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Mozaffari S, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. Pharmacokinetic considerations for drugs that treat diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: what's new? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024; 20:307-317. [PMID: 38668452 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2348488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which presents a significant healthcare and socioeconomic burden, is one of the main issues in the field of therapy. Hence, it is imperative to tackle this matter by evaluating the safety and efficacy of the available treatments and determining the ideal approach for each patient. AREAS COVERED We reviewed the pharmacokinetics and safety of pharmacologic interventions administered in diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) patients. PubMed, Google Scholar and the USFDA databases were searched up to November 2023 to include all updated information on eluxadoline, alosetron, and rifaximin. EXPERT OPINION The most effective way to treat IBS-D is to focus on managing the most common symptoms. However, healthcare providers face a challenge when it comes to identifying the right treatment for each patient, and the root cause of this is the diversity of IBS-D population. Studies have shown that there are differences in how men and women metabolize drugs, which may lead to gender-specific adverse reactions. Women tend to have higher drug concentrations in their bloodstream and take longer to eliminate them. Therefore, healthcare providers may need to reduce the dosage for female patients. Integrating IBS care into sustainable development efforts can indirectly contribute to achieving SDGs and promote health and well-being for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilan Mozaffari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shekoufeh Nikfar
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Cheng S, Li B, Ding Y, Hou B, Hung W, He J, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Man C. The probiotic fermented milk of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei JY062 and Lactobacillus gasseri JM1 alleviates constipation via improving gastrointestinal motility and gut microbiota. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1857-1876. [PMID: 37923200 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Constipation is directly related to the intestinal microenvironment, in which the promotion of gastrointestinal (GI) motility and improvement of gut microbiota distribution are important for alleviating symptoms. Herein, after the intervention of probiotic fermented milk (FMMIX) containing Lacticaseibacillus paracasei JY062 and Lactobacillus gasseri JM1 for 14 d in Kunming mice with loperamide-induced constipation, the results indicated that FMMIX significantly increased the secretion of serum motilin, gastrin and 5-hydroxytryptamine, as well as decreased the secretion of peptide YY, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and nitric oxide in mice. As determined by immunohistochemical analysis, FMMIX promoted an augmentation in the quantity of Cajal interstitial cells. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression of c-kit and stem cell factor (SCF) were upregulated to facilitate intestinal motility. High-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography techniques revealed that FMMIX led to an increase in the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, and Akkermansia), reduced the presence of harmful bacteria (Prevotella), and resulted in elevated levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) with a superior improvement compared with unfermented milk. Untargeted metabolomics revealed significant upregulation of functional metabolites such as l-pipecolinic acid, dl-phenylalanine, and naringenin in FMMIX, presumably playing a potential role in constipation relief. Overall, our results showed that FMMIX had the potential to alleviate constipation symptoms in mice by improving the secretion of serum GI regulatory peptides and neurotransmitters, increasing the expression of c-kit and SCF proteins, and modulating the gut microbiota structure and SCFA levels, and may be associated with an increase in these functional metabolites. This suggested that FMMIX could be a promising adjunctive strategy for managing constipation symptoms and could contribute to the development of functional foods aimed at improving gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Baolei Li
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Shanghai 201111, China
| | - Yixin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Baochao Hou
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Shanghai 201111, China
| | - Weilian Hung
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Shanghai 201111, China
| | - Jian He
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Shanghai 201111, China
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Chaoxin Man
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Chojnacki C, Mędrek-Socha M, Błońska A, Błasiak J, Popławski T, Chojnacki J, Gąsiorowska A. A Low FODMAP Diet Supplemented with L-Tryptophan Reduces the Symptoms of Functional Constipation in Elderly Patients. Nutrients 2024; 16:1027. [PMID: 38613060 PMCID: PMC11013207 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The elderly suffer from functional constipation (FC), whose causes are not fully known, but nutritional factors may play a role. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of a low FODMAP diet supplemented with L-tryptophan (TRP) on its metabolism and symptoms of functional constipation in elderly patients. (2) Methods: This study included 40 people without abdominal complaints (Group I, controls) and 60 patients with FC, diagnosed according to the Rome IV Criteria (Group II). Two groups were randomly selected: Group IIA (n = 30) was qualified for administration of the low FODMAP diet, and the diet of patients of Group IIB (n = 30) was supplemented with 1000 mg TRP per day. The severity of abdominal symptoms was assessed with an abdominal pain index ranging from 1 to 7 points (S-score). The concentration of TRP and its metabolites, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), kynurenine (KYN), and 3-indoxyl sulfate (3-IS) in urine were determined using the LC-MS/MS method. (3) Results: In Group II, 5-HIAA concentration in urine was lower, and KYN and 3-IS concentrations were higher than in the control group. A negative correlation was found between the S-score and urinary concentration of 5-HIAA (p < 0.001), and 3-IS concentration was positively correlated with the S-score. However, the correlation between the S-score and 3-IS concentration was negative (p < 0.01). After a dietary intervention, 5-HIAA concentration increased in both groups, and the severity of symptoms decreased, but the decrease was more pronounced in Group IIB. (4) Conclusion: A low FODMAP diet supplemented with L-tryptophan has beneficial effects in elderly patients suffering from functional constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Chojnacki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland; (M.M.-S.); (A.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Marta Mędrek-Socha
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland; (M.M.-S.); (A.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Aleksandra Błońska
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland; (M.M.-S.); (A.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Janusz Błasiak
- Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Mazovian Academy in Plock, 09-402 Plock, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Popławski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Jan Chojnacki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland; (M.M.-S.); (A.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Anita Gąsiorowska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
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Chojnacki J, Konrad P, Mędrek-Socha M, Kaczka A, Błońska A, Zajdel R, Chojnacki C, Gąsiorowska A. The Variability of Tryptophan Metabolism in Patients with Mixed Type of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2550. [PMID: 38473797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with a mixed type of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-M) experience constipation and diarrhea, which alternate between weeks or months. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is still little understood. The aim of the study was mainly to evaluate the urinary excretion of selected tryptophan (TRP) metabolites during the constipation and diarrhea periods of this syndrome. In 36 patients with IBS-M and 36 healthy people, serum serotonin level was measured by ELISA and urinary levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), kynurenine (KYN) and indican (3-IS) were determined using the LC-MS/MS method. The levels of all above metabolites were higher in the patient group, and increased significantly during the diarrheal period of IBS-M. In particular, the changes concerned 5-HIAA (3.67 ± 0.86 vs. 4.59 ± 0.95 mg/gCr, p < 0.001) and 3-IS (80.2 ± 17.4 vs. 93.7 ± 25.1 mg/g/Cr, p < 0.001). These changes coexisted with gut microbiome changes, assessed using hydrogen-methane and ammonia breath tests. In conclusion, the variability of TRP metabolism and the gut microbiome may cause the alternation of IBS-M symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Chojnacki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Konrad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Mędrek-Socha
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kaczka
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Błońska
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Radosław Zajdel
- Department of Computer Science in Economics, University of Lodz, 90-255 Lodz, Poland
| | - Cezary Chojnacki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anita Gąsiorowska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
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Grondin JA, Khan WI. Emerging Roles of Gut Serotonin in Regulation of Immune Response, Microbiota Composition and Intestinal Inflammation. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2024; 7:88-96. [PMID: 38314177 PMCID: PMC10836984 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the exact etiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is unknown, studies have shown that dysregulated immune responses, genetic factors, gut microbiota, and environmental factors contribute to their pathogenesis. Intriguingly, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) seems to be a molecule with increasingly strong implications in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation, affecting host physiology, including autophagy and immune responses, as well as microbial composition and function. 5-HT may also play a role in mediating how environmental effects impact outcomes in IBD. In this review, we aim to explore the production and important functions of 5-HT, including its impact on the gut. In addition, we highlight the bidirectional impacts of 5-HT on the immune system, the gut microbiota, and the process of autophagy and how these effects contribute to the manifestation of intestinal inflammation. We also explore recent findings connecting 5-HT signalling and the influence of environmental factors, particularly diet, in the pathogenesis of IBD. Ultimately, we explore the pleiotropic effects of this ancient molecule on biology and health in the context of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensine A Grondin
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Tóth Š, Fagová Z, Holodová M, Zeidan D, Hartel P, Čurgali K, Mechírová E, Maretta M, Nemcová R, Gancarčíková S, Danková M. Influence of Escherichia coli infection on intestinal mucosal barrier integrity of germ-free piglets. Life Sci 2023; 331:122036. [PMID: 37633417 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We focused on investigating the influence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) on the intestinal barrier. MATERIAL AND METHODS We studied changes in the distribution and secretory activities of goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells (EECs), as well as changes in the population of mast cells (MCs) in the jejunal and colonic mucosa of germ-free (GF) piglets as a healthy control group and GF piglets whose intestines were colonised with E. coli bacteria on day 5. KEY FINDINGS The results suggest that the colon of GF piglets is more resistant and less prone to coliform bacterial infection compared to the jejunum. This can be confirmed by a lower degree of histopathological injury index as well as an improvement of the morphometric parameters of the colonic mucosa, together with a significantly increased (p < 0.05) expression of MUC1/EMA, and ZO-3. We also observed a significant decrease in the population of activated MCs (p < 0.001) and EECs (p < 0.001). These findings may indicate a rapid response and better preparation of the intestinal barrier for possible pathological attacks and the subsequent development of mucosal lesions during the development and progression of the intestinal diseases. SIGNIFICANCE To date, gut-targeted therapeutic approaches that can modulate bacterial translocation and chronic inflammation are still in their infancy but represent one of the most promising areas of research for the development of new effective treatments or clinical strategies in the future. Therefore, a better understanding of these processes can significantly contribute to the development of these targeted strategies for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Tóth
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Fagová
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Holodová
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Dema Zeidan
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Patrick Hartel
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristína Čurgali
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Mechírová
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Milan Maretta
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Trieda SNP 1, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Radomíra Nemcová
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Komenského 73, 041 70 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Soňa Gancarčíková
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Komenského 73, 041 70 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Marianna Danková
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Sasinkova 4, 811 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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de Paula VRC, Pasquetti TJ, de Oliveira NTE, Tanamati W, Silveira RMF, Pozza PC. Standardized ileal digestible tryptophan and lysine affects the eating and sleeping behavior of 15-30 kg barrows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:309. [PMID: 37731057 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03734-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of standardized ileal digestible (SID) tryptophan (Trp) and lysine (Lys) levels on eating and sleeping behavior and the respective feed intake of barrows. Sixty-four pigs, averaging 15.00 ± 1.63 kg of initial body weight, were used and distributed in a randomized blocks design, in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, consisting of four levels of SID Trp (0.155, 0.185, 0.215, 0.245%) and four levels of SID Lys (0.972, 1.112, 1.252, and 1.392%). Behavior evaluation was performed by an instantaneous sampling using 10-min intervals during 24 h, at each 7 days (days 7, 14, and 21), and each day was divided into four times of 6 h each one (08:30-14:20, 14:30-20:20, 20:30-02:20, and 02:30-08:20 h), during all the experimental period, yielding a total of 3 × 24 h behavior recordings (72 h) × 6 10-min intervals, totalizing 432 observations per animal. Data were analyzed by classifying behavior into eating or sleeping. All these behaviors were measured in order to obtain the estimated frequency of the eating and sleeping behaviors. Changes were observed (P<0.05) for all the behavioral parameters during the starting phase. SID Trp and SID Lys showed an interactive positive effect on the estimated frequency of eating behavior, and mainly SID Trp increased the estimated frequency of the sleeping behavior of starting pigs in the nocturnal time. Pig diets with increasing levels of SID Trp and SID Lys until 0.245 and 1.392%, respectively, increased the average daily feed intake, and the interaction of the amino acids increased the estimated frequency of eating behavior during all the starting phase, and mainly the increasing levels of SID Trp increased the estimated frequency of sleeping behavior of pigs from the middle to the end of the starting phase, from 2:30 to 8:20 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Ricardo Cambito de Paula
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (ICAA), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, 78550-728, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Tiago Junior Pasquetti
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Newton Tavares Escocard de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Western Parana State University (UNIOESTE), St. Pernambuco, 1777, 85960-000, Marechal Candido Rondon, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wesley Tanamati
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Robson Mateus Freitas Silveira
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Pozza
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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Luo J, Chen Z, Castellano D, Bao B, Han W, Li J, Kim G, An D, Lu W, Wu C. Lipids regulate peripheral serotonin release via gut CD1d. Immunity 2023; 56:1533-1547.e7. [PMID: 37354904 PMCID: PMC10527042 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The crosstalk between the immune and neuroendocrine systems is critical for intestinal homeostasis and gut-brain communications. However, it remains unclear how immune cells participate in gut sensation of hormones and neurotransmitters release in response to environmental cues, such as self-lipids and microbial lipids. We show here that lipid-mediated engagement of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells with enterochromaffin (EC) cells, a subset of intestinal epithelial cells, promoted peripheral serotonin (5-HT) release via a CD1d-dependent manner, regulating gut motility and hemostasis. We also demonstrated that inhibitory sphingolipids from symbiotic microbe Bacteroides fragilis represses 5-HT release. Mechanistically, CD1d ligation on EC cells transduced a signal and restrained potassium conductance through activation of protein tyrosine kinase Pyk2, leading to calcium influx and 5-HT secretion. Together, our data reveal that by engaging with iNKT cells, gut chemosensory cells selectively perceive lipid antigens via CD1d to control 5-HT release, modulating intestinal and systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialie Luo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zuojia Chen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Castellano
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bin Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenyan Han
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Girak Kim
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dingding An
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chuan Wu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Sun J, Zhang M, Liu W, Liu Y, Zhang D, Fan X, Zhang J, Li T, Lu M. Evaluation of the effectiveness and mechanism of action of the Chang-Kang-Fang formula combined with bifid triple viable capsules on diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1160783. [PMID: 37440881 PMCID: PMC10333534 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1160783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Chang-Kang-Fang (CKF) formula, a traditional Chinese herbal formula, can decrease serotonin (5-HT) levels and treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Probiotics have a better synergistic effect on diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) when combined with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. The present study aimed to elucidate the efficacy and the mechanisms of action of the CKF formula combined with bifid triple viable capsules (PFK) against IBS-D. Methods The rat models of IBS-D were induced by gavage with senna decoction plus restraint stress. The CKF formula, PFK and their combination were administered to the rats. Their effects were evaluated based on general condition of the rats and the AWR score. The levels of 5-HT and fos protein in the colon and hippocampus were measured by immunohistochemistry. The levels of SP and VIP, as well as ZO-1 and occludin in the colon, were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. The intestinal microbiota in faeces was analyzed by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Results The results showed that the oral CKF formula combined with PFK (CKF + PFK) could significantly relieve the symptoms of IBS-D, including elevating the weight rate and decreasing the AWR score. Compared with the MC group, administration of CKF + PFK significantly reduced the expression of fos in the colon and hippocampus and that of 5-HT, SP and VIP in the colon and increased the levels of 5-HT in the hippocampus and ZO-1 and occludin in the colon. The above indexes exhibited statistical significance in the CKF + PFK group relative to those in the other groups. Moreover, treatment with CKF + PFK improved the diversity of intestinal microbiota and the abundance of Firmicutes, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae but decreased those of Bacteroidetes and Prevotellaceae. Conclusions The CKF formula combined with PFK may have a synergistic effect on IBS-D by slowing gastrointestinal motility, lowering visceral hypersensitivity, enhancing the intestinal barrier function and modulating the composition of intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Central laboratory, Nanjing Lishui District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengqiu Zhang
- School of Third Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Suqian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suqian, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Third Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Youqian Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Lishui District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongjian Zhang
- School of Third Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Lishui District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Third Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Central laboratory, Nanjing Lishui District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Lu
- School of Third Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Ma T, Xue X, Tian H, Zhou X, Wang J, Zhao Z, Wang M, Song J, Feng R, Li L, Jing C, Tian F. Effect of the gut microbiota and their metabolites on postoperative intestinal motility and its underlying mechanisms. J Transl Med 2023; 21:349. [PMID: 37237321 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is closely related to human health and disease because, together with their metabolites, gut microbiota maintain normal intestinal peristalsis. The use of antibiotics or opioid anesthetics, or both, during surgical procedures can lead to dysbiosis and affect intestinal motility; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully known. This review aims to discuss the effect of gut microbiota and their metabolites on postoperative intestinal motility, focusing on regulating the enteric nervous system, 5-hydroxytryptamine neurotransmitter, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- TianRong Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - XiaoLei Xue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Hui Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - XinXiu Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - JunKe Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - ZhiWen Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - MingFei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - JiYuan Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - RenXiang Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Leping Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Changqing Jing
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
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Chojnacki C, Poplawski T, Blonska A, Konrad P, Chojnacki J, Blasiak J. The Usefulness of the Low-FODMAP Diet with Limited Tryptophan Intake in the Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081837. [PMID: 37111056 PMCID: PMC10145220 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: A low-FODMAP diet is often recommended in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, but it does not improve abdominal symptoms in all patients, and an alternative diet is desirable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a low-FODMAP diet with a concomitant reduction in tryptophan (TRP) intake in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea predominance (IBS-D) in relation to its metabolism via the serotonin and kynurenine pathways. (2) Methods: 40 healthy people (Group I, Controls) and 80 patients with IBS-D were included in the study. IBS-D patients were randomly divided into two groups of 40 each (Groups IIA and IIB). In Group IIA, the low-FODMAP diet was recommended, while in Group IIB, the same diet was recommended but with limited TRP intake for 8 weeks. The TRP intake was analyzed with the use of the nutritional calculator. Abdominal complaints were assessed using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS-IBS), and psychological status was simultaneously determined using two scales: the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) and the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D). TRP and its metabolites: 5-hydoxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), and quinolinic acid (QA) were measured in urine using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). (3) Results: The consumption of TRP per mg/kg/b.w./24 h has decreased in Group IIA from 20.9 ± 2.39 to 17.45 ± 2.41 (16.5%) and in Group IIB from 21.3 ± 2.33 to 14.32 (34.4%). Significantly greater improvement was found after nutritional treatment in patients in Group IIB as compared to Group IIA (GSRS score: 38.1% vs. 49.8%; HAM-A: 38.7% vs. 49.9%; HAM-D: 13.8% vs. 35.0%; p < 0.01). Reducing TRP intake showed a negative correlation with the degree of improvement in the GSRS score. (4) Conclusions: Lowering the TRP content in a low-FODMAP diet may be useful in treating IBS-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Chojnacki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Blonska
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Konrad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan Chojnacki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Chojnacki C, Błońska A, Konrad P, Chojnacki M, Podogrocki M, Poplawski T. Changes in Tryptophan Metabolism on Serotonin and Kynurenine Pathways in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051262. [PMID: 36904262 PMCID: PMC10005076 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: L-tryptophan is a substrate for the synthesis of many biological compounds through the serotonin and kynurenine pathways. These compounds have a significant influence on gastrointestinal functions and mental processes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the urinary excretion of selected tryptophan metabolites in patients with constipation-predominant and diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C and IBS-D, respectively), related to somatic and mental symptoms. (2) Methods: 120 people were included in the study and three groups were distinguished, with 40 individuals each, including healthy subjects (controls), patients with IBS-C and patients with IBS-D. The Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale (GSRS-IBS) was used to assess the severity of abdominal symptoms. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) were used to evaluate the mental state of patients. Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), L-tryptophan and the following metabolites in urine, related to the creatinine level, were measured: 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA) and quinolinic acid (QA). (3) Results: In both groups of patients with IBS, changes in tryptophan metabolism were found as compared to the control group. We observed an increase in the activity of the serotonin pathway and a positive correlation between the 5-HIAA level and the GSRS score (p < 0.01) and HAM-A score (p < 0.001) in IBS-D patients. The IBS-C group was characterized by a higher concentration of kynurenines (KYN, QA) in urine. Moreover, the QA (p < 0.001) and KYNA (p < 0.05) levels were correlated with the HAM-D score among IBS-C patients. (4) Conclusions: Various changes in the tryptophan metabolism pathway can determine the differences in the clinical picture of irritable bowel syndrome. These results should be included in the nutritional and pharmacological treatment of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Chojnacki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (T.P.)
| | - Aleksandra Błońska
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Konrad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Chojnacki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Podogrocki
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (T.P.)
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The Probiotic Combination of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei JY062 and Lactobacillus gasseri JM1 Alleviates Gastrointestinal Motility Disorder via Improving Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040839. [PMID: 36839197 PMCID: PMC9958595 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have received wide attention as a potential way to alleviate gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders. Herein, we investigated the effects of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei JY062, Lactobacillus gasseri JM1, and the probiotic combination at 5 × 109 CFU/mL on mice induced by loperamide and explored the possible underlying mechanisms in GI motility disorder. After two weeks of probiotic intervention, the results indicated that the probiotic combination alleviated GI motility disorder better. It increased the secretion of excitatory GI regulators motilin, gastrin, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and decreased the secretion of the inhibitory GI regulators peptide YY and nitric oxide (NO), except vasoactive intestinal peptide. 5-HT and NO were related to the mRNA expression of 5-HT4 receptor and nitric oxide synthase, respectively. The intervention of probiotic combination also increased the number of interstitial cells of Cajal and the expression of SCF/c-kit protein. In addition, it also increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus, Rikenellaceae, and Clostridiaceae_Clostridium) and improved the contents of short-chain fatty acids in cecum contents of mice. In conclusion, the probiotic combination of L. paracasei JY062 and L. gasseri JM1 has the potential to alleviate GI motility disorders by balancing intestinal homeostasis.
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Salami AT, Oyagbemi AA, Alabi MV, Olaleye SB. Naringenin modulates Cobalt activities on gut motility through mechanosensors and serotonin signalling. Biomarkers 2023; 28:11-23. [PMID: 36250715 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2137235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
IntroductionCobalt chloride-(CoCl2) exerts beneficial and toxic activities depending on dose however Naringenin-(Nar) a flavonoid, chelates heavy metals. Absorption of ingested heavy metals, or chelates are dependent on gut motility (gastric emptying and intestinal transit time) and mechanosensor regulation. Literature is vague on CoCl2 activities on gut motility and mechanosensor nor probable chelating actions with naringenin which was investigated in this study.MethodOne hundred male Wistar rats were grouped viz; A to D (25, 62, 150 and 300 mg/kg CoCl2), E to H doses of CoCl2+Nar (50 mg/kg), I-Narigenin and J-Control. Gastric emptying and intestinal transit time were evaluated by day eight, intestinal tissue assayed for biochemical, histological and immunohistochemistry reactivity.ResultCoCl2 significantly increased Gastric emptying (150 and 300 mg/kg) and Intestinal transit time unlike Naringenin. CoCl2 (150 mg/kg) significantly increased Catalase and Nitric oxide but ameliorated by Naringenin. ATPase activities significantly increased in 150 mg/kg-CoCl2 but ameliorated by Naringenin. Carbonyl levels increased in all CoCl2+Nar groups. High Enterochromaffin-cell count in 25 and 62 mg/kg-CoCl2 were ameliorated by Naringenin. Serotonin immunoreactivity increased in CoCl2 (25, 62, 300 mg/kg) but reduced in CoCl2+Nar groups.ConclusionCobalt chloride enhanced gastric motility via increased mechanosensor activities and serotonin expression at low doses. Naringenin ameliorated toxicity of high cobalt chloride via metal-flavonoid chelates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeola Temitope Salami
- Gastrointestinal Secretion and Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ademola Adetokubo Oyagbemi
- Cardiorenal Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Moyosore Victoria Alabi
- Gastrointestinal Secretion and Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Babafemi Olaleye
- Gastrointestinal Secretion and Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Guo Y, Song L, Huang Y, Li X, Xiao Y, Wang Z, Ren Z. Latilactobacillus sakei Furu2019 and stachyose as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics alleviate constipation in mice. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1039403. [PMID: 36687730 PMCID: PMC9849682 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1039403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Slow transit constipation (STC) is a common disorder in the digestive system. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of stachyose (ST) and Latilactobacillus sakei Furu 2019 (L. sakei) alone or combined on diphenoxylate-induced constipation and explore the underlying mechanisms using a mouse model. Methods ICR mice were randomly divided into five groups. The normal and constipation model groups were intragastrically administrated with PBS. The ST, L. sakei, and synbiotic groups were intragastrically administrated with ST (1.5 g/kg body weight), alive L. sakei (3 × 109 CFU/mouse), or ST + L. sakei (1.5 g/kg plus 3 × 109 CFU/mouse), respectively. After 21 days of intervention, all mice except the normal mice were intragastrically administrated with diphenoxylate (10 mg/kg body weight). Defecation indexes, constipation-related intestinal factors, serum neurotransmitters, hormone levels, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and intestinal microbiota were measured. Results Our results showed that three interventions with ST, L. sakei, and synbiotic combination (ST + L. sakei) all alleviated constipation, and synbiotic intervention was superior to ST or L. sakei alone in some defecation indicators. The RT-PCR and immunohistochemical experiment showed that all three interventions relieved constipation by affecting aquaporins (AQP4 and AQP8), interstitial cells of Cajal (SCF and c-Kit), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS). The three interventions exhibited a different ability to increase the serum excitatory neurotransmitters and hormones (5-hydroxytryptamine, substance P, motilin), and reduce the serum inhibitory neurotransmitters (vasoactive intestinal peptide, endothelin). The result of 16S rDNA sequencing of feces showed that synbiotic intervention significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia, and regulated the gut microbes of STC mice. In conclusion, oral administration of ST or L. sakei alone or combined are all effective to relieve constipation and the symbiotic use may have a promising preventive effect on STC.
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Puri S, Bandyopadhyay A, Ashok V. Supplemental intraoperative crystalloids for pediatric postoperative nausea and vomiting-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr Anaesth 2023; 33:38-45. [PMID: 36178763 DOI: 10.1111/pan.14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative nausea and/or vomiting is a relatively frequent occurrence after general anesthesia in pediatric patients. Supplemental perioperative crystalloid fluid administration has been shown to have a positive effect on the incidence of nausea and/or vomiting in adults undergoing surgery. The question arises whether supplemental intraoperative intravenous fluids in pediatric patients offers beneficial results with regards to pediatric postoperative nausea and/or vomiting. METHODS Pubmed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were searched up to March 2022 to perform a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials involving patients ≤18 years undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia, with one group receiving conventional intraoperative fluids therapy and the other group receiving supplemental intraoperative fluid therapy, with intravenous crystalloids. The outcomes included incidence of postoperative vomiting, postoperative nausea and vomiting, the need for rescue anti-emetics, postoperative thirst, and adverse events attributed to supplemental intravenous fluid therapy. Relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported for the outcomes using a random or fixed effects model. RESULTS Seven randomized controlled trials (864 patients) were included in the final analysis. Supplemental intraoperative crystalloids reduce postoperative vomiting (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.39-0.80; p = .001), postoperative nausea and vomiting (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.37-0.74; p = .0003), postoperative thirst (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.13,0.34; p < .01), and the need for rescue anti-emetics postoperatively (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.49-0.74; p = .00001). CONCLUSION Supplemental intraoperative intravenous crystalloids significantly reduce several PONV outcomes in healthy children undergoing relatively simple and superficial surgeries under volatile agent-based general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunaakshi Puri
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anjishnujit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vighnesh Ashok
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Machida T, Iizuka K. [Consideration of the Characteristics of Oral Iron Preparations from the Viewpoint of the Mechanism of Nausea and Vomiting]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2023; 143:599-606. [PMID: 37394455 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.23-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The nausea and vomiting that occur as a result of oral iron administration for the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) can cause significant physical and emotional stress in patients. Because iron is absorbed from the intestine as ferrous iron, the most widely used treatment for IDA is oral ferrous agents. However, ferrous forms are more toxic than ferric forms because ferrous forms readily generate free radicals. A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, multicenter non-inferiority study conducted in Japan showed that ferric citrate hydrate (FC) was just as effective as sodium ferrous citrate (SF) in the treatment of IDA, with a lower incidence of adverse reactions such as nausea and vomiting compared with SF. Animal studies have shown that chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) involves the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine from enterochromaffin cells by free radicals, and that some chemotherapeutic agents cause hyperplasia of these cells. Enterochromaffin cells also contain substance P, which is known to be also closely related to CINV. We found that administration of SF to rats causes hyperplasia of enterochromaffin cells in the small intestine, whereas FC has no effect on enterochromaffin cells. Oral iron agents may induce nausea and vomiting via the effect of ferrous iron on reactive oxygen species production in the intestine and subsequent enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia. Further research to elucidate the detailed mechanism of enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia induced by ferrous iron preparations is needed to develop a treatment for iron deficiency anemia that causes less gastrointestinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Machida
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Kenji Iizuka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
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Bauer EE, Reed CH, Lyte M, Clark PJ. An evaluation of the rat intestinal monoamine biogeography days following exposure to acute stress. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1021985. [PMID: 36582358 PMCID: PMC9792511 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1021985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced abnormalities in gut monoamine levels (e.g., serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine) have been linked to gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction, as well as the worsening of symptoms in GI disorders. However, the influence of stress on changes across the entire intestinal monoamine biogeography has not been well-characterized, especially in the days following stress exposure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to comprehensively assess changes to monoamine neurochemical signatures across the entire rat intestinal tract days after exposure to an acute stressor. To the end, adult male F344 rats were subjected to an episode of unpredictable tail shocks (acute stress) or left undisturbed. Forty-eight hours later rats were euthanized either following a 12 h period of fasting or 30 min of food access to evaluate neurochemical profiles during the peri- and early postprandial periods. Monoamine-related neurochemicals were measured via UHPLC in regions of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, proximal colon, distal colon), cecal contents, fecal contents, and liver. The results suggest a relatively wide-spread increase in measures of serotonin activity across intestinal regions can be observed 48 h after exposure to acute stress, however some evidence was found supporting localized differences in serotonin metabolization. Moreover, acute stress exposure reduced catecholamine-related neurochemical concentrations most notably in the ileum, and to a lesser extent in the cecal contents. Next, stress-related fecal serotonin concentrations were consistent with intestinal profiles. However, fecal dopamine was elevated in association with stress, which did not parallel findings in any other intestinal area. Finally, stress exposure and the food access period together only had minor effects on intestinal monoamine profiles. Taken together, these data suggest nuanced differences in monoaminergic profiles exist across intestinal regions the days following exposure to an acute stressor, highlighting the importance of assessments that consider the entire intestinal tract biogeography when investigating stress-related biological outcomes that may be relevant to GI pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella E. Bauer
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Carter H. Reed
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Mark Lyte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Peter J. Clark
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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A Reduced Tryptophan Diet in Patients with Diarrhoea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome Improves Their Abdominal Symptoms and Their Quality of Life through Reduction of Serotonin Levels and Its Urinary Metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315314. [PMID: 36499643 PMCID: PMC9738361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1). An essential component of any treatment for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is an adequate diet. Currently, a low FODMAP diet is recommended as a first-line therapy, but it does not relieve abdominal discomfort in all patients, and alternative nutritional treatment is required. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a tryptophan-lowering diet (TRP) on abdominal and mental symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhea (IBS-D). (2). The study included 40 patients with IBS-D, and 40 healthy subjects served as a baseline for IBS-D patients, after excluding comorbidities. The TRP intake was calculated using the nutritional calculator. The severity of abdominal symptoms was assessed using the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS-IBS). Mental state was assessed using the Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM-A), the Hamilton depression rating scale (HAM-D), and the insomnia severity index (ISI). The serum levels of serotonin and melatonin and the urinary excretion of their metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6) were determined by the ELISA method. The severity of symptoms and laboratory data were analyzed before and after a 12 week diet with tryptophan restricted to a daily dose 10 mg per kilogram body weight. (3). Compared to the control group, patients with IBS-D had a higher serum level of serotonin (198.2 ± 38.1 vs. 142.3 ± 36.4 ng/mL; p < 0.001) but a similar level of melatonin (8.6 ± 1.1 vs. 9.4 ± 3.0 pg/mL; p > 0.05). The urinary excretion of 5-HIAA was also higher in patients with IBS-D patients (7.7 ± 1.5 vs. 6.0 ± 1.7 mg/24 h; p < 0.001). After nutritional treatment, both the serum serotonin level and the urinary 5-HIAA excretion significantly decreased (p < 0.001). The severity of the abdominal symptoms and anxiety also decreased, while the HAM-D score and the ISI score remained unchanged (4). Lowering the dietary intake of tryptophan may reduce abdominal complaints and does not alter the mental state of IBS-D patients.
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Lu Q, Tan D, Luo J, Ye Y, Zuo M, Wang S, Li C. Potential of natural products in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 106:154419. [PMID: 36087525 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a kind of functional bowel disease that is characterized by bellyache, abdominal distension, and diarrhea. Although not life-threatening, IBS has a long course and recurrent attacks and seriously affects the life quality of patients. Current drugs for treating IBS possess remarkable limitations, such as limited efficacy and severe adverse reactions. Therefore, developing novel medications to treat IBS is quite essential, and natural products may be a substantial source. PURPOSE This is the first systematic review elaborating the recent advancement of natural products as potential drugs for the therapy of IBS. METHODS A comprehensive retrieval of studies was carried out in scientific databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and CNKI. By using ("irritable bowel syndrome" OR "IBS") AND ("natural product" OR "natural compound" OR "phytochemical") as keywords, the eligible studies were screened, and the relevant information about therapeutic action and mechanism of natural products treating IBS was extracted. RESULTS Natural products against IBS consisted of four categories, namely, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms for natural products treating IBS were tightly associated with increased TJs and mucus protein expression, regulation of the brain-gut axis and gut microbiota structure, and inhibition of inflammatory response and intestinal mucosal damage. CONCLUSION Natural products could be extremely prospective candidate drugs used to treat IBS, and further preclinical and clinical researches are needed to guarantee their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519041, PR China
| | - Daopeng Tan
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, PR China
| | - Jingbin Luo
- China Traditional Chinese Medicine Holdings Company Limited, Foshan 528000, PR China
| | - Yonghao Ye
- Zhuhai Resproly Pharmaceutical Technology Company Limited, Zhuhai 519040, PR China
| | - Manhua Zuo
- Department of Nursing, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519041, PR China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519041, PR China
| | - Cailan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, PR China.
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21
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LMWP (S3-3) from the Larvae of Musca domestica Alleviate D-IBS by Adjusting the Gut Microbiota. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144517. [PMID: 35889391 PMCID: PMC9324334 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea-based Irritable Bowel Syndrome (D-IBS) and diarrhea are both associated with ecological imbalance of the gut microbiota. Low Molecular Weight Peptides (LMWP) from the larvae of Musca domestica have been shown to be effective in the treatment of diarrhea and regulation of gut microbiota. Meanwhile, the single polypeptide S3-3 was successfully isolated and identified from LMWP in our previous studies. It remains unclear exactly whether and how LMWP (S3-3) alleviate D-IBS through regulating gut microbiota. We evaluated the gut microbiota and pharmacology to determine the regulation of gut microbiota structure and the alleviating effect on D-IBS through LMWP (S3-3). The rates of loose stools, abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) and intestinal tract motility results revealed that LMWP (S3-3) from the larvae of Musca domestica had a regulating effect against diarrhea, visceral hypersensitivity and gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction in D-IBS model mice. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was utilized to examine the gut microbiota, which suggests that LMWP induce structural changes in the gut microbiota and alter the levels of the following gut microbiota: Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. LMWP putatively functioned through regulating 5-HT, SERT, 5-HT2AR, 5-HT3AR and 5-HT4R according to the results of ELISA, qRT-PCR and IHC. The findings of this study will contribute to further understanding how LMWP (S3-3) attenuate the effects of D-IBS on diarrhea, visceral hypersensitivity and GI dysfunction.
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22
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Pergolizzi S, Alesci A, Centofanti A, Aragona M, Pallio S, Magaudda L, Cutroneo G, Lauriano ER. Role of Serotonin in the Maintenance of Inflammatory State in Crohn’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040765. [PMID: 35453516 PMCID: PMC9030789 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic intestinal inflammation considered to be a major entity of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), affecting different segments of the whole gastrointestinal tract. Peripheral serotonin (5-HT), a bioactive amine predominantly produced by gut enterochromaffin cells (ECs), is crucial in gastrointestinal functions, including motility, sensitivity, secretion, and the inflammatory response. These actions are mediated by a large family of serotonin receptors and specialized serotonin transporter (SERT) located on a variety of cell types in the gut. Several studies indicate that intestinal 5-HT signaling is altered in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Paraformaldehyde-fixed intestinal tissues, obtained from fifteen patients with Crohn’s disease were analyzed by immunostaining for serotonin, Langerin/CD207, and alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA). As controls, unaffected (normal) intestinal specimens of seven individuals were investigated. This study aimed to show the expression of serotonin in dendritic cells (DCs) and myofibroblast which have been characterized with Langerin/CD207 and α-SMA, respectively; furthermore, for the first time, we have found the presence of serotonin in goblet cells. Our results show the correlation between different types of intestinal cells in the maintenance of the inflammatory state in CD linked to the recall of myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (A.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (A.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Centofanti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (L.M.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (A.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Socrate Pallio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98147 Messina, Italy;
| | - Ludovico Magaudda
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (L.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppina Cutroneo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (L.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
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23
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Chiocchetti R, Galiazzo G, Giancola F, Tagliavia C, Bernardini C, Forni M, Pietra M. Localization of the Serotonin Transporter in the Dog Intestine and Comparison to the Rat and Human Intestines. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:802479. [PMID: 35071391 PMCID: PMC8766808 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.802479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is crucial in gastrointestinal functions, including motility, sensitivity, secretion, and the inflammatory response. The serotonin transporter (SERT), responsible for serotonin reuptake and signaling termination, plays a prominent role in gastrointestinal physiology, representing a promising therapeutic target in digestive disorders. Serotonin transporter expression has been poorly investigated in veterinary medicine, under both healthy and pathological conditions, including canine chronic enteropathy, in which the serotonin metabolism seems to be altered. The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of SERT immunoreactivity (SERT-IR) in the dog intestine and to compare the findings with those obtained in the rat and human intestines. Serotonin transporter-IR was observed in canine enterocytes, enteric neurons, lamina propria cells and the tunica muscularis. Data obtained in dogs were consistent with those obtained in rats and humans. Since the majority of the serotonin produced by the body is synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract, SERT-expressing cells may exert a role in the mechanism of serotonin reuptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Chiocchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Galiazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Fiorella Giancola
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Claudio Tagliavia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
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24
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OUP accepted manuscript. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6521441. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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25
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Cheng J, Laitila A, Ouwehand AC. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 Effects on Gut Health: A Review. Front Nutr 2022; 8:790561. [PMID: 34970580 PMCID: PMC8712437 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.790561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal gut motility is central to bowel function and gut health. The link between the gut dysmotility related disorders and dysfunctional-intestinal barriers has led to a hypothesis that certain probiotics could help in normalizing gut motility and maintain gut health. This review investigates the roles of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 (B. lactis HN019™) on gut health, and its mechanisms of action in various pre-clinical and clinical studies. Research supports the hypothesis that B. lactis HN019™ has a beneficial role in maintaining intestinal barrier function during gastrointestinal infections by competing and excluding potential pathogens via different mechanisms; maintaining normal tight junction function in vitro; and regulating host immune defense toward pathogens in both in vitro and human studies. This has been observed to lead to reduced incidence of diarrhea. Interestingly, B. lactis HN019™ also supports normal physiological function in immunosenescent elderly and competes and excludes potential pathogens. Furthermore, B. lactis HN019™ reduced intestinal transit time and increased bowel movement frequency in functional constipation, potentially by modulating gut–brain–microbiota axis, mainly via serotonin signaling pathway, through short chain fatty acids derived from microbial fermentation. B. lactis HN019™ is thus a probiotic that can contribute to relieving gut dysmotility related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cheng
- International Flavors & Fragrances Inc., Global Health and Nutrition Science, Danisco Sweeteners Oy, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Arja Laitila
- International Flavors & Fragrances Inc., Global Health and Nutrition Science, Danisco Sweeteners Oy, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- International Flavors & Fragrances Inc., Global Health and Nutrition Science, Danisco Sweeteners Oy, Kantvik, Finland
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26
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Irving H, Turek I, Kettle C, Yaakob N. Tapping into 5-HT 3 Receptors to Modify Metabolic and Immune Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111910. [PMID: 34769340 PMCID: PMC8584345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptors are ligand gated ion channels, which clearly distinguish their mode of action from the other G-protein coupled 5-HT or serotonin receptors. 5-HT3 receptors are well established targets for emesis and gastrointestinal mobility and are used as adjunct targets in treating schizophrenia. However, the distribution of these receptors is wider than the nervous system and there is potential that these additional sites can be targeted to modulate inflammatory and/or metabolic conditions. Recent progress in structural biology and pharmacology of 5-HT3 receptors have provided profound insights into mechanisms of their action. These advances, combined with insights into clinical relevance of mutations in genes encoding 5-HT3 subunits and increasing understanding of their implications in patient's predisposition to diseases and response to the treatment, open new avenues for personalized precision medicine. In this review, we recap on the current status of 5-HT3 receptor-based therapies using a biochemical and physiological perspective. We assess the potential for targeting 5-HT3 receptors in conditions involving metabolic or inflammatory disorders based on recent findings, underscoring the challenges and limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Irving
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia; (I.T.); (C.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilona Turek
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia; (I.T.); (C.K.)
| | - Christine Kettle
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia; (I.T.); (C.K.)
| | - Nor Yaakob
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
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27
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Lu WD, Wu ML, Zhang JX, Huang TT, Du SS, Cao YX. The effect of sodium carboxymethyl starch with high degree of substitution on defecation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257012. [PMID: 34478474 PMCID: PMC8415588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium carboxymethyl starch (CMS-Na), a kind of food additive with high degree of substitution, is also known as a prebiotic. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of CMS-Na on defecation. Constipated mouse model was prepared by loperamide. Normal rats were also used in the study. Short-chain fatty acids in rat feces were detected by gas chromatography. The bacterial communities in rat feces were identified by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) were measured by ELISA. The results showed that CMS-Na increased the fecal granule counts and intestinal propulsion rate in constipated mice. The contents of water, acetic acid, propionic acid and n-butyrate in feces, Tph1 in colon and 5-HT in serum of rats were increased. In addition, CMS-Na shortened the colonic transport time in rats. The 16S rDNA gene sequencing results indicated that CMS-Na increased the relative abundance of Alloprevotella and decreased the proportion of Lactobacillus. However, the biodiversity of the normal intestinal flora was not altered. In conclusion, CMS-Na can promote defecation in constipated mice. The mechanism may be related to the regulation of Alloprevotella and Lactobacillus in colon, the increase of short-chain fatty acids, and the promotion of the synthesis of Tph1 and 5-HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-dang Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi`an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Man-li Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi`an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun-xia Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi`an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting-ting Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi`an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuai-shuai Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi`an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong-xiao Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi`an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
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28
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Haq S, Grondin JA, Khan WI. Tryptophan-derived serotonin-kynurenine balance in immune activation and intestinal inflammation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21888. [PMID: 34473368 PMCID: PMC9292703 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100702r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous tryptophan metabolism pathways lead to the production of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine; 5‐HT), kynurenine, and several downstream metabolites which are involved in a multitude of immunological functions in both health and disease states. Ingested tryptophan is largely shunted to the kynurenine pathway (95%) while only minor portions (1%–2%) are sequestered for 5‐HT production. Though often associated with the functioning of the central nervous system, significant production of 5‐HT, kynurenine and their downstream metabolites takes place within the gut. Accumulating evidence suggests that these metabolites have essential roles in regulating immune cell function, intestinal inflammation, as well as in altering the production and suppression of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, both 5‐HT and kynurenine have a considerable influence on gut microbiota suggesting that these metabolites impact host physiology both directly and indirectly via compositional changes. It is also now evident that complex interactions exist between the two pathways to maintain gut homeostasis. Alterations in 5‐HT and kynurenine are implicated in the pathogenesis of many gastrointestinal dysfunctions, including inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, these pathways present numerous potential therapeutic targets, manipulation of which may aid those suffering from gastrointestinal disorders. This review aims to update both the role of 5‐HT and kynurenine in immune regulation and intestinal inflammation, and analyze the current knowledge of the relationship and interactions between 5‐HT and kynurenine pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Haq
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jensine A Grondin
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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29
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The Impact of Different Antiemetics on the Nausea in Early Postoperative Period After Laparoscopic Holecystectomy. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2019-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a patient-important outcome; patients often rate PONV as worse than postoperative pain. This clinical study was aimed to asses the efficiency of standard aniemetics administration separately or in combination in prevention of PONV in patients who underwent to the same surgical procedure - laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Also, this article could provide a novel information about the best choice for prevention and treatment of PONV. This study included 87 patients divided into four groups according to the postoperative phramacological treatment: First group was control group without treatment, Second group was group of patients with ondasetron treatment in postoperative period, Third group was group of patients with ondasetron+dexamethasone treatment, and fourth group was group of patients with dexamethasone treatment in postoperative period for nausea. PONV was distributed in Ondansetron+Dexamethasone group in the lowest percent (4.5%), which means that this conbination of antiemetics was very effective. Than, Dexamethasone group was in relation with low incidence of PONV (14.3%), and after that were Ondansetron and Control groups. Also smokers and males has lower incidence of PONV, especially in combination with Ondansetron+Dexamethasone treatment.
The incidence of PONV is lower in male smokers patients who were underwent to combination of two antiemetics, ondansetron and dexamethasone compared to monotherapy and female non-smokers. Preventive strategies for PONV must include risk stratification followed by prophylactic approach and also testing the newer antiemetics. Because of the high incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting as a patient-important outcome, the preventive strategies should be considered as serious condition which requires multimodal approach.
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30
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Cao PQ, Li XP, Ou-Yang J, Jiang RG, Huang FF, Wen BB, Zhang XN, Huang JA, Liu ZH. The protective effects of yellow tea extract against loperamide-induced constipation in mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:5621-5636. [PMID: 34018494 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02969f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Yellow tea, a rare type tea from China, has a rich breadth of functional ingredients and benefits the gastrointestinal tract. However, it is not clear whether the yellow tea extract can alleviate constipation. Therefore, we used loperamide-induced constipation in mice to evaluate the effects of yellow tea extract. Fifty Kunming mice were randomly divided into five groups: normal, model, low-dose yellow tea extract, low-dose yellow tea extract prevention group, and high-dose yellow tea extract prevention group. Mice were administered yellow tea extract for 5 weeks followed by loperamide-induced constipation for the final 2 weeks. The results showed that yellow tea extract alleviated constipation symptoms by improving the fecal water content, defecation weight, and gastrointestinal transit rate. Yellow tea extract intervention also protected colon tissue, regulated serum neurotransmitters, and decreased the vasoactive intestinal peptide level. Furthermore, qRT-PCR indicated that yellow tea extract regulated genes associated with the constipation state, raised 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 and reduced AQP3 and AQP4 mRNA expression. Moreover, we found that yellow tea extract changed the gut microbiota composition. Community diversity and richness were increased and principal co-ordinate analysis demonstrated that the yellow tea extract prophylaxis groups differed from the model group. Difference analysis indicated that yellow tea extract increased Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006, and Bifidobacterium and decreased norank_f_Clostridiales_vadinBB60_group, unclassified_o_Bacteroidales, and Bacteroides, which are correlated with constipation. Based on these results, we believe that regular yellow tea consumption can effectively alleviate constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Qin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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31
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Buddington RK, Wong T, Howard SC. Paracellular Filtration Secretion Driven by Mechanical Force Contributes to Small Intestinal Fluid Dynamics. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:medsci9010009. [PMID: 33572202 PMCID: PMC7931054 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of fluid secretion by the small intestine are dominated by the coupling with ATP-dependent generation of ion gradients, whereas the contribution of filtration secretion has been overlooked, possibly by the lack of a known mechanistic basis. We measured apical fluid flow and generation of hydrostatic pressure gradients by epithelia of cultured mouse enterocytes, Caco-2 and T-84 cells, and fibroblasts exposed to mechanical force provided by vigorous aeration and in response to ion gradients, inhibitors of ion channels and transporters and in vitro using intact mouse and rat small intestine. We describe herein a paracellular pathway for unidirectional filtration secretion that is driven by mechanical force, requires tight junctions, is independent of ionic and osmotic gradients, generates persistent hydrostatic pressure gradients, and would contribute to the fluid shifts that occur during digestion and diarrhea. Zinc inhibits the flow of fluid and the paracellular marker fluorescein isothyocyanate conjugated dextran (MW = 4 kD) across epithelia of cultured enterocytes (>95%; p < 0.001) and intact small intestine (>40%; p = 0.03). We propose that mechanical force drives fluid secretion through the tight junction complex via a “one-way check valve” that can be regulated. This pathway of filtration secretion complements chloride-coupled fluid secretion during high-volume fluid flow. The role of filtration secretion in the genesis of diarrhea in intact animals needs further study. Our findings may explain a potential linkage between intestinal motility and intestinal fluid dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal K. Buddington
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
- Babies Taking Flight, Memphis, TN 38117, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-662-418-2666
| | - Thomas Wong
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
| | - Scott C. Howard
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
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32
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Ala M, Mohammad Jafari R, Hajiabbasi A, Dehpour AR. Aquaporins and diseases pathogenesis: From trivial to undeniable involvements, a disease-based point of view. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6115-6135. [PMID: 33559160 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs), as transmembrane proteins, were primarily identified as water channels with the ability of regulating the transmission of water, glycerol, urea, and other small-sized molecules. The classic view of AQPs involvement in therapeutic plan restricted them and their regulators into managing only a narrow spectrum of the diseases such as diabetes insipidus and the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion. However, further investigations performed, especially in the third millennium, has found that their cooperation in water transmission control can be manipulated to handle other burden-imposing diseases such as cirrhosis, heart failure, Meniere's disease, cancer, bullous pemphigoid, eczema, and Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Mohammad Jafari
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Hajiabbasi
- Guilan Rheumatology Research Center, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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33
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Yaghoubfar R, Behrouzi A, Ashrafian F, Shahryari A, Moradi HR, Choopani S, Hadifar S, Vaziri F, Nojoumi SA, Fateh A, Khatami S, Siadat SD. Modulation of serotonin signaling/metabolism by Akkermansia muciniphila and its extracellular vesicles through the gut-brain axis in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22119. [PMID: 33335202 PMCID: PMC7747642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported that the host-microbe interactions in the gut modulate the host serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) system. Here, we evaluated the effects of Akkermansia muciniphila and its extracellular vesicles (EVs) on genes pertaining to the serotonergic system in the colon and hippocampus of mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were administered viable A. muciniphila and its EVs for 4 weeks. The serotonin levels in the colon, hippocampus, and serum of mice, as well as the human colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2), were measured by ELISA assays. Also, the effects of A. muciniphila and its EVs on the expression of serotonin system genes in the colon and hippocampus were examined. A. muciniphila and its EVs may have a biological effect on the induction of serotonin levels in the colon and hippocampus of mice. Also, EVs increased the serotonin level in the Caco-2 cell line. In contrast, both treatments decreased the serotonin level in the serum. Both the bacterium and its EVs had significant effects on the mRNA expression of genes, involved in serotonin signaling/metabolism in the colon and hippocampus of mice. Moreover, A. muciniphila and its EVs affected the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (Il-10 and Tnf-α) in the colon, however, there is no significant difference in inflammatory cell infiltrate in the histopathology of the colon. The presence of A. muciniphila and its EVs in the gut promotes serotonin concentration, they also affect serotonin signaling/metabolism through the gut-brain axis and may be considered in new therapeutic strategies to ameliorate serotonin-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Yaghoubfar
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ava Behrouzi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ashrafian
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arefeh Shahryari
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Moradi
- Department of Basic sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samira Choopani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Hadifar
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Nojoumi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. .,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shohreh Khatami
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Qin HY, Xavier Wong HL, Zang KH, Li X, Bian ZX. Enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia in the gut: Factors, mechanism and therapeutic clues. Life Sci 2019; 239:116886. [PMID: 31678286 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enterochromaffin (EC) cell is the main cell type that responsible for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) synthesis, storage and release of the gut. Intestinal 5-HT play a key role in visceral sensation, intestinal motility and permeability, EC cell hyperplasia and increased 5-HT bioavailability in the gut have been found to be involved in the symptoms generation of irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. EC cells originate from intestinal stem cells, the interaction between proliferation and differentiation signals on intestinal stem cells enable EC cell number to be regulated in a normal level. This review focuses on the impact factors, pathogenesis mechanisms, and therapeutic clues for intestinal EC cells hyperplasia, and showed that EC cell hyperplasia was observed under the condition of physiological stress, intestinal infection or intestinal inflammation, the disordered proliferation and/or differentiation of intestinal stem cells as well as their progenitor cells all contribute to the pathogenesis of intestinal EC cell hyperplasia. The altered intestinal niche, i.e. increased corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) signal, elevated nerve growth factor (NGF) signal, and Th2-dominant cytokines production, has been found to have close correlation with intestinal EC cell hyperplasia. Currently, CRF receptor antagonist, nuclear factor-κB inhibitor, and NGF receptor neutralizing antibody have been proved useful to attenuate intestinal EC cell hyperplasia, which may provide a promising clue for the therapeutic strategy in EC cell hyperplasia related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hoi Leong Xavier Wong
- Institute of Brain and Gut Axis (IBAG), Centre of Clinical Research for Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai-Hong Zang
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xun Li
- Fifth Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, China.
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- Institute of Brain and Gut Axis (IBAG), Centre of Clinical Research for Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
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Hudon Thibeault AA, Sanderson JT, Vaillancourt C. Serotonin-estrogen interactions: What can we learn from pregnancy? Biochimie 2019; 161:88-108. [PMID: 30946949 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have reviewed the scientific literature related to four diseases in which to serotonin (5-HT) is involved in the etiology, herein named 5-HT-linked diseases, and whose prevalence is influenced by estrogenic status: depression, migraine, irritable bowel syndrome and eating disorders. These diseases all have in common a sex-dimorphic prevalence, with women more frequently affected than men. The co-occurrence between these 5-HT-linked diseases suggests that they have common physiopathological mechanisms. In most 5-HT-linked diseases (except for anorexia nervosa and irritable bowel syndrome), a decrease in the serotonergic tone is observed and estrogens are thought to contribute to the improvement of symptoms by stimulating the serotonergic system. Human pregnancy is characterized by a unique 5-HT and estrogen synthesis by the placenta. Pregnancy-specific disorders, such as hyperemesis gravidarum, gestational diabetes mellitus and pre-eclampsia, are associated with a hyperserotonergic state and decreased estrogen levels. Fetal programming of 5-HT-linked diseases is a complex phenomenon that involves notably fetal-sex differences, which suggest the implication of sex steroids. From a mechanistic point of view, we hypothesize that estrogens regulate the serotonergic system, resulting in a protective effect against 5-HT-linked diseases, but that, in turn, 5-HT affects estrogen synthesis in an attempt to retrieve homeostasis. These two processes (5-HT and estrogen biosynthesis) are crucial for successful pregnancy outcomes, and thus, a disruption of this 5-HT-estrogen relationship may explain pregnancy-specific pathologies or pregnancy complications associated with 5-HT-linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée-Anne Hudon Thibeault
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (Cinbiose), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P.8888, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - J Thomas Sanderson
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Cathy Vaillancourt
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (Cinbiose), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P.8888, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
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Mehrotra S. Postoperative anaesthetic concerns in children: Postoperative pain, emergence delirium and postoperative nausea and vomiting. Indian J Anaesth 2019; 63:763-770. [PMID: 31571690 PMCID: PMC6761783 DOI: 10.4103/ija.ija_391_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of anaesthetic complications in children is much more than in adults and sometimes with a severe outcome. Patients under one year of age, those with co-morbidities and posted for emergency surgery are at increased risk for morbidities. Sources of information on the risk involved come from institutional audit, closed claim analysis, and large-scale studies of cardiac arrest. A strategy for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), emergence delirium (ED) and postoperative pain should be a part of every anaesthetic plan. A planned multimodal approach should be opted consisting of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic prophylaxis along with interventions to reduce the baseline risks. The literature in this subject is reviewed extensively to give comprehensive information to postgraduate students about the current understanding of postoperative anaesthetic concerns. Relevant articles from Pub med, review articles, meta-analysis, and editorials were the primary source of information for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Mehrotra
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Meng Q, Sun S, Luo Z, Shi B, Shan A, Cheng B. Maternal dietary resveratrol alleviates weaning-associated diarrhea and intestinal inflammation in pig offspring by changing intestinal gene expression and microbiota. Food Funct 2019; 10:5626-5643. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00637k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Maternal dietary resveratrol alters intestinal gene expression and microbiota in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Meng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Shishuai Sun
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Zhang Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Baoming Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Baojing Cheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
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38
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Sindberg GM, Callen SE, Banerjee S, Meng J, Hale VL, Hegde R, Cheney PD, Villinger F, Roy S, Buch S. Morphine Potentiates Dysbiotic Microbial and Metabolic Shifts in Acute SIV Infection. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 14:200-214. [PMID: 30242614 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pathogenesis has been closely linked with microbial translocation, which is believed to drive inflammation and HIV replication. Opioid drugs have been shown to worsen this symptom, leading to a faster progression of HIV infection to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The interaction of HIV and opioid drugs has not been studied at early stages of HIV, particularly in the gut microbiome where changes may precede translocation events. This study modeled early HIV infection by examining Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-infected primates at 21 days or less both independently and in the context of opioid use. Fecal samples were analyzed both for 16S analysis of microbial populations as well as metabolite profiles via mass spectrometry. Our results indicate that changes are minor in SIV treated animals in the time points examined, however animals treated with morphine and SIV had significant changes in their microbial communities and metabolic profiles. This occurred in a time-independent fashion with morphine regardless of how long the animal had morphine in its system. Globally, the observed changes support that microbial dysbiosis is occurring in these animals at an early time, which likely contributes to the translocation events observed later in SIV/HIV pathogenesis. Additionally, metabolic changes were predictive of specific treatment groups, which could be further developed as a diagnostic tool or future intervention target to overcome and slow the progression of HIV infection to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Sindberg
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Shannon E Callen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Santanu Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jingjing Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Vanessa L Hale
- Department of Veterinary Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Hegde
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Paul D Cheney
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE, USA.
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39
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Heat-killed Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei 327 promotes colonic serotonin synthesis in mice. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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40
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DeLuca JAA, Allred KF, Menon R, Riordan R, Weeks BR, Jayaraman A, Allred CD. Bisphenol-A alters microbiota metabolites derived from aromatic amino acids and worsens disease activity during colitis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:864-875. [PMID: 29874946 PMCID: PMC6022909 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218782139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a complex collection of disorders. Microbial dysbiosis as well as exposure to toxins including xenoestrogens are thought to be risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease development and relapse. Bisphenol-A has been shown to exert estrogenic activity in the colon and alter intestinal function, but the role that xenoestrogens, such as bisphenol-A , play in colonic inflammation has been previously described but with conflicting results. We investigated the ability of bisphenol-A to exacerbate colonic inflammation and alter microbiota metabolites derived from aromatic amino acids in an acute dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis model. Female C57BL/6 mice were ovariectomized and exposed to bisphenol-A daily for 15 days. Disease activity measures include body weight, fecal consistency, and rectal bleeding. Colons were scored for inflammation, injury, and nodularity. Alterations in the levels of microbiota metabolites derived from aromatic amino acids known to reflect phenotypic changes in the gut microbiome were analyzed. Bisphenol-A exposure increased mortality and worsened disease activity as well as inflammation and nodularity scores in the middle colon region following dextran sulfate sodium exposure. Unique patterns of metabolites were associated with bisphenol-A consumption. Regardless of dextran sulfate sodium treatment, bisphenol-A reduced levels of tryptophan and several metabolites associated with decreased inflammation in the colon. This is the first study to show that bisphenol-A treatment alone can reduce microbiota metabolites derived from aromatic amino acids in the colon which may be associated with increased colonic inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease. Impact statement As rates of inflammatory bowel disease rise, discovery of the mechanisms related to the development of these conditions is important. Environmental exposure is hypothesized to play a role in etiology of the disease, as are alterations in the gut microbiome and the metabolites they produce. This study is the first to show that bisphenol-A alone alters tryptophan and microbiota metabolites derived from aromatic amino acids in a manner consistent with autoimmune diseases, specifically inflammatory bowel diseases, regardless of dextran sulfate sodium treatment. These findings indicate a potential mechanism by which bisphenol-A negatively affects gut physiology to exacerbate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer AA DeLuca
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kimberly F Allred
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rani Menon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rebekah Riordan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Brad R Weeks
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Clinton D Allred
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Ergot Alkaloids at Doses Close to EU Regulatory Limits Induce Alterations of the Liver and Intestine. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10050183. [PMID: 29723978 PMCID: PMC5983239 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in the occurrence of ergot alkaloids (EAs) contamination has been observed in North America and Europe in recent years. These toxins are well known for their effects on the circulatory and nervous systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of EAs on the liver and on the intestine using the pig both as a target species and as a non-rodent model for human. Three groups of 24 weaned piglets were exposed for 28 days to control feed or feed contaminated with 1.2 or 2.5 g of sclerotia/kg, i.e., at doses close to EU regulatory limits. Contaminated diets significantly reduced feed intake and consequently growth performance. In the liver, alteration of the tissue, including development of inflammatory infiltrates, vacuolization, apoptosis and necrosis of hepatocytes as well as presence of enlarged hepatocytes (megalocytes) were observed. In the jejunum, EAs reduced villi height and increased damage to the epithelium, reduced the number of mucus-producing cells and upregulated mRNA coding for different tight junction proteins such as claudins 3 and 4. In conclusion, in term of animal health, our data indicate that feed contaminated at the regulatory limits induces lesions in liver and intestine suggesting that this limit should be lowered for pigs. In term of human health, we establish a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 100 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day, lower than the benchmark dose limit (BMDL) retained by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to set the tolerable daily intake, suggesting also that regulatory limit should be revised.
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42
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Galligan JJ. Beneficial actions of microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30. [PMID: 29341448 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan is an important dietary amino acid and it is the precursor for 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis in the nervous system and by enterochromaffin cells in the gut mucosa. Tryptophan is also metabolized by enzymes in the gut mucosa and also by enzymes produced by the gut microbiome. Diet and the microbiome can contribute to metabolic disease in part by causing intestinal inflammation and increased permeability. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Jennis et al. test the hypothesis that indole tryptophan metabolites produced by gut bacteria might be responsible for the anti-inflammatory and beneficial metabolic effects of the gut microbiome and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for weight loss by obese patients. The authors identified indole-3-propionic acid as the beneficial metabolite. A review of the literature also revealed the beneficial effects of tryptophan metabolites on diabetes and metabolic disease and on inflammatory bowel disease. Taken together, these data highlight another health benefit of the intestinal microbiome, which produces beneficial products from dietary amino acids especially tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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43
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Gao GZ, Hao YX. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with neurotransmitter mediators. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:3025-3031. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i34.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), characterized by chronically recurring abdominal pain or discomfort and altered bowel habits and/or stool characters, is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder. Patients with IBS are more likely to suffer from coexistent mood disorder, depression, anxiety, and neuroticism. The mechanism of IBS may be related to such factors as abnormal intestinal motility, visceral hypersensitivity, disorder of brain-gut interactions, psychological disturbance and so on. General measures, such as antispasmodics, prokinetic agents, antidiarrheal agents, cathartic agent, and antidepressants are essential for effective IBS management. Anticholinergic agents and monoamine neurotransmitters, including their receptor agonists and antagonists, are all effective treatments for IBS; low-dose therapy can not only mitigate gastrointestinal motility, spasmolysis, and analgesia but also reduce psychological symptoms including anxiety and depression and improve the quality of life. Further larger-scale, long-term, randomized controlled clinical trials are warranted to confirm therapeutic effect and safety of neurotransmitter mediators for treatment of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhou Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology Ⅱ, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding 071000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ying-Xia Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology Ⅱ, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding 071000, Hebei Province, China
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Kim HJ, Lee GS, Kim H, Kim BJ. Hwangryunhaedok-tang induces the depolarization of pacemaker potentials through 5-HT 3 and 5-HT 4 receptors in cultured murine small intestine interstitial cells of Cajal. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5313-5323. [PMID: 28839431 PMCID: PMC5550780 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i29.5313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of a water extract of Hwangryunhaedok-tang (HHTE) on the pacemaker potentials of mouse interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs).
METHODS We dissociated ICCs from small intestines and cultured. ICCs were immunologically identified using an anti-c-kit antibody. We used the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration to record the pacemaker potentials generated by cultured ICCs under the current clamp mode (I = 0). All experiments were performed at 30 °C-32 °C
RESULTS HHTE dose-dependently depolarized ICC pacemaker potentials. Pretreatment with a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (Y25130) or a 5-HT4 receptor antagonist (RS39604) blocked HHTE-induced pacemaker potential depolarizations, whereas pretreatment with a 5-HT7 receptor antagonist (SB269970) did not. Intracellular GDPβS inhibited HHTE-induced pacemaker potential depolarization and pretreatment with a Ca2+-free solution or thapsigargin abolished the pacemaker potentials. In the presence of a Ca2+-free solution or thapsigargin, HHTE did not depolarize ICC pacemaker potentials. In addition, HHTE-induced pacemaker potential depolarization was unaffected by a PKC inhibitor (calphostin C) or a Rho kinase inhibitor (Y27632). Of the four ingredients of HHT, Coptidis Rhizoma and Gardeniae Fructus more effectively inhibited pacemaker potential depolarization.
CONCLUSION These results suggest that HHTE dose-dependently depolarizes ICC pacemaker potentials through 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors via external and internal Ca2+ regulation and via G protein-, PKC- and Rho kinase-independent pathways.
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45
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Dimidi E, Christodoulides S, Scott SM, Whelan K. Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics and the Gastrointestinal Microbiota on Gut Motility and Constipation. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:484-494. [PMID: 28507013 PMCID: PMC5421123 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.014407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Constipation is a common and burdensome gastrointestinal disorder that may result from altered gastrointestinal motility. The effect of probiotics on constipation has been increasingly investigated in both animal and human studies, showing promising results. However, there is still uncertainty regarding the mechanisms of action of probiotics on gut motility and constipation. Several factors are vital to normal gut motility, including immune and nervous system function, bile acid metabolism and mucus secretion, and the gastrointestinal microbiota and fermentation; an imbalance or dysfunction in any of these components may contribute to aberrant gut motility and, consequently, symptoms of constipation. For example, adults with functional constipation have significantly decreased numbers of bifidobacteria (with one study showing a mean difference of 1 log10/g) and lactobacilli (mean difference, 1.4 log10/g) in stool samples, as well as higher breath methane, compared with control subjects. Modifying the gut luminal environment with certain probiotic strains may affect motility and secretion in the gut and, hence, provide a benefit for patients with constipation. Therefore, this review explores the mechanisms through which probiotics may exert an effect on gut motility and constipation. Nevertheless, the majority of current evidence is derived from animal studies, and therefore, further human studies are needed to determine the mechanisms through specific probiotic strains that might be effective in constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Dimidi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; and,Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Neurogastroenterology Group and GI Physiology Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanos Christodoulides
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; and,Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Neurogastroenterology Group and GI Physiology Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Mark Scott
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Neurogastroenterology Group and GI Physiology Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Whelan
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
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46
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Patel BA. Mucosal serotonin overflow is associated with colonic stretch rather than phasic contractions. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:914-23. [PMID: 26891254 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have shown that mucosal serotonin (5-HT) is associated with motility, however, recently there have been some questions to the precise role of this transmitter. The majority of studies have focused on understanding the role of mucosal 5-HT on colonic migratory motor complexes, but very few studies have been carried out to understand how 5-HT release may be associated with other motility patterns. METHODS Using distal colon segments from C57BL/6J mice, mucosal 5-HT overflow was monitored using amperometry while applying tension in longitudinal or circular directions to stretch the tissue. KEY RESULTS Phasic and basal 5-HT levels were not associated with the strength of phasic contractions, while being altered using scopolamine and L-NNA. There was a significant increase in mucosal 5-HT with longitudinal and circular muscle stretch. A greater applied force was needed to activate 5-HT release in the circular muscle. In the longitudinal muscle, 5-HT levels increased with stretch until 3 mN, after which the levels returned back to baseline. This stretch-evoked 5-HT overflow was inhibited by transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) agonist, 30 μM ruthenium red in both circular and longitudinal muscle preparations. The decreased 5-HT overflow after 3 mN of tension was reversed using a 5-HT4 antagonist 100 nM GR113808. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our findings show a relationship between colonic stretch and mucosal 5-HT overflow, while no relationship is observed with phasic colonic contractions. Such findings provide more insight into the role of mucosal 5-HT in influencing the pattern of colonic motility to diversify fecal propulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
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Altered gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome and its modification by diet: probiotics, prebiotics and the low FODMAP diet. Proc Nutr Soc 2016; 75:306-18. [PMID: 26908093 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665116000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder characterised by abdominal pain or discomfort with disordered defecation. This review describes the role of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBS and how dietary strategies to manage symptoms impact on the microbial community. Evidence suggests a dysbiosis of the luminal and mucosal colonic microbiota in IBS, frequently characterised by a reduction in species of Bifidobacteria which has been associated with worse symptom profile. Probiotic supplementation trials suggest intentional modulation of the GI microbiota may be effective in treating IBS. A smaller number of prebiotic supplementation studies have also demonstrated effectiveness in IBS whilst increasing Bifidobacteria. In contrast, a novel method of managing IBS symptoms is the restriction of short-chain fermentable carbohydrates (low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet). Studies consistently demonstrate clinical effectiveness of the low FODMAP diet in patients with IBS. However, one unintentional consequence of this dietary intervention is its impact on the microbiota. This leads to an interesting paradox; namely, increasing luminal Bifidobacteria through probiotic supplementation is associated with a reduction in IBS symptoms while in direct conflict to this, the low FODMAP diet has clinical efficacy but markedly reduces luminal Bifidobacteria concentration. Given the multifactorial aetiology of IBS, the heterogeneity of symptoms and the complex and diverse nature of the microbiome, it is probable that both interventions are effective in patient subgroups. However combination treatment has never been explored and as such, presents an exciting opportunity for optimising clinical management, whilst preventing potentially deleterious effects on the GI microbiota.
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Nam Y, Lee JM, Wang Y, Ha HS, Sohn UD. The effect of Flos Lonicerae Japonicae extract on gastro-intestinal motility function. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 179:280-290. [PMID: 26743226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Flos Lonicerae Japonicae is a well-known herb of traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for heat-clearing, detoxification, anti-inflammation, throat pain and gastro-intestinal (GI) disorder. In order to verify the effect of Flos Lonicerae Japonicae on GI disorder, we investigated the prokinetic effect of GC-7101 on GI motility function. MATERIALS AND METHODS GC-7101 is the standardized extract of Flos Lonicerae Japonicae. The contractile action of GC-7101 on feline esophageal smooth muscle cell (ESMC) was evaluated by measuring dispersed cell length. The isometric tension study was performed to investigate the effect of GC-7101 on feline lower esophageal sphincther (LES). The prokinetic effect of GC-7101 was investigated by gastric emptying (GE) and gastro-intestinal transit (GIT) in rats. RESULTS GC-7101 produced concentration-dependent contractions in ESMCs. Pretreatment with 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptor blocker (ondansetron and GR113808) inhibited the contractile responses of the GC-7101-induced ESMCs. In isometric tension study, GC-7101 recovered the HCl-induced decreased tone of LES muscle strips. The treatment of GC-7101 enhanced the carbachol-induced contractile responses and the electric field stimulation (EFS)-induced on-contraction. The oral administration of GC-7101 not only significantly accelerated GE and GIT in normal rats but also recovered the delayed GE and GIT, and its effect was more potent than that of conventional prokinetics (e.g., domperidone, a dopamine-receptor antagonist, and mosapride, a 5-HT4-receptor agonist). CONCLUSION GC-7101 revealed a prokinetic effect through enhancing the contractile responses of ESMCs, tone increases, enhancing the carbarchol- or EFS-induced contractile responses of LES muscle strips, and the acceleration of GE and GIT. We have identified the significant potential of GC-7101 for the development of new prokinetic drugs through this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjin Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-784, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Mi Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-784, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-784, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Su Ha
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-784, Republic of Korea.
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-784, Republic of Korea.
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Martinucci I, Blandizzi C, de Bortoli N, Bellini M, Antonioli L, Tuccori M, Fornai M, Marchi S, Colucci R. Genetics and pharmacogenetics of aminergic transmitter pathways in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 16:523-39. [PMID: 25916523 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are highly prevalent syndromes, without evident underlying organic causes. Their pathogenesis is multifactorial in nature, with a combination of environmental and genetic factors contributing to their clinical manifestations, for which most of current treatments are not satisfactory. It is acknowledged that amine mediators (noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin) play pivotal regulatory actions on gut functions and visceral sensation. In addition, drugs of therapeutic interest for FGIDs act on these transmitter pathways. The present article reviews current knowledge on the impact of genetics and pharmacogenetics of aminergic pathways on FGID pathophysiology, clinical presentations, symptom severity and medical management, in an attempt of highlighting the most relevant evidence and point out issues that should be addressed in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martinucci
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Translational Research & New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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Kendig DM, Grider JR. Serotonin and colonic motility. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:899-905. [PMID: 26095115 PMCID: PMC4477275 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) in gastrointestinal motility has been studied for over 50 years. Most of the 5-HT in the body resides in the gut wall, where it is located in subsets of mucosal cells (enterochromaffin cells) and neurons (descending interneurons). Many studies suggest that 5-HT is important to normal and dysfunctional gut motility and drugs affecting 5-HT receptors, especially 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors, have been used clinically to treat motility disorders; however, cardiovascular side effects have limited the use of these drugs. Recently studies have questioned the importance and necessity of 5-HT in general and mucosal 5-HT in particular for colonic motility. Recent evidence suggests the importance of 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors for initiation and generation of one of the key colonic motility patterns, the colonic migrating motor complex (CMMC), in rat. The findings suggest that 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors are differentially involved in two different types of rat CMMCs: the long distance contraction (LDC) and the rhythmic propulsive motor complex (RPMC). The understanding of the role of serotonin in colonic motility has been influenced by the specific motility pattern(s) studied, the stimulus used to initiate the motility (spontaneous vs induced), and the route of administration of drugs. All of these considerations contribute to the understanding and the controversy that continues to surround the role of serotonin in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Kendig
- Virginia Commonwealth University Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences; Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
| | - J. R. Grider
- Virginia Commonwealth University Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences; Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
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