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Seabra AB, Pieretti JC, de Melo Santana B, Horue M, Tortella GR, Castro GR. Pharmacological applications of nitric oxide-releasing biomaterials in human skin. Int J Pharm 2022; 630:122465. [PMID: 36476664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important endogenous molecule that plays several roles in biological systems. NO is synthesized in human skin by three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and, depending on the produced NO concentration, it can actuate in wound healing, dermal vasodilation, or skin defense against different pathogens, for example. Besides being endogenously produced, NO-based pharmacological formulations have been developed for dermatological applications targeting diverse pathologies such as bacterial infection, wound healing, leishmaniasis, and even esthetic issues such as acne and skin aging. Recent strategies focus mainly on developing smart NO-releasing nanomaterials/biomaterials, as they enable a sustained and targeted NO release, promoting an improved therapeutic effect. This review aims to overview and discuss the main mechanisms of NO in human skin, the recent progress in the field of dermatological formulations containing NO, and their application in several skin diseases, highlighting promising advances and future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedea B Seabra
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Joana C Pieretti
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca de Melo Santana
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuel Horue
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, CINDEFI - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata- CONICET (CCT La Plata), Argentina
| | - Gonzalo R Tortella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnologica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Guillermo R Castro
- Nanobiotechnology Area, Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC). Partner Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIbpC, MPG) - CONICET. Maipú 1065, S2000 Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina; Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Man MQ, Wakefield JS, Mauro TM, Elias PM. Role of nitric oxide in regulating epidermal permeability barrier function. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:290-298. [PMID: 34665906 PMCID: PMC8897205 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a free radical molecule synthesized by nitric oxide synthases (NOS), regulates multiple cellular functions in a variety of cell types. These NOS, including endothelial NOS (eNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS) and neural NOS (nNOS), are expressed in keratinocytes. Expression levels of both iNOS and nNOS decrease with ageing, and insufficient NO has been linked to the development of a number of disorders such as diabetes and hypertension, and to the severity of atherosclerosis. Conversely, excessive NO levels can induce cellular oxidative stress, but physiological levels of NO are required to maintain the normal functioning of cells, including keratinocytes. NO also regulates cutaneous functions, including epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis and wound healing, through its stimulation of keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation and lipid metabolism. Topical applications of a diverse group of agents which generate nitric oxide (called NO donors) such as S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP) can delay permeability barrier recovery in barrier-disrupted skin, but iNOS is still required for epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. This review summarizes the regulatory role that NO plays in epidermal permeability barrier functions and the underlying mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, and Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA,Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 510091, China
| | - Joan S. Wakefield
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, and Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theodora M. Mauro
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, and Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter M. Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, and Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
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3
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Barolet AC, Litvinov IV, Barolet D. Light-induced nitric oxide release in the skin beyond UVA and blue light: Red & near-infrared wavelengths. Nitric Oxide 2021; 117:16-25. [PMID: 34536586 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is omnipresent in the body and synthesized by 3 isoenzymes (nNOS, eNOS and iNOS), all detected in human skin. NO can be stored in a pool of compounds readily converted to NO following skin irradiation by UVR and blue light. This non-enzymatic (without NOS involvement) photolytic reaction mobilizes cutaneous stores of NO derivatives to the bloodstream, lowering blood pressure. However, with the likelihood of skin deleterious effects caused by UVR/blue light, safer wavelengths in the red/near-infrared (NIR) spectrum are becoming potential contenders to release cutaneous NO, possibly via NOS temperature-dependent effects. The use of red/NIR light to mobilize NO stores from the body's largest organ (the skin) is auspicious. This review focuses on UVR, blue, red, and NIR spectra and their capacity to release NO in human skin. PubMed and Google Scholar were used as article databases to find relevant publications related to this particular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Barolet
- Deptartment of Surgery, Experimental Surgery Graduate Training Program, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - I V Litvinov
- Deptartment of Surgery, Experimental Surgery Graduate Training Program, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Deptartment of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Graduate Training Program, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - D Barolet
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; RoseLab Skin Optics Research Laboratory, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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4
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Szondi DC, Wong JK, Vardy LA, Cruickshank SM. Arginase Signalling as a Key Player in Chronic Wound Pathophysiology and Healing. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:773866. [PMID: 34778380 PMCID: PMC8589187 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.773866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginase (ARG) represents an important evolutionarily conserved enzyme that is expressed by multiple cell types in the skin. Arg acts as the mediator of the last step of the urea cycle, thus providing protection against excessive ammonia under homeostatic conditions through the production of L-ornithine and urea. L-ornithine represents the intersection point between the ARG-dependent pathways and the urea cycle, therefore contributing to cell detoxification, proliferation and collagen production. The ARG pathways help balance pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in the context of wound healing. However, local and systemic dysfunctionalities of the ARG pathways have been shown to contribute to the hindrance of the healing process and the occurrence of chronic wounds. This review discusses the functions of ARG in macrophages and fibroblasts while detailing the deleterious implications of a malfunctioning ARG enzyme in chronic skin conditions such as leg ulcers. The review also highlights how ARG links with the microbiota and how this impacts on infected chronic wounds. Lastly, the review depicts chronic wound treatments targeting the ARG pathway, alongside future diagnosis and treatment perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis C Szondi
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jason K Wong
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Leah A Vardy
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheena M Cruickshank
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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5
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Abstract
The mechanism by which nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition impacts human sweating is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the activation of NOS and release on nitric oxide acts to open K+ channels and enhance sweat gland output. Local sweat rate (LSR) was measured with a small sweat capsule mounted on the skin while sweating was initiated by intradermal electrical stimulation. Sigmoid shape stimulus-response curves were generated by plotting the area under the LSR-time curve (LSR AUC) versus log10 stimulus frequency and normalized to the peak AUC response during control trials. NOS inhibition alone reduced the peak sweat rate response to 81.5 ± 4.5% peak LSR AUC of that seen with lactated Ringer's (P = 0.0004). Fifty mM of tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) alone reduced peak LSR (0.317 ± 0.060 vs. 0.511 ± 0.104 mg·min-1·cm-2, P = 0.03) and the peak LSR AUC response from 0.193 ± 0.170 to 0.158 ± 0.127 mg·cm-2 (P = 0.004). Delivery of a 20 mM nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) following 50 mM TEA produced a further decrease in the peak LSR AUC response to 0.095 ± 0.064 mg·cm-2 (≈20% reduction, P = 0.0145). These data support the hypothesis that sudomotor control of sweat gland activity is locally modulated by a functioning NOS system that appears to be additive and independent to the effect of blockade of K+ channels with TEA.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The contribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to the process of cholinergic-mediated human eccrine sweat production is unclear. Using a novel model for cholinergic-mediated sweating in humans, I demonstrate that blocking the NOS system led to a reduction in local sweat rate (LSR). This reduction in LSR was maintained in the presence of K+ channel blockade with tetraethylammonium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Mack
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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6
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Schmidt MD, McGarr GW, Muia CM, Fujii N, Amano T, Kenny GP. Regional influence of nitric oxide on cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating during exercise-heat stress in young men. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:773-782. [PMID: 32176373 DOI: 10.1113/ep088388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Do regional differences exist in nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating during exercise-heat stress in young men. What is the main finding and its importance? Exercise-induced increases in cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating were greater on the chest and upper back compared to the forearm, although the NOS contribution to cutaneous vasodilatation was similar across all regions. Conversely, there was a greater NOS-dependent rate of change in sweating on the chest compared to the forearm, with a similar trend on the back. ABSTRACT While it is established that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is an important modulator of forearm cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating during an exercise-heat stress in young men, it remains unclear if regional differences exist in this response. In 15 habitually active young men (24 ± 4 (SD) years), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and local sweat rate (LSR) were assessed at three body regions. On each of the dorsal forearm, chest and upper-back (trapezius), sites were continuously perfused with either (1) lactated Ringer solution (control) or (2) 10 Mm Nω -nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA, NOS inhibitor), via microdialysis. Participants rested in the heat (35°C) for ∼75 min, followed by 60 min of semi-recumbent cycling performed at a fixed rate of heat production of 200 W m-2 (equivalent to ∼42% V ̇ O 2 peak ). During exercise, the chest and upper-back regions showed higher CVC and LSR responses relative to the forearm (all P < 0.05). Within each region, l-NNA attenuated CVC and LSR relative to control (all P < 0.05). However, the NOS contribution was not different across regions for the rate of change and plateau for CVC or for the LSR plateau (all P > 0.05). Conversely, there was a greater NOS contribution to the rate of change for LSR at the chest relative to the forearm (P < 0.05) with a similar trend for the back. In habitually active young men, NOS-dependent cutaneous vasodilatation was similar across regions while the NOS contribution to LSR was greater on the chest relative to the forearm. These findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms influencing regional variations in cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating during an exercise-heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison D Schmidt
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory W McGarr
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline M Muia
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naoto Fujii
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Amano
- Laboratory for Exercise and Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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7
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McGarr GW, Ghassa R, Fujii N, Amano T, Kenny GP. Regional contributions of nitric oxide synthase to cholinergic cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating in young men. Exp Physiol 2019; 105:236-243. [PMID: 31821642 DOI: 10.1113/ep088295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We evaluated whether regional variations exist in NO-dependent cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating during cholinergic stimulation. What is the main finding and its importance? Peak cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating were greater on the torso than the forearm. Furthermore, we found that NO was an important modulator of cholinergic cutaneous vasodilatation, but not sweating, across body regions, with a greater contribution of NO to cutaneous vasodilatation in the limb compared with the torso. These findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms influencing regional variations in cutaneous vasodilator and sweating responses to pharmacological stimulation. ABSTRACT Regional variations in cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating exist across the body. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important modulator of these heat loss responses in the forearm. However, whether regional differences in NO-dependent cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating exist remain uncertain. In 14 habitually active young men (23 ± 4 years of age), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC%max ) and local sweat rates were assessed at six skin sites. On each of the dorsal forearm, chest and upper back (trapezius), sites were continuously perfused with either lactated Ringer solution (control) or 10 mm Nω -nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA; an NO synthase inhibitor) dissolved in Ringer solution, via microdialysis. At all sites, cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating were induced by co-administration of the cholinergic agonist methacholine (1, 10, 100, 1000 and 2000 mm; 25 min per dose) followed by 50 mm sodium nitroprusside (20-25 min) to induce maximal vasodilatation. The l-NNA attenuated CVC%max relative to the control conditions for all regions (all P < 0.05), and NO-dependent vasodilatation was greater at the forearm compared with the back and chest (both P < 0.05). Furthermore, maximal vasodilatation was higher at the back and chest relative to the forearm (both P < 0.05). Conversely, l-NNA had negligible effects on sweating across the body (all P > 0.05). Peak local sweat rate was higher at the back relative to the forearm (P < 0.05), with a similar trend observed for the chest. In habitually active young men, NO-dependent cholinergic cutaneous vasodilatation varied across the body, and the contribution to cholinergic sweating was negligible. These findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms influencing regional variations in cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating during pharmacological stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W McGarr
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reem Ghassa
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naoto Fujii
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Amano
- Laboratory for Exercise and Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Abd El-Aleem SA, Abdelwahab S, Am-Sherief H, Sayed A. Cellular and physiological upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, arginase, and inducible cyclooxygenase in wound healing. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:23618-23632. [PMID: 31161614 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Wound repair is regulated by overlapping cellular, physiological and biochemical events. Prostaglandins and nitric oxide have been a focus for inflammation research particularly since the discovery of their inducible isoforms nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Study of the cellular expression of iNOS and COX-2 and arginase which competes with iNOS for its substrate, in an in vivo model of wound healing could reveal important roles for these enzymes in the physiological progression of wound repair. Adult male rats received full thickness dermal wounds which were harvested at different times. Protein levels and activities of the enzymes were assessed by western blot and biochemical assays respectively. The cellular distribution and the colocalization were assessed by immunostaining. The protein levels and activities of iNOS, arginase, and COX-2 increased only during the inflammatory phase of wound. Immunocytochemistry showed that the three enzymes were coexpressed and the main cellular source was inflammatory cells mainly macrophages. iNOS was induced at the wound site and was the earliest to increase significantly (p < 0.05) for only up to 3 days postwounding. However, arginase and COX-2 significant ( p < 0.05) upregulation started at a later time points and continued for up to 14 days postwounding. Therefore iNOS, compared with arginase and COX-2, showed a temporal difference in expression during wound healing which could be explained by their products being required at different stages of the healing process. The coordinated expression of the three enzymes at different time points could account for the physiological progression of the healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seham A Abd El-Aleem
- Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Histology and Cell Biology, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Soha Abdelwahab
- Histology and Cell Biology, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.,Histology, Deraya University, New Minia, Egypt
| | - Hany Am-Sherief
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Jouf, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-suef, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sayed
- Histology and Cell Biology, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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9
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Ishizuka Y, Yoshida M, Ambe K, Sasaki J, Sugihara N, Watanabe H. Expression Profiles of NOS Isoforms in Dental Pulp and Odontoblasts in nNOS Knockout Mice. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2019; 60:261-266. [DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2019-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Ishizuka
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Tokyo Dental College
| | | | - Kimiharu Ambe
- Division of Oral Histology, Department of Morphological Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry
| | | | - Naoki Sugihara
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Hiroki Watanabe
- Division of Oral Histology, Department of Morphological Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry
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10
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The role of nitric oxide in diabetic skin (patho)physiology. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 172:21-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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11
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Tomankova S, Abaffy P, Sindelka R. The role of nitric oxide during embryonic epidermis development of Xenopus laevis. Biol Open 2017; 6:862-871. [PMID: 28483981 PMCID: PMC5483018 DOI: 10.1242/bio.023739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent radical molecule that participates in various biological processes such as vasodilation, cell proliferation, immune response and neurotransmission. NO mainly activates soluble guanylate cyclase, leading to cGMP production and activation of protein kinase G and its downstream targets. Here we report the essential role of NO during embryonic epidermis development. Xenopus embryonic epidermis has become a useful model reflecting human epithelial tissue composition. The developing epidermis of Xenopus laevis is formed from specialized ionocytes, multi-ciliated, goblet and small secretory cells. We found that NO is mainly produced in multi-ciliated cells and ionocytes. Production of NO during early developmental stages is required for formation of multi-ciliated cells, ionocytes and small secretory cells by regulation of epidermal-specific gene expression. The data from this research indicate a novel role of NO during development, which supports recent findings of NO production in human mucociliary and epithelium development. Summary: Embryonic epidermis development is influenced by nitric oxide, where it has been linked to the development of ionocytes, multi-ciliated cells and small secretory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvie Tomankova
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic.,Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Vinicna 5, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Abaffy
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Sindelka
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic
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12
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Haddadi NS, Foroutan A, Ostadhadi S, Azimi E, Rahimi N, Nateghpour M, Lerner EA, Dehpour AR. Peripheral NMDA Receptor/NO System Blockage Inhibits Itch Responses Induced by Chloroquine in Mice. Acta Derm Venereol 2017; 97:571-577. [PMID: 28119997 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Intradermal administration of chloroquine (CQ) provokes scratching behavior in mice. Chloroquine-induced itch is histamine-independent and we have reported that the nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway is involved in CQ-induced scratching behavior in mice. Previous studies have demonstrated that activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) induces NO production. Here we show that NMDAR antagonists significantly decrease CQ-induced scratching in mice while a non-effective dose of an NMDAR agonist potentiates the scratching behavior provoked by sub-effective doses of CQ. In contrast, combined pre-treatment with sub-effective doses of an NMDAR antagonist, MK-801, and the NO synthase inhibitor, L-N-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), decreases CQ-induced scrat-ching behavior. While intradermal administration of CQ significantly increases the concentration of intradermal nitrite, the end product of NO metabolism, effective doses of intraperitoneal and intradermal MK-801 significantly decrease intradermal nitrite levels. Likewise, administration of an effective dose of L-NAME significantly decreases CQ-induced nitrite production. We conclude that the NMDA/NO pathway in the skin modulates CQ-induced scratching behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazgol-Sadat Haddadi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 13145-784 Tehran, Iran
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13
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Santana AL, Felsen D, Carucci JA. Interleukin-22 and Cyclosporine in Aggressive Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Dermatol Clin 2017; 35:73-84. [PMID: 27890239 PMCID: PMC5409835 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) account for up to 10,000 deaths annually in the United States. Most of the more than 700,000 SCCs diagnosed are cured by excision with clear margins; however, metastasis can occur despite seemingly adequate treatment in some cases. Immune-suppressed organ transplant recipients are 60 to 100 times more likely to develop SCC than immune-competent individuals. Transplant-associated SCCs occur more frequently and behave more aggressively, showing higher risk of recurrence and metastasis. This article identifies a potential role for interleukin-22 in driving SCC proliferation, particularly in solid organ transplant recipients taking cyclosporine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L Santana
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Diane Felsen
- Institute for Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 94, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John A Carucci
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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14
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Xiao Y, Ahadian S, Radisic M. Biochemical and Biophysical Cues in Matrix Design for Chronic and Diabetic Wound Treatment. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 23:9-26. [PMID: 27405960 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Progress in biomaterial science and engineering and increasing knowledge in cell biology have enabled us to develop functional biomaterials providing appropriate biochemical and biophysical cues for tissue regeneration applications. Tissue regeneration is particularly important to treat chronic wounds of people with diabetes. Understanding and controlling the cellular microenvironment of the wound tissue are important to improve the wound healing process. In this study, we review different biochemical (e.g., growth factors, peptides, DNA, and RNA) and biophysical (e.g., topographical guidance, pressure, electrical stimulation, and pulsed electromagnetic field) cues providing a functional and instructive acellular matrix to heal diabetic chronic wounds. The biochemical and biophysical signals generally regulate cell-matrix interactions and cell behavior and function inducing the tissue regeneration for chronic wounds. Some technologies and devices have already been developed and used in the clinic employing biochemical and biophysical cues for wound healing applications. These technologies can be integrated with smart biomaterials to deliver therapeutic agents to the wound tissue in a precise and controllable manner. This review provides useful guidance in understanding molecular mechanisms and signals in the healing of diabetic chronic wounds and in designing instructive biomaterials to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiao
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,2 Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samad Ahadian
- 2 Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,2 Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Smith CJ, Johnson JM. Responses to hyperthermia. Optimizing heat dissipation by convection and evaporation: Neural control of skin blood flow and sweating in humans. Auton Neurosci 2016; 196:25-36. [PMID: 26830064 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Under normothermic, resting conditions, humans dissipate heat from the body at a rate approximately equal to heat production. Small discrepancies between heat production and heat elimination would, over time, lead to significant changes in heat storage and body temperature. When heat production or environmental temperature is high the challenge of maintaining heat balance is much greater. This matching of heat elimination with heat production is a function of the skin circulation facilitating heat transport to the body surface and sweating, enabling evaporative heat loss. These processes are manifestations of the autonomic control of cutaneous vasomotor and sudomotor functions and form the basis of this review. We focus on these systems in the responses to hyperthermia. In particular, the cutaneous vascular responses to heat stress and the current understanding of the neurovascular mechanisms involved. The available research regarding cutaneous active vasodilation and vasoconstriction is highlighted, with emphasis on active vasodilation as a major responder to heat stress. Involvement of the vasoconstrictor and active vasodilator controls of the skin circulation in the context of heat stress and nonthermoregulatory reflexes (blood pressure, exercise) are also considered. Autonomic involvement in the cutaneous vascular responses to direct heating and cooling of the skin are also discussed. We examine the autonomic control of sweating, including cholinergic and noncholinergic mechanisms, the local control of sweating, thermoregulatory and nonthermoregulatory reflex control and the possible relationship between sudomotor and cutaneous vasodilator function. Finally, we comment on the clinical relevance of these control schemes in conditions of autonomic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Smith
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608-2071, United States
| | - John M Johnson
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3901, United States
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16
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Foroutan A, Haddadi NS, Ostadhadi S, Sistany N, Dehpour AR. Chloroquine-induced scratching is mediated by NO/cGMP pathway in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 134:79-84. [PMID: 25957523 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ), a 4-aminoquinoline drug, has long been used in the treatment and prevention of malaria. However its side effect generalized pruritus contributes to treatment failures, and consequently results in the development of chloroquine resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. It was proposed that the administration of CQ correlated with increase in nitric oxide (NO) production. Nitric oxide is involved in some pruritic disorders such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and scratching behavior evoked by pruritogens like substance P. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of NO/cGMP pathway in CQ-induced scratching in mice. Scratching behaviors were recorded by a camera after intradermal (ID) injection of CQ in the shaved rostral back of the mice. The results obtained show that CQ elicited scratching in a dose-dependent manner with a peak effective dose of 400μg/site. Injection of non-specific NOS inhibitor, N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester or neuronal NOS selective inhibitor and 7-nitroindazole, reduced CQ-induced scratching significantly. On the other hand, administration of aminoguanidine as inducible NOS inhibitor has no inhibitory effect on this behavior. Also, injection of l-arginine as a precursor of NO significantly increased this response. Conversely, accumulation of cGMP by sildenafil as a selective phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, potentiated the scratching behavior by CQ. This study therefore shows that CQ-induced scratching behavior is mediated by the NO/cGMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Foroutan
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazgol Sadat Haddadi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sattar Ostadhadi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Sistany
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Expression profiles of NOS isoforms in gingiva of nNOS knockout mice. Tissue Cell 2014; 46:122-6. [PMID: 24657074 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is a gaseous molecule associated with many distinct physiological functions, and is derived from L-arginine catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Nitric oxide synthase has 3 isoforms: nNOS, iNOS and eNOS. Although these NOS isoforms are believed to play an important role in gingival tissue, little information is available on their morphological dynamics. The aim of this study was to investigate the profiles of NOS isoforms in deficiency of nNOS in gingiva of mice. Twelve male (6 normal (C57BL/6) and 6 nNOS knockout) mice were used. All mice were 5-week-old, weighing approximately 20-25 g each. After sacrifice, the jaws of the mice were removed by mechanical means and specimens analyzed by histology, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical observation revealed positive staining for iNOS and eNOS, especially in lamina propria. Similar results in the mRNA expression levels were shown by in situ hybridization analysis. It may suggest that iNOS and eNOS compensated nNOS deficiency in the gingiva of nNOS knockout mice.
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18
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Viard-Leveugle I, Gaide O, Jankovic D, Feldmeyer L, Kerl K, Pickard C, Roques S, Friedmann PS, Contassot E, French LE. TNF-α and IFN-γ are potential inducers of Fas-mediated keratinocyte apoptosis through activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:489-98. [PMID: 22992806 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a severe immune-mediated adverse cutaneous drug eruption characterized by rapid and extensive epithelial cell death in the epidermis and mucosae. The molecular events leading to this often fatal condition are only partially understood, but evidence suggests a dual mechanism implicating a "drug"-specific immune response on one side and the onset of target cell death by proapoptotic molecules including FasL on the other side. Herein, we describe a potential molecular bridge between these two events that involves inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is highly upregulated in the skin of TEN patients. We show that activated T cells secrete high amounts of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IFN-γ, and that both cytokines lead to increased expression and activity of keratinocyte iNOS. A similar observation has been made with drug-specific T lymphocytes from a TEN patient exposed to the culprit drug. The resulting increase in nitric oxide significantly upregulates keratinocyte FasL expression, resulting in Fas- and caspase-8-mediated keratinocyte cell death. Taken together, our data suggest that T-lymphocyte activation by drugs in TEN patients may indirectly lead to FasL-mediated keratinocyte apoptosis, via a molecular bridge involving TNF-α, IFN-γ, and iNOS.
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Immunohistochemical evaluation of VEGF, survivin, bcl-2 protein and iNOS in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/01.xej.0000417556.36570.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Graziano ACE, Cardile V, Crascì L, Caggia S, Dugo P, Bonina F, Panico A. Protective effects of an extract from Citrus bergamia against inflammatory injury in interferon-γ and histamine exposed human keratinocytes. Life Sci 2012; 90:968-74. [PMID: 22634580 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present work evaluated the anti-inflammatory/antioxidant activity of a well characterized extract from Citrus bergamia Risso and Poiteau (CBE), containing neoeriocitrin, naringin, neohesperidin and other flavonoids, on human NCTC 2544 keratinocytes treated with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and histamine (H). MAIN METHODS High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode array detectors was used to characterize and quantify phenolic compounds in CBE. Anti-inflammatory/antioxidant ability on keratinocytes was determined through evaluation of inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by Western blot, production of nitric oxide (NO) with Griess reagent and concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by fluorescent quantitative analysis with 2',7'-dichlorfluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA). Cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2 thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Antioxidant activity was also measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were quantified using 1.9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMB). KEY FINDINGS CBE exhibited high antioxidant activity confirmed by elevated ORAC values related to high capacity in oxygen radical scavenging. The assays on keratinocytes demonstrated that CBE does not inhibit cell proliferation and is shown to significantly reduce dose-dependently ICAM-1, iNOS, NO, ROS and GAG production in cells exposed to IFN-γ and H. SIGNIFICANCE Our study demonstrates that the pools of compounds of an extract from C. bergamia efficiently block the proinflammatory actions induced by IFN-γ and H on human keratinocytes. CBE may be used for topic employment in some inflammatory diseases of the skin and to represent an important opportunity for the essential oil processing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C E Graziano
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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21
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Kim TG, Kim NK, Baek MJ, Huh R, Chung SS, Choi JU, Yu SY. The relationships between endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms and the formation of intracranial aneurysms in the Korean population. Neurosurg Focus 2012; 30:E23. [PMID: 21631225 DOI: 10.3171/2011.2.focus10227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Some genetic factors are known to be associated with the formation of cerebral aneurysms in the Caucasian population. One of these factors is endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphisms. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase genes encode eNOS, which synthesizes NO from l-arginine. There continues to be controversy about the relationships between eNOS gene polymorphisms and the formation of intracranial aneurysms. In this study, the authors evaluated these relationships in the Korean population. METHODS Three eNOS polymorphisms (eNOS 27VNTR, T786C, and G894T) were genotyped in 96 patients with ruptured aneurysms, 53 patients with unruptured aneurysms, and in 121 volunteers via polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS The mean ages of the patients and healthy volunteers were 52.9 ± 12.3 years and 55.2 ± 9.1 years, respectively. The patient group was composed of 56 men and 93 women, and the healthy volunteer group was composed of 46 men and 75 women. Only the incidence of smoking history was significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (p = 0.001). The genotypic frequencies for the 3 eNOS gene polymorphisms were in agreement with those predicted by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There were no significant associations between the eNOS recessive models and the formation of an aneurysm. The authors found no genotypic differences between similar races among patients with aneurysms. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that eNOS 27VNTR, T786C, and G894T polymorphisms cannot be used as indicators of the formation of intracranial aneurysms in Korean patients. To confirm these findings an additional analyses might need to be performed using a larger sample size. There were no differences in the genotypic distributions and allelic frequencies between similar races among patients with aneurysms, which were the same in previously reported normal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Gon Kim
- Institute for Clinical Research, CHA University, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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22
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Sahebkar A. Baicalin as a potentially promising drug for the management of sulfur mustard induced cutaneous complications: a review of molecular mechanisms. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2011; 31:226-34. [PMID: 22107027 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2011.633950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a bifunctional alkylating agent with strong blistering, irritant, mutagenic and cytotoxic properties. SM has been widely deployed as a chemical warfare agent for over a century, leading to extensive casualties. Skin is among the first and most heavily damaged organs upon SM exposure. Unfortunately, a considerable fraction of SM-intoxicated patients are still suffering from chronic cutaneous complications. While these complications adversely affect patients' quality of life, there is as yet no ideal treatment for them and therapeutic options are limited and mainly symptomatic. During recent decades, remarkable progress has been made in understanding molecular mechanisms underlying SM-induced dermatotoxicity and several intra- and extracellular targets have been identified. This review argues that baicalin, a bioactive flavonoid from the roots of Scutellaria spp., could counteract different molecular and biochemical abnormalities that mediate SM dermatotoxicity and could therefore be regarded as a promising therapeutic option for the management of SM-induced cutaneous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran.
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23
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Requirement of argininosuccinate lyase for systemic nitric oxide production. Nat Med 2011; 17:1619-26. [PMID: 22081021 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is crucial in diverse physiological and pathological processes. We show that a hypomorphic mouse model of argininosuccinate lyase (encoded by Asl) deficiency has a distinct phenotype of multiorgan dysfunction and NO deficiency. Loss of Asl in both humans and mice leads to reduced NO synthesis, owing to both decreased endogenous arginine synthesis and an impaired ability to use extracellular arginine for NO production. Administration of nitrite, which can be converted into NO in vivo, rescued the manifestations of NO deficiency in hypomorphic Asl mice, and a nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-independent NO donor restored NO-dependent vascular reactivity in humans with ASL deficiency. Mechanistic studies showed that ASL has a structural function in addition to its catalytic activity, by which it contributes to the formation of a multiprotein complex required for NO production. Our data demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for ASL in NOS function and NO homeostasis. Hence, ASL may serve as a target for manipulating NO production in experimental models, as well as for the treatment of NO-related diseases.
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Jain AK, Tewari-Singh N, Gu M, Inturi S, White CW, Agarwal R. Sulfur mustard analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide-induced skin injury involves DNA damage and induction of inflammatory mediators, in part via oxidative stress, in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin. Toxicol Lett 2011; 205:293-301. [PMID: 21722719 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bifunctional alkyalating agent, sulfur mustard (SM)-induced cutaneous injury is characterized by inflammation and delayed blistering. Our recent studies demonstrated that 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), a monofunctional analog of SM that can be used in laboratory settings, induces oxidative stress. This could be the major cause of the activation of Akt/MAP kinase and AP1/NF-κB pathways that are linked to the inflammation and microvesication, and histopathological alterations in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin. To further establish a link between CEES-induced DNA damage and signaling pathways and inflammatory responses, skin samples from mice exposed to 2 mg or 4 mg CEES for 9-48 h were subjected to molecular analysis. Our results show a strong CEES-induced phosphorylation of H2A.X and an increase in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible NOS (iNOS), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels, indicating the involvement of DNA damage and inflammation in CEES-induced skin injury in male and female mice. Since, our recent studies showed reduction in CEES-induced inflammatory responses by glutathione (GSH), we further assessed the role of oxidative stress in CEES-related DNA damage and the induction of inflammatory molecules. Oral GSH (300 mg/kg) administration 1h before CEES exposure attenuated the increase in both CEES-induced H2A.X phosphorylation (59%) as well as expression of COX-2 (68%), iNOS (53%) and MMP-9 (54%). Collectively, our results indicate that CEES-induced skin injury involves DNA damage and an induction of inflammatory mediators, at least in part via oxidative stress. This study could help in identifying countermeasures that alone or in combination, can target the unveiled pathways for reducing skin injury in humans by SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver School of Pharmacy, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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25
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Villanueva C, Giulivi C. Subcellular and cellular locations of nitric oxide synthase isoforms as determinants of health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:307-16. [PMID: 20388537 PMCID: PMC2900489 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of nitric oxide in biological systems depend on its steady-state concentration and where it is being produced. The organ where nitric oxide is produced is relevant, and within the organ, which types of cells are actually contributing to this production seem to play a major determinant of its effect. Subcellular compartmentalization of specific nitric oxide synthase enzymes has been shown to play a major role in health and disease. Pathophysiological conditions affect the cellular expression and localization of nitric oxide synthases, which in turn alter organ cross talk. In this study, we describe the compartmentalization of nitric oxide in organs, cells, and subcellular organelles and how its localization relates to several relevant clinical conditions. Understanding the complexity of the compartmentalization of nitric oxide production and the implications of this compartmentalization in terms of cellular targets and downstream effects will eventually contribute toward the development of better strategies for treating or preventing pathological events associated with the increase, inhibition, or mislocalization of nitric oxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleva Villanueva
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F. 11320
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Corresponding author: Dr. Cecilia Giulivi, Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1120 Haring Hall, University of California, Davis, CA. 95616, Tel. 530 754 8603, Fax. 530 754 9342,
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26
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Kehe K, Balszuweit F, Steinritz D, Thiermann H. Molecular toxicology of sulfur mustard-induced cutaneous inflammation and blistering. Toxicology 2009; 263:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Influences of opioids and nanoparticles on in vitro wound healing models. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 73:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Steinritz D, Elischer A, Balszuweit F, Gonder S, Heinrich A, Bloch W, Thiermann H, Kehe K. Sulphur mustard induces time- and concentration-dependent regulation of NO-synthesizing enzymes. Toxicol Lett 2009; 188:263-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Debats IBJG, Wolfs TGAM, Gotoh T, Cleutjens JPM, Peutz-Kootstra CJ, van der Hulst RRWJ. Role of arginine in superficial wound healing in man. Nitric Oxide 2009; 21:175-83. [PMID: 19638312 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arginine supplementation has been identified as advantageous in experimental wound healing. However, the mechanisms underlying this beneficial effect in tissue repair remain unresolved. Animal studies suggest that the beneficial role of arginine supplementation is mediated, at least in part through NO. The latter component mediates processes involved in tissue repair, including angiogenesis, epithelialization and collagen formation. This prospective study is performed to investigate arginine metabolism in acute surgical wounds in man. Expression of enzymes, known to be involved in arginine metabolism, was studied in donor sites of skin grafts of 10 hospitalized patients undergoing skin transplantation. Plasma and wound fluid levels of arginine metabolites (ornithine, citrulline, nitrate and nitrite = NOx) were measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Expression of iNOS, eNOS, arginase-1 and arginase-2 was studied by immunohistochemistry in paraffin sections of skin tissue. Arginase-1 concentration was measured in plasma and wound fluid using ELISA. Arginase-2 was determined using Western blot analysis. We observed increased levels of citrulline, ornithine, NOx and arginase-1 in wound fluid when compared with plasma. Arginase-2 was expressed in both plasma and wound fluid and seemed higher in plasma. iNOS was expressed by neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts, keratinocytes and endothelial cells upon wounding, whereas eNOS reactivity was observed in endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Arginase-1 was expressed in neutrophils post-wounding, while arginase-2 staining was observed in endothelial cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages and neutrophils. For the first time, human data support previous animal studies suggesting arginine metabolism for an NO- as well as arginase-mediated reparation of injured skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B J G Debats
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Handsurgery, University Hospital Maastricht, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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30
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Welch G, Foote KM, Hansen C, Mack GW. Nonselective NOS inhibition blunts the sweat response to exercise in a warm environment. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106:796-803. [PMID: 19131481 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90809.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition in modulating human thermoregulatory control of sweating and cutaneous dilation was examined in 10 subjects (5 men and 5 women). Three intradermal microdialysis probes were placed in nonglabrous skin of the dorsum of the forearm. The control site was perfused with 0.9% saline, while the two remaining sites were perfused with a nonselective NOS inhibitor: 10 mM N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NAME) or 10 mM N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA). Local sweat rate (SR) and skin blood flow (laser-Doppler velocimetry) were monitored directly over the path of the intradermal microdialysis probe while arterial blood pressure was measured in the opposite arm noninvasively. Thermoregulatory responses were induced by cycle ergometer exercise (60% peak oxygen consumption) in a warm environment (30 degrees C). Esophageal temperature increased 1.5 +/- 0.2 degrees C during the 30 min of exercise. The cutaneous dilator response between 5 and 30 min of exercise in the heat was attenuated by both 10 mM L-NAME and 10 mM L-NMMA (P < 0.05). However, 10 mM L-NAME was more effective in blunting the rise in cutaneous vascular conductance during exercise than L-NMMA (P < 0.05). NOS inhibition also reduced the rise in local SR between 10 and 30 min of exercise (P < 0.05). In this case, 10 mM L-NMMA was more effective in limiting the increase in local SR than 10 mM L-NAME (P < 0.05). We conclude that local production of nitric oxide in the skin or around the sweat gland augments local SR and cutaneous dilation during exercise in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Welch
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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31
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Ferran M, Giménez-Arnau A, Bellosillo B, Pujol R, Santamaría-Babi L. Función efectora de linfocitos T CLA+ sobre queratinocitos autólogos en psoriasis. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(08)76174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Nose K, Shimouchi A. Case study on changes in exhalation of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide in breath and skin gas during 2-day smoking cessation and restart. J Breath Res 2008; 2:037026. [PMID: 21386186 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/2/3/037026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the breath of current smokers contains higher carbon monoxide (CO) and lower nitric oxide (NO) and that smoking cessation increases NO and decreases CO in breath. However, it remains unknown whether cigarette cessation reversibly changes breath NO/CO levels and how smoking cessation and restart could modify CO/NO-producing abilities in breath and skin gas. In the present case study, a so-called healthy smoker repeatedly performed 2-day smoking cessation and restart. To compare breath and skin exhalation, minute exhalation volumes per body surface of CO (VCO), NO (VNO) and nitrogen oxide (NO(x), VNO(x)) in breath and skin gas were calculated using gas chromatography with a semiconductor sensor, chemiluminescence method and respiro-monitor. We found a rapid decrease of breath VCO during smoking cessation and an increase of breath VCO after restart, insignificant changes in skin VCO, insignificant changes in breath and skin VNO, and significant biphasic and reversible changes in breath and skin VNO(x)/VNO(2) (= VNO(x) - VNO). Dominant NO(x) was NO in breath and NO(2) in skin gas. These results suggested that CO and NO(x) in breath and skin gas could be reversibly and acutely altered during 2-day smoking cessation and restart even in the case of a long-term cigarette smoker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Nose
- Department of Etiology and Pathogenesis, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1, Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Muangman P, Tamura RN, Muffley LA, Isik FF, Scott JR, Xie C, Kegel G, Sullivan SR, Liang Z, Gibran NS. Substance P enhances wound closure in nitric oxide synthase knockout mice. J Surg Res 2008; 153:201-9. [PMID: 18952239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neuropeptide, substance P (SP), up-regulates nitric oxide production (NO). The purpose of this study was to determine whether SP enhances response to cutaneous injury in nitric oxide synthase knockout (NOS null) mice. METHODS We studied mice with targeted deletions of the 3 NOS genes, neuronal NOS, inducible NOS, or endothelial NOS. Full thickness dorsal wounds were treated daily (d 0-6) with topical SP or normal saline (NaCl). Wounds were analyzed by flow cytometry for macrophage, leukocyte, endothelial, and dendritic cells. Healing time and wound epithelialization were compared using analysis of variance. RESULTS Wound closure in the 3 NOS null mice was slower than the control mice (P < 0.05). SP treatment enhanced wound closure in NOS null mice (P < 0.02). NOS null wounds exhibited reduced inflammation. SP increased macrophage, leukocyte, and dendritic cell densities at d 3 and d 7 (P < 0.05) in all NOS null mice. SP increased endothelial cell number in neuronal NOS and inducible NOS null mice, but not in endothelial NOS null mice (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS SP ameliorated the impaired wound healing response observed in NOS null mice by enhancing wound closure kinetics and epithelialization. SP increased inflammatory cell density in the wounds supporting the essential role of inflammatory cells, especially macrophages, in wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornprom Muangman
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
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Opländer C, Wetzel W, Cortese MM, Pallua N, Suschek CV. Evidence for a physiological role of intracellularly occurring photolabile nitrogen oxides in human skin fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1752-61. [PMID: 18328270 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a pivotal role in human skin biology. Cutaneous NO can be produced enzymatically by NO synthases (NOS) as well as enzyme independently via photodecomposition of photolabile nitrogen oxides (PNOs) such as nitrite or nitroso compounds, both found in human skin tissue in comparably high concentrations. Although the physiological role of NOS-produced NO in human skin is well defined, nothing is known about the biological relevance or the chemical origin of intracellularly occurring PNOs. We here, for the first time, give evidence that in human skin fibroblasts (FB) PNOs represent the oxidation products of NOS-produced NO and that in human skin fibroblasts intracellularly occurring PNOs effectively protect against the injurious effects of UVA radiation by a NO-dependent mechanism. In contrast, in PNO-depleted FB cultures an increased susceptibility to UVA-induced lipid peroxidation and cell death is observed, whereas supplementation of PNO-depleted FB cultures with physiological nitrite concentrations (10 microM) or with exogenously applied NO completely restores UVA-increased injuries. Thus, intracellular PNOs are biologically relevant and represent an important initial shield functioning in human skin physiology against UVA radiation. Consequently, nonphysiological low PNO concentrations might promote known UVA-related skin injuries such as premature aging and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Opländer
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burn Center, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the regulation of the neuroendocrine stress response in rodents: insights from mutant mice. Amino Acids 2008; 35:17-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Vargas MA, Cruz BP, Maciel FE, Geihs MA, Cousin JCB, Trindade GS, Baisch ALM, Allodi S, Nery LEM. Participation of nitric oxide in the color change induced by UV radiation in the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008; 21:184-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2007.00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ferran M, Giménez-Arnau A, Bellosillo B, Pujol R, Santamaría-Babi L. Effector Function of CLA+ T Lymphocytes on Autologous Keratinocytes in Psoriasis. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1578-2190(08)70346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Swindle EJ, Metcalfe DD. The role of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in mast cell-dependent inflammatory processes. Immunol Rev 2007; 217:186-205. [PMID: 17498060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen oxide species (RNOS), including nitric oxide, are produced in cells by a variety of enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. At high levels, both types of oxidants are used to kill ingested organisms within phagocytes. At low levels, RNOS may diffuse outside cells where they impact the vasculature and nervous system. Recent evidence suggests that low levels of ROS produced within cells are involved in cell signaling. Along with these physiological roles, many pathological conditions exist where detrimental high-level ROS and RNOS are produced. Many situations in which ROS/RNOS are associated also involve mast cell activation. In innate immunity, such mast cells are involved in the immune response toward pathogens. In acquired immunity, activation of mast cells by cross-linking of receptor-bound immunoglobulin E causes the release of mediators involved in the allergic inflammatory response. In this review, we describe the principle pathways for ROS and RNOS generation by cells and discuss the existence of such pathways in mast cells. In addition, we examine the evidence for a functional role for ROS and RNOS in mast cell secretory responses and discuss evidence for a direct relationship between ROS, RNOS, and mast cells in mast cell-dependent inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Swindle
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-6961, USA.
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Lee SK, Kim HS, Lee HJ, Lee J, Jeon BH, Jun CD, Lee SK, Kim EC. Dual effect of nitric oxide in immortalized and malignant human oral keratinocytes: induction of apoptosis and differentiation. J Oral Pathol Med 2006; 35:352-60. [PMID: 16762016 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2006.00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) is known to act cytostatically on several tumor cell when functioning as an effector molecule of activated macrophages, but the differential effects of NO on immortalized and malignant oral keratinocytes have not been examined. METHODS We investigated the influence of NO on the proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and differentiation of immortalized human oral keratinocytes (IHOK) and primary oral cancer cells (HN4) using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, flow cytometry, nuclear DNA staining, and Western blotting. RESULTS The MTT and SRB assays indicated inhibited growth of IHOK and HN4 cells that were treated with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) at concentrations higher than 1 mM but not at lower SNP concentrations. The higher concentrations of SNP up-regulated the apoptosis-related protein expression, which is consistent with the analyses of sub-G(1) phase arrest, annexin V-FITC (fluorescein isothiocynate) staining, nuclear staining, and DNA fragmentation. On the other hand, the lower concentrations of SNP enhanced the expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers in IHOK and HN4 cells. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that high concentrations of NO can inhibit the growth of IHOK and HN4 cells through the induction of apoptosis, while low concentrations of NO can induce cytodifferentiation. The dual effects of NO, namely, the induction of apoptosis or cytodifferentiation, have important implications for the possible anti-oral cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-K Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Shinyoungdong 344-2, Iksan City, Jeonbuk 570-749, South Korea
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Kellogg DL. In vivo mechanisms of cutaneous vasodilation and vasoconstriction in humans during thermoregulatory challenges. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 100:1709-18. [PMID: 16614368 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01071.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the neural and local mechanisms that have been demonstrated to effect cutaneous vasodilation and vasoconstriction in response to heat and cold stress in vivo in humans. First, our present understanding of the mechanisms by which sympathetic cholinergic nerves mediate cutaneous active vasodilation during reflex responses to whole body heating is discussed. These mechanisms include roles for cotransmission as well as nitric oxide (NO). Next, the mechanisms by which sympathetic noradrenergic nerves mediate cutaneous active vasoconstriction during whole body cooling are reviewed, including cotransmission by neuropeptide Y (NPY) acting through NPY Y1 receptors. Subsequently, current concepts for the mechanisms that effect local cutaneous vascular responses to direct skin warming are examined. These mechanisms include the roles of temperature-sensitive afferent neurons as well as NO in causing vasodilation during local heating of skin. This section is followed by a review of the mechanisms that cause local cutaneous vasoconstriction in response to direct cooling of the skin, including the dependence of these responses on intact sensory and sympathetic, noradrenergic innervation as well as roles for nonneural mechanisms. Finally, unresolved issues that warrant further research on mechanisms that control cutaneous vascular responses to heating and cooling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Kellogg
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital Division, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Sekar Y, Moon TC, Muñoz S, Befus AD. Role of nitric oxide in mast cells: controversies, current knowledge, and future applications. Immunol Res 2006; 33:223-39. [PMID: 16462000 DOI: 10.1385/ir:33:3:223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are important effector cells in allergic disorders. Recently, the role of MC in innate and adaptive immunity is gaining prominence. Nitric oxide is an important signaling molecule and its production in mast cell has been reported widely. However, controversy exists about whether MC produce NO. This review addresses the role of NO in MC biology and the reasons behind the controversy and discusses effects of NO in regulation of MC phenotype and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yokananth Sekar
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Ibba-Manneschi L, Niissalo S, Milia AF, Allanore Y, Del Rosso A, Pacini A, Manetti M, Toscano A, Cipriani P, Liakouli V, Giacomelli R, Kahan A, Konttinen YT, Matucci-Cerinic M. Variations of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in systemic sclerosis skin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:202-13. [PMID: 16385516 DOI: 10.1002/art.21543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In systemic sclerosis (SSc), derangement of the peripheral nervous system is linked to vascular tone dysfunction. Nitric oxide (NO) produced by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS, NOS-I) might play a dynamic role in the control of vascular tone. This study was performed to verify, by immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses, the presence and expression of nNOS and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) in SSc skin, in different subsets and various phases of the disease. METHODS Biopsy samples of clinically involved skin from 32 SSc patients (12 with limited cutaneous SSc [lcSSc] and 20 with the diffuse form [dcSSc]) and skin samples from 6 healthy controls were either immunostained with anti-PGP 9.5 and anti-nNOS antibodies or analyzed by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. RESULTS Immunohistochemical and biochemical data showed a decrease in PGP 9.5 and nNOS innervation and in their messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in lcSSc and dcSSc skin. In the edematous phase of SSc, a light alteration in cutaneous innervation was initiated and slowly progressed into the sclerotic phase, becoming most evident in the atrophic phase. Levels of nNOS mRNA were significantly lower between the edematous phase and the sclerotic phase in both dcSSc and lcSSc skin, which was attributable to the earlier occurrence of more severe pathologic alterations. CONCLUSION Total cutaneous innervation and nNOS innervation slowly disappear in the skin of SSc patients. Expression of nNOS depends on the severity of tissue damage in SSc, and increased synthesis of NO also contributes to this process. It remains to be determined whether the changes in cutaneous innervation are due to the disease itself or whether these changes contribute to the pathogenesis and evolution of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ibba-Manneschi
- Dept. of Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 85, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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Piérard GE, Xhauflaire-Uhoda E, Piérard-Franchimont C. The Key Role of Corneocytes in Pityrosporoses. Dermatology 2006; 212:23-6. [PMID: 16319469 DOI: 10.1159/000089017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pityrosporoses encompass various Malassezia-driven conditions. Dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis are members of this family of disorders. Their precise pathomechanisms have not been completely elucidated so far. This review focuses on the role of corneocytes in these disorders. Malassezia yeasts are not evenly distributed at the surface of the stratum corneum. Rather, they are clumped on some corneocytes while other corneocytes in their vicinity are almost free of these microorganisms. The corneocytes heavily coated by yeasts suggest a cell-related defect in the mechanisms controlling the skin biocene including the natural antimicrobial peptides and nitric oxide. Most environmental factors influencing pityrosporoses indeed affect the natural human defenses against certain microorganisms. We frame as a hypothesis that the primary defect in some Malassezia-driven disorders resides in the corneocytes and their precursor keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald E Piérard
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Guix FX, Uribesalgo I, Coma M, Muñoz FJ. The physiology and pathophysiology of nitric oxide in the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2005; 76:126-52. [PMID: 16115721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule with pleiotropic effects in different tissues. NO is synthesized by NO synthases (NOS), a family with four major types: endothelial, neuronal, inducible and mitochondrial. They can be found in almost all the tissues and they can even co-exist in the same tissue. NO is a well-known vasorelaxant agent, but it works as a neurotransmitter when produced by neurons and is also involved in defense functions when it is produced by immune and glial cells. NO is thermodynamically unstable and tends to react with other molecules, resulting in the oxidation, nitrosylation or nitration of proteins, with the concomitant effects on many cellular mechanisms. NO intracellular signaling involves the activation of guanylate cyclase but it also interacts with MAPKs, apoptosis-related proteins, and mitochondrial respiratory chain or anti-proliferative molecules. It also plays a role in post-translational modification of proteins and protein degradation by the proteasome. However, under pathophysiological conditions NO has damaging effects. In disorders involving oxidative stress, such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke and Parkinson's disease, NO increases cell damage through the formation of highly reactive peroxynitrite. The paradox of beneficial and damaging effects of NO will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Guix
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Molecular, Unitat de Senyalització Cellular, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer Dr. Aiguader, 80, Barcelona 08003, Spain
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Gau CH, Chou TC, Chiu HC, Shen EC, Nieh S, Chiang CY, Fu E. Effect of Cyclosporin A on the Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Gingiva of Rats. J Periodontol 2005; 76:2260-6. [PMID: 16332238 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.12.2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the pathogenesis of cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced gingival overgrowth is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of CsA on the expression of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) in the gingival tissue of rats. METHODS Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a control and two test groups. Rats in each group received CsA (0, 10, or 30 mg/kg) daily by gastric feeding for 4 weeks. The plasma NO and the NOS enzyme activities were assayed at week 4 in the blood samples and in the gingiva and lung tissue specimens, respectively. The distribution of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was further evaluated in tissues obtained from the gingiva and lung at the end of weeks 1 and 4 by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In the CsA-treated animals, increased levels of plasma nitrites/nitrates were measured in comparison to those in control rats. Significantly greater iNOS enzyme activities were detected in lung and gingival tissues obtained from CsA-treated animals than from control animals. In addition, cells positively staining for iNOS were clearly observed in both gingival and lung tissues obtained from the CsA-treated animals by immunohistochemistry, whereas a few stained cells were found in those from the control group. The quantity of cells positively stained for iNOS was greater in tissue from week 4 than week 1. CONCLUSIONS The effect of CsA on gingival iNOS expression was evaluated in rats for 4 weeks. A greater iNOS expression in the gingiva was observed after CsA therapy by both enzyme activities and immunohistochemica staining. Therefore, we suggest that CsA can increase gingival iNOS expression, which may play an important role in cyclosporin-induced gingival overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hwa Gau
- Department of Nursing, Kang-Ning Nursing College, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lee K, Mack GW. Role of nitric oxide in methacholine-induced sweating and vasodilation in human skin. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 100:1355-60. [PMID: 16239618 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00122.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) demonstrates significant muscarinic-receptor antagonism during methacholine (MCh)-stimulated sweating in human forearm skin. Three intradermal microdialysis probes were placed in the skin of eight healthy adults (4 men and 4 women). MCh in the range of 0.033-243 mM in nine steps was perfused through a microdialysis probe with and without the presence of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME (10 mM) or the L-arginine analog NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; 10 mM). Local sweat rate (sweat rate) and skin blood flow (laser-Doppler velocimetry) were measured directly over each microdialysis probe. We observed similar resting sweat rates at MCh only, MCh and L-NAME, and MCh and L-NMMA sites averaging 0.175 +/- 0.029, 0.186 +/- 0.034, and 0.139 +/- 0.027 mg x min(-1) x cm(-2), respectively. Peak sweat rate (0.46 +/- 0.11, 0.56 +/- 0.16, and 0.53 +/- 0.16. mg x min(-1) x cm(-2)) was also similar among all three sites. MCh produced a sigmoid-shape dose-response curve and 50% of the maximal attainable response (0.42 +/- 0.14 mM for MCh only) was shifted rightward shift in the presence of L-NAME or L-NMMA (2.88 +/- 0.79 and 3.91 +/- 1.14 mM, respectively; P < 0.05). These results indicate that nitric oxide acts to augment MCh-stimulated sweat gland function in human skin. In addition, L-NAME consistently blunted the MCh-induced vasodilation, whereas L-NMMA did not. These data support the hypothesis that muscarinic-induced dilation in cutaneous blood vessels is not mediated by nitric oxide production and that the role of L-NAME in attenuating acetylcholine-induced vasodilation may be due to its potential to act as a muscarinic-receptor antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichang Lee
- John B. Pierce Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Brunelli E, Perrotta I, Talarico E, Tripepi S. Localization of two nitric oxide synthase isoforms, eNOS and iNOS, in the skin of Triturus italicus (Amphibia, Urodela) during development. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 142:249-55. [PMID: 16139538 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2005] [Revised: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the skin of Triturus italicus (Amphibia, Urodela) histologically during the larval, pre-metamorphic and adult phases in parallel with the immunohistochemical evaluation of the expression of two nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, i.e. the inducible NOS (iNOS) and the endothelial NOS (eNOS). Our results indicate that, during the larval and adult phases, substantial changes in the intensity and localization of both iNOS and eNOS are present. In contrast, the pre-metamorphic newts show a labelling pattern similar to that found in the skin of adult individuals. These data suggest an involvement of the NOS system in the larval epidermis during functional maturation phase starting at the climax and preceding structural rearrangements during metamorphosis, emphasizing the putative functional importance of differential isoform expression related to a distinct phase of the biological cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Ecology, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
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Chunglok W, Ittarat W, Tomakidi P, Schmidt R, Stremmel W, Chamulitrat W. Human gingival mucosal keratinocytes exhibiting anchorage-independent growth express increased inducible nitric oxide synthase: regulation by MAP kinases. Nitric Oxide 2005; 11:237-46. [PMID: 15566970 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Revised: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been implicated in cancer formation because of its vast presence cancer tissues. Studies to support such a role during transformation of human cells are very limited. We have developed a cell culture system, which renders a more transformed epithelial phenotype. The model cells generated from immortalized human gingival mucosal (GM) keratinocytes are consisted of less transformed epithelial-like (EPI) cells and more transformed fibroblast-like (FIB) cells. The latter exhibit anchorage independent growth (AIG). Our data showed that iNOS at mRNA and protein levels was up-regulated in more transformed FIB cells in comparison with less transformed EPI cells. FIB cells at low passages (p<22) were unstable being able to morphologically and functionally revert back to EPI phenotype, while no reversion was observed in FIB cells at high passages (p>43). The morphological reversion of FIB cells was associated with the reversal of vimentin expression as well as AIG. More importantly, these revertants showed reduced levels of iNOS mRNA as well as MAP kinase ERK and phospho-ERK protein expression, while FIB cells without reversion maintained the expression. Furthermore, the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 could reduce detectable iNOS mRNA levels suggesting that MAP kinases were upstream regulators of iNOS transcription. U0126 caused both morphological and functional reversion of FIB cells indicating involvement of MAP kinases in these functions. Taken together, we provide evidence for an up-regulation of iNOS in cultured human keratinocytes which exhibit AIG. This up-regulation may reflect progressive transformation which still requires further changes to reach tumorigenic conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warangkana Chunglok
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Gallala H, Macheleidt O, Doering T, Schreiner V, Sandhoff K. Nitric oxide regulates synthesis of gene products involved in keratinocyte differentiation and ceramide metabolism. Eur J Cell Biol 2005; 83:667-79. [PMID: 15679111 DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During terminal differentiation of keratinocytes the expression of various proteins, which are required for the formation of the epidermal water barrier in the skin of land dwelling animals, is upregulated. Using a cell culture model for the differentiation of human keratinocytes and real-time PCR, we quantified the mRNA levels of several proteins involved in differentiation and ceramide metabolism. A calcium shift (1.1 mM CaCl2, 10 microM linoleic acid) for 8 days triggered an increase in mRNA levels of keratin 10 (75-fold), profilaggrin (55-fold), glucosylceramide synthase (40-fold), beta-glucocerebrosidase (30-fold), prosaposin (15-fold), acid sphingomyelinase (5-fold), and serine palmitoyltransferase (SPTLC2, 4-fold). However, mRNA levels of keratin 14 and acid ceramidase did not change significantly. On the other hand nitric oxide added at concentrations lower than 0.25mM stimulates proliferation of keratinocytes (Krischel et al., J. Invest. Dermatol. 111, 286-291, 1998). Accordingly, the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP, 0.2 mM) had no effect on the morphology of cultured keratinocytes, whereas in cultured human fibroblasts apoptosis was induced. The expression patterns obtained suggest that keratinocytes remain in a basal proliferative state, with a 3-fold increase in keratin 14 expression, a marked decrease in mRNA levels of differentiation markers and of most ceramide-metabolizing enzymes to negligible levels. The inhibitor of the NO synthase, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mM), induced a transient increase in ceramide formation, followed by apoptosis in keratinocytes but not in fibroblasts. Both, SNAP and L-NAME, decreased the mRNA levels of all proteins involved in ceramide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Gallala
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
Nitric oxide is a diffusible gaseous mediator generated from l-arginine by inducible and constitutive nitric oxide synthases. It has been associated with cytotoxic effects. Inflammatory cells and Langerhans cells can express the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase and produce large quantities of nitric oxide. The proximity of these cells to melanocytes could result in melanocyte cell death. We studied melanocyte susceptibility to nitric oxide using the nitric oxide donor compound sodium nitroprusside and nitric oxide released by the Langerhans like cell-line XS-52 following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Melanocyte lysis, quantified by chromium release in the presence of sodium nitroprusside was both time and concentration dependent. Co-culture of LPS-stimulated XS cells with melanocytes also resulted in melanocyte cell death. No cell death was observed when melanocytes alone were exposed to LPS. Melanocytes were killed even when the co-cultures were performed across Transwells in which there was no direct contact between XS cells and melanocytes. XS-induced melanocyte death was thus dependent on a diffusible factor consistent with nitric oxide. Cell death was markedly decreased in co-cultures performed in the presence of hemoglobin, a nitric oxide quencher. The possible role that nitric oxide may play in disorders associated with loss of pigmentation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurel O Iuga
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
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