be more vulnerable to global warming than adult stages. Importantly, the results also indicated that global warming may cause carbon and nitrogen losses in alpine and tundra mineral soils and that its effects may differ at local scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juha M Alatalo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Jaanis Juhanson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, P.O Box 7026, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Peter Ľuptáčik
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schmidt NM, Hardwick B, Gilg O, Høye TT, Krogh PH, Meltofte H, Michelsen A, Mosbacher JB, Raundrup K, Reneerkens J, Stewart L, Wirta H, Roslin T. Interaction webs in arctic ecosystems: Determinants of arctic change? AMBIO 2017; 46:12-25. [PMID: 28116681 PMCID: PMC5258656 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
How species interact modulate their dynamics, their response to environmental change, and ultimately the functioning and stability of entire communities. Work conducted at Zackenberg, Northeast Greenland, has changed our view on how networks of arctic biotic interactions are structured, how they vary in time, and how they are changing with current environmental change: firstly, the high arctic interaction webs are much more complex than previously envisaged, and with a structure mainly dictated by its arthropod component. Secondly, the dynamics of species within these webs reflect changes in environmental conditions. Thirdly, biotic interactions within a trophic level may affect other trophic levels, in some cases ultimately affecting land-atmosphere feedbacks. Finally, differential responses to environmental change may decouple interacting species. These insights form Zackenberg emphasize that the combination of long-term, ecosystem-based monitoring, and targeted research projects offers the most fruitful basis for understanding and predicting the future of arctic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels M. Schmidt
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Bess Hardwick
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olivier Gilg
- GREA, 16 rue de Vernot, 21440 Francheville, France
| | - Toke T. Høye
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Grenåvej 14, 8410 Rønde, Denmark
| | - Paul Henning Krogh
- Department of Bioscience, Soil Fauna Ecology and Ecotoxicology and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Hans Meltofte
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper B. Mosbacher
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Katrine Raundrup
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, P.O. Box 570, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Jeroen Reneerkens
- Animal Ecology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lærke Stewart
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Helena Wirta
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Torres-Díaz C, Gallardo-Cerda J, Lavin P, Oses R, Carrasco-Urra F, Atala C, Acuña-Rodríguez IS, Convey P, Molina-Montenegro MA. Biological Interactions and Simulated Climate Change Modulates the Ecophysiological Performance of Colobanthus quitensis in the Antarctic Ecosystem. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164844. [PMID: 27776181 PMCID: PMC5077106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most climate and environmental change models predict significant increases in temperature and precipitation by the end of the 21st Century, for which the current functional output of certain symbioses may also be altered. In this context we address the following questions: 1) How the expected changes in abiotic factors (temperature, and water) differentially affect the ecophysiological performance of the plant Colobanthus quitensis? and 2) Will this environmental change indirectly affect C. quitensis photochemical performance and biomass accumulation by modifying its association with fungal endophytes? Plants of C. quitensis from King George Island in the South Shetland archipelago (62°09' S), and Lagotellerie Island in the Antarctic Peninsula (65°53' S) were put under simulated abiotic conditions in growth chambers following predictive models of global climate change (GCC). The indirect effect of GCC on the interaction between C. quitensis and fungal endophytes was assessed in a field experiment carried out in the Antarctica, in which we eliminated endophytes under contemporary conditions and applied experimental watering to simulate increased precipitation input. We measured four proxies of plant performance. First, we found that warming (+W) significantly increased plant performance, however its effect tended to be less than watering (+W) and combined warming and watering (+T°+W). Second, the presence of fungal endophytes improved plant performance, and its effect was significantly decreased under experimental watering. Our results indicate that both biotic and abiotic factors affect ecophysiological performance, and the directions of these influences will change with climate change. Our findings provide valuable information that will help to predict future population spread and evolution through using ecological niche models under different climatic scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Torres-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Biodiversidad (LGB), Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Jorge Gallardo-Cerda
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Biodiversidad (LGB), Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Paris Lavin
- Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Rómulo Oses
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Fernando Carrasco-Urra
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales & Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian Atala
- Laboratorio de Anatomía y Ecología Funcional de Plantas (AEF), Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ian S. Acuña-Rodríguez
- Centro de Ecología Molecular y Aplicaciones Evolutivas en Agroecosistemas (CEM), Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marco A. Molina-Montenegro
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro de Ecología Molecular y Aplicaciones Evolutivas en Agroecosistemas (CEM), Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Research Program "Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change" PIEI A2C2, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sinclair BJ, Marshall KE, Sewell MA, Levesque DL, Willett CS, Slotsbo S, Dong Y, Harley CDG, Marshall DJ, Helmuth BS, Huey RB. Can we predict ectotherm responses to climate change using thermal performance curves and body temperatures? Ecol Lett 2016; 19:1372-1385. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brent J. Sinclair
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Katie E. Marshall
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Mary A. Sewell
- School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Danielle L. Levesque
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kota Samarahan Sarawak Malaysia
| | | | - Stine Slotsbo
- Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Yunwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | | | - David J. Marshall
- Faculty of Science Universiti Brunei Darussalam Gadong Brunei Darussalam
| | - Brian S. Helmuth
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences and School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs Northeastern University Marine Science Center Nahant MA USA
| | - Raymond B. Huey
- Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Larsen T, Ventura M, Maraldo K, Triadó-Margarit X, Casamayor EO, Wang YV, Andersen N, O'Brien DM. The dominant detritus-feeding invertebrate in Arctic peat soils derives its essential amino acids from gut symbionts. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1275-85. [PMID: 27322934 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Supplementation of nutrients by symbionts enables consumers to thrive on resources that might otherwise be insufficient to meet nutritional demands. Such nutritional subsidies by intracellular symbionts have been well studied; however, supplementation of de novo synthesized nutrients to hosts by extracellular gut symbionts is poorly documented, especially for generalists with relatively undifferentiated intestinal tracts. Although gut symbionts facilitate degradation of resources that would otherwise remain inaccessible to the host, such digestive actions alone cannot make up for dietary insufficiencies of macronutrients such as essential amino acids (EAA). Documenting whether gut symbionts also function as partners for symbiotic EAA supplementation is important because the question of how some detritivores are able to subsist on nutritionally insufficient diets has remained unresolved. To answer this poorly understood nutritional aspect of symbiont-host interactions, we studied the enchytraeid worm, a bulk soil feeder that thrives in Arctic peatlands. In a combined field and laboratory study, we employed stable isotope fingerprinting of amino acids to identify the biosynthetic origins of amino acids to bacteria, fungi and plants in enchytraeids. Enchytraeids collected from Arctic peatlands derived more than 80% of their EAA from bacteria. In a controlled feeding study with the enchytraeid Enchytraeus crypticus, EAA derived almost exclusively from gut bacteria when the worms fed on higher fibre diets, whereas most of the enchytraeids' EAA derived from dietary sources when fed on lower fibre diets. Our gene sequencing results of gut microbiota showed that the worms harbour several taxa in their gut lumen absent from their diets and substrates. Almost all gut taxa are candidates for EAA supplementation because almost all belong to clades capable of biosynthesizing EAA. Our study provides the first evidence of extensive symbiotic supplementation of EAA by microbial gut symbionts and demonstrates that symbiotic bacteria in the gut lumen appear to function as partners both for symbiotic EAA supplementation and for digestion of insoluble plant fibres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Larsen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé, Postbox 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.,Leibniz-Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Stable Isotope Research, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc Ventura
- Integrative Freshwater Ecology Group, Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 17300 Blanes, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Kristine Maraldo
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé, Postbox 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Xavier Triadó-Margarit
- Integrative Freshwater Ecology Group, Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 17300 Blanes, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Emilio O Casamayor
- Integrative Freshwater Ecology Group, Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 17300 Blanes, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yiming V Wang
- Leibniz-Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Stable Isotope Research, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nils Andersen
- Leibniz-Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Stable Isotope Research, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Diane M O'Brien
- Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7000, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Staats M, Arulandhu AJ, Gravendeel B, Holst-Jensen A, Scholtens I, Peelen T, Prins TW, Kok E. Advances in DNA metabarcoding for food and wildlife forensic species identification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4615-30. [PMID: 27178552 PMCID: PMC4909793 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9595-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Species identification using DNA barcodes has been widely adopted by forensic scientists as an effective molecular tool for tracking adulterations in food and for analysing samples from alleged wildlife crime incidents. DNA barcoding is an approach that involves sequencing of short DNA sequences from standardized regions and comparison to a reference database as a molecular diagnostic tool in species identification. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made towards developing DNA metabarcoding strategies, which involves next-generation sequencing of DNA barcodes for the simultaneous detection of multiple species in complex samples. Metabarcoding strategies can be used in processed materials containing highly degraded DNA e.g. for the identification of endangered and hazardous species in traditional medicine. This review aims to provide insight into advances of plant and animal DNA barcoding and highlights current practices and recent developments for DNA metabarcoding of food and wildlife forensic samples from a practical point of view. Special emphasis is placed on new developments for identifying species listed in the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) appendices for which reliable methods for species identification may signal and/or prevent illegal trade. Current technological developments and challenges of DNA metabarcoding for forensic scientists will be assessed in the light of stakeholders' needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Staats
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Alfred J Arulandhu
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Sylviusweg 72, P.O. Box 9517, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Holst-Jensen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevaalsveien 68, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Scholtens
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara Peelen
- Dutch Customs Laboratory, Kingsfordweg 1, 1043 GN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo W Prins
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kok
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lyons WB, Deuerling K, Welch KA, Welch SA, Michalski G, Walters WW, Nielsen U, Wall DH, Hogg I, Adams BJ. The Soil Geochemistry in the Beardmore Glacier Region, Antarctica: Implications for Terrestrial Ecosystem History. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26189. [PMID: 27189430 PMCID: PMC4870638 DOI: 10.1038/srep26189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most models suggest continental Antarctica was covered by ice during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) it has been speculated that endemic species of soil invertebrates could have survived the Pleistocene at high elevation habitats protruding above the ice sheets. We analyzed a series of soil samples from different elevations at three locations along the Beardmore Glacier in the Transantarctic Mountains (in order of increasing elevation): Ebony Ridge (ER), Cloudmaker (CM), and Meyer Desert (MD). Geochemical analyses show the MD soils, which were exposed during the LGM, were the least weathered compared to lower elevations, and also had the highest total dissolved solids (TDS). MD soils are dominated by nitrate salts (NO3/Cl ratios >10) that can be observed in SEM images. High δ17O and δ18O values of the nitrate indicate that its source is solely of atmospheric origin. It is suggested that nitrate concentrations in the soil may be utilized to determine a relative “wetting age” to better assess invertebrate habitat suitability. The highest elevation sites at MD have been exposed and accumulating salts for the longest times, and because of the salt accumulations, they were not suitable as invertebrate refugia during the LGM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W B Lyons
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - K Deuerling
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - K A Welch
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - S A Welch
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | | | | | - U Nielsen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - D H Wall
- Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO USA
| | - I Hogg
- University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - B J Adams
- Brigham Young University, Provo, UT USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Body size-related constraints on the movement behaviour of the arctic notostracan Lepidurus arcticus (Pallas, 1973) under laboratory conditions. RENDICONTI LINCEI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-016-0512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
41
|
Abstract
The Antarctic region comprises the continent, the Maritime Antarctic, the sub-Antarctic islands, and the southern cold temperate islands. Continental Antarctica is devoid of insects, but elsewhere diversity varies from 2 to more than 200 species, of which flies and beetles constitute the majority. Much is known about the drivers of this diversity at local and regional scales; current climate and glacial history play important roles. Investigations of responses to low temperatures, dry conditions, and varying salinity have spanned the ecological to the genomic, revealing new insights into how insects respond to stressful conditions. Biological invasions are common across much of the region and are expected to increase as climates become warmer. The drivers of invasion are reasonably well understood, although less is known about the impacts of invasion. Antarctic entomology has advanced considerably over the past 50 years, but key areas, such as interspecific interactions, remain underexplored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia;
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Alatalo JM, Jägerbrand AK, Čuchta P. Collembola at three alpine subarctic sites resistant to twenty years of experimental warming. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18161. [PMID: 26670681 PMCID: PMC4680968 DOI: 10.1038/srep18161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of micro-scale, site and 19 and 21 years of experimental warming on Collembola in three contrasting alpine subarctic plant communities (poor heath, rich meadow, wet meadow). Unexpectedly, experimental long-term warming had no significant effect on species richness, effective number of species, total abundance or abundance of any Collembola species. There were micro-scale effects on species richness, total abundance, and abundance of 10 of 35 species identified. Site had significant effect on effective number of species, and abundance of six species, with abundance patterns differing between sites. Site and long-term warming gave non-significant trends in species richness. The highest species richness was observed in poor heath, but mean species richness tended to be highest in rich meadow and lowest in wet meadow. Warming showed a tendency for a negative impact on species richness. This long-term warming experiment across three contrasting sites revealed that Collembola is capable of high resistance to climate change. We demonstrated that micro-scale and site effects are the main controlling factors for Collembola abundance in high alpine subarctic environments. Thus local heterogeneity is likely important for soil fauna composition and may play a crucial role in buffering Collembola against future climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juha M Alatalo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Annika K Jägerbrand
- VTI, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Box 55685, 102 15 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Čuchta
- Biology Centre, Institute of Soil Biology, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bradley-Cook JI, Virginia RA. Soil carbon storage, respiration potential, and organic matter quality across an age and climate gradient in southwestern Greenland. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
44
|
Temperature-related activity of Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni (Collembola) mitochondrial DNA (COI) haplotypes in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
45
|
Chown SL, Clarke A, Fraser CI, Cary SC, Moon KL, McGeoch MA. The changing form of Antarctic biodiversity. Nature 2015; 522:431-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
46
|
Abundance and diversity of soil invertebrates in the Windmill Islands region, East Antarctica. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
47
|
Bornman JF, Barnes PW, Robinson SA, Ballaré CL, Flint SD, Caldwell MM. Solar ultraviolet radiation and ozone depletion-driven climate change: effects on terrestrial ecosystems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:88-107. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp90034k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We summarise advances in our knowledge of how UV-B radiation (280–315 nm) together with other climate change factors interact in their influence on terrestrial organisms and ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Bornman
- International Institute of Agri-Food Security (IIAFS)
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
| | - P. W. Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program
- Loyola University New Orleans
- New Orleans
- USA
| | - S. A. Robinson
- Institute for Conservation Biology
- School of Biological Sciences
- The University of Wollongong
- New South Wales 2522
- Australia
| | - C. L. Ballaré
- IFEVA Universidad de Buenos Aires and IIB Universidad Nacional de San Martín
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- C1417DSE Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - S. D. Flint
- Department of Forest
- Rangeland
- and Fire Sciences
- University of Idaho
- Moscow
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cooper EJ. Warmer Shorter Winters Disrupt Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Earth is warming, especially in polar areas in which winter temperatures and precipitation are expected to increase. Despite a growing research focus on winter climatic change, the impacts on Arctic terrestrial ecosystems remain poorly understood. Snow acts as an insulator, and depth changes affect the enhancement of thermally dependent reactions, such as microbial activity, affecting soil nutrient composition, respiration, and winter gas efflux. Snow depth and spring temperatures influence snowmelt timing, determining the start of plant growth and forage availability. Delays in winter onset affect tundra carbon balance, faunal hibernation, and migration but are unlikely to lengthen the plant growing season. Mild periods in winter followed by a return to freezing have negative consequences for plants and invertebrates, and the resultant ice layers act as barriers to foraging, triggering starvation of herbivores and their predators. In summary, knock-on effects between seasons and trophic levels have important consequences for biological activity, diversity, and ecosystem function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J. Cooper
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Convey P, Chown SL, Clarke A, Barnes DKA, Bokhorst S, Cummings V, Ducklow HW, Frati F, Green TGA, Gordon S, Griffiths HJ, Howard-Williams C, Huiskes AHL, Laybourn-Parry J, Lyons WB, McMinn A, Morley SA, Peck LS, Quesada A, Robinson SA, Schiaparelli S, Wall DH. The spatial structure of Antarctic biodiversity. ECOL MONOGR 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/12-2216.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|