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Okello I, Nzalawahe J, Mafie E, Eastwood G. Seasonal variation in tsetse fly apparent density and Trypanosoma spp. infection rate and occurrence of drug-resistant trypanosomes in Lambwe, Kenya. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:46. [PMID: 38095710 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies are major arthropod vectors of trypanosomes that cause debilitating African animal trypanosomiasis. The emergence of drug-resistant trypanosomes is a common problem in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to identify tsetse flies' seasonal variation in apparent densities and their infection rates and the occurrence of drug-resistant trypanosomes. Tsetse flies were collected from Lambwe, Kenya, during May and September 2021. Genomic DNA was extracted from them, and the ITS1 gene was amplified to detect Trypanosoma infection with subsequent species determination. Transporter genes DMT, E6M6, TbAT/P2, and TcoAde2 were targeted to detect polymorphisms associated with drug-resistance, using sequencing and comparison to drug-sensitive trypanosome species referenced in Genbank. A total of 498 tsetse flies and 29 non-tsetse flies were collected. The apparent density of flies was higher in wet season 6.2 fly per trap per density (FTD) than in the dry season 2.3 FTD (P = 0.001), with n = 386 and n = 141 flies caught in each season, respectively. Male tsetse flies (n = 311) were more numerous than females (n = 187) (P = 0.001). Non-tsetse flies included Tabanids and Stomoxys spp. Overall, Trypanosoma infection rate in tsetse was 5% (25/498) whereby Trypanosoma vivax was 4% (11/25), Trypanosoma congolense 36% (9/25), and Trypanosoma brucei 20% (5/25) (P = 0.186 for the distribution of the species), with infections being higher in females (P = 0.019) and during the wet season (P < 0.001). Numerous polymorphisms and insertions associated with drug resistance were detected in DMT and E6M6 genes in two T. congolense isolates while some isolates lacked these genes. T. brucei lacked TbAT/P2 genes. TcoAde2 sequences in three T. congolense isolates were related to those observed in trypanosomes from cattle blood in our previous study, supporting tsetse fly involvement in transmission in the region. We report Trypanosoma associated with trypanocidal drug-resistance in tsetse flies from Lambwe, Kenya. Female tsetse flies harbored more Trypanosoma infections than males. Tsetse transmission of trypanosomes is common in Lambwe. Risk of trypanosome infection would seem higher in the wet season, when tsetse flies and Trypanosoma infections are more prevalent than during the dry season. More efforts to control animal trypanosome vectors in the region are needed, with particular focus on wet seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Okello
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in Eastern and Southern Africa, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Jahashi Nzalawahe
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Eliakunda Mafie
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Gillian Eastwood
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- The Global Change Center at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens (CeZAP), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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2
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Percoma L, Rayaissé JB, Gimonneau G, Bengaly Z, Pooda SH, Pagabeleguem S, Ganaba R, Sow A, Argilés R, Bouyer J, Ouedraogo M, Zhao W, Paone M, Sidibé I, Gisele O, Cecchi G. An atlas to support the progressive control of tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomosis in Burkina Faso. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:72. [PMID: 35246216 PMCID: PMC8895521 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background African animal trypanosomosis (AAT), transmitted by tsetse flies, is arguably the main disease constraint to integrated crop-livestock agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, and African heads of state and governments adopted a resolution to rid the continent of this scourge. In order to sustainably reduce or eliminate the burden of AAT, a progressive and evidence-based approach is needed, which must hinge on harmonized, spatially explicit information on the occurrence of AAT and its vectors. Methods A digital repository was assembled, containing tsetse and AAT data collected in Burkina Faso between 1990 and 2019. Data were collected either in the framework of control activities or for research purposes. Data were systematically verified, harmonized, georeferenced and integrated into a database (PostgreSQL). Entomological data on tsetse were mapped at the level of individual monitoring traps. When this was not possible, mapping was done at the level of site or location. Epidemiological data on AAT were mapped at the level of location or village. Results Entomological data showed the presence of four tsetse species in Burkina Faso. Glossina tachinoides, present from the eastern to the western part of the country, was the most widespread and abundant species (56.35% of the catches). Glossina palpalis gambiensis was the second most abundant species (35.56%), and it was mainly found in the west. Glossina morsitans submorsitans was found at lower densities (6.51%), with a patchy distribution in the southern parts of the country. A single cluster of G. medicorum was detected (less than 0.25%), located in the south-west. Unidentified tsetse flies accounted for 1.33%. For the AAT component, data for 54,948 animal blood samples were assembled from 218 geographic locations. The samples were tested with a variety of diagnostic methods. AAT was found in all surveyed departments, including the tsetse-free areas in the north. Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense infections were the dominant ones, with a prevalence of 5.19 ± 18.97% and 6.11 ± 21.56%, respectively. Trypanosoma brucei infections were detected at a much lower rate (0.00 ± 0.10%). Conclusions The atlas provides a synoptic view of the available information on tsetse and AAT distribution in Burkina Faso. Data are very scanty for most of the tsetse-free areas in the northern part of the country. Despite this limitation, this study generated a robust tool for targeting future surveillance and control activities. The development of the atlas also strengthened the collaboration between the different institutions involved in tsetse and AAT research and control in Burkina Faso, which will be crucial for future updates and the sustainability of the initiative. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05131-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lassane Percoma
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,Ecole de Lutte Anti-Tsétsé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jean Baptiste Rayaissé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France.,INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Sié Hermann Pooda
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université de Dédougou (UDDG), BP 176, Dédougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université de Dédougou (UDDG), BP 176, Dédougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Rasmané Ganaba
- Agence de Formation, de Recherche et d'Expertise en Santé pour l'Afrique (AFRICSanté), 01 BP 298, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Sow
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Conakry, Guinea
| | - Rafael Argilés
- Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France.,Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria.,CIRAD, UMR, ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Moussa Ouedraogo
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Weining Zhao
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Paone
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Issa Sidibé
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Ouedraogo/Sanon Gisele
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
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Robi DT, Diriba S. Epidemiological investigation of bovine trypanosomosis and distribution of vectors in Jimma zone, Ethiopia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2021; 14:e00221. [PMID: 34430725 PMCID: PMC8367841 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomosis is highly reliant on the distribution of vectors responsible for transmission. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine trypanosomosis as well as the distribution of vectors in the Jimma zone, Ethiopia. Blood samples from a total of 2088 cattle were collected and tested using a buffy coat and Giemsa techniques. An overall 13.36% prevalence of trypanosomosis was recorded in study areas. The highest proportion of the infections was caused by T. vivax (44.80%) followed by T. congolense (36.92%) and mixed infection (18.28%) of both species. The study also revealed that trypanosomosis was associated with anemia as the mean PCV was significantly lower among trypanosome-infected animals (20.34 ± 4.39) than non-infected ones (27.98 ± 3.68). Moreover, anemia was more pronounced with T. congolense infection (19.54 ± 3.22) than T. vivax (21.07 ± 3.96) and mixed infection of both species (20.16 ± 2.71). This study identified age, body condition, and agro-ecology as risk factors for the occurrence of trypanosomosis in cattle. Vector survey was conducted by deploying 377 mono-pyramidal traps in selected districts. Accordingly, Glossina species and other biting flies (Stomoxys and Tabanus) were identified with an apparent density of 5.27 and 1.74 fly/trap/day, respectively. Moreover, a higher 4.49 fly/trap/day of G. tachinoides than G. morsitans submorsitans (0.79 fly/trap/day) was noted in study areas. The present study indicated that trypanosomosis is the major cattle production constraint in the areas. Hence, applicable management techniques of the disease and its vector should be implemented and further investigation involving molecular technique should be conducted in different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Tulu Robi
- Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P.O Box: 34, Tepi, Ethiopia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Shibiru Diriba
- National Institute for Control and Eradication of Tsetse Fly and Trypanosomosis, P.O Box: 113, Bedele, Ethiopia
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Degneh E, Kassa T, Kebede N, Asefa Z. Epidemiological investigation of bovine trypanosomosis in Bedele district, Buno Bedele zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2021; 14:e00218. [PMID: 34235278 PMCID: PMC8246633 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted in December 2018 in four purposively selected villages of Bedele district, Oromia Regional State, Southwest Ethiopia. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and associated risk factors of trypanosome infections in cattle. A total of 384 blood samples were collected from systematically selected cattle and examined using buffy coat and thin blood smear examination methods. The overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was 8.3%. Trypanosoma congolense (68.8%) and T. vivax (31.2%) were the prevailing trypanosome species identified in the area. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis between body condition scores of cattle. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was slightly higher in female (9%) as opposed to male (7.3%) cattle, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Similarly, no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between age categories of cattle. The mean PCV value of trypanosome infected cattle (21.4 ± 3.6) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of non-infected (25.6 ± 4.6). The current study indicated that, despite vector control measures implemented for several years, bovine trypanosomosis persists and continues to be a core problem to cattle health and production in the Bedele district. Therefore, more attention should be given to control the disease and its vectors based on temporal and spatial distribution. Also, the use of molecular techniques should be encouraged in view of their greater sensitivity when compared to the buffy coat method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrem Degneh
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfu Kassa
- Aklilu Lemma, Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Aklilu Lemma, Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zerihun Asefa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Degneh E, Kassa T, Kebede N, Desta T. Bovine trypanosomosis: Prevalence and vector distribution in Sadi Chanka district, Kellem Wollega zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 23:100535. [PMID: 33678388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine trypanosomosis remains an important livestock disease constraint, which is threatening livestock health and production, despite ongoing tsetse and trypanosomosis control efforts in Sadi Chanka district, Kellem Wollega zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2018, to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and distribution of the vectors of disease in Sadi Chanka district, Western Ethiopia. A total of 370 blood samples were collected from randomly selected local Horro and Abigar cattle breeds covering five villages of the district. The collected samples were examined using buffy coat microscopy and Giemsa-stained thin blood smear techniques. In this study, 12.4% (95% CI: 12.3-12.4) of the animals were found to be infected with trypanosomes. The study showed that 69.6% of trypanosome infections were caused by T. congolense followed by 26.1% T. vivax and 4.3% mixed T. congolense and T. vivax. In the present study, the association of bovine trypanosomosis was assessed in releation to body condition scores, sex, and age of cattle, and a significant association (P < 0.05) was observed between body condition scores. However, significant differences were not observed between sex and age categories (P > 0.05). The Mean Packed Cell Volume (PCV) of infected (21.6%) and non-infected (24.5%) groups of cattle had significant variation (P < 0.05). In an entomological survey, a total of 616 flies were trapped, of which 280 (45.5%) were Glossina and the remaining 336 (54.5%) were Stomoxys, Tabanus, and Haematopota. The apparent density of Glossina, Stomoxys, Tabanus, and Haematopota was 3.5, 3.1, 0.7 and 0.4 fly per trap per day, respectively. This study generated basic scientific data on the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors in Sadi Chanka district, which can be used in planning the control of bovine trypanosomosis in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrem Degneh
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia.
| | - Tesfu Kassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tekalegn Desta
- National Institute for Control and Eradication of Tsetse Flies and Trypanosomosis, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Mulandane FC, Snyman LP, Brito DRA, Bouyer J, Fafetine J, Van Den Abbeele J, Oosthuizen M, Delespaux V, Neves L. Evaluation of the relative roles of the Tabanidae and Glossinidae in the transmission of trypanosomosis in drug resistance hotspots in Mozambique. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:219. [PMID: 32349788 PMCID: PMC7189697 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) and tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) are haematophagous insects of medical and veterinary importance due to their respective role in the biological and mechanical transmission of trypanosomes. Few studies on the distribution and relative abundance of both families have been conducted in Mozambique since the country’s independence. Despite Nicoadala, Mozambique, being a multiple trypanocidal drug resistance hotspot no information regarding the distribution, seasonality or infection rates of fly-vectors are available. This is, however, crucial to understanding the epidemiology of trypanosomosis and to refine vector management. Methods For 365 days, 55 traps (20 NGU traps, 20 horizontal traps and 15 Epsilon traps) were deployed in three grazing areas of Nicoadala District: Namitangurine (25 traps); Zalala (15 traps); and Botao (15 traps). Flies were collected weekly and preserved in 70% ethanol. Identification using morphological keys was followed by molecular confirmation using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. Trap efficiency, species distribution and seasonal abundance were also assessed. To determine trypanosome infection rates, DNA was extracted from the captured flies, and submitted to 18S PCR-RFLP screening for the detection of Trypanosoma. Results In total, 4379 tabanids (of 10 species) and 24 tsetse flies (of 3 species), were caught. NGU traps were more effective in capturing both the Tabanidae and Glossinidae. Higher abundance and species diversity were observed in Namitangurine followed by Zalala and Botao. Tabanid abundance was approximately double during the rainy season compared to the dry season. Trypanosoma congolense and T. theileri were detected in the flies with overall infection rates of 75% for tsetse flies and 13% for tabanids. Atylotus agrestis had the highest infection rate of the tabanid species. The only pathogenic trypanosome detected was T. congolense. Conclusions Despite the low numbers of tsetse flies captured, it can be assumed that they are still the cyclical vectors of trypanosomosis in the area. However, the high numbers of tabanids captured, associated to their demonstrated capacity of transmitting trypanosomes mechanically, suggest an important role in the epidemiology of trypanosomosis in the Nicoadala district. These results on the composition of tsetse and tabanid populations as well as the observed infection rates, should be considered when defining strategies to control the disease.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louwtjie P Snyman
- Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases Research Program, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Durban Museum of Natural History, Durban, South Africa
| | - Denise R A Brito
- Eduardo Mondlane University, Biotechnology Center (CB-EMU), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Jeremy Bouyer
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE CIRAD-INRA (Animal, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems), Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.,Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Atomic Energy Agency Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - José Fafetine
- Eduardo Mondlane University, Biotechnology Center (CB-EMU), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marinda Oosthuizen
- Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases Research Program, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vincent Delespaux
- Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Luis Neves
- Eduardo Mondlane University, Biotechnology Center (CB-EMU), Maputo, Mozambique.,Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases Research Program, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Ciss M, Bassène MD, Seck MT, Mbaye AG, Sall B, Fall AG, Vreysen MJB, Bouyer J. Environmental impact of tsetse eradication in Senegal. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20313. [PMID: 31889138 PMCID: PMC6937335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The sterile insect technique is an environment friendly control tactic and is very species specific. It is not a stand-alone technique and has been used mostly in combination with other control tactics within an area-wide integrated pest management strategy. For a period of eight years, the direct impact of a campaign to eradicate a population of the tsetse fly Glossina palpalis gambiensis in Senegal was monitored using a set of fruit-feeding insect species (Cetoniinae and Nymphalidae) that served as ecological indicators of the health of the ecosystem. Here we show that the eradication campaign had very limited impacts on the apparent densities of the most frequent species as well as three diversity indexes during the reduction phase involving insecticides but reverted to pre-intervention levels as soon as the release of the sterile male insects started. These results greatly expand our understanding of the impact of vector eradication campaigns on non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou Ciss
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar, Hann, Sénégal
| | - Mireille D Bassène
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar, Hann, Sénégal
| | - Momar T Seck
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar, Hann, Sénégal
| | - Abdou G Mbaye
- Ministère de l'Elevage et des Productions animales, Direction des Services Vétérinaires, BP 45677, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Baba Sall
- Ministère de l'Elevage et des Productions animales, Direction des Services Vétérinaires, BP 45677, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Assane G Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar, Hann, Sénégal
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 'Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides', Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), 34398, Montpellier, France.
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 'Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes', Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), 34398, Montpellier, France.
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8
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Percoma L, Sow A, Pagabeleguem S, Dicko AH, Serdebéogo O, Ouédraogo M, Rayaissé JB, Bouyer J, Belem AMG, Sidibé I. Impact of an integrated control campaign on tsetse populations in Burkina Faso. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:270. [PMID: 29703229 PMCID: PMC5923030 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse flies are the sole vectors of human and animal trypanosomosis. In Burkina Faso, a project aiming to create zones free of tsetse flies and trypanosomosis was executed from June 2006 to December 2013. After the determination of tsetse distribution in the intervention area from December 2007 to November 2008, the control campaign was launched in November 2009 and ended in December 2013. The goal was to eliminate tsetse flies from 40,000 km2 of area, through an integrated control campaign including insecticide targets, traps and cattle, sequential aerial treatment (SAT) and the mass treatment of livestock using trypanocides. The campaign involved assistance of the beneficiary communities at all the steps of the control strategy with insecticide impregnated targets. METHODS This study was carried out to assess the impact of the control project on tsetse apparent density per trap per day (ADT). To evaluate the effectiveness of tsetse control, 201 sites were selected based on the baseline survey results carried out from December 2007 to November 2008. These sites were monitored bi-monthly from January 2010 to November 2012. At the end-of-study in 2013 a generalized entomological survey was carried out in 401 infested sites found during the longitudinal survey done before the control. Barrier and tsetse persistence areas were treated by ground spraying and evaluated. Controls were also done before and after aerial spraying. RESULTS In the insecticide-impregnated target area, the control showed that ADT of tsetse flies declined from 10.73 (SD 13.27) to 0.43 (SD 2.51) fly/trap/day from the third month of campaign onwards (P < 0.0001) and remained low thereafter. At the end of the campaign in 2013, an 83% reduction of ADT was observed for Glossina palpalis gambiensis and a 92% reduction for G. tachinoides. Tsetse flies were captured only in 29% of the sites found infested in 2008. CONCLUSIONS Tsetse flies could be suppressed efficiently but their elimination from the targeted area may require the use integrated methods including the Sterile Insect Technique, which is programmed through the development of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC Burkina) insectarium. The challenge will remain the sustainability of the achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lassané Percoma
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d’Eradication des Tsé-tsé et Trypanosomoses (IBD-CETT), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, BP 1087 Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Sow
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d’Eradication des Tsé-tsé et Trypanosomoses (IBD-CETT), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, BP 1087 Burkina Faso
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, 01 BP. 454 Burkina Faso
- Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV), Laboratoire d’Endocrinologie et de Radio-Immunologie, BP. 5077 Dakar Fann, Senegal
| | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d’Eradication des Tsé-tsé et Trypanosomoses (IBD-CETT), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, BP 1087 Burkina Faso
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE CIRAD-INRA « AnimalS, health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems », Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Ahmadou H. Dicko
- Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX) - humdata.org, OCHA ROWCA regional office. VDN Sacre Coeur III, Villa 9364 BP 16 922, Fann Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oumarou Serdebéogo
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d’Eradication des Tsé-tsé et Trypanosomoses (IBD-CETT), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, BP 1087 Burkina Faso
| | - Mariam Ouédraogo
- Laboratoire Régional d’Elevage de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, 01 BP 345 Burkina Faso
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rayaissé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, 01 BP. 454 Burkina Faso
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE CIRAD-INRA « AnimalS, health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems », Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier cedex 05, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Adrien M. G. Belem
- Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Issa Sidibé
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d’Eradication des Tsé-tsé et Trypanosomoses (IBD-CETT), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, BP 1087 Burkina Faso
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, 01 BP. 454 Burkina Faso
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MUSINGUZI SP, SUGANUMA K, ASADA M, LAOHASINNARONG D, SIVAKUMAR T, YOKOYAMA N, NAMANGALA B, SUGIMOTO C, SUZUKI Y, XUAN X, INOUE N. A PCR-based survey of animal African trypanosomosis and selected piroplasm parasites of cattle and goats in Zambia. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 78:1819-1824. [PMID: 27616437 PMCID: PMC5240760 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We screened cattle and goats from the districts of Chama, Monze and Mumbwa in Zambia for animal African trypanosomes, Babesia bigemina and Theileria parva using PCRs; 38.1% of the samples tested positive for at least one of the parasite species. The most common parasite was Trypanosoma vivax (19.8%). Its incidence was significantly higher in goats than in cattle, (P<0.05). B. bigemina was found in samples from all the three areas, making it the most widespread of the parasites in Zambia. Among the tested samples, 12.0% of the positive samples were mixed infections. There were significant differences in the infection rates of T. vivax (Mumbwa had a significantly higher infection rate [39.6%, P<0.0001]), Th. parva (Monze had the only cases [P<0.0004]) and B. bigemina (Monze had a significantly higher infection rate [40.5%, P<0.0001]). According to the hematocrit values, the packed cell volume (%) among the cattle with mixed infections was significantly lower than that of the other cattle. The presence of multiple parasite species and mixed infections among the Zambian cattle and goat populations is of both clinical and economic importance to livestock farming. The absence of trypanosomosis among the samples from Monze can be attributed to tsetse eradication efforts that took place around Lake Kariba. This shows that the prevention and control of these parasitic diseases can have a significant impact on the disease status, which can translate directly into the improvement of the livestock sector in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Peter MUSINGUZI
- OIE Reference Laboratory on Surra, National Research Center
for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke SUGANUMA
- OIE Reference Laboratory on Surra, National Research Center
for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan
| | - Masahito ASADA
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine
(NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1–12–4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852–8523, Japan
| | - Dusit LAOHASINNARONG
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999
Phuttamonthon Sai 4, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Thillaiampalam SIVAKUMAR
- OIE Reference Laboratory on Surra, National Research Center
for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan
- Veterinary Research Institute, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Naoaki YOKOYAMA
- OIE Reference Laboratory on Surra, National Research Center
for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan
| | - Boniface NAMANGALA
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chihiro SUGIMOTO
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–0818, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko SUZUKI
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–0818, Japan
| | - Xuenan XUAN
- OIE Reference Laboratory on Surra, National Research Center
for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan
| | - Noboru INOUE
- OIE Reference Laboratory on Surra, National Research Center
for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan
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Trypanosoma Infection Rates in Glossina Species in Mtito Andei Division, Makueni County, Kenya. J Parasitol Res 2015; 2015:607432. [PMID: 26617992 PMCID: PMC4649094 DOI: 10.1155/2015/607432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) transmitted cyclically by tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) is a major obstacle to livestock production in the tropical parts of Africa. The objective of this study was to determine the infection rates of trypanosomes in Glossina species in Mtito Andei Division, Makueni County, Kenya. Tsetse fly species, G. longipennis and G. pallidipes, were trapped and DNA was isolated from their dissected internal organs (proboscis, salivary glands, and midguts). The DNA was then subjected to a nested PCR assay using internal transcribed spacer primers and individual trypanosome species were identified following agarose gel electrophoresis. Out of the 117 flies trapped in the area 39 (33.3%) were teneral while 78 (67%) were nonteneral. G. pallidipes constituted the largest percentage of 58% while G. longipennis were 42%. The overall trypanosomes infection rate in all nonteneral Glossina spp. was 11.53% with G. longipennis recording the highest infection rate of 23.08% while G. pallidipes had an infection rate of 5.77%. T. vivax was the most infectious (10.26%) compared to T. congolense (1.28%). Mean apparent densities were strongly positively correlated with infection rates (r = 0.95) confirming the importance of this parameter as an indicator of AAT transmission risk.
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Mweempwa C, Marcotty T, De Pus C, Penzhorn BL, Dicko AH, Bouyer J, De Deken R. Impact of habitat fragmentation on tsetse populations and trypanosomosis risk in Eastern Zambia. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:406. [PMID: 26238201 PMCID: PMC4524432 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fragmentation of tsetse habitat in eastern Zambia is largely due to encroachments by subsistence farmers into new areas in search of new agricultural land. The impact of habitat fragmentation on tsetse populations is not clearly understood. This study was aimed at establishing the impact of habitat fragmentation on physiological and demographic parameters of tsetse flies in order to enhance the understanding of the relationship between fragmentation and African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) risk. Methods A longitudinal study was conducted to establish the age structure, abundance, proportion of females and trypanosome infection rate of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in areas of varying degrees of habitat fragmentation in Eastern Zambia. Black screen fly rounds were used to sample tsetse populations monthly for 1 year. Logistic regression was used to analyse age, proportion of females and infection rate data. Results Flies got significantly older as fragmentation increased (p < 0.004). The proportion of old flies, i.e. above ovarian category four, increased significantly (P < 0.001) from 25.9 % (CI 21.4–31.1) at the least fragmented site (Lusandwa) to 74.2 % (CI 56.8–86.3) at the highly fragmented site (Chisulo). In the most fragmented area (Kasamanda), tsetse flies had almost disappeared. In the highly fragmented area a significantly higher trypanosome infection rate in tsetse (P < 0.001) than in areas with lower fragmentation was observed. Consequently a comparatively high trypanosomosis incidence rate in livestock was observed there despite lower tsetse density (p < 0.001). The overall proportion of captured female flies increased significantly (P < 0.005) as fragmentation reduced. The proportion increased from 0.135 (CI 0.10–0.18) to 0.285 (CI 0.26–0.31) at the highly and least fragmented sites, respectively. Conclusions Habitat fragmentation creates conditions to which tsetse populations respond physiologically and demographically thereby affecting tsetse-trypanosome interactions and hence influencing trypanosomosis risk. Temperature rise due to fragmentation coupled with dominance of old flies in populations increases infection rate in tsetse and hence creates high risk of trypanosomosis in fragmented areas. Possibilities of how correlations between biological characteristics of populations and the degree of fragmentation can be used to structure populations based on their well-being, using integrated GIS and remote sensing techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Mweempwa
- Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development, Zambia, Africa. .,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Tanguy Marcotty
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. .,VERDI-R&D, 4141, Louveigné, Belgium.
| | - Claudia De Pus
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Barend Louis Penzhorn
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Ahmadou Hamady Dicko
- West African Science Service in Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL), Climate change economics research program, Cheikh Anta Diop University, BP 5683, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier, France. .,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 'Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes', 34398, Montpellier, France. .,Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 'Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides', 34398, Montpellier, France. .,Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Parasitologie, BP 2057, Dakar - Hann, Sénégal.
| | - Reginald De Deken
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Bitome Essono PY, Dechaume-Moncharmont FX, Mavoungou J, Obiang Mba R, Duvallet G, Bretagnolle F. Distribution and abundance of hematophagous flies (Glossinidae, Stomoxys, and Tabanidae) in two national parks of Gabon. Parasite 2015; 22:23. [PMID: 26187781 PMCID: PMC4506487 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2015023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to minimize risks of pathogen transmission with the development of ecotourism in Gabon, a seasonal inventory has been performed in five contrasted biotopes in Ivindo (INP) and Moukalaba-Doudou (MDNP) National Parks. A total of 10,033 hematophagous flies were captured. The Glossinidae, with six different species identified, was the most abundant group and constitutes about 60% of the captured flies compared to the Stomoxys (6 species also identified) and Tabanidae with 28% and 12%, respectively. The Glossinidae showed a higher rate of capture in primary forest and in research camps. In INP, the Stomoxys showed a higher rate of capture in secondary forest and at village borders, whereas in MDNP the Stomoxys were captured more in the savannah area. Thus, each fly group seemed to reach maximum abundance in different habitats. The Glossinidae were more abundant in primary forest and near research camps while Stomoxys were more abundant in secondary forest and savannah. The Tabanidae did not show a clear habitat preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yannick Bitome Essono
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Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6282-Biogéosciences 6 Boulevard Gabriel 21000
Dijon France
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Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST) BP 13354 Libreville Gabon
| | | | - Jacques Mavoungou
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Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST) BP 13354 Libreville Gabon
| | - Régis Obiang Mba
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Centre de Recherche Médicale de Lambaréné, Albert Schweitzer BP 118 Lambaréné Gabon
| | - Gérard Duvallet
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UMR 5175 CEFE, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Route de Mende 34199
Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - François Bretagnolle
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Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6282-Biogéosciences 6 Boulevard Gabriel 21000
Dijon France
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Rayaisse JB, Salou E, Kiema S, Akoudjin M, Kaba D, Kagbadouno M, Djohan V, Camara M, Dayo GK, Courtin F, Solano P, Bouyer J. Tsetse diversity and abundance in Southern Burkina Faso in relation with the vegetation. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3357-63. [PMID: 26040845 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The increase of human population, combined with climatic changes, contributed to the modification of spatial distribution of tsetse flies, main vector of trypanosomiasis. In order to establish and compare tsetse presence and their relationship with vegetation, entomological survey was performed using biconical traps deployed in transects, simultaneously with phyto-sociological study, on the Comoe river at its source in the village of Moussodougou, and in the semi-protected area of Folonzo, both localities in Southern Burkina Faso. In Folonzo, the survey revealed a diversity of tsetse with 4 species occurring with apparent densities as follows: Glossina tachinoides (8.9 tsetse/trap/day); G. morsitans submorsitans (1.8 tsetse/trap/day); G. palpalis gambiensis (0.6/trap/day) and G. medicorum (0.15 tsetse/trap/day). In Moussodougou, a highly anthropized area, mainly G. p. gambiensis was caught (2.06 tsetse/trap/day), and rarely G. tachinoides. The phyto-sociological study allowed discrimination of 6 types of vegetation in both localities, with 3 concordances that are riparian forest, shrubby and woody savannah. In Moussodougou, all tsetse were caught in the riparian forest. That was also the case in Folonzo where a great proportion (95 to 99 % following the season) of G. p. gambiensis and G. tachinoides were caught in the gallery, while G. m. submorsitans was occurring as well in the gallery as in the savannah, and G. medicorum in the forest gallery. This study showed that although G. tachinoides and G.p. gambiensis are both riparian, they do not have the same preference in terms of biotope.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-B Rayaisse
- CIRDES, 01 BP 454, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkia Faso,
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Peck SL. Perspectives on why digital ecologies matter: combining population genetics and ecologically informed agent-based models with GIS for managing dipteran livestock pests. Acta Trop 2014; 138 Suppl:S22-5. [PMID: 24680756 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming clear that handling the inherent complexity found in ecological systems is an essential task for finding ways to control insect pests of tropical livestock such as tsetse flies, and old and new world screwworms. In particular, challenging multivalent management programs, such as Area Wide Integrated Pest Management (AW-IPM), face daunting problems of complexity at multiple spatial scales, ranging from landscape level processes to those of smaller scales such as the parasite loads of individual animals. Daunting temporal challenges also await resolution, such as matching management time frames to those found on ecological and even evolutionary temporal scales. How does one deal with representing processes with models that involve multiple spatial and temporal scales? Agent-based models (ABM), combined with geographic information systems (GIS), may allow for understanding, predicting and managing pest control efforts in livestock pests. This paper argues that by incorporating digital ecologies in our management efforts clearer and more informed decisions can be made. I also point out the power of these models in making better predictions in order to anticipate the range of outcomes possible or likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Peck
- Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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Alingu RA, Muhanguzi D, MacLeod E, Waiswa C, Fyfe J. Bovine trypanosome species prevalence and farmers’ trypanosomiasis control methods in south-western Uganda. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2014; 85:1094. [DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v85i1.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Mbarara district, south-western Uganda in May 2012 to determine the burden of African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) in the semi-intensive dairy production systems where pyrethroid acaricides are frequently used in the control of tick-borne diseases (TBDs). A total of 295 cattle blood samples were taken and analysed using a single pair of primers previously designed to amplify internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) of trypanosome ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA). A structured questionnaire was administered to 55 participating livestock farmers to generate data on acaricide and trypanocidal drug usage. The overall prevalence of trypanosome species was 2.4% (95% CI; 1.0% – 4.8%); Trypanosoma vivax was the most predominant species (2.0%; 95% CI; 0.7% – 4.4%). A single mixed infection of T. vivax and Trypanosoma brucei s.l. was detected. All the participating farmers used acaricides for tsetse and TBD control; 89.1% of the acaricides used were pyrethroids. About half of the farmers used trypanocidal drugs, mainly diminazene formulations (Berenil®). Low prevalence of trypanosomes in examined samples is most likely related to the frequent use of pyrethroid insecticides, trypanocides and restricted grazing (paddocking and tethering). These rigorous management practices are geared towards optimising production of exotic dairy breeds kept in this region that are highly susceptible to TBDs and AAT.
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Analysis of Glossina palpalis gambiensis and Glossina tachinoides from two distant locations in Burkina Faso using MALDI TOF MS. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:723-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Mavoungou JF, Picard N, Kohagne LT, M'batchi B, Gilles J, Duvallet G. Spatio-temporal variation of biting flies, Stomoxys spp. (Diptera: Muscidae), along a man-made disturbance gradient, from primary forest to the city of Makokou (North-East, Gabon). MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 27:339-345. [PMID: 23278278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the pattern of abundance of vector populations is important to control the potential of transmission of associated pathogens. The pattern of abundance of Stomoxys Geoffroy, an ubiquitous blood-sucking fly, is poorly known in tropical Africa. In this study, we investigated the spatio-temporal pattern of abundance of the Stomoxys genus along a gradient of man-made disturbance in north-eastern Gabon. Three sites (one in primary forest, one in secondary forest and one in a man-made environment) were monitored during 13 months using Vavoua traps. Seven species and subspecies were found to live in sympatry, but with distinct patterns of abundance with respect to space and time. The most abundant species was Stomoxys transvittatus Villeneuve, whereas the rarest species was S. xanthomelas Roubaud. Stomoxys calcitrans Linné was preferentially found in man-made environments, whereas S. xanthomelas was preferentially found in primary forest. Stomoxys abundance was the greatest in secondary forest, then in man-made environments and finally in primary forest. A seasonal variation in Stomoxys abundance was also found. In conclusion, forest degradation and deforestation are likely both to favour the concentration of populations of Stomoxys, and to change the specific composition of the Stomoxys community.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-F Mavoungou
- Département d'écologie animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET), Libreville, Gabon.
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Bouyer J, Koné N, Bengaly Z. Dynamics of tsetse natural infection rates in the Mouhoun river, Burkina Faso, in relation with environmental factors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:47. [PMID: 24010125 PMCID: PMC3756308 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Burkina Faso, the cyclical vectors of African animal trypanosomoses (AAT) are riverine tsetse species, namely Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank (G.p.g.) and Glossina tachinoides Westwood (G.t.) (Diptera: Glossinidae). Experimental work demonstrated that environmental stress can increase the sensitivity of tsetse to trypanosome infection. Seasonal variations of the tsetse infection rates were monitored monthly over 17 months (May 2006–September 2007) in two sites (Douroula and Kadomba). In total, 1423 flies were dissected and the infection of the proboscis, middle intestine and salivary glands was noted. All the positive organs were analyzed using monospecific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. To investigate the role of different environmental factors, fly infection rates were analyzed using generalized linear mixed binomial models using the species, sex, and monthly averages of the maximum, minimum and mean daily temperatures, rainfalls, Land Surface Temperature day (LSTd) and night (LSTn) as fixed effects and the trap position as a random effect. The overall infection rate was 10% from which the predominant species was T. congolense (7.6% of the flies), followed by T. vivax (2.2% of the flies). The best model (lowest AICc) for the global infection rates was the one with the maximum daily temperature only as fixed effect (p < 0.001). For T. congolense, the best model was the one with the tsetse species, sex, maximum daily temperature and rainfalls as fixed effect, where the maximum daily temperature was the main effect (p < 0.001). The number of T. vivax infections was too low to allow the models to converge. The maturation rate of T. congolense was very high (94%), and G. t. harbored a higher maturation rate (p = 0.03). The results are discussed in view of former laboratory studies showing that temperature stress can increase the susceptibility of tsetse to trypanosomes, as well as the possibility to improve AAT risk mapping using satellite images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Bouyer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France.
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Sow A, Ganaba R, Percoma L, Sidibé I, Bengaly Z, Adam Y, Koné P, Sawadogo G, Van Den Abbeele J, Marcotty T, Delespaux V. Baseline survey of animal trypanosomosis in the region of the Boucle du Mouhoun, Burkina Faso. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:573-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Somda MB, Bengaly Z, Dama E, Poinsignon A, Dayo GK, Sidibe I, Remoue F, Sanon A, Bucheton B. First insights into the cattle serological response to tsetse salivary antigens: a promising direct biomarker of exposure to tsetse bites. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:332-40. [PMID: 23800781 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the context of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign, the value of tsetse saliva antibodies as a biomarker of cattle exposure to tsetse flies was evaluated, as this could provide an alternative and complementary tool to conventional entomological methods. Serum immune reactivity to Glossina (G.) palpalis (p.) gambiensis, G. tachinoides and G. morsitans (m.) submorsitans whole saliva extracts (WSE) were monitored in cattle from both tsetse free and tsetse infested areas, and in cows experimentally exposed to tsetse flies and other hematophagous arthropods. In the tsetse infested area, cattle IgG responses to Glossina WSE were significantly higher during the dry season (p<0.0001) when herds are most exposed to tsetse flies and in infected animals (p=0.01) as expected in the case of a biomarker of exposure. Experimental studies further confirmed this as a quick rise of specific IgGs was observed in animals exposed to tsetse flies (within weeks), followed by a rapid clearance after exposure was stopped. In contrast to the two other tsetse species, G. m. submorsitans WSE enabled to detect exposure to all tsetse species and were associated with low level of cross-reactivity to other blood sucking arthropods. Finally, IgG responses to G. m. submorsitans salivary antigens enabled to distinguish different groups of cows according to exposure levels, thus indicating that tsetse saliva antibodies are not only indicators of tsetse exposure but also are correlated to the intensity of tsetse contacts (p=0.0031). Implementation of this new sero-epidemiological marker of cattle exposure to tsetse flies in the framework of tsetse elimination campaigns is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bienvenu Somda
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
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Climate, cattle rearing systems and African Animal Trypanosomosis risk in Burkina Faso. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49762. [PMID: 23166765 PMCID: PMC3498196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In sub-Saharan countries infested by tsetse flies, African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT) is considered as the main pathological constraint to cattle breeding. Africa has known a strong climatic change and its population was multiplied by four during the last half-century. The aim of this study was to characterize the impact of production practices and climate on tsetse occurrence and abundance, and the associated prevalence of AAT in Burkina Faso. Methodology/Principal Findings Four sites were selected along a South-north transect of increasing aridity. The study combines parasitological and entomological surveys. For the parasitological aspect, blood samples were collected from 1,041 cattle selected through a stratified sampling procedure including location and livestock management system (long transhumance, short transhumance, sedentary). Parasitological and serological prevalence specific to livestock management systems show a gradual increase from the Sahelian to the Sudano-Guinean area (P<0.05). Livestock management system had also a significant impact on parasitological prevalence (P<0.05). Tsetse diversity, apparent densities and their infection rates overall decreased with aridity, from four species, an apparent density of 53.1 flies/trap/day and an infection rate of 13.7% to an absence at the northern edge of the transect, where the density and diversity of other biting flies were on the contrary highest (p<0.001). Conclusions/Significance The climatic pressure clearly had a negative impact on tsetse abundance and AAT risk. However, the persistency of tsetse habitats along the Mouhoun river loop maintains a high risk of cyclical transmission of T. vivax. Moreover, an “epidemic mechanical livestock trypanosomosis” cycle is likely to occur in the northern site, where trypanosomes are brought in by cattle transhuming from the tsetse infested area and are locally transmitted by mechanical vectors. In Burkina Faso, the impact of tsetse thus extends to a buffer area around their distribution belt, corresponding to the herd transhumance radius.
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Sow A, Sidibé I, Bengaly Z, Marcotty T, Séré M, Diallo A, Vitouley H, Nebié R, Ouédraogo M, Akoda G, Van den Bossche P, Van Den Abbeele J, De Deken R, Delespaux V. Field detection of resistance to isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate in Trypanosoma vivax from the region of the Boucle du Mouhoun in Burkina Faso. Vet Parasitol 2012; 187:105-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Sow A, Sidibé I, Bengaly Z, Bancé AZ, Sawadogo GJ, Solano P, Vreysen MJB, Lancelot R, Bouyer J. Irradiated male tsetse from a 40-year-old colony are still competitive in a Riparian forest in Burkina Faso. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37124. [PMID: 22590652 PMCID: PMC3349643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse flies are the cyclical vectors of African trypanosomosis that constitute a major constraint to development in Africa. Their control is an important component of the integrated management of these diseases, and among the techniques available, the sterile insect technique (SIT) is the sole that is efficient at low densities. The government of Burkina Faso has embarked on a tsetse eradication programme in the framework of the PATTEC, where SIT is an important component. The project plans to use flies from a Glossina palpalis gambiensis colony that has been maintained for about 40 years at the Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES). It was thus necessary to test the competitiveness of the sterile males originating from this colony. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS During the period January-February 2010, 16,000 sterile male G. p. gambiensis were released along a tributary of the Mouhoun river. The study revealed that with a mean sterile to wild male ratio of 1.16 (s.d. 0.38), the abortion rate of the wild female flies was significantly higher than before (p = 0.026) and after (p = 0.019) the release period. The estimated competitiveness of the sterile males (Fried index) was 0.07 (s.d. 0.02), indicating that a sterile to wild male ratio of 14.4 would be necessary to obtain nearly complete induced sterility in the female population. The aggregation patterns of sterile and wild male flies were similar. The survival rate of the released sterile male flies was similar to that observed in 1983-1985 for the same colony. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that gamma sterilised male G. p. gambiensis derived from the CIRDES colony have a competitiveness that is comparable to their competitiveness obtained 35 years ago and can still be used for an area-wide integrated pest management campaign with a sterile insect component in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama Sow
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Implications of microfauna-host interactions for trypanosome transmission dynamics in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in Uganda. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:4627-37. [PMID: 22544247 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00806-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are vectors for African trypanosomes (Euglenozoa: kinetoplastida), protozoan parasites that cause African trypanosomiasis in humans (HAT) and nagana in livestock. In addition to trypanosomes, two symbiotic bacteria (Wigglesworthia glossinidia and Sodalis glossinidius) and two parasitic microbes, Wolbachia and a salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV), have been described in tsetse. Here we determined the prevalence of and coinfection dynamics between Wolbachia, trypanosomes, and SGHV in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in Uganda over a large geographical scale spanning the range of host genetic and spatial diversity. Using a multivariate analysis approach, we uncovered complex coinfection dynamics between the pathogens and statistically significant associations between host genetic groups and pathogen prevalence. It is important to note that these coinfection dynamics and associations with the host were not apparent by univariate analysis. These associations between host genotype and pathogen are particularly evident for Wolbachia and SGHV where host groups are inversely correlated for Wolbachia and SGHV prevalence. On the other hand, trypanosome infection prevalence is more complex and covaries with the presence of the other two pathogens, highlighting the importance of examining multiple pathogens simultaneously before making generalizations about infection and spatial patterns. It is imperative to note that these novel findings would have been missed if we had employed the standard univariate analysis used in previous studies. Our results are discussed in the context of disease epidemiology and vector control.
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