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Durant AC, Donini A. Ammonia transport in the excretory system of mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti): Rh protein expression and the transcriptome of the rectum. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 294:111649. [PMID: 38670480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The role of the mosquito excretory organs (Malpighian tubules, MT and hindgut, HG) in ammonia transport as well as expression and function of the Rhesus (Rh protein) ammonia transporters within these organs was examined in Aedes aegypti larvae and adult females. Immunohistological examination revealed that the Rh proteins are co-localized with V-type H+-ATPase (VA) to the apical membranes of MT and HG epithelia of both larvae and adult females. Of the two Rh transporter genes present in A. aegypti, AeRh50-1 and AeRh50-2, we show using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and an RNA in-situ hybridization (ISH) assay that AeRh50-1 is the predominant Rh protein expressed in the excretory organs of larvae and adult females. Further assessment of AeRh50-1 function in larvae and adults using RNAi (i.e. dsRNA-mediated knockdown) revealed significantly decreased [NH4+] (mmol l-1) levels in the secreted fluid of larval MT which does not affect overall NH4+ transport rates, as well as significantly decreased NH4+ flux rates across the HG (haemolymph to lumen) of adult females. We also used RNA sequencing to identify the expression of ion transporters and enzymes within the rectum of larvae, of which limited information currently exists for this important osmoregulatory organ. Of the ammonia transporters in A. aegypti, AeRh50-1 transcript is most abundant in the rectum thus validating our immunohistochemical and RNA ISH findings. In addition to enriched VA transcript (subunits A and d1) in the rectum, we also identified high Na+-K+-ATPase transcript (α subunit) expression which becomes significantly elevated in response to HEA, and we also found enriched carbonic anhydrase 9, inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir2a, and Na+-coupled cation-chloride (Cl-) co-transporter CCC2 transcripts. Finally, the modulation in excretory organ function and/or Rh protein expression was examined in relation to high ammonia challenge, specifically high environmental ammonia (HEA) rearing of larvae. NH4+ flux measurements using the scanning-ion selective electrode (SIET) technique revealed no significant differences in NH4+ transport across organs comprising the alimentary canal of larvae reared in HEA vs freshwater. Further, significantly increased VA activity, but not NKA, was observed in the MT of HEA-reared larvae. Relatively high Rh protein immunostaining persists within the hindgut epithelium, as well as the ovary, of females at 24-48 h post blood meal corresponding with previously demonstrated peak levels of ammonia formation. These data provide new insight into the role of the excretory organs in ammonia transport physiology and the contribution of Rh proteins in mediating ammonia movement across the epithelia of the MT and HG, and the first comprehensive examination of ion transporter and channel expression in the mosquito rectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Durant
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
| | - Andrew Donini
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Kane EA, Yadav SVK, Fogle A, D’Souza NA, DeLisi N, Caillouët KA. Battle of the Bites: The Effect of Sewage Effluent Exposure on Mosquitofish Biocontrol of Mosquitoes in Residential Louisiana. TOXICS 2024; 12:259. [PMID: 38668483 PMCID: PMC11053664 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, are eponymous larval mosquito predators. Their ability to colonize and survive in habitats that are uninhabitable by other potential predators allows them to naturally manage larval mosquito populations in most ground pools they are present in. However, effluent from residential onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs) appears to limit the presence of fish predators. This is especially problematic in Louisiana, where regulations allow the discharge of OWTS effluent into open drainage conveyances. To determine the effect of effluent on the capacity of mosquitofish for biocontrol in contaminated areas, we assessed the body condition metrics of populations from two effluent-exposed sites and two sites not exposed to effluent, determined the lethal effect of effluent-contaminated drainage water on fish, and measured the prey consumption rates in the presence of effluent. Female fish collected from effluent-impacted sites had a reduced somatic body condition and most females examined displayed masculinized anal fins resembling the male gonopodium structure. This trait was not seen in fish collected from the control sites and has not yet been documented in association with OWTSs or in the state of Louisiana. Fish from the control sites survived at effluent-contaminated water levels < 70%, and the prey clearance rates increased with dilution. Onsite wastewater treatment system effluent has significant effects on both the short- and long-term persistence of mosquitofish, their body composition, reproductive health, and larval mosquito consumption. These effects likely release mosquito larvae from suppression and may increase the threat of mosquito-transmitted pathogens in effluent-contaminated locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Kane
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
| | - Shubham V. K. Yadav
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
| | - Adeline Fogle
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
| | - Nigel A. D’Souza
- Department of Environmental Studies & Sciences, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA 99258, USA;
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA 99258, USA
| | - Nicholas DeLisi
- St. Tammany Parish Mosquito Abatement, Slidell, LA 70460, USA (K.A.C.)
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Kuno G. Mechanisms of Yellow Fever Transmission: Gleaning the Overlooked Records of Importance and Identifying Problems, Puzzles, Serious Issues, Surprises and Research Questions. Viruses 2024; 16:84. [PMID: 38257784 PMCID: PMC10820296 DOI: 10.3390/v16010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In viral disease research, few diseases can compete with yellow fever for the volume of literature, historical significance, richness of the topics and the amount of strong interest among both scientists and laypersons. While the major foci of viral disease research shifted to other more pressing new diseases in recent decades, many critically important basic tasks still remain unfinished for yellow fever. Some of the examples include the mechanisms of transmission, the process leading to outbreak occurrence, environmental factors, dispersal, and viral persistence in nature. In this review, these subjects are analyzed in depth, based on information not only in old but in modern literatures, to fill in blanks and to update the current understanding on these topics. As a result, many valuable facts, ideas, and other types of information that complement the present knowledge were discovered. Very serious questions about the validity of the arbovirus concept and some research practices were also identified. The characteristics of YFV and its pattern of transmission that make this virus unique among viruses transmitted by Ae. aegypti were also explored. Another emphasis was identification of research questions. The discovery of a few historical surprises was an unexpected benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Kuno
- Formerly at the Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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Soltan-Alinejad P, Bahrami S, Keshavarzi D, Shahriari-Namadi M, Hosseinpour A, Soltani A. Physicochemical characteristics of larval habitats and biodiversity of mosquitoes in one of the most important metropolises of southern Iran. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22754. [PMID: 38107319 PMCID: PMC10724668 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the roles of the physicochemical characteristics of larval habitats in biodiversity and other bionomic factors of mosquitoes in Shiraz. The physical parameters of all habitats were recorded separately. The collected mosquito larvae were identified based on morphological characters. The water samples of larval habitats were analyzed for Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD, mg/L), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD, mg/L), pH, alkalinity, turbidity, total hardness (mg/L), Electrical Conductivity (EC, μS/cm), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS, mg/L), Cl2 (mg/L), and water temperature (°C). In addition, three main indices were used for surveying biodiversity. A total of 1229 larvae were collected from April to September 2018 and May to August 2019. Seven medically important mosquito species were identified morphologically. Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx. laticinctus had the highest distribution and abundance. Ecological results showed that the richness and diversity of species were higher and more stable in natural sites than in manmade places. The optimum BOD, COD, alkalinity, TDS, EC, pH, and temperature of water for mosquitoes of the studied areas were 140 mg/L, 360 mg/L, 160 mg/L, 420 mg/L, 840 μS/cm, 8.3, and 24 °C, respectively. Most mosquitoes tended to live in manmade, temporary, and sunny larval habitats with turbid water. The results provided a better understanding of the biology and ecology of mosquitoes as the most important group of disease vectors to humans and animals. Hence, they could be used to apply some safer and more environmentally friendly methods for mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Soltan-Alinejad
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shima Bahrami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Davood Keshavarzi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziae Shahriari-Namadi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Hosseinpour
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aboozar Soltani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Tarimo FS, Dillip A, Kosia EM, Lwetoijera DW. Community perception of the autodissemination of pyriproxyfen for controlling malaria vectors in south-eastern Tanzania. Malar J 2023; 22:333. [PMID: 37924148 PMCID: PMC10625276 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of the autodissemination of pyriproxyfen to control malaria vectors has been demonstrated under semi field environment in Tanzania. However, the information on how best communities should be engaged for its routine and large-scale adoption are lacking. This study assessed the community's level of knowledge, perceptions, acceptability of the autodissemination of pyriproxyfen, and the perceived risks on the safety of pyriproxyfen on the environment. METHODS This was a concurrent mixed methods study, comprised of a community-based survey of 400 household representatives and eight focus group discussions (FGDs). The study was conducted in two villages in Mlimba district in south-eastern Tanzania between June and August 2022. For the quantitative data analysis, descriptive statistics were applied using R software, while inductive approach was used for qualitative data analysis, using NVivo software. RESULTS Knowledge on autodissemination of pyriproxyfen approach was found to be relatively low among both the FGD respondents and surveyed community members (36%, n = 144). Nevertheless, when it was explained to them, the envisioned community support for the autodissemination approach was relatively high (97%, n = 388). One of the major perceived benefits of the autodissemination of pyriproxyfen was the reduction of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes and associated malaria transmission. Environmental impact of pyriproxyfen on non-target organisms and health risk to children were among the major concerns. When provided with information on the safety and its utilization particularly through autodissemination approach, 93.5% (n = 374) of the survey respondents said that they would allow the PPF-contaminated pots to be placed around their homes. Similarly, FGD respondents were receptive towards the autodissemination of pyriproxyfen, but emphasized on the need for raising awareness among community members before related field trials. CONCLUSION This study indicates a low knowledge but high support for scaling up of the autodissemination of pyriproxyfen as a complementary tool for malaria control in rural Tanzania. The Findings of this study suggest that community sensitization activities are required to improve the community's acceptability and trust of the approach before respective field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felista S Tarimo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania.
- School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 4447, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania.
| | - Angel Dillip
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania
- School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 4447, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
- Apotheker Health Access Initiative, P. O. Box 70022, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Efraim M Kosia
- School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 4447, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Dickson W Lwetoijera
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania.
- School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 4447, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania.
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Coalson JE, Richard DM, Hayden MH, Townsend J, Damian D, Smith K, Monaghan A, Ernst KC. Aedes aegypti abundance in urban neighborhoods of Maricopa County, Arizona, is linked to increasing socioeconomic status and tree cover. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:351. [PMID: 37807069 PMCID: PMC10560435 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05966-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding coupled human-environment factors which promote Aedes aegypti abundance is critical to preventing the spread of Zika, chikungunya, yellow fever and dengue viruses. High temperatures and aridity theoretically make arid lands inhospitable for Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, yet their populations are well established in many desert cities. METHODS We investigated associations between socioeconomic and built environment factors and Ae. aegypti abundance in Maricopa County, Arizona, home to Phoenix metropolitan area. Maricopa County Environmental Services conducts weekly mosquito surveillance with CO2-baited Encephalitis Vector Survey or BG-Sentinel traps at > 850 locations throughout the county. Counts of adult female Ae. aegypti from 2014 to 2017 were joined with US Census data, precipitation and temperature data, and 2015 land cover from high-resolution (1 m) aerial images from the National Agricultural Imagery Program. RESULTS From 139,729 trap-nights, 107,116 Ae. aegypti females were captured. Counts were significantly positively associated with higher socioeconomic status. This association was partially explained by higher densities of non-native landscaping in wealthier neighborhoods; a 1% increase in the density of tree cover around the trap was associated with a ~ 7% higher count of Ae. aegypti (95% CI: 6-9%). CONCLUSIONS Many models predict that climate change will drive aridification in some heavily populated regions, including those where Ae. aegypti are widespread. City climate change adaptation plans often include green spaces and vegetation cover to increase resilience to extreme heat, but these may unintentionally create hospitable microclimates for Ae. aegypti. This possible outcome should be addressed to reduce the potential for outbreaks of Aedes-borne diseases in desert cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna E Coalson
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Danielle M Richard
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mary H Hayden
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - John Townsend
- Maricopa County, Environmental Services Department, Vector Control Division, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Dan Damian
- Maricopa County, Environmental Services Department, Vector Control Division, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kirk Smith
- Maricopa County, Environmental Services Department, Vector Control Division, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Kacey C Ernst
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Sharp TM, Tufa AJ, Cotter CJ, Lozier MJ, Santiago GA, Johnson SS, Mataia'a M, Waterman SH, Muñoz-Jordán JL, Paz-Bailey G, Hemme RR, Schmaedick MA, Anesi S. Identification of risk factors and mosquito vectors associated with dengue virus infection in American Samoa, 2017. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001604. [PMID: 37418355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The first outbreak of dengue in American Samoa was reported in 1911. Sporadic outbreaks have been reported since, as were outbreaks of other pathogens transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes including Ross River, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. During an outbreak of dengue virus-type 2 (DENV-2) in 2016-2018, we conducted household-based cluster investigations to identify population-specific risk factors associated with infection and performed entomologic surveillance to determine the relative abundance of Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis. METHODS AND FINDINGS We contacted dengue patients who had tested positive for DENV infection and offered them as well as their household members participation in household-based cluster investigations. For those that accepted participation, we also offered participation to residents of households within a 50-meter radius of each case-patient's home. Questionnaires were administered and serum specimens collected for testing by RT-PCR and anti-DENV IgM ELISA. Adult female mosquitoes were aspirated from inside and outside participating households and tested by RT-PCR. We analyzed characteristics associated with DENV infection in bivariate analyses. A total of 226 participants was enrolled from 91 households in 20 clusters. Median age of participants was 34 years (range: <1-94), and 56.2% were female. In total, 7 (3.2%) participants had evidence of DENV infection by IgM ELISA (n = 5) or RT-PCR (n = 2). Factors significantly associated with DENV infection were reporting a febrile illness in the past three months (prevalence ratio: 7.5 [95% confidence interval: 1.9-29.8]) and having a household septic tank (Fisher's Exact Test, p = 0.004). Of 93 Ae. aegypti and 90 Ae. polynesiensis females collected, 90% of Ae. aegypti were collected inside homes whereas 83% of Ae. polynesiensis were collected outside homes. DENV nucleic acid was not detected in any mosquito pools. Sequencing of the DENV-2 from patient specimens identified the Cosmopolitan genotype of DENV-2 and was most closely related to virus detected in the Solomon Islands during 2016. CONCLUSIONS This investigation demonstrated that dengue is a continuing risk in American Samoa. Increased frequency of infection among residents with a septic tank suggests a need to investigate whether septic tanks serve as larval habitats for mosquito vectors of DENV in American Samoa. Future efforts should also evaluate the role of Ae. polynesiensis in DENV transmission in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Sharp
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- United States Public Health Service, Silver Springs, Maryland, United States of America
| | - A John Tufa
- Pacific Island Health Officers' Association, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- American Samoa Department of Health, Pago Pago, American Samoa
| | - Caitlin J Cotter
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- United States Public Health Service, Silver Springs, Maryland, United States of America
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthew J Lozier
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- United States Public Health Service, Silver Springs, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gilberto A Santiago
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Stephanie S Johnson
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Applied Epidemiology Fellowship, Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mary Mataia'a
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen H Waterman
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- United States Public Health Service, Silver Springs, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jorge L Muñoz-Jordán
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Gabriela Paz-Bailey
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Ryan R Hemme
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Scott Anesi
- American Samoa Department of Health, Pago Pago, American Samoa
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Marquetti MDC, Castillo M, Peraza I, Milian M, Molina R, Leyva M, Bisset JA, Vanlerberghe V. Aedes albopictus (Skuse) dispersion in Havana City, Cuba, 1995-2018. Acta Trop 2023; 240:106839. [PMID: 36669694 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Various arboviruses are transmitted to humans by mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, two invasive and frequently sympatric species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dispersion and the behavior of Ae. albopictus in relation to houses and its association with other mosquitoes in the province of Havana, Cuba. All water-containing deposits in the houses or vacant lots in urban and peri‑urban municipalities of the province of Havana were sampled during the two study periods: 1995-1999 and 2010-2018. The following patterns in the presence of Ae. albopictus in the study area were observed: a persistent absence of Ae. albopictus in one of the municipalities; a rapid dispersion in the second period, staring from the absence of vector in the first period, in tow other municipalities; and a sustained decrease in the dispersion of Ae.albopictus in two other municipalities. The peripheral municipalities noted the highest presence of Ae. albopictus, but few associations with other mosquitoes. However, overall, we found an increase in this association when comparing the period 2010-2018 with the first period. Ae. albopictus was present in 8% (2016) to 21.5% (2013) inside the houses with an average of 15%, which evidences an initial domiciliation of the species. The results obtained in this work show an initiation of domiciliation of Ae. albopictus in the urban area of the province of Havana. This is important to alert the National Control Program to strengthen the entomological monitoring of Ae. albopictus, and not only Ae. aegypti. The follow-up of this domiciliation is important to guide control efforts, knowing its role as a vector of different arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magaly Castillo
- Entomology laboratory, Provincial Center of Hygiene Epidemiology and Microbiology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Iris Peraza
- Entomology laboratory, Provincial Center of Hygiene Epidemiology and Microbiology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Maricely Milian
- Entomology laboratory, Provincial Center of Hygiene Epidemiology and Microbiology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Roberto Molina
- Entomology laboratory, Provincial Center of Hygiene Epidemiology and Microbiology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Maureen Leyva
- Vector Control Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí (IPK) Havana, Cuba
| | - Juan A Bisset
- Vector Control Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí (IPK) Havana, Cuba
| | - Veerle Vanlerberghe
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Facchinelli L, Badolo A, McCall PJ. Biology and Behaviour of Aedes aegypti in the Human Environment: Opportunities for Vector Control of Arbovirus Transmission. Viruses 2023; 15:636. [PMID: 36992346 PMCID: PMC10053764 DOI: 10.3390/v15030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a ubiquitous vector of arboviruses mostly in urbanised areas throughout the tropics and subtropics and a growing threat beyond. Control of Ae. aegypti is difficult and costly, and no vaccines are available for most of the viruses it transmits. With practical control solutions our goal, ideally suitable for delivery by householders in affected communities, we reviewed the literature on adult Ae. aegypti biology and behaviour, within and close to the human home, the arena where such interventions must impact. We found that knowledge was vague or important details were missing for multiple events or activities in the mosquito life cycle, such as the duration or location of the many periods when females rest between blood feeding and oviposition. The existing body of literature, though substantial, is not wholly reliable, and evidence for commonly held "facts" range from untraceable to extensive. Source references of some basic information are poor or date back more than 60 years, while other information that today is accepted widely as "fact" is not supported by evidence in the literature. Many topics, e.g., sugar feeding, resting preferences (location and duration), and blood feeding, merit being revisited in new geographical regions and ecological contexts to identify vulnerabilities for exploitation in control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Facchinelli
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Laboratoire d’Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Philip J. McCall
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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Roise A, Wallace D. Temperature-dependent population dynamics for Aedes aegypti in outdoor, indoor, and enclosed habitats: a mathematical model for five North American cities. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 112:777-795. [PMID: 35475477 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485322000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A model for the Aedes aegypti lifecycle is developed that takes into account temperature-dependent maturation and death rates for several life stages, wet and dry egg oviposition with flooding, as well as three classes of larval habitat with different temperature profiles: outdoor (subject to external temperature fluctuations, human-inhabited), indoor (temperature moderated, human-inhabited, interior), and enclosed (temperature moderated, human free, exterior). An equilibrium analysis shows that the temperature range of outdoor viable equilibrium populations aligns closely with reported risk levels. Temperature patterns for El Paso, Texas; New York, New York; New Orleans, Louisiana; Orlando, Florida; and Miami, Florida, are considered. In four of these locations (all but New York), enclosed habitats can support mosquito populations even if all outdoor and indoor habitats are removed. In two locations (El Paso and New York) the model shows that in spite of the disappearance of adult mosquitoes during colder temperatures, populations reach seasonal steady state due to the survival of eggs. The results have implications for both vector and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Roise
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Dorothy Wallace
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
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Banerjee S, Pramanik S, Saha GK, Aditya G. Do field collected immature stages of Aedes mosquitoes exhibit correspondence of the life-history traits? Observations from Kolkata, India. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2022.2104660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sampa Banerjee
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Goutam K. Saha
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Gautam Aditya
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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12
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Barrera R, Acevedo V, Amador M. Surveillance and Control of Culex quinquefasciatus Using Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2022; 38:19-23. [PMID: 35276724 DOI: 10.2987/21-7046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We monitored trap captures of Culex quinquefasciatus using an interrupted time-series study to determine if autocidal gravid ovitraps (AGO traps) were useful to control the population of this mosquito species in a community in southern Puerto Rico. Data for this report came from a previous study in which we used mass trapping to control Aedes aegypti, resulting in a significant 79% reduction in numbers of this species. The AGO traps used to monitor and control Ae. aegypti also captured numerous Cx. quinquefasciatus. Culex quinquefasciatus was monitored in surveillance AGO traps from October 2011 to February 2013, followed by a mosquito control intervention from February 2013 to June 2014. Optimal captures of this mosquito occurred on the 2nd wk after the traps were set or serviced, which happened every 8 wk. Changes in collection numbers of Cx. quinquefasciatus were positively correlated with rainfall and showed oscillations every 8 wk, as revealed by sample autocorrelation analyses. Culex quinquefasciatus was attracted to and captured by AGO traps, so mass trapping caused a significant but moderate reduction of the local population (31.2%) in comparison with previous results for Ae. aegypti, possibly resulting from female mosquitoes flying in from outside of the study area and decreased attraction to the traps past the 2nd wk of trap servicing. Because Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus are frequently established in urban areas, mass trapping to control the former has some impact on Cx. quinquefasciatus. Control of the latter could be improved by locating and treating its aquatic habitats within and around the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Barrera
- Entomology and Ecology Team, Dengue Branch, DVBD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Canada, San Juan, PR 00920
| | - Veronica Acevedo
- Entomology and Ecology Team, Dengue Branch, DVBD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Canada, San Juan, PR 00920
| | - Manuel Amador
- Entomology and Ecology Team, Dengue Branch, DVBD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Canada, San Juan, PR 00920
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Sánchez-Díaz E, Gleiser RM, Lopez LR, Guzman C, Contigiani MS, Spinsanti L, Gardenal CN, Gorla DE. Oviposition dynamics of Aedes aegypti in Central Argentina. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 36:43-55. [PMID: 34618943 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) is the vector of multiple arboviruses. To evaluate the association between environmental factors and the oviposition activity of Ae. aegypti in Argentina, data on the presence and abundance of eggs were collected using ovitraps, between September of 2018 and May of 2019, in the cities of Villa María, Río Cuarto and Salsipuedes (Córdoba province, Argentina). We analysed the relationships between oviposition and five environmental factors: Temperature, precipitation, vegetation cover, human population density and distance to sites with a potential high density of larval habitats, like cemeteries and trash dumps. Environmental factors' data were collected using satellite image products. The oviposition activity was randomly distributed in three cities. Using generalized linear mixed models, we show that the house where each ovitrap was placed was a source of variability in oviposition, suggesting the relevance of microsite factors and the importance of domestic control actions. Ae. aegypti oviposition was positively correlated with night-time temperature of the previous 3 weeks, and in a context-dependent manner, it was positively correlated with human population density, vegetation cover and precipitation. The consistency and magnitude of these relationships varied between cities, indicating that oviposition is related to a complex system of environmental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sánchez-Díaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - CONICET, IMBIV, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - R M Gleiser
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - CONICET, IMBIV, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Centro de Relevamiento y Evaluación de Recursos Agrícolas y Naturales (CREAN), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - CONICET, IMBIV, Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - L R Lopez
- Ministerio de Salud Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - C Guzman
- Ministerio de Salud Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M S Contigiani
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Virología "Dr. José María Vanella" (In.Vi.V.), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - L Spinsanti
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Virología "Dr. José María Vanella" (In.Vi.V.), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - C N Gardenal
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología Espacial de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - D E Gorla
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología Espacial de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
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14
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Caragata EP, Otero LM, Tikhe CV, Barrera R, Dimopoulos G. Microbial Diversity of Adult Aedes aegypti and Water Collected from Different Mosquito Aquatic Habitats in Puerto Rico. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 83:182-201. [PMID: 33860847 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes, the major vectors of viruses like dengue, are naturally host to diverse microorganisms, which play an important role in their development, fecundity, immunity, and vector competence. The composition of their microbiota is strongly influenced by the environment, particularly their aquatic larval habitat. In this study, we used 2×300 bp 16s Illumina sequencing to compare the microbial profiles of emerging adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and the water collected from common types of aquatic habitat containers in Puerto Rico, which has endemic dengue transmission. We sequenced 141 mosquito and 46 water samples collected from plastic containers, septic tanks, discarded tires, underground trash cans, tree holes, or water meters. We identified 9 bacterial genera that were highly prevalent in the mosquito microbiome, and 77 for the microbiome of the aquatic habitat. The most abundant mosquito-associated bacterial OTUs were from the families Burkholderiaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Comamonadaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae. Microbial profiles varied greatly between mosquitoes, and there were few major differences explained by container type; however, the microbiome of mosquitoes from plastic containers was more diverse and contained more unique taxa than the other groups. Container water was significantly more diverse than mosquitoes, and our data suggest that mosquitoes filter out many bacteria, with Alphaproteobacteria in particular being far more abundant in water. These findings provide novel insight into the microbiome of mosquitoes in the region and provide a platform to improve our understanding of the fundamental mosquito-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Caragata
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L M Otero
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Entomology and Ecology Team, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - C V Tikhe
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R Barrera
- Entomology and Ecology Team, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - G Dimopoulos
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Paz-Bailey G, Adams L, Wong JM, Poehling KA, Chen WH, McNally V, Atmar RL, Waterman SH. Dengue Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep 2021; 70:1-16. [PMID: 34978547 PMCID: PMC8694708 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7006a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a vectorborne infectious disease caused by dengue viruses (DENVs), which are predominantly transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitos. Dengue is caused by four closely related viruses (DENV-1–4), and a person can be infected with each serotype for a total of four infections during their lifetime. Areas where dengue is endemic in the United States and its territories and freely associated states include Puerto Rico, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau. This report summarizes the recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for use of the Dengvaxia vaccine in the United States. The vaccine is a live-attenuated, chimeric tetravalent dengue vaccine built on a yellow fever 17D backbone. Dengvaxia is safe and effective in reducing dengue-related hospitalizations and severe dengue among persons who have had dengue infection in the past. Previous natural infection is important because Dengvaxia is associated with an increased risk for severe dengue in those who experience their first natural infection (i.e., primary infection) after vaccination. Dengvaxia was licensed by the Food and Drug Administration for use among children and adolescents aged 9–16 years (referred to in this report as children). ACIP recommends vaccination with Dengvaxia for children aged 9–16 having evidence of a previous dengue infection and living in areas where dengue is endemic. Evidence of previous dengue infection, such as detection of anti-DENV immunoglobulin G with a highly specific serodiagnostic test, will be required for eligible children before vaccination.
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16
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Martin JL, Lippi CA, Stewart-Ibarra AM, Ayala EB, Mordecai EA, Sippy R, Heras FH, Blackburn JK, Ryan SJ. Household and climate factors influence Aedes aegypti presence in the arid city of Huaquillas, Ecuador. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009931. [PMID: 34784348 PMCID: PMC8651121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti (e.g., dengue, chikungunya, Zika) are of major public health concern on the arid coastal border of Ecuador and Peru. This high transit border is a critical disease surveillance site due to human movement-associated risk of transmission. Local level studies are thus integral to capturing the dynamics and distribution of vector populations and social-ecological drivers of risk, to inform targeted public health interventions. Our study examines factors associated with household-level Ae. aegypti presence in Huaquillas, Ecuador, while accounting for spatial and temporal effects. From January to May of 2017, adult mosquitoes were collected from a cohort of households (n = 63) in clusters (n = 10), across the city of Huaquillas, using aspirator backpacks. Household surveys describing housing conditions, demographics, economics, travel, disease prevention, and city services were conducted by local enumerators. This study was conducted during the normal arbovirus transmission season (January—May), but during an exceptionally dry year. Household level Ae. aegypti presence peaked in February, and counts were highest in weeks with high temperatures and a week after increased rainfall. Univariate analyses with proportional odds logistic regression were used to explore household social-ecological variables and female Ae. aegypti presence. We found that homes were more likely to have Ae. aegypti when households had interruptions in piped water service. Ae. aegypti presence was less likely in households with septic systems. Based on our findings, infrastructure access and seasonal climate are important considerations for vector control in this city, and even in dry years, the arid environment of Huaquillas supports Ae. aegypti breeding habitat. Mosquito transmitted infectious diseases are a growing concern around the world. The yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) has been responsible for recent major outbreaks of disease, including dengue fever and Zika. This mosquito prefers to bite humans and lay its eggs in artificial containers such as water tanks and planters. This makes Ae. aegypti well suited to become established in growing urban areas. Controlling these mosquitoes has been an important way to reduce the risk of disease transmission. Studies that are undertaken to understand local factors that contribute to the continued survival of the mosquito can be used to inform control practices. We conducted a study in the largest Ecuadorian city on the border of Peru where we collected adult mosquitoes from houses and surveyed household members about their behaviors, perceptions, and housing infrastructure associated with the mosquito vector. Mosquitoes were most numerous in weeks with high temperatures and a week after increased rainfall. We found that houses that had unreliable water service were more likely have mosquitoes present, while houses that used septic systems were less likely to have mosquitoes present.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Martin
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Lippi
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Anna M. Stewart-Ibarra
- Institute for Global Health & Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- InterAmerican Institute for Global Change Research (IAI), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Erin A. Mordecai
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Sippy
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Global Health & Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University
| | - Froilán Heras Heras
- Institute for Global Health & Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University
| | - Jason K. Blackburn
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sadie J. Ryan
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Gorris ME, Bartlow AW, Temple SD, Romero-Alvarez D, Shutt DP, Fair JM, Kaufeld KA, Del Valle SY, Manore CA. Updated distribution maps of predominant Culex mosquitoes across the Americas. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:547. [PMID: 34688314 PMCID: PMC8542338 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates of the geographical distribution of Culex mosquitoes in the Americas have been limited to state and provincial levels in the United States and Canada and based on data from the 1980s. Since these estimates were made, there have been many more documented observations of mosquitoes and new methods have been developed for species distribution modeling. Moreover, mosquito distributions are affected by environmental conditions, which have changed since the 1980s. This calls for updated estimates of these distributions to understand the risk of emerging and re-emerging mosquito-borne diseases. METHODS We used contemporary mosquito data, environmental drivers, and a machine learning ecological niche model to create updated estimates of the geographical range of seven predominant Culex species across North America and South America: Culex erraticus, Culex nigripalpus, Culex pipiens, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex restuans, Culex salinarius, and Culex tarsalis. RESULTS We found that Culex mosquito species differ in their geographical range. Each Culex species is sensitive to both natural and human-influenced environmental factors, especially climate and land cover type. Some prefer urban environments instead of rural ones, and some are limited to tropical or humid areas. Many are found throughout the Central Plains of the USA. CONCLUSIONS Our updated contemporary Culex distribution maps may be used to assess mosquito-borne disease risk. It is critical to understand the current geographical distributions of these important disease vectors and the key environmental predictors structuring their distributions not only to assess current risk, but also to understand how they will respond to climate change. Since the environmental predictors structuring the geographical distribution of mosquito species varied, we hypothesize that each species may have a different response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E. Gorris
- Information Systems and Modeling, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Andrew W. Bartlow
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Seth D. Temple
- Statistical Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Daniel Romero-Alvarez
- Information Systems and Modeling, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
- OneHealth Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Deborah P. Shutt
- Information Systems and Modeling, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Jeanne M. Fair
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | - Sara Y. Del Valle
- Information Systems and Modeling, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Carrie A. Manore
- Information Systems and Modeling, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
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18
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Durant AC, Grieco Guardian E, Kolosov D, Donini A. The transcriptome of anal papillae of Aedes aegypti reveals their importance in xenobiotic detoxification and adds significant knowledge on ion, water and ammonia transport mechanisms. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 132:104269. [PMID: 34174320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The anal papillae of mosquito larvae are osmoregulatory organs in direct contact with the external aquatic environment that actively sequester ions and take up water in dilute freshwater. In the disease vector Aedes aegypti mechanisms of ion, water and ammonia transport have only been partially resolved. Furthermore, A. aegypti larvae are known to reside in high ammonia sewage and high salt brackish waters, and understanding of anal papillae function in these conditions is in its infancy. The objective of this study was to identify the complement of ion and water transport genes expressed by the anal papillae of freshwater larvae by sequencing their transcriptome, and comparing their expression in anal papillae of larvae abruptly transferred to brackish water for 24 h. Results identified a number of ion and water transport proteins, ammonia detoxifying enzymes, a full suite of xenobiotic detoxifying enzymes and transporters, and G-protein coupled receptors of specific hormones. We identified a marked increase in transcript and protein abundance of aquaporin AaAQP2 in the anal papillae with abrupt transfer to brackish water. We present an updated and more comprehensive model for ion and water transport with additional putative transporters for Na+ and Cl- uptake in the anal papillae. These are organs which are actively engaged in Na+, Cl- and water uptake and regulation when the aquatic larvae encounter fluctuating salinities over the course of their development. Furthermore the transcriptome of the anal papillae includes a full set of xenobiotic detoxification genes suggesting that these are important detoxification organs which is particularly important when larvae reside in polluted water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Durant
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Elia Grieco Guardian
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Dennis Kolosov
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Andrew Donini
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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19
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Impact of underground storm drain systems on larval ecology of Culex and Aedes species in urban environments of Southern California. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12667. [PMID: 34135430 PMCID: PMC8209202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive network of storm water conveyance systems in urban areas, often referred to as the "underground storm drain system" (USDS), serves as significant production habitats for mosquitoes. Knowledge of whether USDS habitats are suitable for newly introduced dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus will help guide surveillance and control efforts. To determine whether the USDS functions as a suitable larval habitat for Culex, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in southern California, we examined mosquito habitat utilization and larval survivorship using laboratory microcosm studies. The data showed that USDS constituted 4.1% of sampled larval habitats for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, and 22.0% for Cx. quinquefasciatus. Furthermore, USDS water collected in the summer completely inhibited Aedes larval development, but yielded a 15.0% pupation rate for Cx. quinquefasciatus. Food supplementation in the microcosms suggests that nutrient deficiency, toxins and other factors in the USDS water led to low success or complete failure of larval development. These results suggest that USDS habitats are currently not major productive larval habitats for Aedes mosquitoes in southern California. Our findings prompt inclusion of assessments of pupal productivity in USDS habitats and adult mosquito resting sites in the mosquito surveillance program.
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20
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Soh S, Aik J. The abundance of Culex mosquito vectors for West Nile Virus and other flaviviruses: A time-series analysis of rainfall and temperature dependence in Singapore. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142420. [PMID: 33254953 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Culex mosquitoes are important vectors of West Nile Virus (WNV), St. Louis Encephalitis Virus (SLEV) and Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV). Climate change is expected to alter their ability to spread diseases in human populations. Studies examining the influence of climate variability on Culex mosquitoes in South East Asia are scarce. We examined the influence of climate variability on reported Culex mosquito larval habitats from 2009 to 2018 in Singapore. We analysed the non-linear immediate and lagged weather dependence of Culex habitats over 5 weeks in negative binomial regression models using nationally representative data. We adjusted for the effects of long-term trend, seasonality, public holidays and autocorrelation. There were 41,170 reported Culex larval habitats over the study period. Non-residential premises were associated with more reports of habitats compared to residential premises [Rate Ratio (RR): 113.9, 95% CI: 110.9, 116.9]. Larvae in more than 90% of these habitats were entomologically identified as Culex quinquefasciatus. In residences, every 10 mm increase in rainfall above a 90 mm threshold was associated with a 10.1% [Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR): 0.899, 95% CI: 0.836, 0.968] cumulative decline in larval habitats. Public holidays were not significantly included in the model analysing larval habitats in residences. In non-residences, a 1 °C increase in the ambient air temperature with respect to the mean was associated with a 36.0% (IRR: 1.360, 95% CI: 1.057, 1.749) cumulative increase in Culex larval habitats. Public holidays were associated with a decline in Culex larval habitats in the same week. Our study provides evidence of how ambient air temperature and rainfall variability influences the abundance of Culex mosquito larval habitats. Our findings support the utility of using weather data in predictive models to inform the timing of vector control measures aimed at reducing the risk of WNV and other Culex-borne flavivirus transmission in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Soh
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 40 Scotts Road, Environment Building, #13-00, 228231, Singapore.
| | - Joel Aik
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 40 Scotts Road, Environment Building, #13-00, 228231, Singapore.
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21
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Hery L, Guidez A, Durand AA, Delannay C, Normandeau-Guimond J, Reynaud Y, Issaly J, Goindin D, Legrave G, Gustave J, Raffestin S, Breurec S, Constant P, Dusfour I, Guertin C, Vega-Rúa A. Natural Variation in Physicochemical Profiles and Bacterial Communities Associated with Aedes aegypti Breeding Sites and Larvae on Guadeloupe and French Guiana. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 81:93-109. [PMID: 32621210 PMCID: PMC7794107 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti develop in aquatic habitats in which mosquito larvae are exposed to physicochemical elements and microorganisms that may influence their life cycle and their ability to transmit arboviruses. Little is known about the natural bacterial communities associated with A. aegypti or their relation to the biotic and abiotic characteristics of their aquatic habitats. We characterized the physicochemical properties and bacterial microbiota of A. aegypti breeding sites and larvae on Guadeloupe and in French Guiana. In addition, we explored whether geographic location, the type of breeding site and physicochemical parameters influenced the microbiota associated with this mosquito species. We used large-scale 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 160 breeding sites and 147 pools of A. aegypti larvae and recorded 12 physicochemical parameters at the sampled breeding sites. Ordination plots and multiple linear regression were used to assess the influence of environmental factors on the bacterial microbiota of water and larvae. We found territory-specific differences in physicochemical properties (dissolved oxygen, conductivity) and the composition of bacterial communities in A. aegypti breeding sites that influenced the relative abundance of several bacteria genera (e.g., Methylobacterium, Roseoccocus) on the corresponding larvae. A significant fraction of the bacterial communities identified on larvae, dominated by Herbiconiux and Microvirga genera, were consistently enriched in mosquitoes regardless the location. In conclusion, territory-specific differences observed in the biotic and abiotic properties of A. aegypti breeding sites raise concern about the impact of these changes on pathogen transmission by different A. aegypti populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyza Hery
- Laboratory of Vector Control Research, Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity Unit, Institut Pasteur of Guadeloupe, Morne Jolivière, Guadeloupe France
| | - Amandine Guidez
- Vector Control and Adaptation Unit, Cayenne, Institut Pasteur of French Guiana, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana France
| | | | - Christelle Delannay
- Laboratory of Vector Control Research, Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity Unit, Institut Pasteur of Guadeloupe, Morne Jolivière, Guadeloupe France
| | | | - Yann Reynaud
- Laboratory of Vector Control Research, Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity Unit, Institut Pasteur of Guadeloupe, Morne Jolivière, Guadeloupe France
| | - Jean Issaly
- Vector Control and Adaptation Unit, Cayenne, Institut Pasteur of French Guiana, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana France
| | - Daniella Goindin
- Laboratory of Vector Control Research, Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity Unit, Institut Pasteur of Guadeloupe, Morne Jolivière, Guadeloupe France
| | - Grégory Legrave
- Laboratory of Environment and Food Hygiene, Institut Pasteur of Guadeloupe, Morne Jolivière, Guadeloupe France
| | - Joel Gustave
- Regional Health Agency of Guadeloupe, Gourbeyre, Guadeloupe France
| | - Stéphanie Raffestin
- Laboratory of Environment and Hygiene, Institut Pasteur of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana France
| | - Sebastien Breurec
- Transmission, Reservoir and Diversity of Pathogens Unit, Institut Pasteur of Guadeloupe, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
- Hyacinthe Bastaraud Faculty of Medicine, University of Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
- INSERM Centre for Clinical Investigation 1424, Pointe-à-Pitre, Les Abymes France
| | - Philippe Constant
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec Canada
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Vector Control and Adaptation Unit, Cayenne, Institut Pasteur of French Guiana, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana France
| | - Claude Guertin
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec Canada
| | - Anubis Vega-Rúa
- Laboratory of Vector Control Research, Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity Unit, Institut Pasteur of Guadeloupe, Morne Jolivière, Guadeloupe France
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22
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Ye G, Wang Y, Liu X, Dong Q, Cai Q, Yuan Z, Xia H. Transmission competence of a new mesonivirus, Yichang virus, in mosquitoes and its interference with representative flaviviruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008920. [PMID: 33253189 PMCID: PMC7738168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in technology have greatly stimulated the understanding of insect-specific viruses (ISVs). Unfortunately, most of these findings are based on sequencing technology, and laboratory data are scarce on the transmission dynamics of ISVs in nature and the potential effects of these viruses on arboviruses. Mesonivirus is a class of ISVs with a wide geographical distribution. Recently, our laboratory reported the isolation of a novel strain of mesonivirus, Yichang virus (YCV), from Culex mosquitoes, China. In this study, the experimental infection of YCV by the oral route for adult and larvae mosquitoes, and the vertical transmission has been conducted, which suggests that YCV could adopt a mixed-mode transmission. Controlled experiments showed that the infectivity of YCV depends on the mosquito species, virus dose, and infection route. The proliferation curve and tissue distribution of YCV in Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. albopictus showed that YCV is more susceptible to Ae. albopictus and is located in the midgut. Furthermore, we also assessed the interference of YCV with flaviviruses both in vitro and in vivo. YCV significantly inhibited the proliferation of DENV-2 and ZIKV, in cell culture, and reduced transmission rate of DENV-2 in Ae. albopictus. Our work provides insights into the transmission of ISVs in different mosquito species during ontogeny and their potential ability to interact with mosquito-borne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguo Ye
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qiannan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quanxin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (HX)
| | - Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (HX)
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23
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Sanz G, De Jesus Rodriguez E, Vila-Delgado M, Oliver AL. An unusual case of unilateral chorioretinitis and blind spot enlargement associated with asymptomatic West Nile virus infection. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2020; 18:100723. [PMID: 32373759 PMCID: PMC7195517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To report a case of unilateral chorioretinitis and acute blind spot enlargement occurring in a patient with asymptomatic West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Observations A 28-year-old Hispanic woman, residing in Puerto Rico, presented with an 18-month history of photopsia and a visual field disturbance of the left eye. She had no history of other neurologic symptoms or viral-like illness concurrent with the onset of her symptoms. Corrected visual acuity was 20/20 on both eyes. The left fundus revealed multifocal chorioretinitis, at different stages of evolution, several creamy orange lesions on the mid-periphery along with multiple small punched out lesions, some of which were following a curvilinear pattern distribution. Visual field testing revealed physiological blind spot enlargement on the left eye. Serum WNV antibody serology revealed negative IgM (<0.90) and positive IgG (1.58, <1.30 reference). The patient was treated with oral prednisone, 60mg for two weeks, followed by a 13-week taper of therapy, which resulted in normalization of the visual field defect. Conclusion and Importance Our case raises the possibility that ophthalmic manifestations may occur in some patients with asymptomatic WNV infection. It also suggests that acute blind spot enlargement may also be part of the myriad of ophthalmic manifestations present in WNV patients. In such instances where acute blind spot enlargement is present, oral prednisone may result in improvement and subsequent normalization of the visual field defect. Besides, our case provides evidence to suggest that primary WNV transmission is possible in Puerto Rico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Armando L. Oliver
- Corresponding author. UPR Department of Ophthalmology, Po Box 3650689, San Juan, PR, 00936, USA.
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24
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Madewell ZJ, Sosa S, Brouwer KC, Juárez JG, Romero C, Lenhart A, Cordón-Rosales C. Associations between household environmental factors and immature mosquito abundance in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1729. [PMID: 31870343 PMCID: PMC6929347 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-8102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti-borne diseases are becoming major public health problems in tropical and sub-tropical regions. While socioeconomic status has been associated with larval mosquito abundance, the drivers or possible factors mediating this association, such as environmental factors, are yet to be identified. We examined possible associations between proximity to houses and roads and immature mosquito abundance, and assessed whether these factors and mosquito prevention measures mediated any association between household environmental factors and immature mosquito abundance. METHODS We conducted two cross-sectional household container surveys in February-March and November-December, 2017, in urban and rural areas of Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. We used principal components analysis to identify factors from 12 variables to represent the household environment. One factor which included number of rooms in house, electricity, running water, garbage service, cable, television, telephone, latrine, well, and sewer system, was termed "environmental capital." Environmental capital scores ranged from 0 to 5.5. Risk factors analyzed included environmental capital, and distance from nearest house/structure, paved road, and highway. We used Poisson regression to determine associations between distance to nearest house/structure, roads, and highways, and measures of immature mosquito abundance (total larvae, total pupae, and positive containers). Using cubic spline generalized additive models, we assessed non-linear associations between environmental capital and immature mosquito abundance. We then examined whether fumigation, cleaning containers, and distance from the nearest house, road, and highway mediated the relationship between environmental capital and larvae and pupae abundance. RESULTS We completed 508 household surveys in February-March, and we revisited 469 households in November-December. Proximity to paved roads and other houses/structures was positively associated with larvae and pupae abundance and mediated the associations between environmental capital and total numbers of larvae/pupae (p ≤ 0.01). Distance to highways was not associated with larval/pupal abundance (p ≥ 0.48). Households with the lowest and highest environmental capital had fewer larvae/pupae than households in the middle range (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We found evidence that proximity to other houses and paved roads was associated with greater abundance of larvae and pupae. Understanding risk factors such as these can allow for improved targeting of surveillance and vector control measures in areas considered at higher risk for arbovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Madewell
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala. .,Program in Public Health (Epidemiology), University of California, San Diego/San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Silvia Sosa
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Kimberly C Brouwer
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, Division of Global Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - José Guillermo Juárez
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.,Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Carolina Romero
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Celia Cordón-Rosales
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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25
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Durant AC, Donini A. Development of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito larvae in high ammonia sewage in septic tanks causes alterations in ammonia excretion, ammonia transporter expression, and osmoregulation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19028. [PMID: 31836747 PMCID: PMC6911005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of the disease vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.) readily develop in ammonia rich sewage in the British Virgin Islands. To understand how the larvae survive in ammonia levels that are lethal to most animals, an examination of ammonia excretory physiology in larvae collected from septic-water and freshwater was carried out. A. aegypti larvae were found to be remarkably plastic in dealing with high external ammonia through the modulation of NH4+ excretion at the anal papillae, measured using the scanning ion-selective electrode technique (SIET), and NH4+ secretion in the primary urine by the Malpighian tubules when developing in septicwater. Ammonia transporters, Amt and Rh proteins, are expressed in ionoregulatory and excretory organs, with increases in Rh protein, Na+-K+-ATPase, and V-type-H+-ATPase expression observed in the Malpighian tubules, hindgut, and anal papillae in septic-water larvae. A comparative approach using laboratory A. aegypti larvae reared in high ammonia septic-water revealed similar responses to collected A. aegypti with regard to altered ammonia secretion and hemolymph ion composition. Results suggest that the observed alterations in excretory physiology of larvae developing in septic-water is a consequence of the high ammonia levels and that A. aegypti larvae may rely on ammonia transporting proteins coupled to active transport to survive in septic-water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Durant
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Andrew Donini
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Surendran SN, Jayadas TTP, Sivabalakrishnan K, Santhirasegaram S, Karvannan K, Weerarathne TC, Parakrama Karunaratne SHP, Ramasamy R. Development of the major arboviral vector Aedes aegypti in urban drain-water and associated pyrethroid insecticide resistance is a potential global health challenge. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:337. [PMID: 31287014 PMCID: PMC6615112 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes aegypti were found developing in the water in open public drains (drain-water, DW) in Jaffna city in northern Sri Lanka, a location where the arboviral diseases dengue and chikungunya are endemic. Methods Susceptibilities to the common insecticides dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), malathion, propoxur, permethrin and deltamethrin and activities of the insecticide-detoxifying enzymes carboxylesterase (EST), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and monooxygenase (MO) were compared in adult Ae. aegypti developing in DW and fresh water (FW). Results DW Ae. aegypti were resistant to the pyrethroids deltamethrin and permethrin, while FW Ae. aegypti were susceptible to deltamethrin but possibly resistant to permethrin. Both DW and FW Ae. aegypti were resistant to DDT, malathion and propoxur. Greater pyrethroid resistance in DW Ae. aegypti was consistent with higher GST and MO activities. Conclusions The results demonstrate the potential for insecticide resistance developing in Ae. aegypti adapted to DW. Urbanization in arboviral disease-endemic countries is characterized by a proliferation of open water drains and therefore the findings identify a potential new challenge to global health.
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27
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Kim K, Hyun J, Kim H, Lim H, Myung H. A Deep Learning-Based Automatic Mosquito Sensing and Control System for Urban Mosquito Habitats. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19122785. [PMID: 31234294 PMCID: PMC6631209 DOI: 10.3390/s19122785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito control is important as mosquitoes are extremely harmful pests that spread various infectious diseases. In this research, we present the preliminary results of an automated system that detects the presence of mosquitoes via image processing using multiple deep learning networks. The Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) and neural network-based regression demonstrated an accuracy of 84%. Meanwhile, the single image classifier demonstrated an accuracy of only 52%. The overall processing time also decreased from 4.64 to 2.47 s compared to the conventional classifying network. After detection, a larvicide made from toxic protein crystals of the Bacillus thuringiensis serotype israelensis bacteria was injected into static water to stop the proliferation of mosquitoes. This system demonstrates a higher efficiency than hunting adult mosquitos while avoiding damage to other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyukwang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Jieum Hyun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Hyeongkeun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Hwijoon Lim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Hyun Myung
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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28
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Yee SH, Yee DA, de Jesus Crespo R, Oczkowski A, Bai F, Friedman S. Linking Water Quality to Aedes aegypti and Zika in Flood-Prone Neighborhoods. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:191-209. [PMID: 30945160 PMCID: PMC7163161 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability of ecosystems to regulate water quality and flood events has been linked to health outcomes, including mosquito-borne illnesses. In the San Juan Bay Estuary watershed of Puerto Rico, habitat alterations and land-use development have disrupted watershed hydrology, exacerbating wastewater discharges and subjecting some neighborhoods to frequent flooding events. In 2016, the mosquito-borne illness Zika became a new cause for concern. We hypothesized that nutrient-enriched flood water could provide pulses of supplemental nutrients to local mosquito populations. We conducted a field study in six neighborhoods adjacent to the estuary to assess whether environmental variability of nutrient inputs could be linked to breeding habitat containers, Aedes aegypti larvae and adults, and the acquisition of Zika virus by adult mosquitoes. The most frequently flooded neighborhood had consistently higher levels of nitrogen in estuary water, leaf detritus, containers, and adult mosquitoes compared to other neighborhoods. Adult body nitrogen was significantly related to both nitrogen content of containers and leaf detritus from the local trapping area. Disseminated Zika concentration in adult Ae. aegypti tended to decrease as body carbon and nitrogen increased. Our study provides preliminary evidence that environmental variability in nutrient inputs can influence viral acquisition by mosquito vectors. This suggests that management actions to reduce flooding and improve water quality should go hand-in-hand with more traditional vector control methods, such as aerial spraying, to help control spread of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Harrell Yee
- Gulf Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, FL, 32561, USA.
| | - Donald A Yee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Rebeca de Jesus Crespo
- Gulf Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, FL, 32561, USA
| | - Autumn Oczkowski
- Atlantic Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Stephanie Friedman
- Gulf Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, FL, 32561, USA
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29
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Kauffman EB, Kramer LD. Zika Virus Mosquito Vectors: Competence, Biology, and Vector Control. J Infect Dis 2019; 216:S976-S990. [PMID: 29267910 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) has become one of the most medically important mosquito-borne viruses because of its ability to cause microcephaly in utero and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. This virus emerged from its sylvatic cycle in Africa to cause an outbreak in Yap, Federated States of Micronesia in 2007, French Polynesia in 2014, and most recently South America in 2015. The rapid expansion of ZIKV in the Americas largely has been due to the biology and behavior of its vector, Aedes aegypti. Other arboviruses transmitted by Ae. aegypti include the 2 flaviviruses dengue virus and yellow fever virus and the alphavirus chikungunya virus, which are also (re)emerging viruses in the Americas. This mosquito vector is highly domesticated, living in close association with humans in urban households. Its eggs are desiccation resistant, and the larvae develop rapidly in subtropical and tropical environments. Climate warming is facilitating range expansion of Ae. aegypti, adding to the threat this mosquito poses to human health, especially in light of the difficulty controlling it. Aedes albopictus, another highly invasive arbovirus vector that has only been implicated in one country (Gabon), is an important vector of ZIKV, but because of its wide geographic distribution may become a more important vector in the future. This article discusses the historical background of ZIKV and the biology and ecology of these 2 vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Kauffman
- Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany.,School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany
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30
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Du S, Liu Y, Liu J, Zhao J, Champagne C, Tong L, Zhang R, Zhang F, Qin CF, Ma P, Chen CH, Liang G, Liu Q, Shi PY, Cazelles B, Wang P, Tian H, Cheng G. Aedes mosquitoes acquire and transmit Zika virus by breeding in contaminated aquatic environments. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1324. [PMID: 30902991 PMCID: PMC6430813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that predominantly circulates between humans and Aedes mosquitoes. Clinical studies have shown that Zika viruria in patients persists for an extended period, and results in infectious virions being excreted. Here, we demonstrate that Aedes mosquitoes are permissive to ZIKV infection when breeding in urine or sewage containing low concentrations of ZIKV. Mosquito larvae and pupae, including from field Aedes aegypti can acquire ZIKV from contaminated aquatic systems, resulting in ZIKV infection of adult females. Adult mosquitoes can transmit infectious virions to susceptible type I/II interferon receptor-deficient (ifnagr-/-) C57BL/6 (AG6) mice. Furthermore, ZIKV viruria from infected AG6 mice can causes mosquito infection during the aquatic life stages. Our studies suggest that infectious urine could be a natural ZIKV source, which is potentially transmissible to mosquitoes when breeding in an aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyan Du
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Clara Champagne
- IBENS, UMR 8197 CNRS-ENS Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Liangqin Tong
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Renli Zhang
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchun Zhang
- Institute of infectious diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 510060, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tsinghua University Hospital, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 102206, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 102206, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Bernard Cazelles
- IBENS, UMR 8197 CNRS-ENS Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005, Paris, France
- International Center for Mathematical and Computational Modeling of Complex Systems (UMMISCO), IRD-Sorbone Université, Bondy, 93143, France
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Santana-Martinez JC, Silva JJ, Dussan J. Efficacy of Lysinibacillus sphaericus against mixed-cultures of field-collected and laboratory larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 109:111-118. [PMID: 29784071 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485318000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillales: Planococcaceae) is a spore-forming bacillus used for the biological control of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) due to its larvicidal activity determined by various toxins and S-layer protein produced either during sporulation or by the vegetative cell. Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus are the vectors of arboviruses that cause tropical diseases representing a current public health problem. Both species may coexist in the same larval development sites and are susceptible to the larvicidal activity of L. sphaericus. In this study, we compared the larvicidal effects of L. sphaericus 2362 (WHO Reference strain) and native strains III(3)7 and OT4b.25 against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti in single-species and mixed-culture bioassays. Findings showed that L. sphaericus spores, vegetative cells and a combination thereof possessed high larvicidal activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae, whereas only the formulation of L. sphaericus vegetative cells was effective against Ae. aegypti larvae. Similar results were obtained for field-collected larvae. We propose that a formulation of vegetative cells of L. sphaericus 2362 or III(3)7 could be a good alternative to chemical insecticides for the in situ control of mixed populations of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Santana-Martinez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas,Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas (CIMIC), Universidad de los Andes,Bogotá,Colombia
| | - J J Silva
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas,Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas (CIMIC), Universidad de los Andes,Bogotá,Colombia
| | - J Dussan
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas,Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas (CIMIC), Universidad de los Andes,Bogotá,Colombia
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Landscape and Environmental Factors Influencing Stage Persistence and Abundance of the Bamboo Mosquito, Tripteroides bambusa (Diptera: Culicidae), across an Altitudinal Gradient. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10020041. [PMID: 30717093 PMCID: PMC6409834 DOI: 10.3390/insects10020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The bamboo mosquito, Tripteroides bambusa (Yamada) (Diptera: Culicidae), is a common insect across East Asia. Several studies have looked at the ecology of Tr. bambusa developmental stages separately, but little is known about the factors associated with the persistence (how often) and abundance (how many individuals) of Tr. bambusa stages simultaneously studied across a heterogeneous landscape. Here, we ask what environmental and landscape factors are associated with the persistence and abundance of Tr. bambusa stages across the altitudinal gradient of Mt. Konpira, Nagasaki City, Japan. During a season-long study we counted 8065 (7297 4th instar larvae, 670 pupae and 98 adults) Tr. bambusa mosquitoes. We found that persistence and abundance patterns were not associated among stages, with the exception of large (4th instar) and small (1st to 3rd instars) larvae persistence, which were positively correlated. We also found that relative humidity was associated with the persistence of Tr. bambusa aquatic stages, being positively associated with large and small larvae, but negatively with pupae. Similarly, landscape aspect changed from positive to negative the sign of its association with Tr. bambusa pupae and adults, highlighting that environmental associations change with life stage. Meanwhile, Tr. bambusa abundance patterns were negatively impacted by more variable microenvironments, as measured by the negative impacts of kurtosis and standard deviation (SD) of environmental variables, indicating Tr. bambusa thrives in stable environments, suggesting this mosquito species has a finely grained response to environmental changes.
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Ng KC, Chaves LF, Tsai KH, Chuang TW. Increased Adult Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Abundance in a Dengue Transmission Hotspot, Compared to a Coldspot, within Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9030098. [PMID: 30104501 PMCID: PMC6164640 DOI: 10.3390/insects9030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The assumption that vector abundance differences might drive spatial and temporal heterogeneities in vector-borne disease transmission is common, though data supporting it is scarce. Here, we present data from two common mosquito species Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, biweekly sampled as adults, from March 2016 through December 2017, with BG-sentinel traps in two neighboring districts of Kaohsiung City (KC), Taiwan. One district has historically been a dengue transmission hotspot (Sanmin), and the other a coldspot (Nanzih). We collected a total 41,027 mosquitoes, and we found that average mosquito abundance (mean ± S.D.) was higher in Sanmin (Ae. aegypti: 9.03 ± 1.46; Cx. quinquefasciatus: 142.57 ± 14.38) than Nanzih (Ae. aegypti: 6.21 ± 0.47; Cx. quinquefasciatus: 63.37 ± 8.71) during the study period. In both districts, Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus population dynamics were sensitive to changes in temperature, the most platykurtic environmental variable at KC during the study period, a pattern predicted by Schmalhausen’s law, which states that organisms are more sensitive to small changes in environmental variables whose average value is more uncertain than its extremes. Our results also suggest that differences in Ae. aegypti abundance might be responsible for spatial differences in dengue transmission at KC. Our comparative approach, where we also observed a significant increment in the abundance of Cx. quinquefasciatus in the dengue transmission hotspot, suggests this area might be more likely to experience outbreaks of other vector borne diseases and should become a primary focus for vector surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Chon Ng
- College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Apartado Postal 4-2250, Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica.
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Apartado Postal 304-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | - Kun-Hsien Tsai
- College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Wu Chuang
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing Street, Xinyi District, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Romeo Aznar V, Alem I, De Majo MS, Byttebier B, Solari HG, Fischer S. Effects of scarcity and excess of larval food on life history traits of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2018; 43:117-124. [PMID: 29757503 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have assessed the effects of food scarcity or excess on the life history traits of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) independently from larval density. We assessed immature survival, development time, and adult size in relation to food availability. We reared cohorts of 30 Ae. aegypti larvae from newly hatched to adult emergence with different food availability. Food conditions were kept constant by transferring larvae each day to a new food solution. Immature development was completed by some individuals in all treatments. The shortest development time, the largest adults, and the highest survival were observed at intermediate food levels. The most important effects of food scarcity were an extension in development time, a decrease in the size of adults, and a slight decrease in survival, while the most important effects of food excess were an important decrease in survival and a slight decrease in the size of adults. The variability in development time and adult size within sex and treatment increased at decreasing food availability. The results suggest that although the studied population has adapted to a wide range of food availabilities, both scarcity and excess of food have important negative impacts on fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Romeo Aznar
- Departamento de Física, and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iris Alem
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, and IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Sol De Majo
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, and IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Barbara Byttebier
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, and IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hernán G Solari
- Departamento de Física, and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sylvia Fischer
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, and IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Durant AC, Donini A. Ammonia Excretion in an Osmoregulatory Syncytium Is Facilitated by AeAmt2, a Novel Ammonia Transporter in Aedes aegypti Larvae. Front Physiol 2018; 9:339. [PMID: 29695971 PMCID: PMC5905399 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti inhabit ammonia rich septic tanks in tropical regions of the world that make extensive use of these systems, explaining the prevalence of disease during dry seasons. Since ammonia (NH3/NH4+) is toxic to animals, an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of ammonia excretion permitting the survival of A. aegypti larvae in high ammonia environments is important. We have characterized a novel ammonia transporter, AeAmt2, belonging to the Amt/MEP/Rh family of ammonia transporters. Based on the amino acid sequence, the predicted topology of AeAmt2 consists of 11 transmembrane helices with an extracellular N-terminus and a cytoplasmic C-terminus region. Alignment of the predicted AeAmt2 amino acid sequence with other Amt/MEP proteins from plants, bacteria, and yeast highlights the presence of conserved residues characteristic of ammonia conducting channels in this protein. AeAmt2 is expressed in the ionoregulatory anal papillae of A. aegypti larvae where it is localized to the apical membrane of the epithelium. dsRNA-mediated knockdown of AeAmt2 results in a significant decrease in NH4+ efflux from the anal papillae, suggesting a key role in facilitating ammonia excretion. The effect of high environmental ammonia (HEA) on expression of AeAmt2, along with previously characterized AeAmt1, AeRh50-1, and AeRh50-2 in the anal papillae was investigated. We show that changes in expression of ammonia transporters occur in response to acute and chronic exposure to HEA, which reflects the importance of these transporters in the physiology of life in high ammonia habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Donini
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of mosquito species during the dry season along the Mara River and its tributaries, in Kenya and Tanzania. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:2. [PMID: 29343279 PMCID: PMC5772712 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vector-borne diseases are increasingly becoming a major health problem among communities living along the major rivers of Africa. Although larger water bodies such as lakes and dams have been extensively researched, rivers and their tributaries have largely been ignored. This study sought to establish the spatial distribution of mosquito species during the dry season and further characterize their habitats along the Mara River and its tributaries. Methods In this cross-sectional survey, mosquito larvae were sampled along the Mara River, its two perennial tributaries (Amala and Nyangores), drying streams, and adjacent aquatic habitats (e.g. swamps, puddles that receive direct sunlight [open sunlit puddles], rock pools, hippo and livestock hoof prints, and vegetated pools). Each habitat was dipped 20 times using a standard dipper. Distance between breeding sites and human habitation was determined using global positioning system coordinates. The collected mosquito larvae were identified using standard taxonomic keys. Water physico-chemical parameters were measured in situ using a multiparameter meter. Mean mosquito larvae per habitat type were compared using analysis of variance and chi-square tests, while the relationship between mosquito larvae and physico-chemical parameters was evaluated using a generalized linear mixed model. The Cox-Stuart test was used to detect trends of mosquito larvae distribution. The test allowed for verification of monotonic tendency (rejection of null hypothesis of trend absence) and its variability. Results A total of 4001 mosquito larvae were collected, of which 2712 (67.8%) were collected from river/stream edge habitats and 1289 (32.2%) were sampled from aquatic habitats located in the terrestrial ecosystem about 50 m away from the main river/streams. Anopheles gambiae s.s, An. arabiensis, and An. funestus group, the three most potent vectors of malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa, together with other anopheline mosquitoes, were the most dominant mosquito species (70.3%), followed by Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens complex combined (29.5%). Drying streams accounted for the highest number of larvae captured compared to the other habitat types. A stronger relationship between mosquito larvae abundance and dissolved oxygen (Z = 7.37, P ≤ 0.001), temperature (Z = 7.65, P ≤ 0.001), turbidity (Z = −5.25, P ≤ 0.001), and distance to the nearest human habitation (Z = 4.57, P ≤ 0.001), was observed. Conclusions Presence of malaria and non-malaria mosquito larvae within the Mara River basin calls for immediate action to curtail the insurgence of vector-borne diseases within the basin. A vector control program should be conducted during the dry period, targeting drying streams shown to produce the highest number of larval mosquitoes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-017-0385-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Asymmetrical Competition between Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Coexisting in Breeding Sites. INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8040111. [PMID: 29064390 PMCID: PMC5746794 DOI: 10.3390/insects8040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus are mosquito vectors for several tropical diseases that represent a current public health problem. The ecological requirements for each species are different, however, both species show high biological adaptability, which promotes their coexistence in the same breeding sites. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of larval association between Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus under different laboratory conditions of food supply and temperature, and under field simulated conditions like peridomestic containers. Our findings showed that under field simulated conditions there was no asymmetrical competition in mixed cultures with the different Cx. quinquefasciatus/Ae. aegypti ratios tested. However, under laboratory conditions in which different doses of food supply were evaluated, it was observed that competition between the two species takes place. Larval coexistence under food scarcity conditions (0.95 mg/larva) showed that Ae. aegypti had a greater adult emergence than Cx. quinquefasciatus and was capable of depriving Cx. quinquefasciatus of the food needed to complete metamorphosis. In an intermediate dose of food (1.9 mg/larva), the dry weight of Cx. quinquefasciatus adults decreased, and their larval development time increased when Cx. quinquefasciatus/Ae. aegypti ratio was low. Also, a temperature effect was assessed demonstrating that Cx. quinquefasciatus was more vulnerable to changes in temperature. We suggest that Ae. aegypti is more successful in exploiting microhabitats when food is scarce, due to its scrape active feeding habitats and fast larval development times. Therefore, in conditions of food paucity both species will compete, and Ae. aegypti larvae will prevail.
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Overgaard HJ, Olano VA, Jaramillo JF, Matiz MI, Sarmiento D, Stenström TA, Alexander N. A cross-sectional survey of Aedes aegypti immature abundance in urban and rural household containers in central Colombia. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:356. [PMID: 28750651 PMCID: PMC5530958 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes aegypti, the major vector of dengue, breeds in domestic water containers. The development of immature mosquitoes in such containers is influenced by various environmental, ecological and socioeconomic factors. Urban and rural disparities in water storage practices and water source supply may affect mosquito immature abundance and, potentially, dengue risk. We evaluated the effect of water and container characteristics on A. aegypti immature abundance in urban and rural areas. Data were collected in the wet season of 2011 in central Colombia from 36 urban and 35 rural containers, which were either mosquito-positive or negative. Immature mosquitoes were identified to species. Data on water and container characteristics were collected from all containers. Results A total of 1452 Aedes pupae and larvae were collected of which 81% were A. aegypti and 19% A. fluviatilis. Aedes aegypti immatures were found in both urban and rural sites. However, the mean number of A. aegypti pupae was five times higher in containers in the urban sites compared to those in the rural sites. One of the important factors associated with A. aegypti infestation was frequency of container washing. Monthly-washed or never-washed containers were both about four times more likely to be infested than those washed every week. There were no significant differences between urban and rural sites in frequency of washing containers. Aedes aegypti immature infestation was positively associated with total dissolved solids, but negatively associated with dissolved oxygen. Water temperature, total dissolved solids, ammonia, nitrate, and organic matter were significantly higher in urban than in rural containers, which might explain urban-rural differences in breeding of A. aegypti. However, many of these factors vary substantially between studies and in their degree of association with vector breeding, therefore they may not be reliable indices for vector control interventions. Conclusions Although containers in urban areas were more likely to be infested with A. aegypti, rural containers still provide suitable habitats for A. aegypti. Containers that are washed more frequent are less likely to produce A. aegypti. These results highlight the importance of container washing as an effective vector control tool in both urban and rural areas. In addition, alternative designs of the highly productive washbasins should continue to be explored. To control diseases such as dengue, Zika and chikungunya, effective vector breeding site control must be implemented in addition to other interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J Overgaard
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | | | | | - María Inés Matiz
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Sarmiento
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Thor Axel Stenström
- SARChI, Institute for Water and Waste Water Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Neal Alexander
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Emidi B, Kisinza WN, Mmbando BP, Malima R, Mosha FW. Effect of physicochemical parameters on Anopheles and Culex mosquito larvae abundance in different breeding sites in a rural setting of Muheza, Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 2017. [PMID: 28645303 PMCID: PMC5482952 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Basiliana Emidi
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania. .,National Institute for Medical Research, Headquarters, P.O. Box 9653, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - William N Kisinza
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Centre, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Bruno P Mmbando
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Centre, P.O. Box 5004, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Robert Malima
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Centre, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Franklin W Mosha
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania
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Interrelationship between Climatic, Ecologic, Social, and Cultural Determinants Affecting Dengue Emergence and Transmission in Puerto Rico and Their Implications for Zika Response. J Trop Med 2017; 2017:8947067. [PMID: 28717366 PMCID: PMC5498925 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8947067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The global resurgence of dengue has been attributed to rapid population growth, urban expansion, increased air travel, globalization, and climate change. Dengue is now endemic in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico is at risk for Zika, another emerging arbovirus. The interrelationship between climatic, ecological, social, and cultural factors that affect dengue and other arboviruses' transmission is understudied. Design The objective of this systematic review is to examine the interrelationship between climatic, ecological, social, and cultural factors on dengue transmission in Puerto Rico and to draw lessons for Zika response. Results A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed journal articles was performed, producing 562 articles; 26 were selected for this review. Findings indicate that human activities and behaviors (urbanization, migration, and consumption) as well as climate have a significant impact on the abundance and the transmission potential of Ae. aegypti, the vector for dengue, Zika, and other viruses. Conclusion Despite the public health burden of dengue limited investments have been made in research and surveillance. Future research is needed to develop models that integrate the multivariate effects of climatic, ecological, social, and cultural factors, which for Puerto Rico have mostly been examined independently. Such models have the potential to inform response to dengue, Zika, and other arboviruses.
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Myer MH, Campbell SR, Johnston JM. Spatiotemporal modeling of ecological and sociological predictors of West Nile virus in Suffolk County, NY, mosquitoes. Ecosphere 2017; 8:e01854. [PMID: 30147987 PMCID: PMC6104833 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Suffolk County, New York, is a locus for West Nile virus (WNV) infection in the American northeast that includes the majority of Long Island to the east of New York City. The county has a system of light and gravid traps used for mosquito collection and disease monitoring. In order to identify predictors of WNV incidence in mosquitoes and predict future occurrence of WNV, we have developed a spatiotemporal Bayesian model, beginning with over 40 ecological, meteorological, and built-environment covariates. A mixed-effects model including spatially and temporally correlated errors was fit to WNV surveillance data from 2008 to 2014 using the R package “R-INLA,” which allows for Bayesian modeling using the stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE) approach. The integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) SPDE allows for simultaneous fitting of a temporal parameter and a spatial covariance, while incorporating a variety of likelihood functions and running in R statistical software on a home computer. We found that land cover classified as open water and woody wetlands had a negative association with WNV incidence in mosquitoes, and the count of septic systems was associated with an increase in WNV. Mean temperature at two-week lag was associated with a strong positive impact, while mean precipitation at no lag and one-week lag was associated with positive and negative impacts on WNV, respectively. Incorporation of spatiotemporal factors resulted in a marked increase in model goodness-of-fit. The predictive power of the model was evaluated on 2015 surveillance results, where the best model achieved a sensitivity of 80.9% and a specificity of 77.0%. The spatial covariate was mapped across the county, identifying a gradient of WNV prevalence increasing from east to west. The Bayesian spatiotemporal model improves upon previous approaches, and we recommend the INLA SPDE methodology as an efficient way to develop robust models from surveillance data to develop and enhance monitoring and control programs. Our study confirms previously found associations between weather conditions and WNV and suggests that wetland cover has a mitigating effect on WNV infection in mosquitoes, while high septic system density is associated with an increase in WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Myer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605 USA
| | - Scott R Campbell
- Arthropod-Borne Disease Laboratory, Suffolk County Department of Health Services, Yaphank, New York 11980 USA
| | - John M Johnston
- Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605 USA
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Marcondes CB, Contigiani M, Gleiser RM. Emergent and Reemergent Arboviruses in South America and the Caribbean: Why So Many and Why Now? JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:509-532. [PMID: 28399216 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Varios arbovirus han emergido y/o reemergido en el Nuevo Mundo en las últimas décadas. Los virus Zika y chikungunya, anteriormente restringidos a África y quizás Asia, invadieron el continente, causando gran preocupación; además siguen ocurriendo brotes causados por el virus dengue en casi todos los países, con millones de casos por año. El virus West Nile invadió rápidamente América del Norte, y ya se han encontrado casos en América Central y del Sur. Otros arbovirus, como Mayaro y el virus de la encefalitis equina del este han aumentado su actividad y se han encontrado en nuevas regiones. Se han documentado cambios en la patogenicidad de algunos virus que conducen a enfermedades inesperadas. Una fauna diversa de mosquitos, cambios climáticos y en la vegetación, aumento de los viajes, y urbanizaciones no planificadas que generan condiciones adecuadas para la proliferación de Aedes aegypti (L.), Culex quinquefasciatus Say y otros mosquitos vectores, se han combinado para influir fuertemente en los cambios en la distribución y la incidencia de varios arbovirus. Se enfatiza la necesidad de realizar estudios exhaustivos de la fauna de mosquitos y modificaciones de las condiciones ambientales, sobre todo en las zonas urbanas fuertemente influenciadas por factores sociales, políticos y económicos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Brisola Marcondes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Marta Contigiani
- Emeritus Professor, Instituto de Virologia "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Raquel Miranda Gleiser
- Centro de Relevamiento y Evaluación de Recursos Agrícolas y Naturales (CREAN) - Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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Chitolina RF, Anjos FA, Lima TS, Castro EA, Costa-Ribeiro MCV. Raw sewage as breeding site to Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera, culicidae). Acta Trop 2016; 164:290-296. [PMID: 27640323 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The selection of oviposition sites by females of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti is a key factor for the larval survival and egg dispersion and has a direct influence in vector control programs. In this study, we evaluated the aspects of reproductive physiology of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes tested in the presence of raw sewage. Ae. aegypti females were used in oviposition bioassays according to two methodologies: (i) choice assay, in which three oviposition substrates were offered in the same cage: treatment (raw sewage), positive control (distilled water) and negative control (1% sodium hypochlorite) and; (ii) no choice assay, in which only one substrate was available. The physicochemical and microbiological analysis of the raw sewage used in this study indicated virtually no levels of chlorine, low levels of dissolved oxygen and high levels of nitrogenous compounds as well as the presence of Escherichia coli and total fecal coliforms. After 72h of oviposition, the eggs were counted and there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in the oviposition rate between raw sewage and positive control in both methodologies. In addition, females were dissected to evaluate egg-retention and also there were no appreciable differences in egg retention even when raw sewage was the only substrate offered. The data also showed that egg hatching and larvae development occurred normally in the raw sewage. Therefore, the present study suggests that Ae. aegypti can adapt to new sites and lay eggs in polluted water, such as the raw sewage. These findings are of particular importance for the control and surveillance programs against Ae. aegypti in countries where the conditions of poor infrastructure and lack of basic sanitation are still an issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Chitolina
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil
| | - F A Anjos
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil
| | - T S Lima
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil
| | - E A Castro
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil
| | - M C V Costa-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil.
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Durant AC, Chasiotis H, Misyura L, Donini A. Aedes aegypti Rhesus glycoproteins contribute to ammonia excretion by larval anal papillae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 220:588-596. [PMID: 27885043 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.151084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In larval Aedes aegypti, transcripts of the Rhesus-like glycoproteins AeRh50-1 and AeRh50-2 have been detected in the anal papillae, sites of ammonia (NH3/NH4+) excretion; however, these putative ammonia transporters have not been previously localized or functionally characterized. In this study, we show that the AeRh50s co-immunolocalize with apical V-type H+-ATPase as well as with basal Na+/K+-ATPase in the epithelium of anal papillae. The double-stranded RNA-mediated knockdown of AeRh50-1 and AeRh50-2 resulted in a significant reduction in AeRh50 protein abundance in the anal papillae, and this was coupled to decreased ammonia excretion. The knockdown of AeRh50-1 resulted in decreased hemolymph [NH4+] and pH whereas knockdown of AeRh50-2 had no effect on these parameters. We conclude that the AeRh50s are important contributors to ammonia excretion at the anal papillae of larval A. aegypti, which may be the basis for their ability to inhabit areas with high ammonia levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Durant
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Helen Chasiotis
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Lidiya Misyura
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Andrew Donini
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
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Banerjee S, Mohan S, Saha N, Mohanty SP, Saha GK, Aditya G. Pupal productivity & nutrient reserves of Aedes mosquitoes breeding in sewage drains & other habitats of Kolkata, India: Implications for habitat expansion & vector management. Indian J Med Res 2016; 142 Suppl:S87-94. [PMID: 26905248 PMCID: PMC4795353 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.176632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: The quality of breeding sites is reflected through the pupal productivity and the life history traits of Aedes mosquitoes. Using nutrient reserves and pupal productivity of Aedes as indicators, the larval habitats including sewage drains were characterized to highlight the habitat expansion and vector management. Methods: The pupae and adults collected from the containers and sewage drains were characterized in terms of biomass and nutrient reserves and the data were subjected to three way factorial ANOVA. Discriminant function analyses were performed to highlight the differences among the habitats for sustenance of Aedes mosquitoes. Results: Survey of larval habitats from the study area revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in the pupal productivity of Aedes among the habitats and months. Despite sewage drains being comparatively less utilized for breeding, the pupae were of higher biomass with corresponding adults having longer wings in contrast to other habitats. The nutrient reserve of the adults emerging from pupae of sewage drains was significantly higher (P<0.05), compared to other habitats, as reflected through the discriminant function analysis. Interpretation & conclusions: The present results showed that for both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, sewage drains were equally congenial habitat as were plastic, porcelain and earthen habitats. Availability of Aedes immature in sewage drains poses increased risk of dengue, and thus vector control programme should consider inclusion of sewage drains as breeding habitat of dengue vector mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gautam Aditya
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata; Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
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46
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Hossini H, Pirsaheb M, Hossaini H, Limoee M. A Letter: Zika Virus (ZIKV) and Wastewater Treatment Plants. HEALTH SCOPE 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/jhealthscope-39789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Zika Virus (ZIKV) and Wastewater Treatment Plants. HEALTH SCOPE 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/jhealthscope.39789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Culicidae (Diptera) community structure, spatial and temporal distribution in three environments of the province of Chaco, Argentina. Acta Trop 2016; 156:57-67. [PMID: 26796860 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the composition of the Culicidae community in three environments with different degrees of anthropic disturbance in the province of Chaco. The nonparametric richness estimator ACE was calculated to measure the completeness of the sampling in each environment, and the diversity of each environment (α-diversity) were estimated. The composition, abundance and uniformity of species from the different environments were compared by means of range-species curves. β-diversity was measured as species complementarity, which allowed us to know the degree of dissimilarity among the environments. The synanthropic index was estimated, identifying urban environment (synanthropic) species, eusynanthropic species, and wild species. The influence of climatic factors (mean temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) on the monthly and annual variations of the identified mosquito species was analysed using multilevel Poisson models with over-dispersion. The wild environment showed higher diversity and the semi-urban environment higher species richness. Despite having lower S and abundance, the urban environment showed greater diversity than semi-urban environment, although it also showed lower completeness, which means S could increase. Anthropogenic disturbance can lead to the elimination and/or modification or substitution of habitats, with the subsequent loss of richness in the more sensitive species of Culicidae fauna, although the conditions are also favourable for the settling of opportunistic and exotic species well-adjusted to disturbed environments. Most of the species abundances were positively influenced by the analysed climatic variables. The study area showed a rich Culicidae fauna of public health significance, with a risk of pathogen transmission, suggesting the need of further studies and the febrile and entomological surveillance.
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Chasiotis H, Ionescu A, Misyura L, Bui P, Fazio K, Wang J, Patrick M, Weihrauch D, Donini A. An animal homolog of plant Mep/Amt transporters promotes ammonia excretion by the anal papillae of the disease vector mosquito Aedes aegypti. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:1346-55. [PMID: 26944496 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.134494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The transcripts of three putative ammonia (NH3/NH4 (+)) transporters, Rhesus-like glycoproteins AeRh50-1, AeRh50-2 and Amt/Mep-like AeAmt1 were detected in the anal papillae of larval Aedes aegypti Quantitative PCR studies revealed 12-fold higher transcript levels of AeAmt1 in anal papillae relative to AeRh50-1, and levels of AeRh50-2 were even lower. Immunoblotting revealed AeAmt1 in anal papillae as a pre-protein with putative monomeric and trimeric forms. AeAmt1 was immunolocalized to the basal side of the anal papillae epithelium where it co-localized with Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Ammonium concentration gradients were measured adjacent to anal papillae using the scanning ion-selective electrode technique (SIET) and used to calculate ammonia efflux by the anal papillae. dsRNA-mediated reductions in AeAmt1 decreased ammonia efflux at larval anal papillae and significantly increased ammonia levels in hemolymph, indicating a principal role for AeAmt1 in ammonia excretion. Pharmacological characterization of ammonia transport mechanisms in the anal papillae suggests that, in addition to AeAmt1, the ionomotive pumps V-type H(+)-ATPase and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase as well as NHE3 are involved in ammonia excretion at the anal papillae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Chasiotis
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Adrian Ionescu
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Lidiya Misyura
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Phuong Bui
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Kimberly Fazio
- Department of Biology, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Jason Wang
- Department of Biology, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Marjorie Patrick
- Department of Biology, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Dirk Weihrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Andrew Donini
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
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50
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Daniels S, Ezeakacha NF, Yee DA. Interspecific Interactions Between Adult Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:466-9. [PMID: 26628685 PMCID: PMC5853674 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Single and mixed species densities of adult Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus were manipulated to determine if different combinations affected their egg laying preference or mortality rates. Oviposition was measured in environments that contained containers of different surface areas (small cups vs. larger bowls), and the number of eggs (Aedes) and egg rafts or larvae (Culex) deposited by each species was examined with respect to intra- and interspecific density treatment levels. Mixed species densities did not have an effect on survivorship, but single species densities did affect longevity, with higher densities leading to shorter life spans in Cx. quinquefasciatus: Cx. quinquefasciatus lived longer than Ae. albopictus overall. There was no significant effect of density combinations on oviposition patterns in either species, but Cx. quinquefasciatus laid more rafts in bowls compared with cups. There is little evidence of adult interactions between these species; however, future experimental work is necessary to more fully characterize the possible effects of adult interactions on these species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald A. Yee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39460 (
;
;
), and
Corresponding author, e-mail:
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