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Frasca L, Mennella A, Palazzo R. New, Old, and Shared Antibody Specificities in Autoimmune Diseases. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:23. [PMID: 38534212 DOI: 10.3390/antib13010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies represent a primary characteristic of many systemic autoimmune diseases [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Frasca
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Mennella
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Palazzo
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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2
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Vojdani A, Koksoy S, Vojdani E, Engelman M, Benzvi C, Lerner A. Natural Killer Cells and Cytotoxic T Cells: Complementary Partners against Microorganisms and Cancer. Microorganisms 2024; 12:230. [PMID: 38276215 PMCID: PMC10818828 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T (CD8+) cells are two of the most important types of immune cells in our body, protecting it from deadly invaders. While the NK cell is part of the innate immune system, the CD8+ cell is one of the major components of adaptive immunity. Still, these two very different types of cells share the most important function of destroying pathogen-infected and tumorous cells by releasing cytotoxic granules that promote proteolytic cleavage of harmful cells, leading to apoptosis. In this review, we look not only at NK and CD8+ T cells but also pay particular attention to their different subpopulations, the immune defenders that include the CD56+CD16dim, CD56dimCD16+, CD57+, and CD57+CD16+ NK cells, the NKT, CD57+CD8+, and KIR+CD8+ T cells, and ILCs. We examine all these cells in relation to their role in the protection of the body against different microorganisms and cancer, with an emphasis on their mechanisms and their clinical importance. Overall, close collaboration between NK cells and CD8+ T cells may play an important role in immune function and disease pathogenesis. The knowledge of how these immune cells interact in defending the body against pathogens and cancers may help us find ways to optimize their defensive and healing capabilities with methods that can be clinically applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Laboratory, Inc., Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA
| | - Sadi Koksoy
- Cyrex Laboratories, LLC, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA; (S.K.); (M.E.)
| | | | - Mark Engelman
- Cyrex Laboratories, LLC, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA; (S.K.); (M.E.)
| | - Carina Benzvi
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel; (C.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Aaron Lerner
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel; (C.B.); (A.L.)
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3
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Sonkodi B, Marsovszky L, Csorba A, Balog A, Kopper B, Nagy ZZ, Resch MD. Neural Regeneration in Dry Eye Secondary to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Is Also Disrupted like in Rheumatoid Arthritis, but in a Progressive Fashion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10680. [PMID: 37445856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective in this study was to analyze the aberrant neural regeneration activity in the cornea by means of in vivo confocal microscopy in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with concurrent dry eye disease. We examined 29 systemic lupus erythematosus patients and 29 age-matched healthy control subjects. Corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD, the number of fibers/mm2) and peripheral Langerhans cell morphology were lower (p < 0.05) in systemic lupus erythematosus patients compared to the control group. Interestingly, corneal nerve branch density, corneal nerve fiber length, corneal nerve fiber total branch density, and corneal nerve fiber area showed a negative correlation with disease duration. A negative correlation was also demonstrated between average corneal nerve fiber density and central Langerhans cell density. This is in line with our hypothesis that corneal somatosensory terminal Piezo2 channelopathy-induced impaired Piezo2-Piezo1 crosstalk not only disrupts regeneration and keeps transcription activated, but could lead to Piezo1 downregulation and cell activation on Langerhans cells when we consider a chronic path. Hence, Piezo2 containing mechanosensory corneal nerves and dendritic Langerhans cells could also be regarded as central players in shaping the ocular surface neuroimmune homeostasis through the Piezo system. Moreover, lost autoimmune neuroinflammation compensation, lost phagocytic self-eating capacity, and lost transcription regulation, not to mention autoantibodies against vascular heparin sulfate proteoglycans and phospholipids, could all contribute to the progressive fashion of dry eye disease in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Sonkodi
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, Hungarian University of Sports Science, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Marsovszky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Csorba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Balog
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bence Kopper
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Hungarian University of Sports Science, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Zsolt Nagy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós D Resch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
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4
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Yu J, Zhao Q, Wang X, Zhou H, Hu J, Gu L, Hu Y, Zeng F, Zhao F, Yue C, Zhou P, Li G, Li Y, Wu W, Zhou Y, Li J. Pathogenesis, multi-omics research, and clinical treatment of psoriasis. J Autoimmun 2022; 133:102916. [PMID: 36209691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease involving interactions between keratinocytes and immune cells that significantly affects the quality of life. It is characterized by hyperproliferation and abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes and excessive infiltration of immune cells in the dermis and epidermis. The immune mechanism underlying this disease has been elucidated in the past few years. Research shows that psoriasis is regulated by the complex interactions among immune cells, such as keratinocytes, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells, mast cells, and other immune cells. An increasing number of signaling pathways have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, which has prompted the search for new treatment targets. In the past decades, studies on the pathogenesis of psoriasis have focused on the development of targeted and highly effective therapies. In this review, we have discussed the relationship between various types of immune cells and psoriasis and summarized the major signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK-STAT, JNK, and WNT pathways. In addition, we have discussed the results of the latest omics research on psoriasis and the epigenetics of the disease, which provide insights regarding its pathogenesis and therapeutic prospects; we have also summarized its treatment strategies and observations of clinical trials. In this paper, the various aspects of psoriasis are described in detail, and the limitations of the current treatment methods are emphasized. It is necessary to improve and innovate treatment methods from the molecular level of pathogenesis, and further provide new ideas for the treatment and research of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 1 Keyuan 4th Road, Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Qixiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 1 Keyuan 4th Road, Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 1 Keyuan 4th Road, Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 1 Keyuan 4th Road, Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 1 Keyuan 4th Road, Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Linna Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 1 Keyuan 4th Road, Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yawen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 1 Keyuan 4th Road, Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Fanlian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 1 Keyuan 4th Road, Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Fulei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 1 Keyuan 4th Road, Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Chengcheng Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 1 Keyuan 4th Road, Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 1 Keyuan 4th Road, Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Guolin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 1 Keyuan 4th Road, Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 1 Keyuan 4th Road, Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Wenling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 1 Keyuan 4th Road, Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 1 Keyuan 4th Road, Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 1 Keyuan 4th Road, Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Zheng S, Yang W, Yao D, Tang S, Hou J, Chang X. A comparative study on roles of natural killer T cells in two diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related fibrosis in mice. Ann Med 2022; 54:2233-2245. [PMID: 35950602 PMCID: PMC9377241 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2108894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune responses are important in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Natural killer T (NKT) cells are main components of the innate immune system that modulate immunity. However, the role of NKT cells in NAFLD remains controversial. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the role of NKT cells in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related fibrosis in fast food diet (FFD)- and methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced mouse models. METHODS Hepatic NKT cells were analysed in wild-type (WT) and CD1d-/- mice fed FFD or MCD diets. Hepatic pathology, cytokine profiles and liver fibrosis were evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of chronic administration of α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) on liver fibrosis was investigated in both FFD- and MCD-treated mice. RESULTS FFD induced a significant depletion of hepatic NKT cells, thus leading to mild to moderate NASH and early-stage fibrosis, while mice fed MCD diets developed severe liver inflammation and progressive fibrosis without a significant change in hepatic NKT cell abundance. FFD induced a similar liver fibrogenic response in CD1d-/- and WT mice, while MCD induced a higher hepatic mRNA expression of Col1α1 and TIMP1 as well as relative fibrosis density in CD1d-/- mice than WT mice (31.8 vs. 16.3, p = .039; 40.0 vs. 22.6, p = .019; 2.24 vs. 1.59, p = .036). Chronic administration of α-GalCer induced a higher hepatic mRNA expression of TIMP1 in MCD-treated mice than controls (36.7 vs. 14.9, p = .005). CONCLUSION NKT cells have protective roles in NAFLD as the disease progresses. During diet-induced steatosis, mild to moderate NASH and the early stage of fibrosis, hepatic NKT cells are relatively depleted, leading to a proinflammatory status. In severe NASH and the advanced stage of liver fibrosis, NKT cells play a role in inhibiting the NASH-related fibrogenic response. Chronic administration of α-GalCer induces NKT cell anergy and tolerance, which may play a role in promoting the liver fibrogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenzhuo Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shanhong Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Juanni Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
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Matwiejuk M, Mysliwiec H, Chabowski A, Flisiak I. The Role of Sphingolipids in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis. Metabolites 2022; 12:1171. [PMID: 36557209 PMCID: PMC9785224 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a complex, chronic, immunologically mediated disease which involves skin and joints. Psoriasis is commonly connected with numerous other diseases such as liver diseases, metabolic syndrome, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease. Interestingly, comorbidities of psoriasis are an attention-grabbing issue. Additionally, it can cause impairment of quality of life and may be associated with depressive disorders. Altered levels of ceramides in psoriatic skin may lead to anti-apoptotic and pro-proliferative states, consequently leading to an over-proliferation of keratinocytes and the development of skin lesions. The pathophysiology of psoriasis and its comorbidities is not fully understood yet. Sphingolipids (including ceramides) and their disturbed metabolism may be the link between psoriasis and its comorbidities. Overall, the goal of this review was to discuss the role of sphingolipid disturbances in psoriasis and its comorbidities. We searched the PubMed database for relevant articles published before the beginning of May 2022. The systematic review included 65 eligible original articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Matwiejuk
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Hanna Mysliwiec
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Iwona Flisiak
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland
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7
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Czaja AJ. Incorporating mucosal-associated invariant T cells into the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3705-3733. [PMID: 34321839 PMCID: PMC8291028 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i25.3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been described in liver and non-liver diseases, and they have been ascribed antimicrobial, immune regulatory, protective, and pathogenic roles. The goals of this review are to describe their biological properties, indicate their involvement in chronic liver disease, and encourage investigations that clarify their actions and therapeutic implications. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms, and bibliographies were developed. MAIT cells are activated by restricted non-peptides of limited diversity and by multiple inflammatory cytokines. Diverse pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulatory cytokines are released; infected cells are eliminated; and memory cells emerge. Circulating MAIT cells are hyper-activated, immune exhausted, dysfunctional, and depleted in chronic liver disease. This phenotype lacks disease-specificity, and it does not predict the biological effects. MAIT cells have presumed protective actions in chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and decompensated cirrhosis. They have pathogenic and pro-fibrotic actions in autoimmune hepatitis and mixed actions in primary biliary cholangitis. Local factors in the hepatic microenvironment (cytokines, bile acids, gut-derived bacterial antigens, and metabolic by-products) may modulate their response in individual diseases. Investigational manipulations of function are warranted to establish an association with disease severity and outcome. In conclusion, MAIT cells constitute a disease-nonspecific, immune response to chronic liver inflammation and infection. Their pathological role has been deduced from their deficiencies during active liver disease, and future investigations must clarify this role, link it to outcome, and explore therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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8
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Tizaoui K, Terrazzino S, Cargnin S, Lee KH, Gauckler P, Li H, Shin JI, Kronbichler A. The role of PTPN22 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2021; 51:513-522. [PMID: 33866147 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmune diseases is increasing worldwide, thus stimulating studies on their etiopathogenesis, derived from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Genetic association studies have shown the PTPN22 gene as a shared genetic risk factor with implications in multiple autoimmune disorders. By encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed by the majority of cells belonging to the innate and adaptive immune systems, the PTPN22 gene may have a fundamental role in the development of immune dysfunction. PTPN22 polymorphisms are associated with rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and many other autoimmune conditions. In this review, we discuss the progress in our understanding of how PTPN22 impacts autoimmunity in both humans and animal models. In addition, we highlight the pathogenic significance of the PTPN22 gene, with particular emphasis on its role in T and B cells, and its function in innate immune cells, such as monocytes, dendritic and natural killer cells. We focus particularly on the complexity of PTPN22 interplay with biological processes of the immune system. Findings highlight the importance of studying the function of disease-associated PTPN22 variants in different cell types and open new avenues of investigation with the potential to drive further insights into mechanisms of PTPN22. These new insights will reveal important clues to the molecular mechanisms of prevalent autoimmune diseases and propose new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalthoum Tizaoui
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Histology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Salvatore Terrazzino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (CRIFF), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Sarah Cargnin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (CRIFF), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Keum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Philipp Gauckler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Han Li
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Patel J, Borucki R, Werth VP. An Update on the Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus and Its Role in Clinical Practice. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2020; 22:69. [PMID: 32845411 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-020-00946-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Understanding the pathogenesis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is an important step in developing new medications and providing effective treatment to patients. This review focuses on novel research within CLE pathogenesis, as well as some of the medications being developed based on this knowledge. RECENT FINDINGS The subtle differences between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and CLE pathogenesis are highlighted by differences in the circulating immune cells found in each disease, as well as the specific pathways activated by ultraviolet light. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and the related type I interferon pathway are major components of CLE pathogenesis, and as such, therapies targeting components of this pathway have been successful in recent clinical trials. B cell-depleting therapies have shown success in SLE; however, their role in CLE is less clear. Understanding the differences between these manifestations of lupus allows for the development of therapies that are more effective in skin-specific disease. Discovering key pathways in CLE pathogenesis is critical for understanding the clinical features of the disease and ultimately developing new and effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Patel
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Borucki
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victoria P Werth
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Suite 1-330A, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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10
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Brown EM, Kenny DJ, Xavier RJ. Gut Microbiota Regulation of T Cells During Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2020; 37:599-624. [PMID: 31026411 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in influencing the development of host immunity, and in turn the immune system also acts to regulate the microbiota through intestinal barrier maintenance and immune exclusion. Normally, these interactions are homeostatic, tightly controlled, and organized by both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, a combination of environmental exposures and genetic defects can result in a break in tolerance and intestinal homeostasis. The outcomes of these interactions at the mucosal interface have broad, systemic effects on host immunity and the development of chronic inflammatory or autoimmune disease. The underlying mechanisms and pathways the microbiota can utilize to regulate these diseases are just starting to emerge. Here, we discuss the recent evidence in this area describing the impact of microbiota-immune interactions during inflammation and autoimmunity, with a focus on barrier function and CD4+ T cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Brown
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; , .,Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Douglas J Kenny
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; , .,Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; , .,Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA;
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11
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Abstract
Psoriasis is chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory disease with a multifactorial etiology that affects the skin tissue and causes the appearance of dry and scaly lesions of anywhere on the body. The study of the pathophysiology of psoriasis reveals a network of immune cells that, together with their cytokines, initiates a chronic inflammatory response. Previously attributed to T helper (Th)1 cytokines, currently the Th17 cytokine family is the major effector in the pathogenesis of psoriatic disease and strongly influences the inflammatory pattern established during the disease activity. In addition, the vast network of cells that orchestrates the pathophysiology makes psoriasis complex to study. Along with this, variations in genes that code the cytokines make psoriasis more clinically heterogeneous and present a challenge for the development of drugs that can be used in the treatment of the patients with this disease. Therefore, it is important to clarify the mechanisms by which the cytokines are involved in the pathophysiology of psoriasis and how this knowledge is translated to the medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche
- Research Laboratory in Applied Immunology, State University of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, State University of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andréa Name Colado Simão
- Research Laboratory in Applied Immunology, State University of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, State University of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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12
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Combined proinflammatory cytokine and cognate activation of invariant natural killer T cells enhances anti-DNA antibody responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9054-9063. [PMID: 32295878 PMCID: PMC7183147 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920463117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
iNKT cells can both provide help and inhibit B cell responses. Our data show that when iNKT cells are activated with the glycolipid agonist αGalCer together with the inflammatory cytokine IL-18, they switch from regulating autoreactive B cells to promoting their expansion. As a consequence, autoreactive B cell responses remain unchecked by iNKT cells. The glycolipid αGalCer has been shown to have promising effects when administered as an adjuvant to achieve a better response to vaccines, as an antitumor agent, as well as in the regulation of autoimmunity. Our results highlight a facet of αGalCer-mediated iNKT cell activation in the context of inflammation and have broad implications for understanding the regulation of autoimmunity and use of αGalCer in therapy. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells serve as early rapid responders in the innate immune response to self-derived autoantigens and pathogen-derived danger signals and antigens. iNKT cells can serve both as helpers for effector B cells and negatively regulate autoreactive B cells. Specifically, iNKT cells drive B cell proliferation, class switch, and antibody production to induce primary antigen-specific immune responses. On the other hand, inflammasome-mediated activation drives accumulation of neutrophils, which license iNKT cells to negatively regulate autoreactive B cells via Fas ligand (FasL). This positions iNKT cells at an apex to support or inhibit B cell responses in inflammation. However, it is unknown which effector mechanism dominates in the face of cognate glycolipid activation during chronic inflammation, as might result from glycolipid vaccination or infection during chronic autoimmune disease. We stimulated iNKT cells by cognate glycolipid antigen α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) and measured B cell activation during interleukin 18 (IL-18)-induced chronic inflammation. Moreover, glycolipid-activated iNKT cells increased the serum concentration of autoantibodies, frequency of germinal center (GC) B cells, and antigen-specific plasma cells induced during chronic IL-18–mediated inflammation, as compared with IL-18 alone. Further, activation of iNKT cells via cognate glycolipid during IL-18–mediated inflammation overrides the licensing function of neutrophils, instead inducing iNKT follicular helper (iNKTfh) cells that in turn promote autoimmunity. Thus, our data demonstrate that glycolipids which engage iNKT cells support antigen-specific B cell help during inflammasome-mediated inflammation.
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Pecher AC, Kettemann F, Asteriti E, Schmid H, Duerr-Stoerzer S, Keppeler H, Henes JC, Klein R, Hinterleitner C, Secker KA, Schneidawind C, Kanz L, Schneidawind D. Invariant natural killer T cells are functionally impaired in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:212. [PMID: 31615552 PMCID: PMC6792213 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-1991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a potentially fatal autoimmune disease that leads to extensive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are potent immunoregulatory T lymphocytes being able to orchestrate dysregulated immune responses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate numbers and function of iNKT cells in patients with SSc and to analyze their correlation with disease parameters. Methods Human iNKT cells from 88 patients with SSc and 33 healthy controls were analyzed by flow cytometry. Their proliferative capacity and cytokine production were investigated following activation with CD1d ligand α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). Results We observed an absolute and relative decrease of iNKT cells in patients with SSc compared with healthy controls. Interestingly, the subtype of SSc, disease severity, or treatment with immunosuppressive drugs did not affect iNKT cell numbers. However, T helper (Th) cell immune polarization was biased towards a Th17 immunophenotype in SSc patients. Moreover, iNKT cells from patients with SSc showed a significantly decreased expansion capacity upon stimulation with α-GalCer. Conclusion iNKT cells are deficient and functionally impaired in patients with SSc. Therefore, adoptive transfer strategies using culture-expanded iNKT cells could be a novel approach to treat SSc patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Pecher
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Clinical Immunology, Rheumatology and Autoinflammatory Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Felix Kettemann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Elisa Asteriti
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hannes Schmid
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Silke Duerr-Stoerzer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hildegard Keppeler
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Joerg Christoph Henes
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Clinical Immunology, Rheumatology and Autoinflammatory Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Reinhild Klein
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Clemens Hinterleitner
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kathy-Ann Secker
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Corina Schneidawind
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Lothar Kanz
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schneidawind
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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Barathan M, Mohamed R, Yong YK, Kannan M, Vadivelu J, Saeidi A, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Viral Persistence and Chronicity in Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Role of T-Cell Apoptosis, Senescence and Exhaustion. Cells 2018; 7:cells7100165. [PMID: 30322028 PMCID: PMC6210370 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents a challenging global health threat to ~200 million infected individuals. Clinical data suggest that only ~10–15% of acutely HCV-infected individuals will achieve spontaneous viral clearance despite exuberant virus-specific immune responses, which is largely attributed to difficulties in recognizing the pathognomonic symptoms during the initial stages of exposure to the virus. Given the paucity of a suitable small animal model, it is also equally challenging to study the early phases of viral establishment. Further, the host factors contributing to HCV chronicity in a vast majority of acutely HCV-infected individuals largely remain unexplored. The last few years have witnessed a surge in studies showing that HCV adopts myriad mechanisms to disconcert virus-specific immune responses in the host to establish persistence, which includes, but is not limited to viral escape mutations, viral growth at privileged sites, and antagonism. Here we discuss a few hitherto poorly explained mechanisms employed by HCV that are believed to lead to chronicity in infected individuals. A better understanding of these mechanisms would aid the design of improved therapeutic targets against viral establishment in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muttiah Barathan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, LembahPantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rosmawati Mohamed
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 LembahPantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Yean K Yong
- Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Malaysia.
| | - Meganathan Kannan
- Division of Blood and Vascular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur 610005, India.
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, LembahPantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Alireza Saeidi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, LembahPantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, 58 183 Linkoping, Sweden.
| | - Esaki Muthu Shankar
- Division of Infection Biology and Medical Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur 610005, India.
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Dai H, Zhou Y, Tong C, Guo Y, Shi F, Wang Y, Shen P. Restoration of CD3 +CD56 + cell level improves skin lesions in severe psoriasis: A pilot clinical study of adoptive immunotherapy for patients with psoriasis using autologous cytokine-induced killer cells. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:1155-1163. [PMID: 30100374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder mediated by the cells and molecules of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Autologous cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell infusion is considered an effective and safe cancer treatment and is licensed for this use in China. Accumulated evidence indicating that CD3+CD56+ cells are significantly decreased in psoriatic patients prompted us to investigate if the restoration of CD3+CD56+ cells may be beneficial for psoriatic patients. We designed a clinical trial for psoriasis treatment that involved CIK cell infusion because CIK cells include a large amount of CD3+CD56+ T cells (NCT01894373 at www.clinicaltrials.gov). Six patients with severe psoriasis were initially enrolled, and four of them exhibited markedly lower levels of CD3+CD56+ cells in their peripheral blood (PB) relative to healthy donors. CIK cell infusion-associated toxicity was not observed in any infusion. The percentage of CD3+CD56+ cells in the PB markedly increased and the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) synchronously decreased in four patients with lower CD3+CD56+ cell contents, and two of them obtained a more than 4-month PASI75 after completing a four-cycle treatment. However, a decrease in the CD3+CD56+ cells was observed concomitantly with disease recurrence after short-term amelioration. In contrast, no obvious improvement was observed in the two patients with nearly normal CD3+CD56+ cells in the PB before treatment. These observations suggest that the normalization of the CD3+CD56+ cell level may improve the skin lesions of severe psoriasis and warrant further clinical trials for severe psoriasis using repeated CIK adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanren Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of dermatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Tong
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yelei Guo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fengxia Shi
- Biotherapeutic Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Pingping Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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Van Kaer L, Wu L. Therapeutic Potential of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:519. [PMID: 29593743 PMCID: PMC5859017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerance against self-antigens is regulated by a variety of cell types with immunoregulatory properties, such as CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. In many experimental models of autoimmunity, iNKT cells promote self-tolerance and protect against autoimmunity. These findings are supported by studies with patients suffering from autoimmune diseases. Based on these studies, the therapeutic potential of iNKT cells in autoimmunity has been explored. Many of these studies have been performed with the potent iNKT cell agonist KRN7000 or its structural variants. These findings have generated promising results in several autoimmune diseases, although mechanisms by which iNKT cells modulate autoimmunity remain incompletely understood. Here, we will review these preclinical studies and discuss the prospects for translating their findings to patients suffering from autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) affects millions of people worldwide and is the prevalent form of all pediatric diabetes diagnoses. T1D is recognized to have an autoimmune etiology, since failure in specific self-tolerance mechanisms triggers immune reactions towards self-antigens and causes disease onset. Among all the different immunocytes involved in T1D etiopathogenesis, a relevant role of natural killer cells (NKs) is currently emerging. NKs represent the interface between innate and adaptive immunity; they intervene in the defense against infections and present, at the same time, typical features of the adaptive immune cells, such as expansion and generation of memory cells. Several recent studies, performed both in animal models and in human diabetic patients, revealed aberrations in NK cell frequency and functionality in the peripheral blood and in damaged tissues, suggesting their possible redirection towards affected tissues. NKs oscillate from a quiescent to an activated state through a delicate balance of activating and inhibitory signals transduced via surface receptors. Further accurate investigations are needed to elucidate the exact role of NKs in T1D, in order to develop novel immune-based therapies able to reduce the disease risk or delay its onset.
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Karaoglan M, Eksi F. The Coincidence of Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus with IgM Antibody Positivity to Enteroviruses and Respiratory Tract Viruses. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:8475341. [PMID: 30186878 PMCID: PMC6116462 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8475341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Viruses trigger and promote islet cell destruction and cause type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship is under debate. The aim of this study is to investigate the sero-epidemiological and molecular evidence on enteroviruses and respiratory viruses in patients with newly diagnosed T1DM during the cold season. DESIGN Forty children newly diagnosed with T1DM and 30 healthy children who presented to the clinic over the course of a year were included in the study. The IgM antibodies against enteroviruses and respiratory viruses were studied using the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) test, and no CBV4-specific RNA was detected in the children. The onset times of T1DM were classified into fall-winter and spring-summer seasons and separated into cold, moderate, or warm months in terms of temperature. RESULTS The percentages of viral IgM antibodies against most common viruses were detected in the patients as follows: influenza B (IVB) (70%), echovirus 7 (ECHO7) (45%), parainfluenza virus 4 (PIV4) (40%), coxsackievirus A7 (CAV7) (27.5%), and H3N2 (22.5%). Compared with the control group, the above viruses had a significant association with T1DM (p ≤ 0.001, p ≤ 0.001, p = 0.035, p = 0.003, and p = 0.023, resp.). CBV4-specific RNA was not detected in any serum. A total of 75% and 95% patients were diagnosed with T1DM in the fall-winter seasons and cold-moderate months, respectively. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates the significant association between T1DM and the presence of IgM antibodies against IVB, ECHO7, PIV4, CAV7, and H3N2, and the majority of newly diagnosed T1DM appeared in the fall-winter season. It suggests that enteroviruses and respiratory viruses, in addition to seasonal variation, could play a role in the etiopathogenesis and clinical onset of T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Karaoglan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Fahriye Eksi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey
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19
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The influence and impact of ageing and immunosenescence (ISC) on adaptive immunity during multiple sclerosis (MS) and the animal counterpart experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Ageing Res Rev 2018; 41:64-81. [PMID: 29101043 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human ageing process encompasses mechanisms that effect a decline in homeostasis with increased susceptibility to disease and the development of chronic life-threatening illness. Increasing age affects the immune system which undergoes a progressive loss of efficiency, termed immunosenescence (ISC), to impact on quantitative and functional aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. The human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS) and the corresponding animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are strongly governed by immunological events that primarily involve the adaptive arm of the immune response. MS and EAE are frequently characterised by a chronic pathology and a protracted disease course which thereby creates the potential for exposure to the inherent, on-going effects and consequences of ISC. Collective evidence is presented to confirm the occurrence of established and unendorsed biological markers of ISC during the development of both diseases. Moreover, results are discussed from studies during the course of MS and EAE that reveal a premature upregulation of ISC-related biomarkers which indicates untimely alterations to the adaptive immune system. The effects of ISC and a prematurely aged immune system on autoimmune-associated neurodegenerative conditions such as MS and EAE are largely unknown but current evaluation of data justifies and encourages further investigation.
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20
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Szabó M, Sárosi V, Balikó Z, Bodó K, Farkas N, Berki T, Engelmann P. Deficiency of innate-like T lymphocytes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2017; 18:197. [PMID: 29179729 PMCID: PMC5704534 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Based on the phenotypic and functional characteristics unconventional T-lymphocytes such as invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells link the innate and adaptive immune responses. Up to now data are scarce about their involvement in pulmonary disorders including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study explores simultaneously the frequencies of iNKT and MAIT cells in the peripheral blood and sputum of stable and exacerbating COPD patients. Methods By means of multicolor flow cytometry frequencies of total iNKT and MAIT cells and their subsets were enumerated in peripheral blood and sputum samples of healthy controls, and COPD patients. In addition, gene expression of TCR for iNKT, MAIT cells, and CD1d, MR1 were assessed by qPCR in the study cohorts. Results Percentages of total iNKT and MAIT cells were dramatically dropped in blood, and reduced numbers of iNKT cells were observed in the sputum of COPD patients. Furthermore decreased DN and increased CD4+ iNKT subsets, while increased DN and decreased CD8+ MAIT subpopulations were measured in the blood of COPD patients. Reduced invariant TCR mRNA levels in COPD patients had confirmed these previous findings. The mRNA expression of CD1d and MR1 were increased in stable and exacerbating COPD patients; however both molecules were decreased upon antibiotic and systemic steroid treatments. Conclusions Our results support the notion that both invariant T-cell populations are affected in COPD. Further detailed analysis of invariant T cells could shed more light into the complex interactions of these lymphocyte groups in COPD pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-017-0671-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Szabó
- Division of Pulmonology, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Rákóczi u. 2, Pécs, H-7623, Hungary.
| | - Veronika Sárosi
- Division of Pulmonology, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Rákóczi u. 2, Pécs, H-7623, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Balikó
- Division of Pulmonology, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Rákóczi u. 2, Pécs, H-7623, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Bodó
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, H-7643, Hungary
| | - Nelli Farkas
- Department of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, H-7643, Hungary
| | - Tímea Berki
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, H-7643, Hungary
| | - Péter Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, H-7643, Hungary.
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Lameris R, de Bruin RCG, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, Verheul HM, Zweegman S, de Gruijl TD, van der Vliet HJ. Generation and characterization of CD1d-specific single-domain antibodies with distinct functional features. Immunology 2017; 149:111-21. [PMID: 27312006 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligation of the CD1d antigen-presenting molecule by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can trigger important biological functions. For therapeutic purposes camelid-derived variable domain of heavy-chain-only antibodies (VHH) have multiple advantages over mAbs because they are small, stable and have low immunogenicity. Here, we generated 21 human CD1d-specific VHH by immunizing Lama glama and subsequent phage display. Two clones induced maturation of dendritic cells, one clone induced early apoptosis in CD1d-expressing B lymphoblasts and multiple myeloma cells, and another clone blocked recognition of glycolipid-loaded CD1d by CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. In contrast to reported CD1d-specific mAbs, these CD1d-specific VHH have the unique characteristic that they induce specific and well-defined biological effects. This feature, combined with the above-indicated general advantages of VHH, make the CD1d-specific VHH generated here unique and useful tools to exploit both CD1d ligation as well as disruption of CD1d-iNKT interactions in the treatment of cancer or inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland Lameris
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renée C G de Bruin
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Henk M Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja Zweegman
- Department of Haematology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Grönberg C, Nilsson J, Wigren M. Recent advances on CD4 + T cells in atherosclerosis and its implications for therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:58-66. [PMID: 28457923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an arterial inflammatory disease and the primary cause of cardiovascular disease. T helper (Th) cells are an important part in atherosclerotic plaque as they can be either disease promoting or protective. A body of evidence points to a pro-atherosclerotic role of Th1 cells, whereas the role of Th2, Th17 and iNKT cells seems more complex and dependent on surrounding factors, including the developmental stage of the disease. Opposed to Th1 cells, there is convincing support for an anti-atherogenic role of Tregs. Recent data identify the plasticity of Th cells as an important challenge in understanding the functional role of different Th cell subsets in atherosclerosis. Much of the knowledge of Th cell function in atherosclerosis is based on findings from experimental models and translating this into human disease is challenging. Targeting Th cells and/or their specific cytokines represents an attractive option for future therapy against atherosclerosis, although the benefits and the risk of modulation of Th cells with these novel drug targets must first be carefully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Maria Wigren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden.
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23
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Doumas M, Katsiki N, Papademetriou V. Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Disease: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Angiology 2017; 69:5-9. [PMID: 28401789 DOI: 10.1177/0003319717702303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Doumas
- 1 Second Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.,2 VAMC and George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Niki Katsiki
- 1 Second Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasilios Papademetriou
- 1 Second Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.,3 VAMC and Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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de Andrés C, Fernández-Paredes L, Tejera-Alhambra M, Alonso B, Ramos-Medina R, Sánchez-Ramón S. Activation of Blood CD3 +CD56 +CD8 + T Cells during Pregnancy and Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:196. [PMID: 28280497 PMCID: PMC5322280 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A striking common feature of most autoimmune diseases is their female predominance, with at least twice as common among women than men in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), the prevailing MS clinical form with onset at childbearing age. This fact, together with the protective effect on disease activity during pregnancy, when there are many biological changes including high levels of estrogens and progesterone, puts sex hormones under the spotlight. The role of natural killer (NK) and NKT cells in MS disease beginning and course is still to be elucidated. The uterine NK (uNK) cells are the most predominant immune population in early pregnancy, and the number and function of uNK cells infiltrating the endometrium are sex-hormones’ dependent. However, there is controversy on the role of estrogen or progesterone on circulating NK (CD56dim and CD56bright) and NKT cells’ subsets. Here, we show a significantly increased activation of CD3+CD56+CD8+ cells in pregnant MS women (MSP) compared with non-pregnant MS women (NPMS) (p < 0.001) and even with respect to healthy pregnant women (HP, p < 0.001), remaining increased even after delivery. The dynamics of expression of early activation marker CD69 on CD3+CD56+CD8+ cells showed a progressive statistically significant increase along the gestation trimesters (T) and at postpartum (PP) with respect to NPMS (1T: p = 0.018; 2T: p = 0.004; 3T: p < 0.001; PP: p = 0.001). In addition, early activation expression of CD69 on CD3+CD56+CD8+ cells was higher in MSP than HP in the first two trimesters of gestation (p = 0.004 and p = 0.015, respectively). NPMS showed significantly increased cytotoxic/regulatory NK ratio compared with healthy controls (p < 0.001). On the other hand, gender studies showed no differences between MS women and men in NK and CD3+CD56+CD8+ cells’ subsets. Our findings may add on the understanding of the regulatory axis in MS during pregnancy. Further studies on specific CD8+ NKT cells function and their role in pregnancy beneficial effects on MS are warranted to move forward more effective MS treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara de Andrés
- Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Marta Tejera-Alhambra
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón , Madrid , Spain
| | - Bárbara Alonso
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón , Madrid , Spain
| | - Rocío Ramos-Medina
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón , Madrid , Spain
| | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Clinical Immunology, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Microbiology I, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Bianchini E, De Biasi S, Simone AM, Ferraro D, Sola P, Cossarizza A, Pinti M. Invariant natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells in multiple sclerosis. Immunol Lett 2017; 183:1-7. [PMID: 28119072 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, and in several countries is a leading cause of permanent neurological disability in young adults, particularly women. MS is considered an autoimmune disease, caused by an aberrant immune response to environmental triggers in genetically susceptible subjects. However, the contribution of the innate or of the adaptive immune system to the development and progression of the disease has not yet been fully elucidated. Innate-like T lymphocytes are unconventional T cells that bridge the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, because they use a T cell receptor to sense external ligands, but behave like innate cells when they rapidly respond to stimuli. These cells could play an important role in the pathogenesis of MS. Here, we focus on invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and we review the current knowledge on their biology and possible involvement in MS. Although several studies have evaluated the frequency and functions of iNKT and MAIT cells both in MS patients and in experimental mouse models, contradictory observations have been reported, and it is not clear whether they exert a protective or a pro-inflammatory and harmful role. A better understanding of how immune cells are involved in MS, and of their interactions could be of great interest for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bianchini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Simone
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, Nuovo Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, Nuovo Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sola
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, Nuovo Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
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26
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Abstract
Many rheumatic diseases are characterized by having an autoimmune background. Determining the mechanisms underlying autoimmunity is, therefore, important to further understand these diseases and to inform future lines of research aimed at developing new treatments and cures. As fast responders, innate lymphocytes have protective or pathogenic roles in the initiation as well as the maintenance of immune responses in general, and they contribute to tissue homeostasis, among other functions. Innate lymphocytes also seem to be involved in autoimmunity in particular. Since 2010, accumulating evidence clearly shows that different populations of innate lymphocytes have roles in responding to antigen-specific autoantibody and autoreactive T cells, thereby amplifying or attenuating disease processes. Cytotoxicity is a cardinal feature of many innate lymphocytes and can contribute to inflammatory tissue damage. Finally, innate lymphocytes can respond to biologic therapies for autoimmune diseases. Consequently, like TNF and other effector molecules, certain innate lymphocyte subsets might be appropriate therapeutic targets to ameliorate various autoimmune diseases. In this Review, we summarize the main characteristics and functions of innate lymphocyte subsets, and describe their roles in autoimmune disease. We also discuss how biologic therapies influence innate lymphocyte function and consider the potential for these cell subsets to act as future therapeutic targets.
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27
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Wang JJ, Macardle C, Weedon H, Beroukas D, Banovic T. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells are reduced and functionally immature in the peripheral blood of primary Sjögren's syndrome patients. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2444-2453. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing J. Wang
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
| | - Cindy Macardle
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
| | - Helen Weedon
- Rheumatology Research Unit; Repatriation General Hospital; Daw Park Adelaide South Australia
| | - Dimitra Beroukas
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
| | - Tatjana Banovic
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; IMVS; Adelaide South Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia
- Discipline of Pediatrics; School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia
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28
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Usero L, Sánchez A, Pizarro E, Xufré C, Martí M, Jaraquemada D, Roura-Mir C. Interleukin-13 Pathway Alterations Impair Invariant Natural Killer T-Cell-Mediated Regulation of Effector T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2016; 65:2356-66. [PMID: 27207542 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that human natural killer T (NKT) cells can promote immunity to pathogens, but their regulatory function is still being investigated. Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells have been shown to be effective in preventing type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse model. Activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, modulation of B-cell responses, and immune deviation were proposed to be responsible for the suppressive effect of iNKT cells. We studied the regulatory capacity of human iNKT cells from control subjects and patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) at disease clinical onset. We demonstrate that control iNKT cells suppress the proliferation of effector T cells (Teffs) through a cell contact-independent mechanism. Of note, suppression depended on the secretion of interleukin-13 (IL-13) by iNKT cells because an antibody blocking this cytokine resulted from the abrogation of Teff suppression; however, T1D-derived iNKT cells showed impaired regulation that could be attributed to the decrease in IL-13 secretion. Thus, alteration of the IL-13 pathway at disease onset may lead to the progression of the autoimmune response in T1D. Advances in the study of iNKT cells and the selection of agonists potentiating IL-13 secretion should permit new therapeutic strategies to prevent the development of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Usero
- Immunology Unit, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Sánchez
- Immunology Unit, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduarda Pizarro
- Unitat d'Endocrinologia, Hospital de Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Xufré
- Immunology Unit, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Martí
- Immunology Unit, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Jaraquemada
- Immunology Unit, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Roura-Mir
- Immunology Unit, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Zhang J, Bedel R, Krovi SH, Tuttle KD, Zhang B, Gross J, Gapin L, Matsuda JL. Mutation of the Traj18 gene segment using TALENs to generate Natural Killer T cell deficient mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27375. [PMID: 27256918 PMCID: PMC4891675 DOI: 10.1038/srep27375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique subset of T lymphocytes that have been implicated in both promoting and suppressing a multitude of immune responses. In mice, iNKT cells express T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) comprising a unique TCRα rearrangement between the Trav11 and Traj18 gene segments. When paired with certain Trbv TCRβ chains, these TCRs recognize lipid antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecule, CD1d. Until recently, the sole model of iNKT deficiency targeted the Jα18, which is absolutely required to form the TCR with the appropriate antigenic specificity. However, these mice were demonstrated to have a large reduction in TCR repertoire diversity, which could confound results arising from studies using these mice. Here, we have created a new NKT-deficient mouse strain using transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) technology to only disrupt the expression of Jα18, leaving the remaining Jα repertoire unperturbed. We confirm that these mice lack iNKT cells and do not respond to lipid antigen stimulation while the development of conventional T cells, regulatory T cells, and type Ib NKT cells is normal. This new mouse strain will serve as a new model of iNKT cell deficiency to facilitate our understanding of iNKT biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Aurora, CO 80206, USA
| | - Romain Bedel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Aurora, CO 80206, USA
| | - S Harsha Krovi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Aurora, CO 80206, USA
| | - Kathryn D Tuttle
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Aurora, CO 80206, USA
| | - Bicheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - James Gross
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Aurora, CO 80206, USA.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Jennifer L Matsuda
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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30
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Hamilton-Williams EE, Bergot AS, Reeves PLS, Steptoe RJ. Maintenance of peripheral tolerance to islet antigens. J Autoimmun 2016; 72:118-25. [PMID: 27255733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reestablishment of immune tolerance to the insulin-producing beta cells is the desired goal for type 1 diabetes (T1D) treatment and prevention. Immune tolerance to multiple islet antigens is defective in individuals with T1D, but the mechanisms involved are multifaceted and may involve loss of thymic and peripheral tolerance. In this review we discuss our current understanding of the varied mechanisms by which peripheral tolerance to islet antigens is maintained in healthy individuals where genetic protection from T1D is present and how this fails in those with genetic susceptibility to disease. Novel findings in regards to expression of neo-islet antigens, non-classical regulatory cell subsets and the impact of specific genetic variants on tolerance induction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Anne-Sophie Bergot
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peta L S Reeves
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Raymond J Steptoe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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31
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Abstract
CD1- and MHC-related molecule-1 (MR1)-restricted T lymphocytes recognize nonpeptidic antigens, such as lipids and small metabolites, and account for a major fraction of circulating and tissue-resident T cells. They represent a readily activated, long-lasting population of effector cells and contribute to the early phases of immune response, orchestrating the function of other cells. This review addresses the main aspects of their immunological functions, including antigen and T cell receptor repertoires, mechanisms of nonpeptidic antigen presentation, and the current evidence for their participation in human and experimental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mori
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , , .,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 138648 Singapore
| | - Marco Lepore
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , ,
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , , .,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 138648 Singapore
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32
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Tard C, Rouxel O, Lehuen A. Regulatory role of natural killer T cells in diabetes. Biomed J 2016; 38:484-95. [PMID: 27013448 PMCID: PMC6138260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are growing public health problems. Despite having different pathophysiologies, both diseases are associated with defects in immune regulation. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T cells that recognize glycolipids presented by CD1d. These cells not only play a key role in the defense against pathogens, but also exert potent immunoregulatory functions. The regulatory role of iNKT cells in the prevention of type 1 diabetes has been demonstrated in murine models and analyzed in diabetic patients. The decreased frequency of iNKT cells in non-obese diabetic mice initially suggested the regulatory role of this cell subset. Increasing the frequency or the activation of iNKT cells with agonists protects non-obese diabetic mice from the development of diabetes. Several mechanisms mediate iNKT regulatory functions. They can rapidly produce immunoregulatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10. They induce tolerogenic dendritic cells, thereby inducing the anergy of autoreactive anti-islet T cells and increasing the frequency of T regulatory cells (Treg cells). Synthetic agonists are able to activate iNKT cells and represent potential therapeutic treatment in order to prevent type 1 diabetes. Growing evidence points to a role of immune system in glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes. iNKT cells are resident cells of adipose tissue and their local and systemic frequencies are reduced in obese patients, suggesting their involvement in local and systemic inflammation during obesity. With the discovery of potential continuity between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in some patients, the role of iNKT cells in these diseases deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Tard
- Laboratory "Immunology of Diabetes", U1016 INSERM-Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; DHU Authors, Hôpital Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Ophelie Rouxel
- Laboratory "Immunology of Diabetes", U1016 INSERM-Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; DHU Authors, Hôpital Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Agnes Lehuen
- Laboratory "Immunology of Diabetes", U1016 INSERM-Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; DHU Authors, Hôpital Cochin, 75014, Paris, France.
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33
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CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ Treg deficiency in a Brazilian patient with Gaucher disease and lupus nephritis. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:196-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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34
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Gourdy P, Bourgeois EA, Levescot A, Pham L, Riant E, Ahui ML, Damotte D, Gombert JM, Bayard F, Ohlsson C, Arnal JF, Herbelin A. Estrogen Therapy Delays Autoimmune Diabetes and Promotes the Protective Efficiency of Natural Killer T-Cell Activation in Female Nonobese Diabetic Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:258-67. [PMID: 26485613 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies focused on restoring immune tolerance remain the main avenue to prevent type 1 diabetes (T1D). Because estrogens potentiate FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, two regulatory lymphocyte populations that are functionally deficient in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, we investigated whether estradiol (E2) therapy influences the course of T1D in this model. To this end, female NOD mice were sc implanted with E2- or placebo-delivering pellets to explore the course of spontaneous and cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes. Treg-depleted and iNKT-cell-deficient (Jα18(-/-)) NOD mice were used to assess the respective involvement of these lymphocyte populations in E2 effects. Early E2 administration (from 4 wk of age) was found to preserve NOD mice from both spontaneous and cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes, and a complete protection was also observed throughout treatment when E2 treatment was initiated after the onset of insulitis (from 12 wk of age). This delayed E2 treatment remained fully effective in Treg-depleted mice but failed to entirely protect Jα18(-/-) mice. Accordingly, E2 administration was shown to restore the cytokine production of iNKT cells in response to in vivo challenge with the cognate ligand α-galactosylceramide. Finally, transient E2 administration potentiated the previously described protective action of α-galactosylceramide treatment in NOD females. This study provides original evidence that E2 therapy strongly protects NOD mice from T1D and reveals the estrogen/iNKT cell axis as a new effective target to counteract diabetes onset at the stage of insulitis. Estrogen-based therapy should thus be considered for T1D prevention.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Drug Implants
- Estradiol/administration & dosage
- Estradiol/therapeutic use
- Estrogen Replacement Therapy
- Estrogens/administration & dosage
- Estrogens/therapeutic use
- Female
- Galactosylceramides/agonists
- Galactosylceramides/pharmacology
- Galactosylceramides/therapeutic use
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Depletion/adverse effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Ovariectomy/adverse effects
- Prediabetic State/drug therapy
- Prediabetic State/immunology
- Prediabetic State/metabolism
- Prediabetic State/prevention & control
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gourdy
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elvire A Bourgeois
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anaïs Levescot
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linh Pham
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elodie Riant
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie-Louise Ahui
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Diane Damotte
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jean-Marc Gombert
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francis Bayard
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - André Herbelin
- INSERM Unité 1048 (P.G., E.R., F.B., J.-F.A.), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; Toulouse University (P.G., J.-F.A.), 31059 Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology (P.G.), Toulouse University Hospital, 31403 Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147 (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A.), Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Necker Hospital (E.A.B., L.P., M.-L.A., A.H.), 75014 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 1082 (A.L., A.H.), 86022 Poitiers, France; Paris-Sud-11 University (A.L.), 91405 Orsay, France; Department of Anatomy and Cytology (A.L., D.D.), Hôtel Dieu, 49033 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunology (J.-M.G.), Poitiers, and Poitiers University (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86000 Poitiers, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers (J.-M.G., A.H.), 86021 Poitiers, France; and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (C.O.), University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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From the Deep Sea to Everywhere: Environmental Antigens for iNKT Cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 64:291-8. [PMID: 26703211 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique subset of innate T cells that share features with innate NK cells and adaptive memory T cells. The first iNKT cell antigen described was found 1993 in a marine sponge and it took over 10 years for other, bacterial antigens to be described. Given the paucity of known bacterial iNKT cell antigens, it appeared as if iNKT cells play a very specialist role in the protection against few, rare and unusual pathogenic bacteria. However, in the last few years several publications painted a very different picture, suggesting that antigens for iNKT cells are found almost ubiquitous in the environment. These environmental iNKT cell antigens can shape the distribution, phenotype and function of iNKT cells. Here, these recent findings will be reviewed and their implications for the field will be outlined.
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Immunoregulation of NKT Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:206731. [PMID: 26819956 PMCID: PMC4706917 DOI: 10.1155/2015/206731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease with different variety of clinical manifestations. Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate lymphocytes that play a regulatory role during broad range of immune responses. A number of studies demonstrated that the quantity and quality of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells showed marked defects in SLE patients in comparison to healthy controls. This finding suggests that iNKT cells may play a regulatory role in the occurrence and development of this disease. In this review, we mainly summarized the most recent findings about the behavior of NKT cells in SLE patients and mouse models, as well as how NKT cells affect the proportion of T helper cells and the production of autoreactive antibodies in the progress of SLE. This will help people better understand the role of NKT cells in the development of SLE and improve the therapy strategy.
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Abstract
Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disease that confers significant risk of metabolic derangements and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Early detection and treatment of modifiable risk factors and modulation of the systemic inflammatory response are important treatment goals. Studies have shown that there is a significant lack of awareness of the relationship between psoriasis and cardiovascular disease, so future considerations should focus on education of and collaboration with health care providers, especially those in primary care, and development of updated, rigorous screening guidelines. In addition, targeted biologic therapies such as TNF-a inhibitors have shown immense promise in targeting the systemic inflammation associated with psoriatic disease, but whether they will impact long-term cardiovascular outcomes remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn T Shahwan
- Clinical Unit for Research Trials and Outcomes in Skin (CURTIS), Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Staniford Street, Suite 240, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alexa B Kimball
- Clinical Unit for Research Trials and Outcomes in Skin (CURTIS), Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Staniford Street, Suite 240, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Gaoatswe G, Kent BD, Corrigan MA, Nolan G, Hogan AE, McNicholas WT, O'Shea D. Invariant Natural Killer T Cell Deficiency and Functional Impairment in Sleep Apnea: Links to Cancer Comorbidity. Sleep 2015; 38:1629-34. [PMID: 26414901 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Emerging evidence links obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with increased cancer incidence and mortality. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells play an important role in cancer immunity. We hypothesized that patients with OSA have low number of circulating invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, which may also be functionally impaired. This study aims to evaluate the frequency of circulating iNKT cells in OSA. DESIGN We evaluated the frequency of circulating iNKT cells by flow cytometry in 33 snorers being assessed for possible OSA. Using iNKT cell lines, we also evaluated the effect of exposure to hypoxia over 24 hours on apoptosis, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production. SETTING Teaching hospital based sleep unit and research laboratory. PATIENTS Thirty-three snorers were evaluated: 9 with no OSA (apnea-hypopnea frequency [AHI] < 5/h), 12 with mild-moderate OSA (AHI 5-30) and 12 with severe OSA (AHI > 30). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Patients with severe OSA had considerably fewer iNKT cells (0.18%) compared to patients with mild-moderate (0.24%) or no OSA (0.35%), P = 0.0026. The frequency of iNKT cells correlated negatively with apnea-hypopnea index (r = -0.58, P = 0.001), oxygen desaturation index (r = -0.58, P = 0.0003), and SpO2% < 90% (r = -0.5407, P = 0.005). The frequency of iNKT cells increased following 12 months of nCPAP therapy (P = 0.015). Hypoxia resulted in increased apoptosis (P = 0.016) and impaired cytotoxicity (P = 0.035). CONCLUSION Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have significantly reduced levels of circulating invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and hypoxia leads to impaired iNKT cell function. These observations may partly explain the increased cancer risk reported in patients with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadintshware Gaoatswe
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education & Research Center, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian D Kent
- Pulmonary and Sleep Disorders Unit, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, and School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michelle A Corrigan
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education & Research Center, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Geraldine Nolan
- Pulmonary and Sleep Disorders Unit, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, and School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew E Hogan
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education & Research Center, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Obesity Immunology Group, National Children's Research Center, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Walter T McNicholas
- Pulmonary and Sleep Disorders Unit, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, and School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education & Research Center, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
The peer-reviewed publications in the field of autoimmunity published in 2013 represented a significant proportion of immunology articles and grew since the previous year to indicate that more immune-mediated phenomena may recognize an autoimmune mechanism and illustrated by osteoarthritis and atherosclerosis. As a result, our understanding of the mechanisms of autoimmunity is becoming the paradigm for translational research in which the progress in disease pathogenesis for both tolerance breakdown and inflammation perpetuation is rapidly followed by new treatment approaches and clinical management changes. The similarities across the autoimmune disease spectrum outnumber differences, particularly when treatments are compared. Indeed, the therapeutics of autoimmune diseases are based on a growing armamentarium that currently includes monoclonal antibodies and small molecules which act by targeting molecular markers or intracellular mediators with high specificity. Among the over 100 conditions considered as autoimmune, the common grounds are well illustrated by the data reported for systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis or by the plethora of studies on Th17 cells and biomarkers, particularly serum autoantibodies. Further, we are particularly intrigued by studies on the genomics, epigenetics, and microRNA at different stages of disease development or on the safe and effective use of abatacept acting on the costimulation of T and B cells in rheumatoid arthritis. We are convinced that the data published in 2013 represent a promising background for future developments that will exponentially impact the work of laboratory and clinical scientists over the next years.
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Delovitch TL. Imaging of NKT Cell Recirculation and Tissue Migration during Antimicrobial Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:356. [PMID: 26236312 PMCID: PMC4500992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Terry L. Delovitch
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diabetes, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that results from the complex interplay between keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and T cells. Keratinocytes trigger innate and adaptive immune responses. Dermal myeloid dendritic cells regulate T cell activation and production of cytokines and chemokines that amplify inflammation. Most of the psoriatic T cells discretely produce interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-22. The initiation phase of psoriasis involves Toll-like receptors, antimicrobial peptide LL37, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Keratinocytes are the main cutaneous cell type expressing IL-17 receptors and hence the immune circuit is amplified by keratinocytes upregulating mRNAs for a range of inflammatory products.
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Abstract
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are growing public health problems. Despite having different pathophysiologies, both diseases are associated with defects in immune regulation. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T cells that recognize glycolipids presented by CD1d. These cells not only play a key role in the defense against pathogens, but also exert potent immunoregulatory functions. The regulatory role of iNKT cells in the prevention of type 1 diabetes has been demonstrated in murine models and analyzed in diabetic patients. The decreased frequency of iNKT cells in non-obese diabetic mice initially suggested the regulatory role of this cell subset. Increasing the frequency or the activation of iNKT cells with agonists protects non-obese diabetic mice from the development of diabetes. Several mechanisms mediate iNKT regulatory functions. They can rapidly produce immunoregulatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10. They induce tolerogenic dendritic cells, thereby inducing the anergy of autoreactive anti-islet T cells and increasing the frequency of T regulatory cells (Treg cells). Synthetic agonists are able to activate iNKT cells and represent potential therapeutic treatment in order to prevent type 1 diabetes. Growing evidence points to a role of immune system in glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes. iNKT cells are resident cells of adipose tissue and their local and systemic frequencies are reduced in obese patients, suggesting their involvement in local and systemic inflammation during obesity. With the discovery of potential continuity between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in some patients, the role of iNKT cells in these diseases deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Agnes Lehuen
- Laboratory "Immunology of Diabetes" U1016 INSERM Institut Cochin; CNRS UMR8104; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité; DHU Authors, Hôpital Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
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Slauenwhite D, Johnston B. Regulation of NKT Cell Localization in Homeostasis and Infection. Front Immunol 2015; 6:255. [PMID: 26074921 PMCID: PMC4445310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a specialized subset of T lymphocytes that regulate immune responses in the context of autoimmunity, cancer, and microbial infection. Lipid antigens derived from bacteria, parasites, and fungi can be presented by CD1d molecules and recognized by the canonical T cell receptors on NKT cells. Alternatively, NKT cells can be activated through recognition of self-lipids and/or pro-inflammatory cytokines generated during infection. Unlike conventional T cells, only a small subset of NKT cells traffic through the lymph nodes under homeostatic conditions, with the largest NKT cell populations localizing to the liver, lungs, spleen, and bone marrow. This is thought to be mediated by differences in chemokine receptor expression profiles. However, the impact of infection on the tissue localization and function of NKT remains largely unstudied. This review focuses on the mechanisms mediating the establishment of peripheral NKT cell populations during homeostasis and how tissue localization of NKT cells is affected during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Slauenwhite
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada
| | - Brent Johnston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada ; Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada ; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada ; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute , Halifax, NS , Canada
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Chaudhry MS, Karadimitris A. Role and regulation of CD1d in normal and pathological B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 193:4761-8. [PMID: 25381357 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD1d is a nonpolymorphic, MHC class I-like molecule that presents phospholipid and glycosphingolipid Ags to a subset of CD1d-restricted T cells called invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. This CD1d-iNKT cell axis regulates nearly all aspects of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Expression of CD1d on B cells is suggestive of the ability of these cells to present Ag to, and form cognate interactions with, iNKT cells. In this article, we summarize key evidence regarding the role and regulation of CD1d in normal B cells and in humoral immunity. We then extend the discussion to B cell disorders, with emphasis on autoimmune disease, viral infection, and neoplastic transformation of B lineage cells, in which CD1d expression can be altered as a mechanism of immune evasion and can have both diagnostic and prognostic importance. Finally, we highlight current and future therapeutic strategies that aim to target the CD1d-iNKT cell axis in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Chaudhry
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasios Karadimitris
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The skin is the front line of defense against insult and injury and contains many epidermal and immune elements that comprise the skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT). The reaction of these components to injury allows an effective cutaneous response to restore homeostasis. Psoriasis vulgaris is the best-understood and most accessible human disease that is mediated by T cells and dendritic cells. Inflammatory myeloid dendritic cells release IL-23 and IL-12 to activate IL-17-producing T cells, Th1 cells, and Th22 cells to produce abundant psoriatic cytokines IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-22. These cytokines mediate effects on keratinocytes to amplify psoriatic inflammation. Therapeutic studies with anticytokine antibodies have shown the importance of the key cytokines IL-23, TNF, and IL-17 in this process. We discuss the genetic background of psoriasis and its relationship to immune function, specifically genetic mutations, key PSORS loci, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and the skin transcriptome. The association between comorbidities and psoriasis is reviewed by correlating the skin transcriptome and serum proteins. Psoriasis-related cytokine-response pathways are considered in the context of the transcriptome of different mouse models. This approach offers a model for other inflammatory skin and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Lowes
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065; , ,
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46
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Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic disease, with white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation emerging as a key underlying pathology. Alongside its major role in energy storage, WAT is an important endocrine organ, producing many bioactive molecules, termed adipokines, which not only serve as regulators of systemic metabolism, but also possess immunoregulatory properties. Furthermore, WAT contains a unique immune cell repertoire, including an accumulation of leukocytes that are rare in other locations. These include alternatively activated macrophages, invariant natural killer T cells, and regulatory T cells. Disruption of resident adipose leukocyte homeostasis contributes to obesity-associated inflammation and consequent metabolic disorder. Despite many recent advances in this new field of immuno-metabolism, fundamental questions of why and how inflammation arises as obesity develops are not yet fully understood. Exploring the distinct immune system of adipose tissue is fundamental to our understanding of the endocrine as well as immune systems. In this review, we discuss the roles of adipose tissue leukocytes in the transition to obesity and progression of inflammation and highlight potential anti-inflammatory therapies for combating obesity-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Exley
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, Thorn Bldg, 1405, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USAFaculty of Medical and Human SciencesManchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, CTF Building Room 2.14b, Manchester M13 9NT, UKDepartment of EndocrinologySt. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, IrelandDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, Smith Building, Harvard Medical School, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, Thorn Bldg, 1405, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USAFaculty of Medical and Human SciencesManchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, CTF Building Room 2.14b, Manchester M13 9NT, UKDepartment of EndocrinologySt. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, IrelandDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, Smith Building, Harvard Medical School, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Laura Hand
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, Thorn Bldg, 1405, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USAFaculty of Medical and Human SciencesManchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, CTF Building Room 2.14b, Manchester M13 9NT, UKDepartment of EndocrinologySt. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, IrelandDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, Smith Building, Harvard Medical School, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, Thorn Bldg, 1405, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USAFaculty of Medical and Human SciencesManchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, CTF Building Room 2.14b, Manchester M13 9NT, UKDepartment of EndocrinologySt. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, IrelandDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, Smith Building, Harvard Medical School, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Lydia Lynch
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, Thorn Bldg, 1405, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USAFaculty of Medical and Human SciencesManchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, CTF Building Room 2.14b, Manchester M13 9NT, UKDepartment of EndocrinologySt. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, IrelandDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, Smith Building, Harvard Medical School, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Kumar V, Delovitch TL. Different subsets of natural killer T cells may vary in their roles in health and disease. Immunology 2014; 142:321-36. [PMID: 24428389 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells (NKT) can regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Type I and type II NKT cell subsets recognize different lipid antigens presented by CD1d, an MHC class-I-like molecule. Most type I NKT cells express a semi-invariant T-cell receptor (TCR), but a major subset of type II NKT cells reactive to a self antigen sulphatide use an oligoclonal TCR. Whereas TCR-α dominates CD1d-lipid recognition by type I NKT cells, TCR-α and TCR-β contribute equally to CD1d-lipid recognition by type II NKT cells. These variable modes of NKT cell recognition of lipid-CD1d complexes activate a host of cytokine-dependent responses that can either exacerbate or protect from disease. Recent studies of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases have led to a hypothesis that: (i) although type I NKT cells can promote pathogenic and regulatory responses, they are more frequently pathogenic, and (ii) type II NKT cells are predominantly inhibitory and protective from such responses and diseases. This review focuses on a further test of this hypothesis by the use of recently developed techniques, intravital imaging and mass cytometry, to analyse the molecular and cellular dynamics of type I and type II NKT cell antigen-presenting cell motility, interaction, activation and immunoregulation that promote immune responses leading to health versus disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
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Harnessing the antibacterial and immunological properties of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in the development of novel oral vaccines against enteric infections. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:173-83. [PMID: 25173989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Enteric infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity with significant social and economic implications worldwide and particularly in developing countries. An attractive approach to minimizing the impact of these diseases is via the development of oral vaccination strategies. However, oral vaccination is challenging due to the tolerogenic and hyporesponsive nature of antigen presenting cells resident in the gastrointestinal tract. The inclusion of adjuvants in oral vaccine formulations has the potential to overcome this challenge. To date no oral adjuvants have been licenced for human use and thus oral adjuvant discovery remains a key goal in improving the potential for oral vaccine development. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a recently discovered population of unconventional T cells characterized by an evolutionarily conserved αβ T cell receptor (TCR) that recognizes antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related (MR1) molecule. MAIT cells are selected intra-thymically by MR1 expressing double positive thymocytes and enter the circulation with a naïve phenotype. In the circulation they develop a memory phenotype and are programmed to home to mucosal tissues and the liver. Once resident in these tissues, MAIT cells respond to bacterial and yeast infections through the production of chemokines and cytokines that aid in the induction of an adaptive immune response. Their abundance in the gastrointestinal tract and ability to promote adaptive immunity suggests that MAIT cell activators may represent attractive novel adjuvants for use in oral vaccination.
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Leung DT, Bhuiyan TR, Nishat NS, Hoq MR, Aktar A, Rahman MA, Uddin T, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Charles RC, Harris JB, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Ryan ET. Circulating mucosal associated invariant T cells are activated in Vibrio cholerae O1 infection and associated with lipopolysaccharide antibody responses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3076. [PMID: 25144724 PMCID: PMC4140671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells found in abundance in the intestinal mucosa, and are thought to play a role in bridging the innate-adaptive interface. Methods We measured MAIT cell frequencies and antibody responses in blood from patients presenting with culture-confirmed severe cholera to a hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh at days 2, 7, 30, and 90 of illness. Results We found that MAIT (CD3+CD4−CD161hiVα7.2+) cells were maximally activated at day 7 after onset of cholera. In adult patients, MAIT frequencies did not change over time, whereas in child patients, MAITs were significantly decreased at day 7, and this decrease persisted to day 90. Fold changes in MAIT frequency correlated with increases in LPS IgA and IgG, but not LPS IgM nor antibody responses to cholera toxin B subunit. Conclusions In the acute phase of cholera, MAIT cells are activated, depleted from the periphery, and as part of the innate response against V. cholerae infection, are possibly involved in mechanisms underlying class switching of antibody responses to T cell-independent antigens. Vibrio cholerae is the bacterium that causes cholera, which can be a potentially fatal diarrheal disease that affects millions of people worldwide each year. How our immune system provides protection against cholera is poorly understood. Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are recently discovered immune cells found in the blood and intestinal tract of humans. In this study of cholera patients in Dhaka, Bangladesh, we found that blood MAIT cells are activated during cholera, and that in children, blood MAIT cells are decreased in number during the course of disease. We also found that the MAIT cell response correlates with the antibody response to V. cholerae O1 lipopolysaccharide, which in the past has been shown to be an important determinant of protection. These findings suggest that MAIT cells may play an important role in the body's defense against cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Leung
- Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Taufiqur R. Bhuiyan
- Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Naoshin S. Nishat
- Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rubel Hoq
- Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Amena Aktar
- Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M. Arifur Rahman
- Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Taher Uddin
- Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful I. Khan
- Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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50
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Berzins SP, Ritchie DS. Natural killer T cells: drivers or passengers in preventing human disease? Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:640-6. [PMID: 25103356 DOI: 10.1038/nri3725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are credited with regulatory roles in immunity against cancers, autoimmune diseases, allergies, and bacterial and viral infections. Studies in mice and observational research in patient groups have suggested that NKT cell-based therapies could be used to prevent or treat these diseases, yet the translation into clinical settings has been disappointing. We support the view that NKT cells have regulatory characteristics that could be exploited in clinical settings, but there are doubts about the natural roles of NKT cells in vivo and whether NKT cell defects are fundamental drivers of disease in humans. In this Opinion article, we discuss the uncertainties and opportunities regarding NKT cells in humans, and the potential for NKT cells to be manipulated to prevent or treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P Berzins
- School of Health Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria 3350, Australia, the Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, Victoria 3350, Australia, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David S Ritchie
- Department of Clinical Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia, and the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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